ECONOMIC AND SOCIOLOGICAL OBSERVATION, GORODOMLYA ISLAND, OSTASHKOV AREA, USSR
Document Type:
Collection:
Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST):
CIA-RDP81-01030R000100170002-0
Release Decision:
RIPPUB
Original Classification:
S
Document Page Count:
10
Document Creation Date:
December 23, 2016
Document Release Date:
August 19, 2013
Sequence Number:
2
Case Number:
Publication Date:
September 11, 1953
Content Type:
REPORT
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Body:
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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
INFORMATION REPORT
SECRET
SECURITY INFORMATION
This Document contains information affecting the Na-
tional Defense of the United States, within the mean-
ing of Title It Sections 793 and 794. of the U.S. Code, as
amended. Its transmission or revelation of its contents
to or receipt by an unauthorized person is prohibited
by law. The reproduction of this form is prohibited.
COUNTRY USSR (Kal inin Oblast)
SUBJECT
DATE OF INFO.
PLACE ACQUIRED
Economic and Sociological Observations,
Gorodomlya Island, Ostashkov Area, USSR
REPORT
DATE DISTR.
NO. OF PAGES
REQUIREMENT
REFERENCES
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11 September 1953
10 50X1 -H UM
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THE SOURCE EVALUATIONS IN THIS REPORT ARE DEFINITIVE.
THE APPRAISAL OF CONTENT IS TENTATIVE.
(FOR KEY SEE REVERSE) ?
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Saftra on page 5 s ould read zavtra. Czarist,' page 7, paragraph 32, should be
:Tsarist. 50X1
Comment. . The ministry referred to in paragraph 31 as the Ministry
of Armament and Munition is the Ministry of Armaments. The administrative
changes therein have been reported by other sources as having occurred in 1950.
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SECRET
STATE
ARMY
NAVY
AIR
FBI
AEC
(Note: Washington Distribution Indicated By "X"; Field Distribution By "#".)
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PLACE
ACQUIRED
DATE
ACQUIRED I
SECURITYSFMATION
USSR (Kattiraz, Oblart)
Econothic: and Sociological Observations
Gorodomlya Island, Ostashkgv Area, USSR
DATtOF IN
THIS IS 'UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
. REPOR
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PT
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DATE DISTR. I 2.4 uC...53
NO. OF PAGES 9
NO. OF ENCLS.
(LISTED BELOW)
SUPPLEMENT TO 50X1-H UM
REPORT NO.
OGNOUMEA GOODS
7004 Pries?
. .
'2A:-The.food prices indicated below are those which
- Ostaihkov area in June 1952.
existed in the
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&Tie, 'brown bread
1. kg. white bread
1 'kg-. -pork ?
1 .kg. beef '
1 kg. veal or lamb
I kg... cheese
1' kg.' cottage cheese'
Prices. (in rubles) in.
State Oontrolled Stores
Pripes (in rubiCs) in
? Free Market
1
r;
f
1.80
3.50 - 6.00
35
1?1110.M.
30 - 35
20 - 30
18 - 25
IS ow
10 - 12
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'
Prices (in (in rubles) in
State Controlled Stores
Prices (iii%rubles)
Free Malicet
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in
1 kg. butter
35
50
- 70
1 kg. margarine
18
..-
1 kg. fish (e.g. pike
and perch)
--
9
- 13
1 kg. coffee (Brazilian)
60
--
Ap go tem (Russian)
.100 gm chocolate
4.50 - 6.00
18 - 25
_-
. _-
1 kg. sugar
10.50
? 1 kg.. flour
4.50 - 6.50
15::
20
3 lm bot. tomato Juice
32
1 jar preserved vegetables
1
(o.g. peas, beans)
540
--
1 bot. champagne (Ruseian)32
.....
it 1. vodka 27
1 1. milk,
4
- 6
itl. cognac
45
.
:. 20 cigarettes 1.80
.100 &tobacco 5.00 - 13.60
1 1. cream 25
' it 1. marmalade 8 - 12 --
Availability and Quality
3.
of Food products
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In the beginning
the meals were good and quite extensive, and contained caviar,
smoked salmon, and warm dishes--even for breakfast. Atterwirds,
however, the meals gradually began to get worse, and finally be- .
Oime'unbstarable. Especially If:footed were the children. So special'
cooking was provided for them except that milk was issued in small
quantities. /t was quite impossible to feed babies caviar, salmon,
and steaming sauerkraut soup for breakfast. Complaints ware pre- i
sented to the installation director who promised to remedy the
situation, but conditions did not improve. Soon after this 50X1-HUM
. l .
