RESERVES FOR INCREASING LABOR PRODUCTIVITY IN SOVIET INDUSTRY AND MEANS OF UTILIZING THEM

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP81-00280R000100190027-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 11
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 11, 2011
• Sequence Number: 27
• Publication Date: October 19, 1956
• Content Type: REPORT

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 R~u'"r" tc 4 S Fs L~iCiu.i:> !7 undtn rnCi~ :'~: Lv !``_r 7s+ e`1!;iT t G`n ?, mi7STf,
AND REANS OF s~ i7PILizn G THEM
in increasing labor productivity. In a number of enterprises of many branches
of industry these processes have already been worked out. Nevertheless, they
have not yet been given sufficiently wide dissemination.
for the design right up to the time it is ready for mass or special pro-
c.uction will pe thereby increased. This is what is intended by the special
:onditions but not always realized.
To increase the qun?ity of technical designing, it is also advisable
:.o revise he sycte!!i of remuneration for workers of the designing organizations
and the enjineering bureaus. For this purpose, in the cost estimates for
designing and perfecting new products, special funds must be provided to
stimulate the output of high-quality articles. Persons directly engaged in
the qualitative improvement of products must be rewarded after the particular
products have proved their worth in operation, when all the objective data
concerning.tZleir operation have been established and compared with the data
of other types of products having similar uses. With this, one must keep
in mind, above all, the consumption use of the product, and also one must
consider the number of changes in the process of manufacturing the first
series, and many other factors. Expenditures related to payments of premiums
will yield'significant savings in the production of the product.
The application of advance technological processes is of great importance
SotsialistIcheskly Trud No 2
Moscow; Feb.125
,Inc-ease of Technical Equipment for Labor and Introduction of Advanced
Techniques and Technology
The development of machine building and mastery of production of new
and more economical equipment play a decisive role in the work of introducing
new techniques.
Soviet mechanical engineers have done important work in creating and
putting into production new, highly productive machines and mechanisms.
However, the new machines are often excessively heavy and not sufficiently
powerful or economical.
To improve the designing of new machines and mechanisms of Soviet
industry, important work is being carried on for strengthening the planning
organizations and their experimental base. Soviet designers are provided
with all existing reference books and catalogues published in: the USSR and
abroad. However, an insufficient number of these textbooks is being pub-
lished, and the information service concerning foreign and domestic achieve-
ments in techniques and technology requires significant improvement.
T_.c method for authorizing new designs, which is often. extremely'
complicated and time-consuming, and which does not guarantee the proper
quality of new goods, must be revised. It is impossible for the technical
administrations or the technical councils of ministers to. examine thoroughly
the large number of products and designs which are approved by the ministry.
Inadequate attention is given to the economic value of designs -- a factor
of primary importance.' The method of approval of designs for new goods
should be simplified, simultaneously increasing the responsibility of the
directors of'the enterprises and the heads of the central boards for the
quality of goods. The conditions for the fulfillment of experimental
aork must be:,:created by each planning organization. Its responsibility
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SIAI
One of the most important sources of the development of-techniques and
technology and of the organization of production is the creative. activity of
a wide mass of workers. It is expressed in the development of mass.socialist
competition, in innovation and efficiency work, and in collective aid to
enterprise directors in finding the best solution to the production problems
which face the enterprises. Without exaggeration it may be said that in the
creative activity of the workers'lies an inexhaustible source of new potential
for the increase of labor productivity. During the years 1951-1955, more than
4,25 0,000 suggestions for improving efficiency were introduced, zncludirLg about
one million"in 1955; is industry, 'construction, and transportation. - Proposals
by innovators and efficiency experts open up great possibilities for discov-
ering additional means for the development of socialist production. However,
the inefficient system of reviewing measures, under which the proposals of
workers and engineers pass through many echelons, delays their discussion and
consideration by the efficiency experts. In many plants a method has been
established u ler which persons are appointed who have the right to approve or
reject an efficiency suggestion and to provide for its incorporation in pro-
duction at the earliest date. A definite system for this work must be set up
in all enterprises. It will promote the utmost development of the efficiency
"expert and innovator movement, the significance of which is emphasized in the
plan Directives of the 20th Congress of the CPSU, for the Sixth Five-Year Plan.
