1. DOCTRINE AND THEORY OF SOVIET ANTI-AIR DEFENSE 2. ORGANIZATION OF THE PVO (AIR DEFENSE) 3. COMMENTS ON NUCLEAR DEFENSE 4. ANTI-NUCLEAR DEFENSE OF AIR FACILITIES 5. AIRCRAFT UTILIZATION FOR DEFENSIVE PURPOSES 1928-1955

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 173
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 12, 2013
• Sequence Number: 11
• Publication Date: July 9, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

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INFORMATION REPORT INFORMATION REPORT
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
This material contains information affecting the National Defense of the United States within the mean150X1-HUMniage Laws, Title
18, U.S.C. Secs. 793 and 794, the transmission or revelation of which in any manner to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
-E-C-R-E-T
,?INGC?P7 - um
COUNTRY
USSR/East Germany REPORT
SUBJECT
1. Doctrine and Theory of Soviet DATE DISTR.
9
July 1958
Anti-Air Defense
2. Organization of the PV0ra?/-aAe..4.11. PAGES
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3. Comments on Nuclear Defense
4. Anti-Nuclear Defense of Air REFERENCES
Facilities
DATE OF
INFO.
5. Aircraft Utilization for Defensive
loom iocc
Purposes
PLACE &
DATE ACC).
a
ARE DEF
RAISAL OF CONTEAT 'IS TENTATIVE.
1. A copy of a 68-page English-language translation as well as a copy of the 50X1-HUM
60-page Russian-language original.on various aspects of the Soviet doctrine
and theory of anti-air defense
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2. A considerable portion of the report is devoted to the theory of as well as
organization for Soviet anti-air defense. The organization of the FVOC-is given
in cmaiderable detail ? and includes mention of the use and function of
aircraft in anti-air defense.
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Distribution of Attachments:
OCR
Air:
ORB:
Loan
Loan
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STATE
X
ARMY
X
NAVY
X
AIR EV
X
FBI
AEC
ORR/EV
(Note: Washington distribution indicated by "X"; Field distribution by "#".)
INFORM,A.TION REPORT INFORMATION REPORT
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Toitettif
CONTEKPORARY ANTIAIR DEFENSE OF THE USSR
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I. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS
The rapid development of offensive types of military equipment and
the sharp increase of destructive force, are radically changing all the
previously existing military and strategic.5oncepts. For example, Great
Britain would have committed a suicidal error had it clung to the old
formula, "The English lose every battle but the last." At present,
another formula applies, "The first battle 'will be the deciding one for
Great Britain." This first battle is namely that one 'which will take
place during the first hours and days of World War III. Here lies the
main essence of sensible strategic planning for the future.
-Insofar as the supposed enemy will, be the Soviet Bloc, the British
High Command cannot permit itself to be pushed into abandoning conven-
tional forms of armaments. For such armaments continue to play, and will
continue to play, an important role in Soviet strategy for a long time.
In this connection, it is impossible not to laugh at the superficial and
dangerous (in its stupid illusions) lead article in the (London?) Times,
9 November 1955. In this article the USSR is ridiculed somewhat because
"it does not grasp the importance of the atomic bomb," and is therefore
continuing to build up its naval forces.
The radical changes in Soviet strategic concepts have already mani-
fested themselves clearly in the organization of the entire antiair defense
system. Since about February 1955, extraordinarily intensive work has
been conducted in the USSR to bring about a rapid modernization of all
types of active and passive self-defeuse.
, These new Soviet measures are of great practical interest to Great
Britain for at least two reasons: First, the British Isles are 'within
effective range of Soviet bombers and rockets; therefore, the problem
of organizing antiair and civil defense in general becomes actual and
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highly important in the situation. Second, in the event of World War
III the defense of the British Isles will require that the High Command
inflict mass blows on the enemy's rear; however, the success and effective-
ness of such blows will depend on the condition of the enemy's antiair
defense.
Thus, this article is dictated by the factual state of affairs and
is fully justified. I can only express the hope that it will be studied
attentively by competent people. I am certain that in it they will dis-
cover all the important elements of Soviet antiair defense.
The sources of this article are as follows: First, a study of all
accessible Soviet material, published officially; second, the knowledge
gained by a study of World War II in higher military educational insti-
tutions of the USSR, including military academies; and third, the author's
personal archives and notes on events.
II. CHARACTERISTICS OF MILITARY DEFENSE WORK IN THE USSR TODAY
No one likes truth that hurts. I do not like it. But the past 20
years are evidence that in organizing defense work in general, and anti-
air defense work in particular, the USSR now occupies first place in the
world. In the sense of massiveness of participation by the population
and multiplicity of antiair-defense measures studied, the Soviet Union
cannot be equaled by one Western democratic state.
This is understandable and logical: in a centralized state, every-
thing is done centrally. In a totalitarian state the stamp of totality
lies on everything. Military states always prepare best for war. In
countries having a ruling ideology and doctrine, everything is subordinate
to this ideology and doctrine.
The USSR possesses these qualities, and in them lies the superiority
of the organization of mass training in antiair defense in peacetime.
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Great Britain does not possess such qualities, and in this lies her weak-
ness which, in the era of atomic bombs and long-range rockets, may have
fatal consequences if quick, satisfactory solutions are not found.
Another characteristic of antiair-defense training in the USSR is
that the party and government in the past year have taken decisive
measures to strengthen the ideological and political education of the
mass of people. Carefully studying this reversal I have found that,
actually, it is very important: ideological and political work, accord-
ing to the Soviet conception, is just as important (or more important)
for antiair defense in the era of atomic bombs and long-range rockets
as the atomic bombs and rockets themselves. I would like to ask every-
one 'who reads this article to understand this and renounce the idea that
only tangible weapons and material superiority are important in var.
This was true during World War II, but will not be true in World War III.
III. WHAT IS NO (ANTIAIR DEMSE) IN THE USSR TODAY?
The Soviet concept of Antiair Defense (1,10) differs essentially
from the concept we hold in Great Britain or the West in general.
In the USSR the concept of WO encompasses the following: (1) ideo-
logical and political educational 'work among the mass of the population,
(2) active local self-defense [civil defense] of the mass of the popula-
tion from air raids, (3) antiaircraft artillery, including antiaircraft
rocket-robots, (4) antiaircraft fighter aviation, (5) a system of yarning
and communication, (6) means of long-range influence on the flying appa-
ratus of the enemy, (7) antiatomic defense, (8) antichemical defense,
(9) problems of transportation and (10) long-range governmental organisa-
tional measures.
This structure exists in the USSR at the present time and, probably,
will exist without change for many years. I shall subject its component
elements to t careful analysis.
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rir. REASON FOR AND FIRST GOAL OF IDEOLOGICAL AND POLITICAL WORK IN WO
IN THE USSR
Marxist-Leninist-Stalinist doctrine does not admit to the omnipotence
of any weapon that ever existed, as does the Times article mentioned. It
teaches that ideas and ideologies are stronger than any bombs or tanks.
As proof, the ideas of nationalism in Southeast Asia and the Near East,
the ideas of Communism itself, the ideas of revolution and uprising, the
ideas of strike by the working class, etc., are usually produced as
examples.
About February 1955 this line of education in the USSR vas sharply
increased. At present leitmotiv number one in all branches of the armed
forces is the following: The only effective weapon is the one in the
hands of a person with strong and purposeful ideals. The only antiair
defense that is effective is that which is based on the people and the
nation, and which possesses united ideals, ideologies, policies, and
doctrine; atomic and rocket bombs can destroy cities and kill people, but
they cannot kill ideas, ideologies, and doctrine. And so forth.
From this, then, the reason for and first goal of ideological
and political work in WO soyedineniya and in general in all the armed
forces is to see that each adult person inividually, and the population
as a whole, understand and accept the ideology of Communism, the ideas of
Marx, Engels, Lenin, and Stalin, and the policies of the party and govern-
ment, and that they proclaim them absolute and just. This then, with which
the West will be greeted in the event of World War III, is absolutely in-
dependent of what kinds of new weapons might be used.
V. THE SECOND GOAL OF IDEOLOGICAL AND POLITICAL WORK IN WO OF THE USSR
The organizational structure of WO of the USSR will be examined
later. I shall merely note here that the following have statutes [status?]
as subordinate
ons: residential buildings housing not less
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than 80-100 persons; all public establishments, without exception; shops
of plants and factories; faculties of universities and institutes; print-
ing plants; kolkhozes; villages belonging to sovkhozes; railroad stations;
etc. The especially important ones have received emblems for successful
PIO work. For example, in Moscow such esiblems can be seen on the fronts
of buildings, certifying that the building is prepared for PV0.
In accordance with the plans and directives of the Administrition of
Antiair Defense of the Soviet Army (UMW under the Ministry of Defense,
reports and lectures on ideological and political themes connected with
PV0 tasks in a fixture war are given in these local organizations. An
exceptional role in giving these lectures and reports is played by the
Military Defense Section (voyenno-oboronnaya sektsiya) of the All-Union
Society for the Dissemination of Political and Scientific Knowledge.
In educational institutions these reports and lectures are given in
the course of normal instruction by the military chairs and teachers. In
industrial and other enterprises, and in kolkhozes and sovkhozes, there
are special leaders for antiair defense training. The task of all party,
Komsomol, and trade union cells consists of ensuring strict fulfillment
of the directives of the MOM and the orthodox purity of lectures and
reports.
The main leitmotiv, the main practical task, of lectures and reports
consists of the following: that effectiveness of enemy bombing is in-
versely proportional to the combat readiness of the whole population; that
at the cost of timely antiair defense measures, full or partial self-
preservation may be achiOved; that the fate of the population in a future
war will be in the hands of the population itself; that over-all anti-
air defense measures in peacetime are fully justified by the interests of
the population itself and, therefore, the policies of the party and govern-
ment must be supported; and that there are real possibilities for with-
standing and survivin any war, meaning that it is possible and necessary
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VI. WHY MUST PV0 OF THE USSR FIGHT TO THE LAST MAN?
Because of the threat of atomic warfare, a new element has appeared
in the ideological and political education of the USSR population. In
the radio broadcasts of the Group of Soviet Occupation Forces in Germany,
in Krasnaya Zvezda, Kryltya Rodiny, Vestnik Vozdushnogo Flota? and other
publications for the past several months, in one form or another, has
been posed the question: Why must we be prepared to fight to the last
man in the event of a third world war, even in the event atomic bombs
are used?
Strictly speaking the answer contained nothing new, but it presents
something of immense interest for the West; therefore, I shall outline it:
We must fight to the last man because there is a real hope of
withstanding, surviving, and coming out unhurt from certain danger, while
capitalism perishes and the cause of war disappears forever.
We must fight to the last man because capitalism is rotting away,
dying away, and is condemned by history to disappear; while communism,
contrariwise, blossoms, strengthens/ expands, and is destined by history
to be a higher society. Consequently, we have an inspiring ideology, for
the sake of which we must live and die.
We must fight to the last man because any war against the USSR
in an unjust war. Contrariwise, the USSR strives to destroy colonial
salvery and the capitalist yoke; therefore, our struggle is just. Con-
sequently, moral superiority is on our side.
From this can be drawn practical conclusions: the population must be
drawn in PV0; the entire population must be ready for severe trial, oven
for death, in the name of high ideals; and no matter what happens WO
fighters must remain at their posts.
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VII. OFFICIAL CONCEPTS OF THE USSR IN CONNECTION WITH THE ATOMIC AND
HYDROGEN BOMBS
The main burden of atomic and hydrogen bombardment falls on the
population and on the PV0 system. In connection with this, in February
and March 19550 the Supreme Command of the USSR introduced revisions into
the doctrine which had existed till that time. Given below are the main
themes of the new concepts, which are in operation at the present time
and are the organizational basis for the entire P70 system;
"Only soldiers who are conscious of their responsibility to the
people, who deeply understand the sacred duty of defending the Motherland,
and who piously believe in the invincibility of the idea of Communise
are equipped to overcome every difficulty. The persistent study of
Marxist-Leninist theory... strengthens and hardens our aviation cadres,
and prepares them to fulfill cot missions under the most complicated
and difficult air situations." (See Vestnik Vozdushnogo Flota, official
periodical of the High Command of the Soviet Air Forces, No 1, 1955,
beginning page 7)
"Organizing the training and education of subordinates, commanders
and political workers hold that EVEN THE MOST MODERN MATERIEL DOES NOT,
IN ITSELF, DECIDE THE OUTCOME OF WAR; that the outcome is decided by
people who are strong in spirit and realize their duty to the Socialist
Mbtherland." (I bid.)
"Capitalist propaganda makes a fuss over the 'all-powerful' atomic
and hydrogen bongos. But we, the Soviet people, well know that there is
not, and cannot be bombs with a power to determine the outcome of war.
We know and have known that the most powerful 'weapon' is the man himself
who believes in the rightness of his deeds. We know that there are many
means of antiatomic defense, which during war will be placed at the disposal
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of the soldiers of the Soviet Army and civil self-defense or tne rear
area." (From a radio lecture of the Group of Soviet Occupation Forces
in Germany)
Much could be deduced from such examples. They give an unusually
clear-cut idea of the newest Soviet concepts concerning antiair defense.
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VIII. THE QUESTION OF VIGILANCE
The question of vigilance is also absolutely new. There are
indirect indications that in February and March 1955 it fell under sharp
discussion, according to which strict decisions were adopted by the party
and government.
In a directive article in Vestnik Vozdushnogo Flota No 6 ['Tune 1955],
the problem was literally formulated as follows: Vigilance means the prepa-
ration of our fighter pilots to take off at any time to meet an air enemy,
in any weather, day or night, at any altitude to locate and destroy him
before he is able to accomplish his insidious scheme. For this IRE BASIC
RESPONSIBILITY RESTS ON THE PILOTS OF THE ANITAIR Lblehliab OF THE COUNTRY.
THEIR SACRED DUTY IS TO PREVENT THE PENETRATION OF OUR TERRITORY BY A
SINGLE AIRCRAFT OF THE ENEMY. FOR THIS, THE PILOTS OF THE ANTIAIR DEFENSE
ARE REQUIRED TO BE IN CONSTANT COMBAT READINESS.