Germans were issued ration cards and were allowed to procure ;;;11 .
supplies in bulk. .
50X1-HUW
Yellowing the price reduction of. 1951, there was always a shortage
of butter in the state-controlled stores, And it was often unavailable.
Therefore[ compelled to buy butter on the free market. Free
0X1-HUM'
market prices fluctuated with the availability of products. Desiree
items could not always be obtained. the Soviet
customer, paid considerably less for some products than we did. It
seemed to be common knowledge that Germans?wire receiving 50X1-HUM ,
-higher pay than the Soviets. Therefore, the free market prices were,
as a general rule, raised to fit purchasing capacity. /t was not
infrequently that the Soviet citizens objected
and they insisted that snout, pay tne higher .
price. It was apparently agreed that hould be charged as much
as possible since, according to a Sovietsaying, "The Germans are 50X1-HUM
inconceivably *ibh tether-can paYst,.
?
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Flour could be obtained only on holidays, e.g.9 the first of May9
the October Revolution", etc. At other times this item as never_
available in government stores. It could often be bought on the.:
blackmarket at a tripled price. The purchasing of this item was
not always a simple matter since the blaokmarket -vIndOrs were ex-
tremely cautious in selling it, fearing the severe penalties. The
shortage of flour was a mystery because white bread was
always in sufficiency. However, our o eight weeks before the new
harvest an acute shortage of bread was experienced which resulted
in consumers having to spend many hours in "bread queues" which
formed in the mornings in front of bakeries. In general, bread
was a more important food item to the Soviets 50X1-HUM
? 6. Food supplies were more available on Gorodomlya Island than in the
nearby areas. Therefore, the Soviets having access to the Island
stores made daily food purchases for themselves and their friends.
who lived in "stashkov. After working hours Hreed, _
cereals, and other food items were "packed into sacks which were 50X1-HUM
being taken from the Island, apparently to Ostashkov. It is
? possible that these items may have been diverted to blackmarkets
located in those regions containing poorer collective farms.: There
? were a number of these in the vicinity of Ostashkov.
near Brest-Litovsk 50X1-HUM
the apparent difference in the food prices food availability. 50X1-HUM
At train stops the natives offered to sell ggs, butter, cheese
milk, etas at a cost less than that which ad been charged in Os _.50X1-HUM
tashkov or. on Gorodomlya Island.
Merchandise of Non-Soviet Origin
Be in 1946, a great many ' American
;products, especially canned goods were on sale at the free market
atores. Other merchandise of non-Soviet origin included: coffee
(packed in beige, bearing Brazilian markings); and shoes (imported,
from Czechoslovakia, and having the Bata trademark).
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Polish canned jams, among
?there, could also be purchased. The German manufactured goods
available were: "Diamant"bicyoles (800 rubles),"Thielupooket watches.,
(165 rubles), and'many items of rayon lingeries and 'stockings conr
taming the "Bamberg" trademark. Whether these items were importeA
from East Germany or manufactured by former German plants.whieh 50X1-HUM
had been moved to the 'USSR is unknown
a large number of light industry plants including equipi7., ?50X1-HUM
ment and personnel, had been transplanted to the USSR. It was arso
known that the Germans who worked in such plants producing :Con*
sumer goods were repatriatedrauch earlier, for instance, the *le:liner-
SlIver plant personnel. Chocolate displaying the "Burkbraun" trade-
?
- Mark was being sold in Russian wrappings. Burkbraun was a well
known chocolate factory formerly located in Cottbus.)
.Mptioning -
. ? ?
9. During the period 1946 to 1952 gradual improvements in the availability
of consumer_ goods became apparent. The only commodities that could
"easily "purohased in 1946 were vodka and tobacco products. The , -
food -rationing cards which were graded into several categtriee:'
A
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The non-working Soviet population'and the wives of German deportees.
were allotted smaller food rations than were the German snecialiste 50X1-HUM
German tazailietnthicli
hardly exist.
Basic food items, with the exception of milk and bread, were issued
in bulk once per month. This rationing system presented a con-
siderable problem to housewives who continuously were worried
about the preservation of perishable items. i .
.11. Immediately after the end of rationing (1941), the stores began
to display better goods. However, all the goods on display were
? not always available for purchase.
the following 50X.1-HUM
items were readily available as of : corree, tea, cocoa,
candy, canned fish, marmaladee, preserved fruits, numerous .
alcoholic beverages, cigarettes, bread (except a few weeks before
the now harvest), salt, and a large assortment of toilet soap,
,perfumes, face powder, etc..