The development of inventions and of efficiency systems promotes the
creation of complex brigades and other forms of aid to inventors by obtaining
informational material., carrying out calculated and planned work, and by
manufacturing the equipment needed for the realization of developed proposals.
To stimulate the realization of current measures related to the mechani-
zation of manual work, the modernization of equi.pment, and other developments,
particularly where such measures are undertaken by production workers them-
selves, a material iir.:entive for foremen and the chief- of the shops must be
provided. If some worker-inventor with initiative proposes to mechanize some
operation or to modernize a machine, then the suggested proposal must always
be accompanied by precise and thorough technical.founda.ions and calculations.
In addition, resources must be found to manufacture' the needed mechanism or
machine and'tto reorganize the process of production without iuterrppting the
work of the shop. The head of the shop,, along with his assistants,'perform.s
this extremely difficult work. He must be stimulated with a suitable
material incentive.
The greater the material interest of the immediate directors of pro-
duction in the development of techniques in their areas, the more quickly
and effectively will new t.choi.ques and advanced forms of production and
labor organization be Introduced. Experience shows the necessity for devel-
oping and introducing a system of bonuses for directors of production for
improving techniq:;--s In such e, way, that the total premiums represent a portion
of the savings obtained as a result of these metlZods.
The interests of technological progress of the Soviet Industry demand
a rapid develope?int of Soviet science and a timely practical application of
its achievement.
The significance of the peacetime uses of atomic energy at the present
time is well known. The use of atomic energy increases the energy resources
of the country and favor- the intensification of many technological processes
(metal rolling, cloth dyeing, etc.) and the automatization of.production; it
facilitates quality control, helps to avoid accidents, improves the working
conditions of the workers, etc. Utilization of radioactive Isotopes In
medicine helps maintain the health of the individual, protecting this very
valuable and important productive force of the country. The introduction of
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semiconductors will bring about a genuine revolution in a cumber of branches
of industry. The use of these things will make possible a great reduction
of the size and weight of radio receiving sets, and the replacement of bulky,
expensive rectifiers in the eletric industry with extremely economical units,
the conversion of electric motor feed lines from direct current to highly
economical alternating current, and also the beginning of the real long-range
conversation of solar energy into electric energy. There are enough of these
examples to show what wide horizons the achievements of advanced Soviet science
are opening for the development of industrial production, and above all for the
increase of labor productivity. In the meantime many scientific problems are
being solved slowly, and the introduction of the results of scientific research
into production is being retarded in a number of cases.
The extensive development of scientific research and the earliest adoption
of these results in production is an important reserve for. the increase of
labor productivity. As 'was stated in the Directives of the 20th Congress of
the CPSU for the Sixth Five-Year Plan, it is necessary "to concentrate the
efforts of scientists and the material resources of scientific research
institutions primarily on working out scientific problems having great national
economic importance, and striving for a rapid completion of scientific research
and the introduction of the results of the work into the national economy."
Control over the fulfillment of the plan by scientific organizations must be
strengthened, and a plan must be considered to be fu]f l] ed only when the
results of scientific research are being used in acts n:.prc-.action. Scientific
'workers must bear a certain share of responsibility for the realization of the
results of scientific research in practice. The question arises concerning
the allocation of special time to scientists for consultation with production
workers on problems arising in the course of production. The incorporation
of the results of scientific research undertaken by special scientific
organizations into the production and technical plans of ministries and enter-
prises is essential and should be considered mandatory.
Universal Expansion of Complex Mechanization and Automation of Production
In many enterprises there is still an extremely large amount of work done
manually, and the large prop'rtion of manual work in all branches of industry
is well known. Let us speak only of individual cases. In one of the best and
foremost Moscow plants -- Motor Vehicle Plant imeni I. V. Stalin -- in a press
building with a high level of mechanization for the basic productive operations,
the stacking of cut planks in piles in the preparatory stage is done manually.