"Prevention of penetration of the USSR by even a single enemy aircraft
necessarily demands the tireless education of [personnel in] a sense of high
vigilance, WHICH MEANS, FIRST OF ALL, THE READINESS OF OUR =ASTI AND
PerEAZDELENIYA FOR THE IMMEDIATE FULFILLMENT OF THE COMBAT MISSION." (I bid.)
Immediately after prolonged conferences during which the new strategic
concepts were discussed, frank discourses appeared on the pages of official
military periodicals. For example, Vestnik Vozdushnogo Flota, No 4, for
April 1955, literally reported that the imperialists intend to initiate a
war against the USSR by means of atomic and hydrogen bo Mb attacks against
the population centers of the USSR, in order within several days to knock
"WM
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out the basic industrial targets, paralyze ranspor a on an
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the population. In this connection, obviously, in the new strategic con-
cepts of antiair defense the thesis was accepted that vigilance of the
PVO and the ADD (Long-Range Aviation) henceforth means the ability to
deprive the enemy of suprise, locate him, and not allow oneself to be
taken unawares. Then it was announced in an official governmental directive
to the fighter aviation of PVO and the long-range bombers, that THE TRAINING
OF PILOTS FOR FLIGHT AND IN THE COMBAT EMPLOYMENT OF AIRCRAFT IN CLOUDS IS
AN IMPORTANT STATE TASK. (Vestnik Vozdushnogo Flotat No 3, 1955)
Such spirits and beliefs regarding vigilance exist in the PVO system
at the present time -- spirits and thoughts which have the force of state
military law. The problem is today formulated thusly: inasmuch as in a
future war the first hours, days, and weeks will play a decisive role, and
there will not therefore, be time for the production of needed aircraft and
training of needed pilots, ALL MEASURES MUST BE FULFILLED DURING PEACETIME,
so that all forms of aviation will be available and present. at any time.
IX. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF PVO USSR
We now proceed to a study of the PVO itself and its technical equip-
ment. We begin with an examination of its organizational structure.
Prior to World War II, the chairman of the Council of Peoples Com-
missars WSB simultaneously the Chairman of the Council of Labor and Defense.
The word "Defense" meant that he was the supreme leader of all defensive
activities of the country, including antiair and civilian self-defense.
Legally this WAS necessary because the military minister and the General
Staff did not have the formal right to give orders to the civilian population.
The operational leadership was accomplished by the Committee of Defense
under the Council of Peoples Commissars, KOSNK, which was directly subordinate
to the chairman of SNK (Council of Peoples Commissars) and STO (Council of
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Labor and Defense). In 1941 the functions of t
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to the newly created State Committee of Defense (GKO), headed by STALIN.
In 1946 the GKO VAS abolished, and the KOSNK was restored under the title
"Committee of Defense Under the Council of Ministers" (KOSM). Also, the
statute authorizing the holdiag of the two offices, chairman of the Council
of Ministers and chairman of STO, was abolished.
From 1946 to 1953 the KOSM was headed by the Deputy Chairman of the
SMSSSR (Council of Ministers USSR), Marshal VOROSHILOV. From March to
June 1953 the duties of the Chairman of KOSM were carried out by the Minister
of Internal Affairs and First Deputy Chairman of the SMSSSR, Marshal BERIYA;
from July 1953 to February 1955, by L. M. KAGANOVICH; and from February to
September 1955, by Marshal S. K. TIMOSHENKO. At the present time, according
to unofficial information, the duties of the Chairman KOSM are being temporarily
carried out by Marshal of Artillery NEDELIN. His deputy for Civil Antiair
Defense is Colonel General VINOGRADOV.
Main'Teaks of the KOSM
Attentive study of materials relating to the campaigns of the reports-
and-elections meetings and conferences in the system of the Voluntary Society
for Assistance to the Army, Air Force, and Navy (DOSAF) gives foundation to
the hypothesis that during recent months, perhaps for the past year, a
feverish search has been conducted in the Kremlin for the best form of
organization for KSOM in view of the atomic and hydrogen bombs. This means
that a new man maybe placed at the head of the KOSM -- a scientist-general
or marshal, or simply a scientist.
But now it is clear that the in over-all tasks of the KOSM remain as
they were, namely:
1. TO coordinate civil defense measures in the entire USSR with the
measures of the Ministry of Defense, Ministry of the Navy, and the General
Staff.
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2. To draw up plans and drafts of party and governmental decrees,
concerning bo tb shelters of all tnes, fire-fighting evil:rent, antiatomic
equipment and means of defense for the population and the economy of the
USSR, evacuation, etc.
3. To effect state supervision of the training of the population for
antiair, antiatomic, and antichemical defense, as regards drawing the masses
into the respective civil self-defense organizations, circles, groups, and
sections (otryady).
4. To serve as the operational-organizational organ of the government
for all defense questions not within the legal competence of the military
ministries and the General Staff.
In reality, however, the KOSM works under the operational leadership
of the General Staff of the Soviet Army.
We point out that ideological-political work is not in the mission
of the KOSM. The KOSM is occupied only with the practical technical and
organizational problems of defense. Supervision of ideological-political
education belongs to the Administration of Agitation and Propaganda of the
TsKKPSS [Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union] and
its Military Section, the Main Political Administration of the Armed Forces
(GPUVS), headed at the present time by Colonel General ZHELTOV.
Structure of KOSM
Given below is the organizational scheme of the KOSM in the form in
which it existed in 1947-48. Attempts to introduce changes into it since
1948 were not successful, so that the scheme may, with certitude, be con-
sidered valid in 1955.
Chairman of KOSM
Only members or candidate members of the TeKKPSS are appointed to the
position of chairman of the KOSM. Until 1955, only members of the Politburo
or Presidium of
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The chairman of the Mai is organizationally directly subordinate
to the Chairman of the Council of Ministers USSR. Through the latter
be receives the directives of the Presidium of the TsKKPSS or, what is
the same thing, the Council of Ministers USSR.
The basic duties of the Chairman of the KOSM are:
1. TO be well informed of the general strategic planning of the
USSR over an extended period of time.
2. To be directly and officially concerned with the activities of
the Ministry of Defense, the General Staff, and the Ministry of the
Navy. Note: It is suggested that in the near future Marshal of the
Soviet Union BIRMIZOV or General of the Army ANTOBOV will be named chair-
man of the KOSM. The reason for the assumption is their participation in
the reports-and-elections campaigns of DOSAF. Another reason is the absence
of a scientist-marshal who answers the requirements and who can be appointed
in the near future.)
3. To investigate new achievements in world military science and equip-
ment, particularly the problems of atomic war and antiatomic armament.
4. To possess high organizational and administrative qualities.
Judging by the experiences of prewar and postwar years, the Chairman
of KOSM and his deputy have been given the legal right in all questions
of civil defense to appeal directly to ministers and to party and Soviet
leaders of union and autonomous republics, krays, Oblasts, cities, rayons,
industrial enterprises, and institutions, assigning tasks to them and
requiring from them unquestioning fulfillment of his directives, in as
much as be acts in the name of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers.
Through him is accomplished that which is considered necessary by the
General Staff for the civil population and the economy of the nation as
regards defense.
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Strictly, the "Committee of Defense" is a group of persons, appointed
by the Council of Ministers to represent the Secretariat of the TaKPSS,
the Ministry of Defense, the General Staff and the Ministry of the Navy,
in coordination with Gosplan. Usually found on the KO are the Chief of
the Geieral Staff, the Chief of the Naval Staff, the Chief of Staff of
Armored Troops, the Chief of the Antichemical Defense Section (otdel)
of the Ministry of Defense, the Minister of Communications, the Minister
of Armaments, the Minister of the Aviation Industry, the Chief of the WO
Administration of the Soviet Army, the Deputy Minister of Defense for
Intendance Service, the Chairman of DOSAF, the Chief of the Military Academy
imeni Frunze, the Chief of the Medical Sanitarnoye Administration of the
Soviet Army, the Minister of Railroads, the Secretary of TsKKPSS for
Organizational Problems or for Cadres, the Chief of the GPUVS, the Minister
of Internal Affairs, the Chairman of the Committee of State Security, the
Chief of the Engineering Administration of the Soviet Army, the Chief.,of
the Military Engineering Academy imeni Kuybyshev, and others.
This is a kind of "Board of Governors." It is a consultative organi-
zation which meets to discuss certain questions according as determined by
the Chairman of KOSM.
As to practical work, this it accomplishes with a vast administrative
apparatus -- the effective Committee of Defense, which is located in a
building between the Spasskaya Gates and the building of the Council of
Ministers USSR in the Kremlin. In this building there are sections (otdely)
which are occupied with the separate fields of defense. As a general rule
each section is headed by a regular military man, who is not lower than
major generel or engineer-lieutenant colonel in rark, and in every instance
necessarily having the appropriate higher education.
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OSO
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The Section of Communications and Warning (Otdel Svyazi i Opoveshcheniya,
OSO) plays an important role in the entire system of antiair and civil defense.
Subordinate to it is found everything by which communication and warning in
modern war are acccoplished. Specifically and only through the OSO are the
projects and plans for communications and warning on the territory of the
USSR approved. Specifically and only the OSO has the right: in concordance
with the General Staff, to establish new communication and. warning points.
It is through the OSO that the question of what is good and what is bad is
decided.
For example, the air raid warning signals in cities and other population
points are developed and approved by the government and General Staff on the
recommendation of the OSO. Engineers working under the supervision of the
OSO bear full responsibility for the reliable and accurate operation of
electric sirens, pneumatic sirens, radio transmitters at PVO and local self-
defense points (as regards their irreproachable hookup with the general
radio broadcasting system of the country and vice versa), and loudspeakers
(which are arranged so that acoustically the air raid warnings do not have
dead of half-dead sectors, thit is, so that the entire population will be
notified with sufficient clarity); the reliable connection and disconnection
of telephone commutators, connection and disconnection of electric lighting
at PVO and local self-defense points in the event of the necessity, and
so forth.
Note: It is the duty of the OSO to ensure all of this technically
and organizationally during peacetime; but in wartime these facilities
are brought into action, not by the OSO itself, but by the PVO and self-
defense points, which are found subordinate to the PVO commander.
OPKhO
The Antichemical Defense Section (Otdel Protivo-Khimicheskoy Oborony,
OPKW) is occrnifti1 with working out all technical and organizational praocoma
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of the chemical defense of the population and the entire country as
a whole. Included, for example) are measures for the development of
plans and initiation of mass production of gas masks and antichamical
clothing for individual and collective use. The work is carried out
in coordination with the Administration of Chemical Defeme of the
Ministry of Defense. The duty of both organizations is to follow the
achievements of other countries in the fields of military chemistry,
and to inform the Council of Ministers USSR of them, and to take
measures for the appropriate development of Soviet military chemistry,
and so forth.
An extrordinAry role in the activities of the OPKhO is played by
the work of preparing practical measures to prevent contamination of
state food supplies, population feeding points, water supply systems,
and mass bomb and gas-proof shelters as, for example, the Nbscow and
Leningrad subways. Special scientific-research institutes and
oratories, under the general scientific supervision of the respective
chairs of the Military Academy of Chemical Defense of the Soviet Army
imeni Voroshilov (Moscow, Ulitsa Bauman) are working on the solutions
to these problems. The problems are, firstly, the development of pro-
tective measures against contamination; secondly, the creation of
rapid and absolutely reliable methods of decontaminating already con-
taminated centers. It goes without saying that work is being conducted
on the decontamination of less significant and not as important targets,
but this is a task for the population itself, which must master the
elements of the self-protection regulations.
Nevertheless, the OPKhO proceeds from the possitility of so much
fatal, over-all contamination of an area that decontamination in a short
time will be impossible. In this event, special means of evacuating people,
wec,vons, and valuables are required. The planning of such facilities and
their nomenclature, the degree of their mass production, and so forth is
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Still another task of the OPKhO is the issuance, in mass quantities,
of popular booklets and instructions for the population and b-pacial anti-
chemical defense units.
The Section of Antifire Defense (Otdel Protivo-Pozharnoy Okbrany,
OPPO) works in close contact with the Administration of Fire Defense of
the Ministry of Internal Affairs, but this does not mean tbrt fire-
fighting teams of the MVD are in any way subordinate to the OPPO. The
atm is that fire-fighting teams of the MVD first of all help to provide
the population with methods of fighting fires; secondly, that there will
be a clear-cut division of labor in case of air attacks; and thirdly,
that the necessary fire-fighting equipment is ordered from plants manu-
facturing equipment for MVD teams.
The OPPO is directly responsible for working out drafts of laws,
orders, and instructions for the antifire defense of the entire USSR in
case of war; informing the civilian population of these laws, orders, and
instructions through PVO and local self-defense organizations; supplying,
even in peacetime, all establishments, enterprises, and residential
buildings of no less than 80 to 100 inhabitants with the minimum fire-
fighting eqpipment necessary (this job is performed in practice by super-
visors of establishments and enterprises under directives from above);
organizing rescue teams from the civilian population; etc.
As a result, up to now each antifire objective (establishment or
enterprise) has available for emergency use a fire engine, buckets, sand
(usually in a garret), flexible ladders, shovels, pickaxes, tarpaulin
gloves, nonflammable coats, entismoke masks with oxygen devices, fire
extinguishers, etc.
In studying experiences of the Soviet-German war the OPPO has developed
new equipment for extinguishing incendiary bombs. Unfortunately, aside from
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the fact that this equipment has been introduced to us, nothing is
known about it, but one can assume that all antifire objectives have
now been equipped with it.
OEGU
The Section for the Evacuation of State Establishments (Otdel
EVakuatsii Gosudarstvennykh Uchrezhdeniy, OEGU) was created in 1941
and is at the present time apparently one of the largest in the KOSM.
The task of the OEGU is to develop, together with the General
Staff and Gosplan, operating plans for the general or partial evacu-
ation of the population, of establishments, enterprises, and insti-
tutions, and of animal., food, and strategic reserves. The experience
of World War II has shown that for the USSR this is very likely one of
the most difficult problems. In 1941-42 the GKO coped with this problem,
but only at the cost of unheard of suffering of the population and fan-
tastic losses in the economy. Even in 1943-44 in the course of studying
the experiences of the war, the formidable question arose everywhere:
"Row could this happen?" That is, who is at fault that the country found
itself unprepared for mass occupation in the east, both as to clear-cut
plans and the practical work of providing transportation, finances, food,
and new housing areas.