12. The price reduction was also reflected in an improvement in styles
and wearing apparel. the clothes of the Soviets
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resembled tattered rags, but their clothes later. improved con-
siderably. Soviet textiles did not appear to be dye-proef, and
faded easily.
13. The population's reaction to the improved purchasing conditions
following the end of. rationing varied. Many of the Soviets who
? had been in Germany and in other foreign countries during and ?
after the war were bareftl in expressing themselves on this sub-
ject. They ocoasionally admitted that conditions abroad were
:better, but immediatelY hastened to add that these standards world
soon be achieved and surpassed in the USSR. On the other hand,
the Soviets who had never left their native surroundings of
'Ostashkov seemed to find it inconceivable to imagine conditions. ?
in the USSR less than 'perfect. This feeling was expressed by a ..
Soviet woman who cleaned ouihome.
*AIM
14. A Soviet engineer who has just graduated receives a monthly
salary' of 1200 rubles at his first noeition I
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This initial ealary.is generally raised...Star two years,
and, as others, could be supplemented by premiums. 50X1-HUM
I5 S A common laborer's monthly salary wae enerally 600.rubles.
a female interpreter monthly .salary was 50X1-HUM
100 rubles, with which she was obliged to support her aged mother
who received a minimum pension allotment of 130 rubles .per manta.
jOSIRG 0010/T7ONS
26.
a group or recently renovated buildings. These consisted of
two large' brick buildings, each containing twelve three-room and
kitchen apartments, and eight wooden constructions with seven
two- and three-room apartments in each. The scientists and
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specialists were placed In the brick buildings. Each familyp,
regardless of its size, was assigned a three-room apartment..
These' apartments were freshly painted and a few were equipped
with bath tubs; however, ovens and boilers were not furnished.
17: A field- generator (Lokomobile) provided electric current which
generally.was undependable. The generator did not operate
at all times, and when in operation it generated an unsteady .
current which produced a wavering sort of light. To sUpplement
the poor. cooking facilities, Primus petroleum burners were
'used. Tbese burners appeared to be standard equipment in each
Soviet home. An unmistakable smell of petroleum was present at'
the entrances of each house. Ovens and stoves could only be:
fired with wood. The monthly rent for a three-room apartment
was 55 rubles.
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18. In the 'beginning Soviet girls were assigned to the German
families to do general housework such as cleaning, firing the
stoves, etc.' After a short time this help was withdrawn, and
the girls Mare-forbidden to enter These girls .had
50X1-HUM
also provided the firewOod. With their withdrawal the German
families were at a complete loss as to the procurement of
Wood supplies, finally resorted to chopping trees in the50X1-HUM
tnearby forest, which, was followed by serious complications.
The Soviets considered this action as a serious offense
? against the state. Many of the Germans received reprimands,.
and'this.offense was held against them throughout their '
entire stay in the USSR. Requests for wood supplies were made
to the director who 'always replied with a "Barbra" - tomorrow, ?
or "skoro" - soon, learned that these e could ? 50X1-HUM
mean tomorrow, next month, or next year. Later were advised
that wood could be bought from the installation a supply dump 50X1-HUM'
at 45 to 55 rubles per cubic meter. This wood was often of
very poor quality and we felt that it had been _procured some-
where at a very low cost and was being resold at a con- 50X1-HUM
? siderable. profit--of whioh the director was receiving a eiveable
amounter----;complaints were usually reitated with the counti50X1-HUM
oharge that it was
town fault. Should not have started
the war and invaded their country; this had caused their not
being able ta-gather lumber for nearly seven years. 50X1-HUM
19. With the arrival of a group of Germans from the Moscow region
in the spring of 1947 housing conditions on the Island became
extremely overcrowded. In meeting this situation the Soviet
administration merely ordered that many of the Island families. would
have to 'give up some of..their rooms to the new arrivals. These
crowded circumstances resulted in many disagreements and quarrels,
and occasionally, in fisticuffs.
20. The. housing conditions of the Soviet common laborers and those
of the higher-paid employees differed to a great. extent. This
obvious exampleof social inequality in the heavily-propagandized
"classless society" of the USSR impressed me very much.