This, according to the report of the shop chief, Comrade Os'kina, takes up 35
percent of shift time. The feeding of brass sheets in forming bushings and
head gaskets'is performed by hand, automatic push rods (tol:katel') are not
being used on many presses, etc. Most of the measures required for mechani-
zation may be realized by the shop force itself with a little assistance on
the part of the plant administration. The workers of the plant are very
familiar with the reserves of mechanization. They themselves make suggestions
for the inclusion of suitable work in the plan for organizational and technical
measures with respect to complex mechanizatio:., but these measures are being
acted upon very slowly.
Still worse is the question of mechanization of work in the foundry of
another advanced enterprise, the Plant imeni Vladimir Il?ich. The collective
of this enterprise, like that of -the Motor Vehicle Plant imeni I. V. Stalin,
performed most of the work in the field of developing techniques and pro-
duction technology, but. mechanization in its foundry is at a low level. A
significant part of the molding and almost all of shake-out operations in the
plant are performed by hand. It is true that the shop is being rebuilt, but
this reconstruction has been very slow and its effectiveness has not yet been
felt. The same situation exists in the "Kompressor" Plant and in many other
enterpriseis.
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It is impossible to consider as valid the excuse that the cited plants, STAT
with their powerful repair and other shops, offer that they are not equipped
to cope with the preparation of the means.of mechanization of manual operations.
The Motor Vehicle Plant imeni I. V. Stalin was able to cope with the preparation
of complicated equipment for other enterprises. The Plant imeni Vladimir Il'ich,
the "Kompressor" Plant, etc., are able to handle many complicated orders. But
their own operations are being mechanized slouly.
The problem of complex mechanization is not restricted to the introduction
of mechanisms into all areas of production. It consists in a complex, propor-
tionate mechanization of all stages in the production process, while maintaining
the necessary relationships between their producing capacities.
Realization of complex production mechanization in many enterprises does
not require a long time. Means of mechanization may be obtained partially
from centralized sources (standard machines and mechanisms), and partially by
manufacturing in the enterprise itself.
One of the most important rules of technological progress, having a
decided influence on the increase of labor productivity is the automation of
production. With automation, technological rates of work are'greatly increased;
expenditures of time for auxiliary operations are reduced; the possibility of
work with many machines is increased; and by automatic mass production lines
the labor of the workers is concentrated chiefly on supervision and control
over operating machines.
Under modern, intensive, industrial processing ?c:ndl ~:i cn5 certain ? oper-
ations cannot be performed in the absence of automation. For exar.ple, with
rapid rates of cutting, the work on the Individusl s a--faces of a small part
takes . seconds. To observe the time of completion of the work and to.. charge
the instrument over to complete another part of the operation is simply
impossible for the workers without the aid of automation.
Techniques in Soviet industry ache rapidly being perferted, -At the same
time there are machine parts in the factories and plants which were Instaled
10-15 years ago. A significant portion of the equipment could be modernized,
i.e., equipped with additional devices or innovations by changing individual
parts of the machine, which would make it productive and durable. Already the
Soviets have had positive experience in modernizing machine tool equipment J-2.
machine building by conversion to more rapid rates of cutting metal. However,
modernization of technically outmoded equipment is often slow and. haphazard.
Examine the machine tools at which the production innovator;, V. Komarov, of the
advanced. Moscow Plant imeni Vladimir Z1=ich works. Much costly metal was put
into this machinery. It was equipped with many. of the best devices. But
these devices were produced on the spot by makeshift methods. The machinery
was turned into a complicated, cumbersome structure, whose equipment required
large.:. expenditures. Special engineers and machine builders are necessary, who
could;plan the modernization of equipment. Plants producing equipment must
man. "ture the necessary parts for renovation of older machines, and in the
enterprises where these machines are installed the proper rerovation of the
machines and mechanisms may 'be carried of t at the time of their repair. This
method is decreed in the decisions of the July Plenum of the Central Committee
of the CPSU.
Along with the modernization of existing equipment, the equipment of
individual departments has produced significant results. Take, for example,
the creation of sintering factories in the Plant imeni Voroshilov and the
Stalinsk, Kramatorsk, and Petrovsk plants and the expansion of sintering shops
in the Plant imeni Dzerzhinsk, whica, according to calculations of specialists,
would make it possible to increase the smelting of cast iron by at least 800,000
tons a year.