The creation and existence of the OEGU is an answer to this question.
One can assume that in the future if the special conditions of a special
war do not make evacuation unnecessary, it will be carried out many times
better. As far as we know, the principal mess of OEGU workers consists
of students of the Military Transport Academy of the Soviet Army imeni
Kaganovich (Leningrad).
We should also note that after World War II a general strategic
redistribution of population and vital centers began in the USSR. For
example, new kolkhozes and sovkhozes s
on
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Kazakhstan and Siberia; Central Siberia and the republics of Central
Asia became industrial centers of the USSR. This means that the problems
of evacuation and antiair defense are even now being resolved in a radical
fashion, on a large scale.
OSKhPV0
The Section for Agricultural Antiair Defense (Otdel Sel'sko-
Khozyaystvennoy Prottvovozdushnoy ?barony, OSMPV0) occupies a somewhat
detached position in the KOSM. It is not located in the Kremlin, but
on Orlikov Pereulok, Building No 3.
The task of the OSIORVO includes the supervision of a number of
antiair measures, but only as regards supplying the material equipment
requirements of local PVO teams. For example, the commander of PVO in
area "X" finds it necessary to excavate an underground granary for a
kolkhoz or sovkhoz; in such a case the chairman of the kolkhoz is
obliged to Obtain the necessary money from either appropriate organs
within his own ministry or from funds of his own kolkhoz, but in the
latter case he must have the permission of those same organs. For
another example, the chief of a rayon PM orders the chief of an MTS
(Machine Tractor Station) to remove tractors from plowing and engage
them in some kind of antiair defense project in another yon; then
the chief of the MTS must secure a directive from the appropriate
agricultural organs.
All these complexities are regulated by the OSKaVO.
On the other hand the PVO of rural regions possesses a nuMber of
specific specialties. For example, in grain regions there exists the
danger of burning unmown grain or contaminating it with war gas. At
the same time the point of view is taken in the USSR that kolkhoz
villages will not be subjected to serious air raids, if they contain
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no important military objectives; consequently, antiair defense measures
will be essentially different from sivolsw measures in mountains, in
industrial regions, and in transportation.
Hence, the situation of the OSKhPV0 is a somewhat specific one which,
however, operates with the authority of a section of the KOSM.
OSPVS
The Section for Permanent Antiair Installations (Otdel Statsionarnykh
Protivo-Vozdushnykh Sooruzheniy, OSPVS) was established in 1946 and actually
began operating in 1947 on the basis of German, American, and British
materials and equipment.
The mission of this section is to engage in general planning, develop-
ment of projects, and placing into production and activating permanent
radar-warning installations. Comment: This section has been solving problems
for all branches of the Armed Forces and for the USSR as a whole, because
neither the Army, the Air Forces, nor the Navy, nor even the Civil Air Defense
have had any independent radar experience. One can assume that at the present
time the functions of the OSPVS have been somewhat narrowed: probably the
operational use of installations by the Armed Forces has been withdrawn
from the control of the OSPVS.
Comment: The author regrets that he does not know more about this
extremely important section. However, it must be i.Atmphasized that in 1946-47
the OSPVS was also interested in the construction of radio-air stations, and
in any case in theories relative to such stations, namely acting on aircraft
by means of special waves. This is an old Italian idea, that by means of
certain waves it is possible to cause the electronic (elektrotekhnicheskaya)
system of an aircraft stop working completely or Partially.
Finally, the OSPVS was interested in problems of a so-called "radio
machine gun." The first Soviet theory of such a "machine gun" was developed
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and suggested by ITSKHOKI, Candidate of .Technical Sciences and Docent
of the Chair of Electroradiotechnology (elektroradiotekhnika) under
the Faculty of Special Aircraft Equipment of the Air Force Engineering
Academy imeni Mukovskiy. We know of the authenticity of the existence
and the proposal of this theory because ITSKHOKI was this authorls
personal friend and colleague on a Scientific Council.. Unfortunately,
I know nothing more on this subject, but urgently recommend that
necessary attention be given this paragraph.
OBU
The Section for Bomb Shelters (Otdel Bombo-Ubezhishch, OBU) has
probably existed since 1927-8. Undoubtedly it exists even now, as the
book. by Engr-Lt Col LYKOV on the role of engineer work in modern war
testifies.
The tasks of the OBU are to plan on an all-union scale the work
of constructing bask shelters of every size and purpose in addition
to Army and field shelters; to effect, through city soviets and local
antiair defense organs, the adaptation of cellars and any suitable areas
of residential buildings to the needs of the population in time of bombard-
ment (Note: Although this sounds absurd, this work continues even now;
it is considered one of the antiatomic defense measures which are discussed
in more detail below); and the construction of underground and reinforced-
concrete shelters for party, soviet, and economic workers, and any workers
of the state apparatus (apparat), as well as for local PVO and self-defense
commanders (Note: This is done by the city soviets on directives of the OBU).
A practical result of the activities of the OBU is the presence of bomb
shelters beneath every large building in the USSR. Usually these are cellars
whose walls and windows are properly reinforced. German air raids on Moscow
and Leningrad showed that these shelters, in spite of their primitiveness,
played a vital role in decreasing the number of casualties and in providing
overnight lodging for children and old people, for sick perspins and wet nurac-
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Note: Instructions of the OBU permit the use of cellar shelters
for their original purpose, but the removal of wall, ceiling, and
window reinforcements is not permitted.
If a large eMblem hangs on the front of a building -- the symbol
of the former OSOAVIAKhINA or the present DOSAF -- this signifies that
a permanent boat shelter lies beneath the building. There are so many
in Moscow that one can note them on every street withnut any difficulty.
OZA
The Section for Antiaircraft Artillery (Otdel ZenitnoyArtiLleri,
OZA) works in close contact with the Nein Artillery Administration of
the Soviet Army (Nbscow, the Center, Ulitsa Solyanka, Building No 12,
the building .of the former Medical Technical School) (meditsinskiy
tekhnikum]. But the missions of the OZA and the GAUSA are not identical.
The GAUSA is concerned primarily with Army artillery problems, the OSA
with problems of organizing artillery -- "antiaircraft" -- defense of
civil objectives. To be exact, the OZA decides which civil Objectives
are subject to antiaircraft defense. The OZA provides the Main Artillery
Administration with the authorization (prava) and practical opportunity
of timely construction of underground roams (for command personnel
[komandovaniye]) and sites (platformy) for gun installations, as well
as communications equipment, etc. All this is done through civilian
administrations.
As to the GAUSA, it supplies antiaircraft defense points with artillery
cadres, batteries, and ammunition, and in general assumes practical control
of the antiaircraft defense.
Note: The artillery antiair defense will be examined in more detail
later.
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RIO
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J
The Editorial-Publishing Section (Redaktsionno-Izdatel'skiy Otdel,
RIO) exists as a section of the Main Military Publishing House, but is
concerned with the publication of literature only as required by the
KOSM for PVO and civil self-defense.
In particUlar the RIO publishes all popular literature designed
for mass consumption. In order to have an idea of the character of
these publications, an example list is given below:
"The Combat Use of PVO Teams" -- a brochure.
"Antiair Defense of Populated Points" -- a book.
"Be Prepared for Antiair Defense" -- a brochure.
"PVO of Important Points" -- a book.
"Antiair and Antichemical Defense on Railroad Transportation" -- a
book.
"Handbook on PVO and Local Self-Defense" -- instructions for the
population.
"Rules for Loading, Hauling, and Unloading Under Conditions of Air
Attacks on Rear Area Points" -- a brochure.
"Instructions for the Seaman Antiaircraft Gunner of PVO" -- a brochure.
"Handbook for Ground Firing Antiaircraft Equipment of the WO"
brochure.
"Tactical Use of Antiair Camouflage" -- a book.
"Antiair Defense With Machine Guns and Rifles" -- a book.
"How to Contend With Enemy Airborne Landings" -- a brochure.
"Rules for Firing on Enemy Aircraft" -- a book.
"Manual for the Antiair Defense of Cities" -- a brochure.
"Atomic Weapons and Antiatomic Defense" -- a brochure.
"EngineerzZonstructions of PVO in Modern War" -- a book.
"Modern Foreign Jet Bombers" -- a book.
..... a
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"Long-Range Rockets and Their Combat Use -- &brochure.
"Antiair and Antichemical Defense" -- a book.
"The Role of Radar in PVO" -- a book.
"Sanitation-Medical Service of PVO" -- a collection of instructions.
"What Is Atomic Radiation?" -- &brochure.
"Atomic Energy" -- a book.
From these examples it is apparent that the RIO of the KOSM covers
all fields of modern antiair and civilian defense of the rear. In addition
a series of mass-defense magazines are published under the supervision of
the RIO, for example, the magazines Kryllya Rodiuy and Protivo-Vozdushnaya
Oborona.
Information Section
Also under the KOSM is the Information Section (otdel informatsii, 01),
whose main task. is the collection, systematization, and applied research of
foreign and domestic organization in all fields of antiair and civil self-
defense. This job is performed by a special group of experts -- professors,
docents, doctors, candidates of science, engineers, tacticians, and strategists
who are located in the building of the Scientific Technological Committee of
the General Staff and work in close contact with this committee, with the
Staff of the Partisan Movement, and with the Bureau of New Technology under
the Ministry of the Aviation Industry.
The tasks of the OI are strictly specialized. They do not exceed the
limits of civilian PVO and self-defense requirements. The CT publishes
lithographic bulletins and distributes them to chiefs of local PVO and
self-defense teams. The OI is especially concerned with the translation
of foreign literature according to specialties.
OSN
The Section for Supplying the Population (Otdel Snabzheniya Naseleniya,
OSN) is concerned only with supply problems. At its disposal are warehouses
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containing everything needed for the practic re za
defense measures, namely: fire extinguishing equipment, special
clothing, antichemical masks, first aid equipment, ordinary and special
transport equipment, and so on. Warehouses exist according to regulations
for strategic reserves and are located under the direct intendance control
of the Deputy Minister of Defense for the Rear Services (Intendance Service),
although the OSN itself is not subordinate to him in an organizational or
administrative sense.
?MSS
The Section for Medical-Sanitation Service (Otdel )4ediko-Sanitarnoy
Sluzhby, OMSS) has the responsibility, together with the Mein Medical
(Sanitarnoye) Administration of the Soviet Army and other state medical-
sanitation establishments, to work out an entire complex of measures to be
taken in case of air raids. In particular the OMSS is concerned with planning
measures for rendering first aid to those wounded and contaminated (otraYlennyye)
during air raids. For this purpose, under the general supervision of the OMSS
throughout the entire USSR and the entire system of defense training of the
population, classes (kruzhkovoye obucheniye) on the rules of first aid are
conducted. It is of interest that no one in the USSR can obtain a "Ready
for Labor and Defense" (GTO) badge or a certificate of graduation from any
type of DOSAF school who has not passed the minimum medical-sanitation
examination in the KOSM program.
Another task with which the OMSS is concerned is supplying defense
points throughout the entire USSR with the necessary quantity and quality
of first aid equipment. In particular, in city buildings carrying the
emblem of readiness for self-defense, the so-called "PVO First Aid Chest"
is permanently located beneath this eMblam.
The third task of the OMSS is concerned with planning measures for
treatment at permanent facilities (stationarnoye lecheniye) of the wounded
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and contaminated. This function is performed almost entirely inaepenocutu4
of the Medical Administration of the Soviet Army, because in time of war
military and civilian hospitals as a rule automatically and completely fall
under Army control and become filled with Army wounded; consequently, civil
self-defense must rely basically on its own forces, on its own permanent
treatment points. For this purpose lodgings, tents, cots, attendant and
medical staffs, and medicinal and dressing materials will be needed. All
this must be planned and prepared in peacetime. The OS is concerned with
this task.
a responsibility of the OMS [probably meant to read "OMSS"]
jointly with the Medical Administration of the Army and with state establish-
ments is the organization of supervision (sanitary) and laboratory control
over contaminated areas, resevoirs, rations, food, etc.
It is of interest that in the USSR the Red Cross Society is under the
exclusive control of the KOSM, although officially the Red Cross appears to
have nothing in common with the government.
OMPAZ
The Section for Mass Antiatomic Defense (Otdel Messovoy Protivo-Atomnoy
ZaShchity, OMPAZ) was created in 1945 under State Committee Number One (Its
chairman was then BULGABIN). The primary task of the OMPAZ, like all atomic
organizations which feverishly sprung up after Hiroshima and Nagasaki, was
to study foreign experience (Of course, domestic research work took place
in research establishments). For example, while working on the.Mein Staff
of SVAG, this author received a most urgent directive to gather feverishly
and earnestly anything that was directly or indirectly related to infor-
mation on atomic energy and quickly forward it to State Committee NuMber
One and to OMPAZ.
In 1946 OMPAZ was included in the staff of KOSM and since that time
has worked on problems of Esse antiatomic defense. Around that time special
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secret chairs of antiatomic defense were organized under the Military
Academy of Chemical Defense imeni Voroshilov, under the Military
Engineering Academy imeni Kuybyshev, and under the Gortkiy State
University. (Note: The Gorlkiy State University has been mentioned
by us only on the basis of unofficial information.)
This author is well acquainted with the general direction of the
work of the chairs under the Academy imeni Kuybyshev. This work aimed
at studying problems of construction of underground, concrete, mass,
atomic shelters (Note: Upon my arrival in Great Britain I spoke of
this to representatives of the Department of Scientific Intelligence
of the Ministry of Defense, but they almost laughed at me, saying
peremptorily that there is no defense from the atomic bomb; thus, I
talk nonsense and the Academy imeni Kuybyshev is engaged in senseless
pursuits.)
Probably at the present time the status of mass antiatomic defense
is this: in Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev, Kazan', Gortkiy, Sverdlovsk, Kharlkov,
and other large cities vast underground atomic shelters have already been or
are being constructed; in Moscow and Leningrad this [construction] is
carried on under the guise of subway construction; at the present time
preparatory measures for constructing subways in Kiev and Khartkov aee
being completed; the study of antiatomic defense measures has occupied an
important place in defense work for the last two or three years; a great
deal of popular literature is published in the USSR an this subject.