21. Moitcof the Germans possessed their own furniture. Those that
did not.have any rented it from.the Soviets at a monthly. rate
of 100-150' rubles. The Soviets especially marvelled at 50X1-HUM
furniture. However, many felt superior in their belief tiiFiuch
things as electricity and othar invrintine were enjoyed solely 50X1-HUM
in the USSR. a large number of
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Soviet co-workers, particularly those with higher education, were
very proud of Soviet progress and achievements in other fields as
? well, e.g., the opportunity which was offered to everyone in the
USSR to attend schools, etc.)
t.
22. In the beginning not oharged_for electricity or water.
After two years the Soviets billed____ 30 rubles per month for elec-
tricity during the summer, and 60 rubled per month during the
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50X1-HUM
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winter. During the last few years
were required to pay a monthly sum
for water.
WILLY-Ian
23.
24.?
of
five
rubles per person
The structure of family life in the USSR is completely different
from anywhere else in the world, attribute 'this to the fact
that both man and wife are employed during the day and are seldom
together at home. The children spend their days at the kinder-
garden. During the evenings the parents attend numerous meetings,
training courses, eta. Pew of the Soviet women that are employed'
000k at home. Even luncheons are eaten in public eating, places:
virtually no "family life" in the USSR as it
in the Western world.
is known
?
no trial marriages There appeared
to ?e many unattached womens.possibly they had been widowed
during the war. I
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25. When a Soviet husband sad wife are divorced, the man is obligated
to support only the children'. The alimony is not paid by the man
directly', but. ie.deduoted from his salary and paid to the former
Wife', or whoever has assumed the responsibility of rearing the,
Children. The 'deduction' constittfl:presoribed percentage of
the man's total earnings, following divorce. ca50X1-HUM
After three years of waiting, a Soviet engineer finally obtained .
his divorce. The wife was given custody of the child. The en..
gineerle monthly salary was 2000 rubles, of which he had to pay.
about 30 per cent (600 rubles) as support for the child. His
former wife was employed ae a librarian and earned 1300 rublee,,
per month. Her salary, coupled with the money allotted her for.,
her son's support resulted in her having a higher monthly income
than her former husband. -
20t The kindergarden building on Gorodomlya Island contained eight '
to 10 rooms.The'ageadthe. 25 children in attendance there ranged,
from a few months.to seven years old. They were in the care of
a chief nurse who was assisted by two or three other nurses.
The staff also included a laundress, cleaning woman, and a cook. 50X1-HUM
the mothers were satisfied with the dare their -
children were receiving. 'The children were brought to the kinder-
garden at 8i00 A.M.,.and were taken home at 5:30 P.M. A small
percentage of the parents' salary was deducted. for the care of '
Children. It probably.. did not exceed 60 rubles per month. The.
childrenreceived all. their meals at the kindergarden,
everything there was very clean. A small
garden with trees, flowers, and small benches surrounded the
building.
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SWUM SOCIETY
27.- the Soviet privileged class is primarily composed 50X1-HUM
of those who worked in, or trithlthe Party or MVD. Also in this - -
class were those who occupied important positions, e.g. 50X1-HUM
director, chief engineer, eto., and. the members of the government,
whom everyone seemed to consider demigods.
28. It is quite Understandable that persons with political back-
ground and authority were considered important and in a different
class. Naturally everyone, sought their favor in an effort to'
avoid unpleasantnesses and gain advantages. These people were -
always better dressed and more.genteel.than the common workers.
The privileged class enjoyed better housing facilities, but their
'children were not automatically selected for higher education.
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29.
30.
Iconsiderable importance was placed
on good grades and report cards (Zetgnis) for admission to higher
educational institutions. With a favorable school report one
oould receive a relatively higher' scholarship (Stipendium)
amounting to approximately 300 to 400 rubles per, month. However;
the poorer Soviet families often could not afford to let their
children cottinue schooling to the age of 20 or 22, even if they
were in possession of 4 good scholarship. Many parents anxiously
awaited the,time'when their children completed public school
(at about 15 years of age) so that they could begin to earn a
living and thereby aseist:the family. (Public school was OutarnA
at the age of seven.), 50X1-HUM
50X1-H UM
a certain amount of tension existed between the. ?
different classes, but it 'could, not be detected on the surfaci.-
The people were siMply uncommunicative on this subject eithei5?X1 -HUM
from fear or caution.
A. During 1948 great administrative changes occurred within the Ministry ,1
,
of Armament and. Munition Names, 50X1-HUM
which until then had been important, suddenly disappeared; many
of the signatures which appeared were new:and completely -unknOwn. ? ?