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Wide Development of Specialization of Enterprises and Introduction of
Mass Production Methods
Specialization represents one form of the. division of labor, consisting
in the differentiation of individual branches of the national economy, the
separation of branches within an industry, and the division of labor among
the enterprises and among the individual production workers within enterprises.
Cooperation (kooperirovaniye) is the establishing of constant production
relations among enterprises which, as a result of joint work, produce a specific
product. In essence, cooperation is the reverse of specialization.
There are four types of enterprise specialization in industry: (a) p:c:duct
specialization, where the production of specific types of products is assigned
*to each enterprise; (b) parts specialization, where the production of individual.
pieces. or parts of a manufactured product is assigned to enterprises; (c) stage
specialization, where the enterprise completes specific operations or phases
of production of the product; and (d) specialization in production maintenance.
Branch and enterprise specialization become in their turn internal production
specializations. The more highly specialized each job is in the enterprises,
the more efficiently can production be organized and the more easily may new
techniques be introduced and utilized. Internal production specialization
greatly facilitates the introduction of new technology, and hence the aro-
mation of production. With the specific assignment to a work area of a
designated regular, repeated operation, there is set up a variety of completed
operations, the auxiliary time spent for the production of the product is
reduced, and great potentials for the organization of mazy machine operations
are created. Some automatics (avtomaty) are equipped only cf-r the performance
of specific operations. Natura ly, these are used only In, highly specialized
jobs. Other automatics may be more versatile, but the transition from one
operation to another requires great expenditures of time for their readjustment.
However,. automatics are highly 'fficient in specialized jobs.
With a high degree of specialization. in all production departments to
which the manufacture of a particular product has been assigned, the possi-
bility arises of creating an automatic assembly line, a wholly automatic plant
or shop such as an automatic piston plant, or an automatic shop for the pro-
duction of common-type bearings. Specialization of production makes the intro-
duction of special highly productive devices and instruments highly possible
and greatly reduces the expenditure of basic and auxiliary time in the manu-
facture of the product.
Specialization also has a great Influence on the improvement of pro-
duction organization. Above all, it is the most important premise for
assembly-line production, and the increase of its relative share in Soviet
industry is one of the tasks planned in the Directives of the 20th Congress
of the CPSi7 for the Sixth Five-Year Plan. With assembly-line production
methods, equipment is distributed according to the speed of a production process;
synchronization of operations (requiring equal amounts of time) is achieved;
and products pass quickly through all stages of production. At the present time
assembly-line production is successfully being introduced. in all branches of
industry, not only in the mass production of a single type of. product, but also
under the conditions of series and even unit production..
Specialization of production facilitates the organization of work'areas
and their maintenance. In consolidating a limited number of operations in a
work area, instruments, devices, and materials may be located more efficiently;
the status of the worker may be defined; auxiliary mechanisms-may be better
provided for conducting specific operations; and the task of the procurement
and receipt of.finished products may be organized with a minimum expenditure
of time for basic and auxiliary operations. The exact allocation of work to
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each area results in a more careful manufacture of products: the choice of the
best technical system; determination of the geometry of-the tool; and utili-
zation of advance productive experience. Under production specialization, each
worker thoroughly studies his field of work, acquires additional practice, and
becomes familiar with complicated highly productive equipment. To avoid over-
specialization of labor, the cultural and general technical level of the workers
in socialist industrial enterprises is increased systematically; the learning
of many operations by the workers is stimulated; study by workers of the care
of equipment and its repair is encouraged; and the initiative and inventiveness
of the workers is developed.
One of the important indicators of the economic efficiency of production
specialization is the creation of more favorable conditions for rhythmic work
in enterprises and the even flow of production. In areas to which the manu-
facture of a specific product has been assigned, it is possible to establish
a permanent production rhythm coinciding with the time required for completing
operations in the various work areas. This does not mean that ultimately
such conditions cannot be created in areas which are less specialized, but they
do require a great deal of effort. In changing form one product to another,
the proportionality between production areas is often altered, and everything
must be readjusted. Therefore, the most effective means of attaining an even
flow of production is through the specialization of production areas.