General Doctrine of Antiatomic Defense in the USSR
The statement by Stalin that "the atomic bomb is dangerous only to
those with weak nerves" and that "the atomic bomb cannot decide the out-
come of war is well known. In 1953 this idea was subject to doubt. In
February-March 1955 the party and the government definitely accepted Stalin's
formula, and at the present time the following doctrine is predominant in
the USSR: antiatomic defense is possible; the Armed Forces and the entirs
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population must prepare theme
9 EWalderense.
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Authorities and sources: Engineer Construction in Modern War, by
Engr-Lt Col L1KOV and others, 1955, Military Publishing House USSR;
Atomic Weapons and Antiatomic Defense, by Engr-Lt Col. NAUMENKO, 1955,
Moscow; The Atomic Nucleus, by M. I. KORSUN'SKIY, 1952, Moscow; and
issues of Vestnik Vozdushnogo Flota, Kryllya Rodiny, Tekhnikit-Molodezhil
Pravda, Ogonek, Novyy Mir, and other publications for 1955.
Basic Principles of the Soviet Doctrine of Antiatomic Defense
At the present time the dominant principles of antiatomic defense
for the USSR are:
(1) Advance dispersion of the vital centers and population of the
country; in particular, the creation of strategic emergency centers of
government administration deep in the rear areas of the country.
(2) Extreme concentration of efforts to quickly create melts for
warning of enemy aircraft movements.
(3) Extreme concentration of efforts to create a powerful system
of active antiair defense over all possible lines of enemy bomber move-
ment. (Note: For more detail see below.)
(4) Concentrated research work on the creation of wave equipment
(volnovyye sredstva) for exploding enemy atomic bombs before their approach
to the USSR or equipment for acting upon the electronic systems of aircraft
at great distances.
(5) Supplying the Armed Forces and the population with shelters
which provide some kind of protection at the moment of the explosion.
(6) Training the Armed Forces and the civilian population in
elementary self-defense measures against atomic radioactivity.
(7) Organization on an all-union scale of active antiatomic defense
teams, for example, for extinguishing fires and rescue work in destruction
areas.
The new doctrine of the USSR recognizes that no antiatomic defense
measures can be absolutely reliable but each of the enumerated measures
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makes it possible to reduce the nutber of deaths and destruction, to
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gain valuable time, and to give psychological assurance to the popu-
lation; therefore, it is required that they be used to the fullest
extent, decisively, without delay, and at any cost.
Let us turn to the study of practical measures of antiatomic
defense in the USSR today, at the end of 1955. In line with this,
it is significant to remember one organizational detail: it is no
longer the KOSK, but the Ministry of Defense and the General Staff
or, as better it is best to say frankly, the Council of Ministers --
and no longer the 'COM -- play the chief role in all operations con-
cerning antiatomic defense.
Timely Dispersal
As a centralized state, the USSR cannot exist faronwmonth with-
out centralized management. Hence, there is the natural inclination
to prepare ahead of time measures for the territorial decentralization
of state establishments. This means that measures have already been
taken by the Kremlin to ready reserve quarters for the government as a
whole and for its separate units.
The problem concerning these quarters arose for the first time in
1944, in connection with the unsuccessful experiment in mass evacuation.
At that time, measures were begun to construct suitable buildings -- reserve
quarters -- in the cities of Kuybyshev, Sverdlovsk, Novosibirsk, Tashkent,
and possibly in Tomsk. And if a new war should break out with the threat
of atomic attack over Moscow, then, likely, the goal to destroy the soviet
government would not be achieved by the West with only the destruction of
Moscow. The same thing would have to be repeated in a number of other
cities. But this still is not all. Each oblast or city party committee,
each kray, oblast or city soviet in every corner of the USSR has the
official status of a state establishment and is an integral part of the
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centralized administration, and in administrative, econ
aspects has been prepared to assume the whole goverment or a part of
it in a critical situation.
Moscow quarters for the Government
The Kremlin, as such, has not been totally readied for antiatomic
defense. It is necessary to prepare it. It is too large to conceal
from the sight of enemy aircraft. The only defense of the Kremlin is
purely police protection (politseyskaya oborona) carried out by the
Kremlin commandant's office (komendatura) and the MVD School imeni
VleIK (All-Union Central Executive Committee), now imeni Supreme Soviet.
It is quite definitely known by the author of these lines that immediately
after the end of the war, a large, deep, underground shelter was constructed
under the western part of the Kremlin. Unofficial observers have concurred
that it was intended only for the commandant's office of the Kremlin and
for the command of the School imeni VTsIK. They say that the shelter can
admit only one division of )WD troops. The great depth and the concrete
walls of increased thickness would make the shelter reliable in the event
of atomic attack. Whether this is true or not is not known to us.
There is another very deep both shelter -- especially for the MVD and
KGB -- under the NVD-NGB building on Ploshchad' imeni Dterzhinskiy? which
was under construction about 1947 and was probably finished in 1951-1952.
This shelter was intended for reliable antiatomic defense, that is, against
explosive and shock waves, radioactivity and high temperatures. When I
was informed of this, I expressed doubt about the possibility of reliable
antiatomic defense in the event of an explosion in Moscow' itself. But
the person from whom I learned of the existence of the shelter replied
that in the first place there are no reasons to assume that the atomic
bomb would explode directly in Moscow, and in the second place, "This is
better than n
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centralized administration, and in administrative, economic and other
aspects has been prepared to assume the whole government or a part of
it in a critical situation.
Moscow Quarters for the Government
The Kremlin, as such, has not been totally readied for antiatomic
defense. It is necessary to prepare it. It is too large to conceal
from the sight of enemy aircraft. The only defense of the Kremlin is
purely police protection (politseyskaya oborona) carried out by the
Kremlin commandant's office (komendatura) and the MVD School imeni
VTsIK (All-Union Central Executive Committee), now imeni Supreme Soviet.
It is quite definitely known by the author of these lines that immediately
after the end of the war, a large, deep, underground shelter was constructed
under the western part of the Kremlin. Unofficial observers have concurred
that it VAS intended only for the commandant's office of the Kremlin and
for the command of the School imeni VT8IK. They say that the shelter can
admit only one division of NVD troops. The great depth and Use concrete
walls of increased thickness would make the shelter reliable in the event
of atomic attack. Whether this is true or not is not known to us.
There is another very deep bomb shelter -- especially for the MVD and
KGB -- under the MVD-MB building on Ploshchadi imeni Dzerzhinskiy, which
was under construction about 1947 and was probably finished in 1951-1952.
This shelter was intendedsfor reliable antiatomic defense, that is, against
explosive and shock waves, radioactivity and high temperatures. When I
was informed of this, I expressed doubt about the possibility of reliable
antiatomic defense in the event of an explosion in Moscow itself. But
the person from. whom I learned of the existence of the shelter replied
that in the first place there are no reasons to assume that the atomic
bomb would explode directly in Moscow, and in the second place, "This is
better than nothing."
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There is an enormous stationary government both shelter near
Krasnyye Vorota, parallel to the station of the metro "krasnyye
Vorota," and at a very great depth. The Supreme High Command --
IF it did not move to the East -- would be found herd during war-
time. The construction of the shelter was begun in 1942 and at
present, probably is the most complete in the USSR.
Of course, without special work, government buildings outside
of town with telephones of high frequency (VCh), radiotelephones,
telegraphs, television lines, and other facilities necessary for
exercising state functions, can be used.
Dispersal of Industrial Centers
In the course of studying the experience of World War II the
government has passed a number of precautionary measures, above
all, concerning the dispersal of key industrial centers. Thus, for
example, the newest aviation plants have been constructed and are
being constructed mainly in Central and East Siberia, in Central
Asia and on the Central Volga (cities of Novosibirsk, Omsk, Irkutsk,
Alma-Ata, Tashkent, Sverdlovsk, Kuybyshev, Saratov, and others).
The loss of the Ukraine and Northern Caucasus was a catastrophe
for the USSR. The USSR would have ceased to exist back in 1942 except
for English and American material assistance. This was the case not
only in the destruction of the Red Army but in the loss of the Donbass
and the Shakhtinskiy area. The Kremlin studied this very serious lesson
and passed far-reaching measures for completing the establishment, long
ago, of priority (nachatyy) industrial centers far into the East, in
zones bilieved inaccessible. For example, the Kuzbass was converted
into a second Donbass USSR, the Volga (Bashkir) oil regions into a second
Baku, and so forth.
The Kremlin's strategic calculation is simple: if an atomic war
breaks out, then ene bombers can destroy industrial centers in the
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west of the USSR but cannot, or virtually cannot, destroy eastern
industrial centers; and, consequently, the country will be able to
continue the war.
Establishing Strategic Rural Zones
A very great lesson in the Soviet-German struggle was the loss
of the Ukrainian SSR and the North Caucasus, and the granaries of
the country. Back in 1941-19421 this question arose in government
circles: How and why did it happen? In 1944, the task of developing
measures to prevent such a catastrophe in a future war was placed be-
fore the state planning committee.
Thus arose the problem of assimilating virgin territories. The
question did not arise after the death of Stalin as superficial "ex-
perts" report in the newspapers, but during the years 1947-1949.
During 1952 and 1953, preliminary work was completed and mass migration
into barren Kazakhstan, Kirgizia, and Central Siberia was begun. This
was especially significant since there was not enough bread in the country
and the food crisis was increasingly making itself felt.
It is necessary to stress that the matter of virgin territortes also
solves other strategic problems: first, if it becomes necessary to move
to the East, it will be easier to place considerable masses of the peasantry
in the virgin-land regions; second, if atomic radioactivity and light
radiation destroys or makes impossible the processing of the land (harvesting,
etc.) in the Ukraine and in Northern Caucasus, then, most probably, the
country would have available the grain in the East and would be able to
continue the war; third, if the western territory of the USSR falls under
foreign occupation, then, most likely, the Soviet government could depend
upon the considerable population and the cultivated territory of the East;
fourth, the transfer of the mass of the Russian and Ukrainian population
to the East would sharply increase the rate and extent of Russification
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of the eastern Moslem population, that is, strengthen the position or
the Kremlin in the east and minimize the opportunities of the "bourgeois
nationalists." And this is important in war as shown by the experieace
of the peoples of the Northern Caucasus (genocide).
Soviet Theories of Antiatomic Defense
At the same time considerable research work on the study of the
problem of atomic warfare has been donducted in the USSR. A survey of
available official literature makes it possible to state that this study
has a clearly functional, centralized, and practical nature. In recent
years, Soviet theories have been definitively formulated on this score.
All active and passive means of defense are founded on them.
Theory No 1: There is no absolute defense against the atomic bomb
and, consequently, the first goal of absolute defense is the prohibition
of the use of atomic bombs as weapons. Hence the well-known line of Soviet
diplomacy and "peace" congresses.
Theory No 2: If the attempt to ban the atomic bomb on a world-wide
scale is unsuccessful, than it is necessary to direct the conflict between
the East and West along those channels which exclude the possibility of
justifiable use of the A-bomb. For example, if in the East, along the
30th parallel (approximately), a chain of national-liberation movements
should arise, then, first, the whole western capitalist front would become
entangled in conflicts and, having squandered its military forces, would
cease to operate as a monolithic anti-Soviet bloc; secon#1 moral and
other reasons would not permit the western countries to use the atomic
bomb against national-liberation movements; third, during this process of
the disintegration of the West, the USSR, achieving its aim, would be out-
side the danger of atomic attack. Hence the 'lactic: Face the East!
Support all types of national-liberation movements in the East.
Theory No 3: If Theories Nos 1 and 2 cannot be successfully carried
out, that is, if atomic warfare between the East and West is recognized as
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inevitable, then it is necessary for the USSInto surround the entire
strategic zone with an area which could be adequate to conduct anti-
air warfare (fighter planes, rockets-robots, etc.) to shoot down enemy
aircraft before they reach USSR territory. Hence, the invincible determi-
nation of the General Staff of the USSR to cling to every bit of occupied
territory and the fanatical reluctance of the Kremlin to solve the German
question. Hence also the well-known trifling with Finland and the attempt
to placate the Arabian Near East. A footnote to this is that these stra-
tegic purposes coincide with the general aims of world communism.
Theory No 4: In atomic warfare, the side which destroys its opponent's
air bases early in the day wins. Hence the very clear military and political
doctrines of the USSR concerning the FIRST period of the war which can be
summarized in one phrase: WE SHOULD STRIKE FIRST. (Note: One can learn
about these doctrines in the literature indicated in the bibliography.)
Theory No 5: just as there is no absolute defense from the atomic
bomb, there is no absolute destruction of the USSR and consequently, chances
for individual survival do exist, that is, if all means of antiatomic defenses
are used. Special explanations are not needed for Theories 1, 2, and 3;
therefore, only Theories 4 and 5 are developed here.
Types of Atomic Blast
The experience of the last 1-2 years leaves no doubt that the population
of the USSR has been informed about the aftereffects of an atomic blast in a
satisfactory and objective manner. We here in the West should reject that
dangerous error -- conceivedffrom vulgar simplification -- which maintains
that Kremlin leaders neither understand nor desire to inform the population
of the horrors of atomic war. The Editorial and Publishing Section, and
the Information Section of the KOSNL, the Ministry of Defense, and also the
All-Union Society for the Dissemination of Scientific and Political Know-
ledge -- not to mention the lecture sections (otdel) of party committees --
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publish a great volume of popular and instructional literature, organize
lectures, show films, and so forth, in order to ready the population.
We have concrete examples of this, for example, as the rank and
file members of Dosaaf -- ordinary plant workers -- speak and write
on various themes concerning atomic blasts. A simple, popular expla-
nation of the types of atomic blasts -- air, surface, underground, and
underwater -- is given in nuMbers of popular publications.
The antiatomic defense significance of this fact is seen in that
the population realizes the necessity and inevitability of these or
those measures of the KOSM; the population does not dispute (if it
could dispute) whether or not local self-defense detachments ihould
be organized; and itadh professional group understands that, whether
it is at home or at work, it is threatened by danger.
And this, in itself, in conformance with Soviet doctrines of
totalitarianism, is a large factor in the matter of antiatomic defense.
On the Aftereffects of Different Types of Blasts
Practical measures of antiatomic self-defense logically follow
from the types of atomic blasts.