It was then rumored that-espionage acts had been committed 50X1? IUM '
PINION
,
32. Whereas almost all of the older Soviets who had been raised during
the Czarist times, remained close to the bhurch (they usually wore
a crucifix), the attitude of the younger Soviets was either in-
different or definitely negative.
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33.
:Services were held in one of the numerous churches in the Ostashkov
area. The other churches were dither in ruins, neglected and.
abandoned, or-served as bakeries-. dairies. etc. The church in
which services were held was well attended. Soviet clerics
and nuns were frequently Been strolling in the streets. It was
said that these nuns received no support from the state, but
were earning their livelihood with knitting, embroidery, and
other needlework. 50X1-HUM
50X1-HUM
CRIME AND CORRUPTION
34.
Embezzlement was the
most
frequent misdemeanor
As a result, very few 'of ,the Soviet
public officials remained .in,their positions for any length of
time. This type of frauci.was a daily occurrence. For example
a Soviet woman, after having held the position of manager of
the Island's post office branch for two years was sent to a
labor camp-for misappropriatAng 20,000 rubles; .a sales girl em-
ployed in the clothing mtore was sentenced to four years of
hard labor for overcharging custoMers on merchandise, especially ,
on rugs and furs, and making i profit as high as 2,000 rubles:
on one sale. The pay clerks and bookkeepers were also twice
renlaced for having misappropriated public funds. 4 I50X1-HUM
1 fraud and embezzlement were not look50 '
X1-HUM
upon as crimes against society or as serious matters, but
rather as matters of routine living.
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35.. Thievery and pick-pocketing often occurred in the streets and
public markets. One had to be very careful when carrying, any-
ookets and handbags. 50X1-HUM
ptealing seemed to have subsided to a certain exami -HUM
36. An ancient monastery which had been:converted into a prison for
juvenile delinquent!' was located on the island of the Peshi in
Lake Saltier. It could be seen when one travelled from Gorodomlya
to and Watchtowers had been erecter-IIould see that prison walls .
It was said that the youni
Ostashkov0 Prom the distano .
criminals detained there were making telephone instruments. 50X1-HUM
37.
In general, persons returning from prisons were neither shunned
nor in anyway ostracized by the Soviet population.
? It-appeared that everyone in the USSR was susceptible to bribes.
The post official, the tailor, the shoemaker could all be in-
duced to expedite their work for a consideration (usually vodka).
Furthermore bribery no doubt also met wi 1g0X1-HUM
' success in higher Soviet circles.;
PM= OPINION
39.
50X1-HUM,
Negative attitudes on the parts of the.Soviets toward themCom-
munistio regime were .not perceptible, since the Soviets would
not 'divulgetheir opinions to us. However, the support of the
Soviet system is obviously strong9 particularly the support of
the younger. generation.,
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40.. STALIN, as well as many of the old 50X1-HUM
generals of the revolutionary times are held in great esteem
, by the majority of the population. However, it appeared that' the
functionaries of lebal, party organs were frequently otiticized.-The
,
attitude of the population toward MVD officials was one of extreme
_fear,. not of specific individuals, but of the entire.organize4n,
neverheard any Soviet criticizing the Soviet system. 50X1-HUM
.4 ? "American monopolistic capitalists" were held responsible for
all wrongs, evil, and disunity among nations. This was standard
propaganda, and was repeated incessantly.
. According tb the. Soviet, radio, the Marshall Plan is nothing
more than an "evil oapitilistio deception maneuver". The
Sovietsseemed to know nothing futther.about'the.Plan.
43.
the Soviets fear another war. They were made 50X1-HUM
to believe that;the Americans were planning to overrun the
people's republios (VolkedemOratien)., and thereby start wa50X1-HUM
44. the outbreak of the Korean War did not
produce undue excitement or any particular reaction' on the part
of the Soviet population. The Soviets did not seem to get
arouse& about events which occurred outside' of the Soviet borders,- '
and accepted news events somewhat passively. .Everybodyvae
a matter of fact, was convinced that the Chinese soldiers had
a hand in the fighting. bewildered questions avto the..,50X1-HUM
legality of Chinese participation were usually answered with,
"Could you ever distinguish A Chinese from a Korean"? This
was considered a:joke: Daily newspapers 'displayed on bulletin
boards and malls carried 'Stories of the newly reported bacter-
iological warfare. During prdteet meetings signatures were
ll collected, reac?utions passed. etc. 50X1-HUM
A:1
-.; people were b.Einning to believe what they read and heard. i
:. Mo'news'could be obtained by the Soviet masses other than that
disseminated by the propaganda organs.
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