A system of industry planning which takes Into acco at the needs of the
national economy and of a given economic region for specific types of products
is of decisive significance in the realization of the specialization of enter-
prises. The greater the consumption of a given product, the more easily the
particular enterprise may specialize in its manufacture. In determining
specialization, localization of consumption of a given product must be con-
sidered, in order to avoid excessively long hauls. Over specialization by
enterprises means additional transport, complicates the relations between
enterprises, and entails excessive labor expenditu`e. in determining the
specialization of enterprises, it is necessary to consider its economic
efficiency and to solve the problem of the level of specialization from the
point of ;view of its effect on the economics of the given enterprise and
related plants and factories. In the case of enterprise specialization the
entire economic complex of the given Oblast and economic region in relation
to the consumers of the product, sources of raw materials and power, supply
of personnel, and the existence of similar production. in enterprises of
other ministries and departments located In the given region should be con-
sidered. All these factors cannot be taken Into account by the workers of
the ministries who direct the activity of the enterprises of the given branch
of industry. Therefore, oblast (city) planning commissions, which are now
engaged in narrow economic planning and are subordinated directly to an
executive committee, must become agencies occupied with the complex economic
development of the oblast or kray as a whole; although, naturally, the influence
exerted by the oblast (kray) planning commission on the specialization of enter-
prises under union and ~.-public ,jurisdiction will differ from their influence
on the development of local industry.
Improvement of La Organization and Elimination of Losses of Working Time
One of the greatest reserves for an increase in labor productivity is the
elimination of the still very great losses of working time of equipment and of
workers. In a speech at the July Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU,
N. A. Bulganin reported that at the beginning of 1955 there 'was about 13 billion
rubles'worth of uninstalled equipment in the enterprises of all the ministries
and departments, including over 5.5 billion rubles' Forth of above-norm stocks
of equipment. Surely, the putting into operation of all uninstalled equipment
can result in the mechanization of many areas of production and increase labor
productivity.
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Also, utilization of installed equipment is far from fall. Reduction of
losses from idle equipment will be achieved by the introduction of a system
for planning repairs in advance, by carrying out repairs during an idle shift,
and by improving the organization of labor and production.
A socialist industrial enterprise is a complex organism wherein an entire
group of workers is employed and a significant number of instruments and means
of production is used. The absence or tardiness of one person complicates the
activity of the group and reduces the utilization of the means of production
for the entire area. Careless work on the part of one man can effect the work
results of the entire group.
The struggle against loss of working time is of extraordinary importance
in guaranteeing the harmonious and highly productive work of an enterprise.
A selective study of the working day in the second and fifth stages of the
press building of the Motor Vehicle Plant imeni I. V. Stalin was made for the
purpose of analyzing the utilization of the working time. The study covered
various shifts during a 4-day period, and included 35 set up men and 137 press
operators. The study of the workday for the second stage showed that the set
up men used about 70 percent of working time (about 340 minutes) for basic
operations. The greatest loss lies in waiting for cranes (about 70 minutes a
day). Much time is spent in looking for and selecting dies and tools (50-60
minutes a day). Approximately the same picture is presented by the data con-
cerning the utilization of working time of the set up mea l u ?ie first stage.
Here there is less loss from waiting for cranes, but _rsteer3, an a'-erage of
70-odd minutes per day are sperct in waiting for orders from the f"remau (utastera)
and about 30 minutes a day are wasted because presses are not avai.::..:3.b1e. Obser-
vations of the work of press operators in the second stage (a-cn-ord ng to -,*;he
data of 52 cases) showed time consumed on press operations was about 3?530 minutes.
Here 35-40 minutes are lost because of the lack of me.ter?1al, and about 10
minutes because of the change of presses. The p:icture of the working day In the
fifth stage showed a better use of the working time on the part of press oper-
ators. Their useful time on the average amounted to 86-87 percent. However,
in analyzing this data, it should be considered that during the period under
observation the work in the area was much better organized than usual, as the
.shop workers themselves admit. The balances of working time of the press
operators and set up men indicate the existence of significant reserves of
working time, the use of which may be assured by improving the organization of
labor and production.