The first type is the air explosion which occurs, let us say,
several hundred meters above ground. The population is informed that
during an air burst, radioactive substances which fall to the ground
from a smoke cloud do not cause considerable contamination of the
ground below the burst. The great mass of substances from the burst
is carried in the smoke cloud and is dispersed at great altitudes and
in many areas. Approximately 0.02-0.05 percent of the harmful radio-
active elements ihlls to the ground. Hence, the practical recommendation:
one can travel through a contaminated region even within several minutes
after the burst in order to perform rescue work or to continue ground
military operations. As you see, it is impossible to think of anything
more concrete.
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The second type is the surface blast, that is, when the bomb falls
to the ground and explodes on the ground. In this case, the hot pro-
ducts of the blast contact the ground, melt the soil, and in condensed
form fuze with it. These composite messes are scattered to great
distances with enormous pressures. As a result considerable territory
is contaminated. (Note: Unfortunately, Soviet sources do not give
indications concerning the extent of territory.) Furthermore, the
ground will, in addition, be contaminated by a stream of neutrons.
Consequently, the practical conclusion: it is prohibited to approach
a blast area before a given time or closer than a given distance. Also
concrete enough!
The third type is the underground blast, called in the USSR
"diversionary atomic blast." The population is told that in this
case, very high contamination of the ground occurs in the blest zone.
Products of the blast are mixed with particles of the ground and quickly
settle around the blast area. The degree of contamination is undoubtedly
fatal for a radius of 600 meters. (Comment by the author: The radius
certainly depends on the type of atomic bomb and on the depth of the under-
ground blast, and also probably on the geological composition of the soil.)
The fourth type is the underwater blast. In this case, all the radio-
active products settle in the water. The portion of these which is blown
up for a brief time together with the-ejected particles of water, soon
sinks. The decontamination of the water is very high, and, mainly, per-
sistent. Consequently, the practical recommendation: It is prohibited
to approach before a given time and closer than a given distance. (Note:
Concrete data are not given.)
The fifth type is the hydrogen bomb, on which there is no information.
Primary Danger
The USSR is a country with highly developed theories in the fields
of shock waves.
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waves probably is higher in the USSR than in any other country. Bence,
it is clear, or almost clear, why so much attention is paid in the USSR --
above ail else -- to the problem of defense against shock waves of an
atomic blast. Much of the popular and nonpopular materials are devoted
to this theme.
Since 1946 Academician Ya. B. zwrovim has been the Chief director
of the group studying AboMb shock waves. From the beginning the task was
given him of answering the following question: precisely what, and to what
extent, can the A-bomb shock waves destroy? The purpose: to work out
appropriate defense measures against the A-botb shock waves.
*Ridging from indirect data, it can be suggested that each atomic blast
in the USSR is accompanied by experiments on the destruction of structures
by Aboa shock waves, which are considered the "primary danger."
Finally, it is as clear in the USSR as in the West, that all the
damaging effects of an atomic or hydrogen blast occur almost simultaneously --
almost instantaneously -- although the duration of activity is varied. But
in the USSR they wish to learn about the different effects on different
installations in order to know procedure in antiatomic defense. For
example, if an important bridge is demolished, then, almost invariably,
as long BB radioactive contamination persists on the shore, troops or the
population, rescue or fire-fighting companies, and the like, can no longer
go there.
The shock IltNe acts momentarily. It acts only for one second at an
installation which is within a radius of one kilometer; consequently, if
a bridge is destroyed during this second, then in succeeding seconds and
minutes, attention and means of defense can be directed to other goals,
sparing them for rescue work on the shore. Of course, this very important
detail is primarily common sense.
Several Element Self-Defense Measures ainst the Shock Wave
The Soviet government thinks that it is important for the population
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to know that in the first moment of the blast the products of the fission
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of the atom, the evaporating cloud, and also the hot air are contained
in a small ball (polusfer). The temperature in it reaches millions of
degrees and the pressure, billions of atmospheres.
It is clear that the pressure and the heat quickly will be
distributed everywhere. It is clear that the temperature will "burn"
and the shock wave will demolish windows and doors.
Thus, the very specific warnings to the population published openly
and extensively: A peasant's shack can ignite like a shaving and if it
does not ignite: it can collapse and can kill its occupants. Certain
timely measures -- elementary, not reliable, but still measures -- can
be taken so that this does not happen: strengthen shacks and make them
less inflammable. Remember that the shock wave has the intensity of a
raging boar and in addition also a high temperature. But remeMber also,
that this continues over a short interval After which activities or rescue
work can be conducted without additional fear.
Concrete statistics sometimes found in Soviet literature include the
following: the zone of great destruction from the shock wave extends for
one kilometer; and in an underground blast, the depth of the crater extends
to 30 meters and its diameter, from 250 to 300 meters.
Defense Against Atomic Radiation
Conclusions are also drawn in popular literature on antiatomic defense,
about defense measures against radiation.. In order not to reveal its own
experiments, the USSR uses data from America and Japanese cities. But
sometimes there is indirect information on its awn experiments.
It has been noted that the diameter of the ball can be estimated at
200-300 meters (depending on the caliber of the bomb) and the temperature
in it reaches 8,000-12,000 degrees centigrade, that is, almost twice as
great as the temperature of the sun.
The "second danger" after the shock wave is the effect of atomic
radiation, which at a given distla air eyesight permanently or
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temporarily, can cause serious burns, or burn clothing. This warning
is given on the basis of what happened in Nagasaki: the effect is
severe, almost certainly fatal at up to 1500 meters and relatively
slight and curable at 4,000 meters.
Hence these practical recommendations: special clothing, goggles,
etc. (Note: Unfortunately, there is no further specific data.)
Particular attention is paid in the USSR to the fact that at known
distances, skin burns occur only on that side of the body which faces the
blast. For the unschooled, this is a completely cogent argument. But
the scientists are concerned with problems of creating artificial shade.
For example, in past years, great attention has been paid to the study
of the composition of mist, rain, and falling snow. It is suggested --
and theoretically has already been proved -- that natural or artificial
mist can serve as a curtain from atomic radiation, although (the protection]
would be partial.
Generally, analogies to the sun are extensively employed in civilian
antiatomic defense. Every opaque object which protects against direct
light radiation is considered a means of defense against atomic radiation.
In connection with this, a very simple example, published in the Soviet
press and given below, is of interest.
Radioactive contamination of an area lasts hours and sometimes days.
There is danger in this. The population of the USSR is yarned about this
extensively and in no uncertain terms in the popular defense press mad
special lectures.
In order to plan measures of active and passive defense and self-
defense, these data are given to serve as an example: The stream of
neutrons acts only at the moment of the blast. The gamma radiation
begins from the moment of the nuclear reaction and lasts 10-15 seconds
after the blast. The streams of neutrons and gamma rays are able "to
penetrate" considerable layers of varied materials. Penetrating radi-
ation is invisibl
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Ftrthermore, gamma rays are active for hundreds of meters but are
weakened when passing through any kind of dense material dbatacle. For
example: the intensity of gamma radiation is reduced by half when it
passes through a layer of lead 1.8 centimeters thick, a layer of iron
3 centimeters or concrete 10 centimeters thick, or a layer of ground
(soil) 15 centimeters thick. Bence: utterly specific methods endways
of building shelters against radiation.
The matter of neutrons is worse. They have considerable penetrating
force; however, they can be restricted. Brought to mind is the fact that
the neutrons -- clashing with atomic nuclei -- lose their energy: and the
rapid neutrons become slow. The latter are caught up by the nuclei of
atoms of certain elements.
One would think that all is well. But these "certain elements" become
radioactive (iron, aluminum, silicon, magnesium, potassium, sodium, and
others). The misfortune is that these "certain elements" are contained
in the soil, that is, the ground itself is subjected to radioactivity and
will emit beta and gamma rays.
In general, the population of the USSR knows -- as pert of passive
atomic self-defense -- that penetrating radiation has an injurious biological
effect, although it is not necessarily immediately fatal. A radiation dose
of 100-200 roentgens causes a slight degree of radiation sickness, which is
not fatal. A dose of 600 roentgens is fatal. Actually, radiation can be
fatal at a distance of 800-900 meters. (Note: These figures are based on
the experienceotif Japanese cities.)
Radioactive Contamination
Finally, the population has been informed that during an atomic
explosion a large amount of radioactive materials is formed which contami-
nates the air, ground, homes: objects -- everything that has not been pro-
tected. These materials have no particular smell or recognizable
characteristics. They can be detected only with the aid of special
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dosimeters. Hence this practical'ethatiaidd:"'9upply the entire system
of antiatomic defense for the whole territory of the USSR with dosimeters.
(Note: Up to 1947, plants in Kharlkov and Leningrad were engaged in the
production of such instruments.) Of course, until the beginning of real
danger, these instruments are under strict state control through appropriate
PVO and antiatomic defense teams.
Attention is drawn to the fact that during an atomic explosion radio-
active materials are characterized by a rapid loss of potency. Bence,
this important practical warning: Contaminated areas become accessible
and safe in several hours, in extreme cases, several days. Consequently,
it makes sense "to survive" this period in order to continue to live and
fight. Of course the degree and duration of the radioactivity depends on
the type of atomic explosion and the kind of boa (data about this are
lacking).
The population has also been informed about the possible preparation
so-called "combat radioactive materials" or, as abbreviated, BEV. They
can be prepared in the form of smoke, liquid, or powder. There can be
no doubt that the USSR has all three types available. (Note: The chief
center of activity for making Bay always was the Military Academy of
Chemical Defense imeni Voroshilov.)
It is clear that the population of the USSR, especially with this
system of antiatomic training, assumes the possibility not oNAly of atomic
explosion, but also the use of BRV 'against the USSR. It is clear that
defense methods against BEV are worked out, but we know nothing about
them.
Basic Means of Antiatomic and Antiaircraft Defense
For the unorganized mass of the population (this is a conditional
term because, strictly speaking, there is no unorganized population in
the USSR) the following are considered universal antiatomic and anti-
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atomic and antiaircraft means at the present time -- toward the end
of 1955: the metal-sheeted shelter (blindah), the slit trench (shchel'),
the ditch (ovrag), and the cellar; that is, literally, everything that
was generally considered usual for air raids. Reliable or not, this is
the GENERAL LINE, the UNIVERSAL PLAN followed by the state. It has the
character of a general defense law. In all city buildings, in all koikhozes,
in all field camps [polevoy sten] -- everywhere, the number one problem of
passive civil antiatomic defense is considered the preparation of covered,
or, in an exceptional cases, open pits. The deeper the better -- such is
the state instruction.
"Of all the measures for immediate protection from the destructive
action of an atomic explosion, the most important is the prompt utilization
of covered positions which provide protection from the destructive action of
atomic and hydrogen weapons." This was taken by from a brochure of the
All-Union Society for the Dissemination of Political and Scientific Know-
ledge (Atomnoye oruzhiye i protivoatomnaya zashclita, The Atomic Weapon and
Antiatomic Defense, 1955, Moscow).
The following category of shelters are more or less permanent under-
ground structures. judging from unofficial information, at the present
time the Main Engineer Administration (Glavnoye Inzhernoye UPravleniye)
of the Soviet Army and the Military Engineering Academy imeni Kuybyshev
has their instructors in different parts of the USSR in order to explain
the necessity of building such shelters. Below are given several practical
recommendations, adopted as standards in the USSR for the construction of
shelters of the improved arid permanent type.
Instructions for the Construction of Shelters, etc.
If a person is in an open, full-profile trench, then the safe distance
from an atomic explosion, for him is decreased to 0.66, for the distance
from an A-bomb explosion in an open area. If he is in a trench the upper
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part of which is covered with logs and ear cen er
Zat
the safe distance is reduced to half. If he is in a metal-sheeted shelter
(blindazh) of the usual army type, the distance is decreased to one third.
And if he is in a specially equipped shelter underground, he will not be
harmed even at the epicenter of an atomic or hydrogen explosion. (Note:
There are no.;;data on the nature of the shelter and its depth.)
For defense against radiation penetration the recommended protection
is a barrier of uniform material: 60 centimeters of concrete or one meter
of earth reduces the radiation dosage up to one hundredth; 14 centimeters
of earth lessens it by half; 6 centimeters of steel lessens it and reduces
it to one fifth; 40 centimeters of wood decreases it to one fourth. Con-
clusion: The best materials for the construction of improved and and
permanent antiatomic shelters is cement and earth.
The "good old gas mask" of the ordinary army type is an important indi-
vidual means of protection against the danger of absorbing radioactive
materials internally. In the absence of a gas mask it is recommended to
use a slightly moistened (with water) piece of gauze, handkerchief, towel,
etc. It must be placed over the mouth and nose.
Permanent shelters prepared for antichemical purposes either now or
earlier, are the best shelters against radioactive materials, and must be
used for eating, rest, changing gas masks, and for billeting those not in
a condition to wear gas masks.
Recognized as a mass method in the struggle .against contamination of
food products is the sealing of them in a thick wrapping of special paper
(Note: The press has briefly made an oblique reference to the mess distri-
bution of such paper). Food reserves for public consumption are ear marked
for preservation in specially prepared shelters.
In order to lessen fires, the following is recommended: First, coat
flammable parts with a layer of clay. Second, as far as possible, get rid
of wooden fences and similar structures.
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Special Warnings
It is highly diltinctive and important to note that, for the first
time in the history of the Soviet state, the authorities warn the popu-
lation: Don't wait for special signals and warnings frog the government.
Already it has been made crystal clear to the entire population that
atomic war, if it begins at all, will begin without warnings. It will
surprise many people outside shelters and cover. What must they do?
Answers and instructions on antiatomic defense are as follows:
1. The indication of an atomic explosion is an extraordinarily
bright, instantaneous radiance, distinctly visible even on a bright, sunny
day; this means that every person will know about the blast because of
this radiance, i.e., the blast itself serves as a warning signal.
2. The population of the USSR must be trained, even in peacetime,
to respond automatically so that in the event of a flash they immediately
rush to the nearest shelter (if there is one), to a slit trench, to a ditch,
behind a large rock, or to a cellar. There will not be time to think about
which side of the body to expose to the direction of the blast. It is
important, first of all, that the body be in a lying position, and, if the
situation allows, it is necessary to try to get into a position with the
face down, with the feet in the direction of the explosion.
? 3,. It is very important to lie motionless, not raising oneself.
4. Caere are cited the instructions to the troops of the Group of
Soviet Occupation Forces in Germany, which were broadcast by Radio Volga
in 1954.) If the greatcoat is available, then it is necdssarY to cover
one's head quickly, or if it is rolled in a shoulder ring -- it must be
placed around the head.
5. (I bid.) If one has a gas mask, then it is necessary to put it
on in record time. (Note: In the Soviet Army, at the present time,
practical drills are being conducted for the quick donning of gas masks
as well as using other primitive means of antiatomic defense while in an
open field, an open trench or shelter.
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With regard to fire-prevention and medical-sanitation measures,
as well as measures for rendering contaminated areas safe one can
become acquainted with these matters in the literature indicated in
the bibliography.
Several General Recommendations for the Air Forces
There is occurring in the aviation literature of the USSR a
rather purposeful discussion on the antiatomic defense of the Air
Forces. It is reported, first of all, that the mushroom-type cloud
of the blast presents an operational danger for the crew flying through
it.
A number of psychological and disciplinary measures are being taken
so that uncertainty, fear, and pessimism will not develop in aviators.
For example, the tautological and in a sense Absurd idea is constantly
underlined that the danger of contamination of a plane depends on the
flying speed, altitude, and readiness to take off from the place of an
intended explosion and bring down the enemy.
For crews and ground personnel in general, as well as ground troops,
transportation means are supposed to be maintained so that they can pass
through contaminated areas. Crews can be transfered from contaminated
areas in aircraft, by means of taxiing.
"Considering the weakening effect on the construction of the air-
craft, the short period of radiation activity, and speed in take-offs
and landings are taken into consideration, it can be co:lauded that
flights are possible from a contaminated airfiels." (Vestnik Vozdushnogo
Flota, NO 2, 1955)
In this lies the main psychological objective, the quintessence, of
the antiatomic training of military aviators of the USSR. In other issues
of Vestnik Vozdushnogo Flota this thought is expressed even more specifically:
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It is necessary to fly in any conditions; in the event of an atomic
alert, planes which have been designated for PVO against enemy atomic
bombers are obliged to take off in the event of an atomic alert, and
in no case do they change their combat mission.
Instructions for the Antiatomic Defense of Airfields
More specific instructions could not exist. The commission for
working them out was formed in February 1946 under the chairmanship
of the Deputy Chief of the Section for Special Equipment under the
Mein Administration of the Air Forces USSR (zamestitel' nacharnika
otdela spetsaltnykh oborudovaniy pri Glavnom Upravlenii Voyenno-
Vozdushykh Sil SSR): Lt Gen Georgiy E'senofontovich VOLKOV, Candidate
of Technical Sciences -- one of the best aviation engineers in the
USSR. On the basis of a series of official and unofficial publications
one can conclude that specific instructions for the defense of military
airfields exist and are being put into practice. We do not have these
instructions, but we have a series of official statements describing
the situation in the following manner:
1. The best guarantee against contamination of an airfield by an
atomic weapon is the absolute combat readiness of all airfield personnel,
particularly flight personnel of fighter aviation who are obligated not
to allow enemy planes within the threatened areas.
2. In the event of a penetration by the enemy through the PVO net
and their use of an atonic both against the airfield, all personnel are
obligated to be ready to.' complete their coast missions for the destruction
of the enemy, -- decontamination of the airfield, and salvaging of the
maximum anclunt of military equipment.
3. Insofar as personnel spend the greater part of the time near air-
craft, in the command-post area, at warehouses, in repair shops, etc., it
is necessary to have enough of the proper type of closed slit trenches.
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For the most important services there must be stibstantial covers
(fundamentallnoye ukrytiye) of the permanent type, at a distance
from the assumed spot of an atomic explosion so as to definitely
survive.
4. At every military airfield there must be permanent under-
ground shelters for billeting the command post, medical service,
and communications center, and for storing food.
5. All the slit trenches and underground shelters must be
placed in hollows and low places around the airfield, unless other-
wise required for coast readiness conditions.
6. All permanent shelters must be equipped in accordance with
instructions of the Antichemical Defense of the Soviet Army (PVKhOSA);
the doors and windows must be hermetically sealed.
7. During the construction of all types of antiatomic shelters,
all doors, windows, and exposed parts of wood construction and other
parts which are flammable, should be coated with a layer of clay, earth,
or lime, these measures being carried out by the airfield itself.
8. There is an authorized military-engineering team attached to
every main airfield (Note: Administrately the team is subordinated to
the Administration of the Engineer Troops (upravleniye inzhenernykh voysk)
of the Soviet Army, which directs the construction of shelters in prewar -
and wartime.
9. At every main airfield there is an authorized antiatomic and anti-
chemical team (Note: Administratively it is subordinated to the Admini-
stration of Chemical Defense (upravleniye khimicheskoy zashity) of the
Soviet Army, under whose direction systematic instruction of antiatomic
and antichemical defense measures is organized for all personnel in the
course of normal military training.
10. Fire-fighting measures under conditions of atomic attack are
taught under the direction of airfield fire-fighting teams.
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11. Medical-sanitation service measures under conditions of atomic
attack are taught under the direction of the Sanitation-Medical Section
(Sanitarno-Wditsinskiy Otdel) of the airfield complex.
12. At every airfield there are authorized decontamination teams
having the necessary equipment for partial as well as over-all decon-
tamination of the airfield.
13. In the event of complete contamination of the airfield the
decontamination team is required to decontaminate as soon as possible
the compartments of those aircraft which are designated by the commander
of the unit (chest').
14. All military aircraft must be provided (even in peacetime)
with special covering hoods (cheihol-khalat), which are to be placed on
special frames so that there is air space between the upper part of the
aircraft and the covering hoods. The purpose of the covers is to prevent
the aircraft from catching fire.
15. Since dirt, grease, and a number of other things on the average
engine and compartment covers raise the radioactivity, technical personnel
are required to keep them always clean.
16. When it is not possible to utilize the service of a decontami-
nation team, the pilot's cockpit and other contaminated areas are to be
wiped with gauze soaked in special solution.
17. At all permanent airfields -- at some distance from the center
of the airfield -- have permanent emplacements (transheya) for housing
aircraft in order to protect them from shock wave and light radiation.
This work and. work connected with the lengthening of taxiing strips is
being carried out in peacetime.
18. For the above purpose at temporary airfields, natural low areas
are used, or temporary artificial barriers constructed by all the personnel
under the direction of a military-engineer team.
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19. At a.li airfields live ammunition is kept in underground storage
places, safely removed for the site of a blast.
20. Gasoline and lubricants are placed in special. excavations with
a protective earth cover. (Note: For all airfields.)
23.. Telephone and. electrical wires at all airfields are covered
with earth and. tamped down according to special instructions of the
Administration of Commainications (upravleniye svyazi) of the Soviet Army.
22. Open water sources are converted to underground places and given
a suitable cover over the top.
23. Individual measures of antiatoraic defense are carried out in
such a way as to provide for the uninterrupted combat activities of fighter
aircraft and ground antiaircraft facilities.
24. Personnel surprised by an atomic blast on a runway OPP) or the
open parts of the airfield, are required to utilize nearby logs, gullies,
or roadside ditches, or simply to lie on the ground and wait for the danger
to pass. At the moment of the blast it is forbidden to run through a
field or seek shelter in woods or behind or inside a hangar.
25. In the event of an advance air atomic warning, combat fighter
aircraft take off and ground personnel are to go quickly to underground
shelters.
26. Every soldier at the airfield is obligated always to have his
combat gas mask on his person, and to be able to don it quickly.
27. At tie moment of air atomic warning, all personnel are quickly
to put on -- simultaneously with gas masks -- antiatomic and antichemical
defense capes, for protection from radioactive materials. Fighter pilots
take off in special suits [kombinezon].
[Source refers to a cape with the word "nakidka" and parenthetically
adds "khalat."]
28. In the event that special clothing is lacking, it is necessary
to wrap one's neck in a towel, sheet, or other white material. Quickly
cover the nose and.
?
o 'Peraz soaked in s cial fluid'
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(Note: The press has briefly given in indirect indication that at the
present time the Medics]. Administration of the Soviet Army has been
occupied with development (ratsionalizatsiya], mass production, and
distribution of bandages of this type and purpose to military units.
29. The signal of an air atomic alert is given by communication
and warning elements.
Additional note: The journal Kryllya Rodiny has made brief state-
ments to the effect that at the present time on every new military air-
craft, first, the pilot's compartment is installed a small bag with the
simplest decontamination equipment.
First Principle of Active Defense Against Atomic and Hydrogen Bouts
We have reviews above the measures of passive antiair and antiatomic
defense. Now we pass on to a review of active defense, which comes within
the sphere of the Ministry of Defense and, in wartime, the State Committee
of Defense, GKO.
The first principle of active defense automatically springs from Theory
No 4 (see page 31). We endeavored to search the maximum number of official
sources and it appears possible to give the following formula: The first
principle of active antiatomic defense of the USSR is recognized =Only as
depriving the enemy of surprise, attacking him before he takes off or, at
worst, bringing him down beyond the limits of Soviet territory.
In practical language this means that as soon as the government of
the USSR is certain of the inevitability of war, it will hasten to direct
detachments of Long-Range Aviation (Aviatsiya Dal'nego Deystviya, Mn))
with atomic and hydrogen boMbs against bases of enemy atomic bathers.
Basic Weapon of the First Principle of Active Difense
The role of basic weapon for such an attack:belongs to the ADD, which
occupies the position of an extraordinary strategic striking force, directly
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subordinate to the Council of Ministers (and in wartime, to the GM)),
and not connected organizationally or strategically with the Soviet
Army, the Air Forces, the Ministry of Defense, or even the General
Staff (although in peacetime operational direction of the ADD is
carried out by the Main Staff).
The Commander-in-Chief (Glavnokbmanduyushchiy) of the ADD is, as
before, at Monono, but it seems there are bases in other places.
At the present time the ADD can be ronghly described as follows:
1. There are atonic bombs of different calibers.
2. There is at least one type of H-bomb.
3. There are combat radioactive substances RV) suitable for various
purposes.
4. There is a significant number of heavy bombers of the propeller-
driven type, capable of delivering an A-bomb up to a distance of 3000
kilometers (radius of action).
5. There are two or three types of fully perfected multiengine jet
bombers, which are capable of delivering A-bombs and an H-bomb over distance
covering Scandanavia, England, North America (through the Far East and over
the North Pole), Turkey, the Near East, and parts of the Far East theater
of military operations.
6. Thanks to the immensity of the territory of the USSR and the varied
climatic conditions, the ADD has available, apparently, the most trained
flight personnel in the world. (Note: Systematic long-range flights began
in 1946).
7. ADD aircraft have undoubtly been armed with first-class, night
combat sights (Nochnyy Hoyevoy Pritsel, NBP), intended for the semiautomatic
release of A-bombs, and H-bomb, or bombs of the ordinary type.
Special Comment
The possibility cannot be excluded that just beore the use of atomic
and hydrogen [weapons] by the ADD, the Council of Ministers USSR will
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approach several NATO countries -- primarily Great Britian, with an
ultimatum stating approximately the following: Striving for peace
and wishing to avoid atomic war, we propose to the British people
immediately to overthrow their government, and get out of NATO and
the war; otherwise we will be required, as a self-defense measure,
to destroy all of Great Britian by atomic and hydrogen boMbs.
The Kremlin, of course, does not reckon on the capitulation of
the British people, but a great moral and propaganda gain can be seen
In such a declaration.
Active PV0 of the USSR
The system of measures which are taken by the population itself
for lessening the consequences of air raids is referred to as Antiair
Self-Defense. Local Antiair Defense is that system of measures which
are taken by the lowest element of PVO -- for example, on the level
of a plant, factory, institution, etc.
The centralized efforts which are organized and carried out by
the Armed Forces are known simply as the Antiair Defense of the USSR.
In official circles this is referred to as the "active PVO of the USSR."
The organization of the active PVO is shown in a diagram. In an
over-al theoretical, political, and strategic sense it is under the
direction of the Presidium of the Central Committee CPSU or, what is
practically one and the same thing, the Council of Ministers of the
USSR. In wartime these functions are transferred to the State Committee
of Defense, GKO, which is made up from the Presidium, but with less meters.
In peacetime the Presidium and the Council of Ministers direct the ADD and
the Ministry of Defense -- in wartime these functions are transferred to
the GKO.
The general direction of the active PV0 is carried out by the Presidium
of the Central Committee CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR
through the Ministry of Defenecinelithese functions are transferred
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to GKO. The operational and administra _ve ? cc an o
as well well as wartime, is carried out by the Ministry of Defense (and the
General Staff).
But since PVO is considered at the present time primarily as the
Air Forces, in practice the Ministry of Defense, as such, does not
specifically direct PVO -- this is performed by the Main Administration
of the Air Forces (Glavnoye UPravleniye Voyenno-Vozdushnykh GUVVS),
which is a pert of the Ministry of Defense.
In connection with this, in 1951 approximately, the status of PVO
of the USSR changed: At the head of the active WO of the armed forces
at the present time is Special Deputy (spetsialtnyy zamestiteli) to the
Commander-in-Chief GUVVS, Mar Avn SUDETS. The deputies of the afore-
mentiorled are Mar Arty CHISTYAKOV and Col Gen of the Communications Troops
(voyska svyazi) BORZOV. CHISTYAKOV directs conventional and unconventional
artillery of the PVO, and BOROZ directs communications-and-warnings units
(chasts). Mar Avn VERSHININ, in the capacity of a deputy to SUDETS, commands
the fighter aviation of PVO.
Conventional Artillery of the PVO
Attentive study of available materials shows that the conventional anti-
air defense in the USSR has not been abandoned. It exists aad is being
improved. For an explanations it is necessary to look at three things:
First, Soviet doctrine does not consider atomic war as sole and final;
if Soviet diplomats, appealing to world public opinion, succeed in outlawing
the A-bomb and H-bomb, then conventional means of war would continue to play
their previous role.
Secon4, Soviet doctrine does not consider that 6nemy aviation will
attack only from very high altitudes, because the USSR is not England and
for effective bombardment low altitudware more advantageous; this means
that conventional artillery can still play some role.
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Third, the USSR does not exclude the possibility of wars with
such countries as Finland, Turkey, Persia, and others which have
neither powerful atomic bombers, nor atomic bombs themselves. In
such a war conventional artillery would be obliged to play all of
its prior roles.