The tasks in improving labor organization cannot be limited to the re-
duction of loss of working time. They must at the same time include the
introduction of highly productive methods of operation. In this field the
enterprises of many branches of industry have obtained good results. However,
advanced methods of production are not yet being universally adopted. For
example, in machine building plants the possibilities for introducing rapid
rates of cutting are far from being fully utilized. Rates of cutting, delivery,
and other indexes of work are, for many enterprises, 90 percent lower on the
average than for the foremost producers.
Many plants and factories successfully fulfill the plan for increasing
labor productivity. However, there is still a significant number of enter-
prises which do not cope with the fulfillment of state tasks. All this leads
to the first task of socializing and disseminating the experience of advanced
production, and bringing the mass of workers up to the level of the advanced,
as is stated In the Directives for the Sixth Five-Year Plan.
Steps in this field must begin with changing the system of informing
factories and plants concerning progressive production experience. For such
reporting in each enterprise a correspondent should be chosen from among the
most qualified designers, technologists, and other workers, who would report
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to the appropriate organ of the ministry on the innovative undertakings of the
given enterprise.. The contents of the report should clearly describe the essence
of the measure, the techniques of its accomplishment, and its economic efficiency.
These reports should be examined in the ministry by the appropriate specialists
of the technical administration, of the division of labor and wages, and of other
organs, and distributed to the factories and plants which might be interested in
the given measure. The distribution of the information to all enterprises is
not justified, since the workers of the enterprises are not in a position to
study the large volume of material, and some valuable suggestions could be lost
in the mass of paper. Measures which have wide application and which are com-
pletely self-justifiable must be Included in the standard (tipovnyye).techno-
logical process approved by the ministry. This is obligatory for introduction.
In a number of cases these measures are taken Into account in standard technical
norms, which also stimulates their introduction into production.
In enterprises the informational materials must be submitted to appropriate
specialists, who with the aid of these materials will be able to modernize tech-
nology and production techniques, utilize them in schools of advanced methods of
working, and inform workers of the new methods of production. Then these materi-
als are concentrated in technical offices and other institutions where they can
be available to all.
But the task of spreading advance msthod.s of production cannot be limited
to reporting. The Incorporation of new work methods is rite. related to sup-
plying enterprises with special equipment, devices, and. iz:str anerres. Indi-
vidual manufacture of these Items by the force of each enterprise is expensive,
and requires much time and money. For example, it is quest_on able whether it
is practical for the "Kompressor" Plant to manufacture :astiDg machines Itself
for its own foundry. If it makes them, not o_-.!y for itself, but also for other
enterprises, then the high cost of mode's, devices, and special instrume:nts is
justified. Insofar as large-scale equipment is cozicerned, such as for oxygen
installations, sintering plants, etc., their mannfaoture-can be efficient only
If it is centralized. Therefore, it is extremely importa~1 that the ministries,
exercising the function as tech cal staffs for the development of specific
branches of industry should take the initiative azid contr~..1. th manufacture of
such equipment.
Of great Importance in the dissemination of progressive methods of-- pro-
duction is the thoughtful organization of work areas and. their ra&iriterance.
It must be pointed out uTnfortur_atelyo that no one is seriously engaged in
the development of a system of organization of work areas at the present
time, and progressive experience in this field is very poorly generalized.
Branch institutes of the organization and technology of production give little
attention to this important aspect of their work. To improve the organization
of work areas, shelves, instrument cabinets, arrangements for lighting, mechan-
ization of auxiliary operations in the work areas, etc., must be prepared.
There is a keen need for all of these devices. Lark of them causes significant
losses in labor productivity and often Increases -?'orker fatigue. It would be
beneficial to organize some special enterprises or even shops for the pro-
duction of such equipment.
The most important factor in the distribution of advanced experience
is teaching the workers the best method of work. Practice engenders many
forms of productive training for workers and the increase of their skills.
Much time and money is spent in work in this field, but its effectiveness
is unsatisfactory. The training programs of a number of types of workers
have not been revised for several years. In many cases workers employ
specific work methods, but not"methods which would enable them to be ori-
ented toward different production conditions. The general technical train-
ing of workers is necessary and would help them to have a conscientious and
creative approach toward the performance of their work.
 The method. of scientific: study of better wcr_s met: cds plays an
important role ir. the distribution of advanced methods of work, as
shown by the initiative of Engr F. A. Kovalev. It suoula b::
that this method has been undeservedly forgotten in many enterprises.
Reduction of Expenditures of Labor for Auxiliary Operations
A large source for increasing labor productivity, specifically
outlined in the Directives for the Sixth Five-Year Plan, is the
reduction of labor expenditures for auxiliary work. The proportion
of auxiliary workers and administrative personnel in many enterprises
is still extremely large. In some machine building plants the pro-
portion of auxiliary shop workers reaches 55-60 percent: In ferrous
metallurgy in 1956, for every 100 workers in the basic metallurgical
shops there were._103. work- s.._i.n__the- uxi i i ary..shops . If from the
number of workers in the basic shops we exclude repairmen, then for
each 100 workers in the basic shops there are 140 repairmen and workers
in the secondary shops.
The basic means of reducing the number of auxiliary workers lies
in mechanization of their labor and the extension of interplant cooper-
ation for production maintenance by creating a large number of special-
ized tool and repair plants, by centralizing the manufacture of many
models, and by expanding the activity of trais.port orgs.Izations of
general use.
An important reserve for increasing labor productivity is the
simplification of the administrative apparatus in enterprises. The
method of measuring labor productivity now in use ;seeds changing.
This index stimulates labor saving in the case of primary production
workers only, at a time when the economy is interested in saving labor
expended in general by enterprises. In addition, under present con-
ditions,. the labor of common workers often approximates the labor of
engineers and technicians. Therefore, it seems desirable along with
existing methods to measure output per worker In terms of the total
number of workers employed in enterprises and without relation to the
particular category of labor to which the worker belongs. Today impor-
tant work is being done toward the simplification of the administrative
apparatus, but the unutilized reserves here are still very great. This
is borne-,out by the presence of a large number. of small shops in which
not only the administrative structure of the large shops but also the
maintenance system is duplicated. In many enterprises there is an
extremely complicated system of documentation. The level of mechanization
of various operations related to administration is extremely low.
All work in the utilization of the above-mentioned reserves for
increasing labor productivity must be materially stimulated by appro-
priate means. The workers. of each plant and factory must be directly
interested in the development of techniques and the improvement of
work organization. Such an interest does exist. It stems from the
socialist form of ownership of the tools and means of production, and
also from the system of cost accounting, the establishment of enterprise
funds, and many other factors. But in the mechanism of,the material
stimulation of the workers of the enterprise there are some flaws the
elimination of which would significantly increase the level of work by
the disclosure and utilization of production reserves and the distri-
bution of advanced production experience.
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JIAI
In accordance with this it seems advisable to work out a differ-
entiated system of rewards depending on the branch of industry to which
the enterprise belongs, the type of production (mass or series), the
size of the enterprises, and some other indicators. This system must
be economically justified by a calculation of the reduction in pro-
duction cost, depending on the changes in the indicators of enterprise
operations and must be so constructed that part of this savings may be
-transferred to the workers in the form of premiums. It may be that
such a system will be carried out at first as an experiment in some
group of enterprises,. but we are confident that. with intelligent real-
ization this system will not create additional expenditures and will
provide proper results.
In each industrial enterprise, in the shop, and in any producing
se.tor there are great reserves for increasing labor productivity.
Utilization of these reserves on the whole is not related to great
expenditures of funds. It requires only attention and systematic work
in regard t.. reduction of idleness, introduction of new technology,
elimination of excessive expenditures of labor, etc. As a result there
will be.a great saving of collective labor through which many products
necessary for the further strengthening of the. economic and military
power of the Soviet Union and for the best satisfaction of.the constantly
growing needs of the socialist society will be produced.
In.the Directives of the 20th Congress of the CPSU for the Sixth
Five-Year Plan, it is planned to achieve a highly significant portion
of the planned increase of industrial products, varying from.12 to 89
percent, depending on the individual branch, through the better organiza-
tion of production and the utilization of existing productive power.
Thus,.the maximum utilization of reserves for increasing labor produc-
tivity is the prerequisite for realizing the outlined tasks of the Sixth
Five-Year Plav..
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