There is also a smaller consideration. Soviet doctrine says
that the final outcome of any war is decided by the ground forces,
which must advance and occupy territory. But, during such movement
local coat action is unavoidable and it is impossible to imagine
that the enemy will drop an atomic or hydrogen bomb on every company.
Quickest of all the enemy will resort to ground attack aviationland
under these conditions, the convention artillery of the BV0 troops
will play an important role.
Finally, during the prewar period foreign reconnaissance aircraft
or aircraft whose purpose is unknown may appear over Soviet territory.
Naturally in such an event it is necessary to use fighters and con-
ventional or unconventional antiaircraft artillery. The example of an
Israeli civilian aircraft in Bulgaria is extremely indicative.
For this reason heavily populated points, airfields, and troop areas
continue to have conventional antiaircraft artillery. There are many
articles in the military press on its tactical employment against modern
high speed aviation. (For example, articles in Vestnik Vozdushnogo Flota,
Nos 5,316, and others for 1955.)
Unconventional Artillery of the PVO
But, naturally primary attention is devoted to the unconventional
artillery of the active PV0, antiaircraft rockets with automatic [target]
seeking heads, with radio guidance, without heads or radio guidance, ground-
to-air and air-to-air rockets. Only rockets launched by ground divisions
are under the jurisdiction of CHISTYAKOV.
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The author of these lines was one of the leading rocket experts,
and he knows with authority that the Ministry of Armaments (USTINOV)
took far-reaching measures in 1945-46 to improve German rockets, plan
new rockets, and to place several of them into mass production as early
as 1946-47. This applied, first of all, to the flying bombs, type V-1.
Together with this the Artillery Administration of the Soviet Army set
about organizing battalions (divizion) of unconventional artillery as
components of artillery regiments and on points of the stationary rear-
area antiair defense. For example, such a battalion was organized near
the city of Narofominsk. Another battalion was organized in the city of
Serpukhov. The organization of still another battalion was contemplated
in the city of Baku.
Judging by the plans which existed in i947-481 it is possible to say
with confidence that at the present time unconventional artillery of the
WO has been greatly expanded, and exists in the areas of -Moscow, Leningrad,
Riga, Tallin, KalintmgradVailinsk, Kharlkov, Kiev, Baku, Noginsk, Serpukhov,
Narofominsk, Petrozavodska, Sevastopol', Odessa, L'vov, Tbilisi, and other
cities with stationary centers of the active PVO.
Note: The absence of any literature whatever on the theme permits no
further statements, with confidence. As a poorly founded hypothesis we
would like to add, however, that in the field of unconventional artillery
the USSR probably occupies first place in the world.
Means of Communication and Warning
To us only the following is well known. The problems of BORZOV and
his forces aret
1. Supplying all points of the active PVO with radar equipment and
personnel, telephone, radio-telephone, and radio communications, electrical
and searchlight equipment and the personnel to service it.
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2. To bring About coordinated communication among the various
branches of the active PVO.
Note: The complete absence of special Soviet literature does
not permit the presentation of more detailed information.
Fighter Aviation of PVO
The fighter aviation of the Air Forces of the USSR is divided
into two groups (according to purpose): tactical fighter aviation
is used directly in the theater of combat action, and is therefore
not considered. here; Fighter Aviation of the Antiair Defense, IAPVO,
is intended for service in the active defense of the entire territory
of the USSR, and is subordinate to the Chief of PVOSSSR. Being an
organic unit of the Air Forces, the IAPVO has specific disposition:
it is grouped in the centers of antiair defense. For example around
Moscow, Leningrad, Baku, Kharlkov, Kiev, Minsk, and other cities, in-
cluding those deep in the rear areas, there are corps, divisions, and
regiments of fighters. The local population does not always know that
this is the IMO.
The basis of the disposition of IAPV0 units lies in the principle
known by the title, "The Tatarchenko-Shcherbakov Network." TATARCHENKO
is a professor of aviation strategy and tactics, a lieutenant general
of aviation, and a teacher at the Air Force Academy in Monino. SHCHERBAKOV
is a major general of aviation, a docent of the chair of strategy and tactics
of combat aviation at the Higher Military Academy. (Academy of the General
Staff) imeni Voroshilov. They developed the theory of antiair defense, the
essence of which is included in the following.
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The territory of the USSR is divided into a number of "aerial corridors"
which represent the most probable directions of movement for enemy bothers.
IAPVO bases are located along these corridors in such a number that the entire
corridor is covered by the long-range tactical IAPVO, so that enemy aircraft,
over the entire defended route, are constantly under the attack of the IAPVO.
Leaving the zone of one unit of the IAPVO the enemy immediately enters the
zone of another unit of the IAPVO, and so on. This idea has been realized,
in practice, in a number of the western lines of advance into Soviet terri-
tory, and is schematically shown on the following page.
Adjacent lines of advance have the very same system. But if the distance
between them is such that the radii of action of the IAPVO do not cover the
entire air space then, depending on the degree of probability of enemy move-
ment along the intermediate lines of advance, these intermediate spaces are
covered by thinner nets of IAPVO bases, the intensity of which increases in
proportion to the proximity to the points of the probable attack.
The same idea in a vertical plane has been illustrated on page 55. We
will suppose that NATO bothers have taken a course frcaLnagland to Moscow.
On the approaches to Berlin they will meet the IAPVO of Berlin, then the
IAPVO of Kilestrin, then the IAPVO of Scheidemunde, then the IAPVO of
Allenstein, then the IAPVO of Augustow area and Grodno, then the IAPVO of
the area (rayon) of Vilnyus, then the IAPVO of Smolensk, and then the IAPVO
of the }scow center (uzel). The plan was taken by us from memory from the
work on this subject by General TATARCHENKO.
From it [the work of Gen TATARCHENKO] it is obvious that as far as
altitude and breadth are concerned, enemy bothers will at all times be
under the influence of the weapons of the active PVO. The calculation is
simple: either the enemy will be destroyed somewhere far fromNbscow, or
he will be forced to change course and upset his intentions, or he will be
worn down to such a degree that he will find himself unable to carry out
his entire bombing plan. In any event, he will arrive in the target area
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in such a run-down condition that the powerful PVO center of Moscow itself
will destroy him without particular difficulty.
It is understood that along the entire route, the IMO operates in
cooperation with the artillery of the PVO.
Principle Types of IAPVO Fighters
The IAPVO is equipped with virttl lly only two basic types of fighters,
namely:
Fighter-Intercepters, comprising less than one fourth of the entire
park of the IAPVO. Their mission is to take off on the first alert, rush
to meet the enemy, find him, determine the exact course of his movement (and
inform the command post), attack him with the purpose of disturbing his peace,
formation, course, and coast mission; win time for the preparation of the
maneuverable fighters (manevrennyye istrebiteli) for aerial combat; and if
possible destroy the enemy or in any instance "deliver" to the fighters in
a weakened state. In the case of atonic bombers, fighter-intercepters are
required, under any circumstance, to strive to win time for the sounding of
an atomic warning, and for antiatomic defense measures to be taken.
Fighters of Aerial Combat, or maneuverable fighters, constitute the main
mass of the IOW. Their mission is to take off on command, occupy their
combat positions, meet the enemy, confront him with all their firepower and
maneuver, destroy him at any cost, and in any instance, not to allow him a
second of rest until be enters the zone of an adjacent PVO base. In the
case of atomic bombers, the words "at any price" mean even ramming the enemy.
Seeking the Enemy by Day
Thus the first phase of fighter-intercepter operations includes finding
the enemy. The regulations of the Air Forces of the USSR require "the con-
duct of active and constant search for the enemy from the moment you begin
to taxi your own aircraft," because, as ?Opposed to the requirements of the
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last wary intercepter pilots are now required to concentrate attention
on the forward hemisphere and almost exclusively on the forward hemisphere.
It is supposed that the general direction of search will be given by
the communication and warning system of WO, that is, the ground radar
stations. In addition to this, the pilot is obliged to make use of the
guidance instruments aboard the aircraft, as well as the ground orientation.
The latter remark is important. In the Air Forces of the USSR the
standpoint is taken that an intercepter pilot moist not be transferred too
often from one pert of the country to another, in order to give him the
opportunity to master the relief of the defended line of attack to the
point where it is automatic (do avtomatizma). Experiences of the Soviet-
German war show that this has great significance, particularly during the
extreme strains on moral and physical strength resulting from persistent
aerial combat, and also in the event of serious wounds and emergency
landings.
Spotting the enemy, the iighter-intercepter (though this refers to
all fighters) is required to attack out of the sun. The purpose for this
is: first, to avoid decreasing his own vision; second, to camouflage
himself in the sun's rays, at the same time complicating his rapid Obser-
vation by the enemy; and third, to have abetter chance of seeing the
enemy aircraft. If the sun is located behind the enemy, then it is pre-
ferable to attack from a considerable height above him.
Seeking the Enemy in Fog
The tactics of the military aviation of the USSR teach that the enemy
may take advantage of clouds and fog. In such instances, by day, the inter-
cepting fighters fly above and below the layer of clouds, one or two pairs
of fighters being sent along either side of the layer in any case. Entrance
into the cloud layer itself is not recommended at this time, because instruments
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aboard the aircraft do not indicate the proximity of the enemy -- at
such proximity as is sufficient to begin the attack. Preference is
given to locating the principal group of intercepters higher than
the proposed course of the enemy.
In the event of dense fog, the instructions require that the
enemy be met with an open formation with considerable distance
between fighters so that, first, an unexpected attack by the enemy
will not catch the group in a concentrated condition, convenient
for finding out the number of aircraft in the formation; and second,
to expand the "conibing" of the search zone to ensure discovery of the
enemy.
In foggy weather, as at night, the main responsibility rests on
the ground radar center. The commander, located on the ground, and
having radar information on his own and enemy aircraft, must not only
direct the search, but also command, since he bears personal respon-
sibility for forbidding continuation of the flight of the fighters to
a direct [head on?) meeting with the approaching enemy. In such a
meeting the fighters would have to spend 2-6 minutes in turning, over-
taking, and preparing for the attack, during which time, at today's
speeds, the enemy could successfully fly to the target and drop his
atomic bomb; that is/ the mission of the active antiair defense would
not be fulfilled. The manual of the IAPVO USSR requires that the ground
commander give the command for a turn to net the enemy at such distance
that when the fighter-intercepter completes the turn and occupies a
position for atta4, the enemy will be found in front of him and not far
ahead.
Incidentally we note a new element in the tactics of antiair defense
of the USSR -- rejection of the frontal attack on a course opposit [to
that of the enemy aircraft). Reason: speeds are too great, therefore
there is too little time for the atta4, and the effectiveness of the
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attack is too insignificant. At the same time, for a repeat attack, the
fighter must deploy, spend several minutes, and again overtake-- The
FUNDAMENTAL rule of attack for Soviet fighters in future war will be
attack from the rear hemisphere.
Principle of Continuity of Observation and Battle
Manuals still make great demands on the commander who occupies a
ground observation point at night. Ha must direct fighters to the target
according to information from a radar station and control their attacks
by that same information. He must remember that nothing is easier at
modern speeds than to lose an enemy at night; therefore, the most
important elements of his command (komandovaniye) must be, first of all,
the accurate recognition of his own and enemy planes and the quick return
of withdrawing fighters to the battle zone.
How are these qualities of a command point achieved? The answer is
twofold:
First, at the present time in the Air Forces of the USSR a highly
intensive, unrelenting combat-training effort for improving regulations
for conducting night warfare is being conducted. The vast expanses of
the country make it possible to set up "flights of enemy boMbers" on such
routes as, let us say, Sevastopol'-Mbscow, Wvov-Stalingrad, and Minsk-
Leningrad; night fighters, controlled from the ground by means of radar
equipment, then make antiair attacks on the entire course of the "attack."
An intensive study of the press of the Air Forces of the USSR leaves no
doubt that, even previously, all fighter pilots, navigators, and bather
pilots were given night training. The entire system of communications
and warning participates in it.
Second, and this is extremely important, reliability of a ground
command point is achieved through echelonment of antiair defense in depth.
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That is, the network of radar and other points of warning and communication
exists not only along the border zone, but also along several lines recognized
as most dangerous. Thus, for example, the following lines -- Prague-
Katovitsy-Mvov-Kiev-Khartkov, Kaliningrad-Viltnyus-Orsha-Smolensk,
Riga-Pskov-Luba, Kherson-Sevastopoll-Dnepropetrovsk4Char'kov-RUrsk-Orel-
Serpukhov, and a number of others -- have and must have a network of interaept-
warking stations which cover the entire area along these lines. This has
constituted a fundamental principle of the organization of the PVO of the USSR
since approximately 1935-37. Now from the special press (spetsialtnaya pressa)
it obviously appears that "principle lines" have already been equipped with
radar stations and other equipment.
Thus, in a future war the botbardiers of NATO will have to contend with
a continuity of observation of them. Leaving the zone of one station, the
planes will enter the zone of successive stations which, of course, will
already know of their movement from the preceding stations. This means
that the ground command point of the IAPV0 will be in a position not only
to direct fighters to intercept the enemy, but also to command their attacks.
And if it is not successful, an adjacent station will come to its aid. In
addition, the fighter-interceptors themselves, or in any case the majority
of them, are now equipped with radars.
Fire Weapons of IAFVO
Under the present conditions of Soviet aircraft construction the division
between interceptors and maneuvering fighters is more or less relative. This
is acknowledged, for example, by Vestnik Vozdushnogo Flota itself. But never-
theless a difference exists: the NIG-15 is manufactured in several modifi-
cations. One type has a high fuel capacity at the expense of somewhat less
maneuverability. Others, on the other hand, have high maneuverability and
less duration of flight: these also comprise the so-called "air combat
fighters." (Note: A special type of maneuvering fighter will probably soon
be displayed under the mark,
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But the armament of all "NIG" fighters is almost identical. They
carry: one 53-millimeter cannon with 22 shells (Note: The number of
NIG's with this cannon is negligible; all are primarily interceptors),
and two 23-mm cannons with 60 shells; these types of NIG are surely
equipped with the latest-type radars.
The armament of the NIG-15 series: one 37-mm cannon with 40 shells;
two 23-mm cannons with 40 shells each; and underwing mounts for firing
rockets. (Note: The number of rockets depends on the type of rocket --
there are three basic types of underving rockets.)
Note: There is reason to suggest that at the present time combat
testing is now under way on a new type of aircraft-launched rocket
[samoletnaya streikovaya raketa] with great incendiary capabilities.
Note: Indirect information suggests that at the present time at
least two absolutely new combat fighters, whose maximum speeds surpass
the speed of sound, are now being flight-tested in the NIIVVS [Air
Forces Scientific Research Institute].
The "NIG" series, designed for active antiair defense within the
USSR, has a maximum speed of 1050 kilometers per hour) but in practice
Air Force units fly them at speeds no greater than 980 kph. Conclusion:
The effective speeds of NIGs already in existence will not surpass this
figure. (Basis for this conclusion: Statistics compiled by this author
on the basis of official publications of the Air Forces of the USSR for
1953-55.)
Some Tactical-Technical Data on the IAPVO
The theoretical (calculated) flight duration of the NIG-15 series
under normal weather conditions and according to a predesignated flight
plan is 2 hours 4 minutes, which allows 7-10% of the fuel supply remaining
in the tanks for performing landing and taxiing maneuvers.
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But there are scraps of information which indicate that during
normal combat training the average flight duration of a fighter regiment
is no more than 1 hour 40 minutes. In another regiment this figure was
as low as 1 hour 30 minutes (but this was a special case which alarmed
the command). The combat use of MEGs in Korea supports this information,
although, in view of the narrow limits of air space over Korea, almost
no North Korean fighter unit ever had the opportunity to make use of its
entire flight duration capability.
The theoretical (calculated) ceiling of the MIG-15 is 15,400 meters.
But combat training in the mess use of MIGs has shown that on the average
the IAPVO of the USSR will have an operational combat ceiling of no more
than 15,000 to 16,000 meters. Moreover, in descriptions of combat exercises
commanders often complain that altitudes of 15,000 meters "cause a number of
difficulties," in particular) difficulties in ensuring the proper functioning
of cannon armament.
In addition, at the present time regulations (nastavleniya) require
commanders and engineers of air units to train subordinates for combat
flights at fixed altitudes. Knowing the meaning and significance of such
requirements, we can expect that the :problem will be solved in two or three
years.
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Ramming
Thus, cannons and rockets are the basic weapons in active antiair combat.
Special consideration is given to rocket weapons which have been very well
developed in the USSR.
But recently much attention has been directed to ramming techniques.
This is done not by regulation, but by public encouragement for individual
bravado, by premeditated glorification of ramming.
Ramming is the assault of ones aircraft on an enemy aircraft with the
intent of "ramming" it and smashing it physically. Several "acknowledged
methods" employed during the last war exist in Soviet aviation. 50X1-HUM
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The first method consists of severing the rudder of an enemy aZOX1-HUM
craft's tail asseably; the fighter comes up behind the tail of the enemy
plane and attempts to strike the tail with only the propellor. The usual
result is the destruction of the enemy plane and negligible damage to one's
own plane.
The second method consists in ramming an enemy aircraft's tail asseably
with a wing; the result is the almost certain destruction of the enemy and
great peril to one's own plane.
The third method consists in ramming one's wing into the wind of an
enemy aircraft; the result is the almost certain destruction of both planes.
The fourth method consists in smashing one's fuselage into the pilot's
cabin of the enemy plane. The result is the certain destruction of both
planes and pilots.
The fifth method is head-on collision. Ita result is the unavoidable
destruction of both planes and pilots.
Anumber of other methods exist. At the present time they are supple-
mented by new recommendations arising from specific peculiarities of jet
aviation. There is no doubt that they will be used more often than in the
pest war; therefore, we must accept them as an essential element of the
active antiair defense of the USSR.
Reasons for More Intensive Consideration of Ramming
Soviet military doctrine requires the destruction of the enemy without
fail before he reaches his target. This is in realization of the TATARCHER1C0-
SHCHERBAKOV theory, which explains the disposition along attack routes
(dorogostoyasheye eshelonirovaniye) of the communications and warning system
and the mass production of aircraft of the IAPVO even in peacetime.
The problem is thus defined: atomic and hydrogen bombing is a question
of life or death for the great masses; therefore it must be averted at any
price under any conditions. If a fighter pilot has expended his supply of
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shells and rockets but failed to destroy the enemy, and if an enethy'dinvi.
aircraft has succeeded in penetrating too deeply into the country's
interior, the Soviet fighter pilot must resort to ramming. If he
does not resort to ramming, his commander can "recommend" it to him.
We already know in peacetime) an we learned during World War II, that
the deed of such a pilot would be made famous, that he would quickly
be acclaimed a Hero of the Soviet Union, etc.
Recommended Methods of Ramming a Jet Aircraft
A suitable method of ramming will depend on the nature of an air-
craft's construction. The nose assembly of a NIG-15 is sufficiently
strong and rigid. Gun mounts are reliable enough that they may be
utilized (we will remember that the pilot will not need his cannons
because he has expended his ammunition). Here are the recommended
methods: approach the enemy's rear slightly above his tail so that
the nose of the NIG is to the right or left of the vertical section.
Then strike the enemy's tail assembly with a right or left slide.
The second method is based on the fact that bombers are less
durable than fighters. This means that a fighter can strike with
its wing. While the cantilever part (konsol'neya chest') of the
bomber is demolished, the fighter remains intact, but if not, the
fighter pilot can use his parachute.
The third method is recommended for use against groups of enemy
bombers. The formation of the group must be disrupted so that PV0
fighters can attack it one at a time. For this purpose one IAPVO
fighter is guided on a collision course with the leading enemy plane.
At the right moment the pilot ejects himself from his plane and the
pilotless aircraft collides with its target.
Of course, other recommendations also exist, but we shall not
dwell on them. Our task is to consider the very fact of the existence
of ramming as an element of antiair defense of the USSR.
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Range of Fire
In conclusion let us dwell on the question of range of ai
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This is a question which is given exclusive attention in the USSR, a
country of classic artillery and highly developed ballistics.
A rule has been established definitely in the Air Forces of the
USSR: in dark night, sighting is accomplished by means of a stationary
grid on the sight with a maximum diameter of the ring of rhoMbics. Every-
one knows that this is a simplification, but the command of the Air Forces
of the USSR conscientiously pursues it.
The center of the grid is laid on the center target or on its visible
point. Maintaining the central?point on the center of the target as long
as possible, the pilot directs prolonged bursts of fire from every firing
point and does not cease his attack until his shells and rockets are
exhausted.
This being the case, special attention is directed to selecting the
correct range. With regard to guns and rockets now used by the IAPV0, a
range of 400 meters is considered absolutely effective, 600 meters --
satisfactory, and 800 meters -- unreliable. Units of the IAPOV are con-
sidered excellently prepared to fire if trained with respect to firing
if they have mastered the technique of firing on "enemy" aircraft at the
minimum (400 meters) range.
It is necessary to state how very significant the knowledge of this
fact is to NATO's strategic air command.
%MOO
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Basic Weaknesses of the Antiair and Antichemical Defense of the Soviet Union
1. The great expanse of territory makes the extremely difficult
furnishing of the entire country with a system of antiair and antichemical
defense of uniform intensity.
2. In case of a well-planned foreign onslaught, the Caucasus, the
Ukraine, the Central Asian republics, and the Baltic might betray the
Soviet Union; consequently, defense and antiair defense would become a
difficult problem, to which the experience of the Soviet-German war well
testifies.
3. The USSR has not had long, mess experience or technical education
in the field of electronics; therefore, the coefficient of their effective-
ness will not be high enough.
4. The disposition of the PVC, within the depths of the country (on
principle lines) of necessity will weaken the PVC, of other regions, in
particular, regions in the very deep rear, and also, perhaps, several sec-
tors of the forward line of an air war.
5. As the experience of the last war showed, in particular the Defense
of Moscow, the disappearance of such administrative centers as Moscow, Lenin-
grad, Kiev, Sverdlovsk, and Kuybyshev, would be very dangerous for the Soviet
system. In view of the extreme centralization of the social system, the
destruction of such centers would lead to the rapid disintegration of the
entire regime, to violent growth of extremist tendencies not only in non-
Russian areas but even in the provinces of Russia proper.
6. The USSR, as a military power, cannot exist without the great masses
of a land army. But an army of many millions has by necessity large groupings
which in their turn easily give way under an atomic action.
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7. An atomic-hydrogen war will deman&.exiieje. forms of mechanized
mobility of troops and population. But good roads are required for this
Ic
in every direction. The USSR does not yet have such a road e-Oki:Hum
consequently, enormous difficulties will arose.
8. As we have already shown, antiatomic measures for the defense
of the civilian population bear a simplified and. even primitive character;
consequently, casualties will be so enormous that it will be difficult for
the regime to cope with the situation.
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onmT InytieHmR BTopot map0B0:1 B021111 B BECMXX BOeHHNX ytipezAeHaRx
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RnPRi_ninAWn A
50X1 -HUM
Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
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AeACTBXHIeCnT4
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY,
50X1 -HUM
UP riV1TVT UngffeRM OEICTDNe VZOBAeTBO mTeALHme peme-
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TmBoBo3AymHoR OOODOHM B 3noxy aTOMHOg 00MON X paKeT AaALHero Aek-
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OT cTapomoAHoro MHeHXR,t1TO B BOgHe mmeeT CHU TOMDRO maTepmaAL-
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Ha zeTaTeABHme annapaTm npoTmBHmita,7/npoTmBoaTomHaR 3ammTaWnpo-
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npocvmecTByeT 0e3 m3meHeHmk mHoro AeT.Ee cocTaBHme memeHm Hamm
50X1 -HUM
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP81-01043R00230074nn1 1-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
CTaTLYI "TagM3a .0Ha ytimT,mTo HAem H mAeoaormx bilumee BCHKXX
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dLITL TOALKO TO opylimelxoTopoe HaX0AXTCR B pyxax meRoBexa C CKAL-
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50X1-HUM
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @50-Yr 2013/09/12: CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
B 3THX 1{H3OBNX 3BeHLRX xIXTUTCR AoNnum TA nem'',
THtleCKHe TML! B CBR314 C 3aaaliamx HPO B OVAVMeR BOkHe.HCKADIIHTeRb-
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Oopme CTaBVITCH Bonpoc:noqemy MEI AOREHN OHM rOTOBN CTORTL Ha-
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12 . CIA-RDP81-ninafl
rr1.1 A
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
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T14314p0BaHHOM sue:
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50X1 -HUM
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @50-Yr 2013/09/12: CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
yKpenTAT m 3aKaamT Hamm aBmalmommue KaApulnoAroToBmT MX AAR BN-
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12 . CIA-RDP81-ninafl
50X1 -HUM
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12: CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
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50X1-HUM
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP81-01043R00230n74nni1-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12: CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
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C.K.THmomeHKo.B HacTonmee npemsilcornacHo Heo0KuplaAnHum cneAeHil-
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mapmaA apraReppix HeAeAHH.Ero 3amecTRTenem no rpaxAaHcicor4 npoTH-
nono3AymHo1 odopoHe ABASI3TCA reHepaR-nomcomm Bkmorpaxon.
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B CBR314 C aTomHoRH nuopoAHog dom6am11.3To o3HallaeT,I1To BO mane
KOCM mcmeT ONTID nocTameH HOBNR ileJI0B3K7ylleHNR reHepan MAX map-
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50X1-HUM
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12: ClA-RDPR11n4nr
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
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mecTBoBaza K 1947-48 roAamdlonbuxx odHapyxmTB B HeIi nmeHeHm
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50X1 -HUM
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
50X1 -HUM
IlDexceAaTeln HOCM FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY.
Ha AUXHOCTE. npeAceAaTeAR KOCM Ha3HaeTcR TORBKO 1.1.11eH KaH-
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @
50X1 -HUM
13/09/12 ? CIA RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
50X1-HUM
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr
50X1-HUM
IA RDP81 01043R002300240011-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release
50X1-HUM
50-Yr 2013/09/12:
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
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50X1 -HUM
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @50-Yr 2013/09/12: CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP81-n1 OLVIRrin9qnn0Annl 1 A
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12: CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
BT B TOM,TITO cTpaHa oica3aAacip HenoAroTomeHHoR K maccoBok OKKy-
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Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12: CIA-RDPR _nin4q
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50X1 -HUM
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
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50X1 -HUM
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L50X1 -HUM
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
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EN50X1-HUM
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12: CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
B mmpHoe BpemR no mx npRmomy Ha3HatieHmmlHo He pauemaeT-
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50X1 -HUM
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camoodopoHN.
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr
50X1-HUM
RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
AAR maccoBoro noTpeOACFcmr:sToom aleTb UpCAUlannuanv ,JJ11 %Al 1 v
OTXX 1437$9.HXVilHXZe AaeTcH npamepHNR nepeten:
"Boeme npAmeHeHme Komau HBO"-Opommpal 50X1 -HUM
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"Hparimaa norpymcm,nepeBomtm m Burpplcm B yCAOBMRX BO3ATIHINX
HanmeHmk Ha THAOBHe nymum"-Opommpal
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"CnpaBoqHmit no orHemam 3eMHHM 3eHMTHNM cpeAcTBam HBO"-Opomnpal
"Tammtlecme npumeHeHme npoTHBoBosAymHoil maciapomm"-KHKra,
"EpoTHBo-BouymHaH 000p0Ha X3 EyAeMeTOB M BMHTOBOK"-KMAral
"Halt 60p0TbCR c Bouylimmmm AecaHTamm Bpara"-Opommpal
"Hpamna cTpeABOm no camoneTam npoTimmita"-Kmiral
"HacTaBxeHme no HpOTHBOBO3AyEHOk odopoHe ropuoB"-Opommpal
"ATomHoe ?pram ii npoTmBoaTomHaR sammTa"-Opommpal
"HmiceHepHme coopyzema EBO B coBpemeHHoK Boilme"-KHKral
"CoBpemeHHme sapydexHme peammBHme domdapAmpomumm"-Immra,
"PaKezm AaRBHero AeRcTBmg t mx OoeBoe npmeHeHme"-Opommpa,
"HpolimBoBouymHaH m npoTHBoxxmolecKasi aammTa"-mmra,
"Pub DaAmonoKaHmm B HBO"-IcHmral
"CamapHo-MeAmilimcicag CApiala HBO"-cOopHmic mHoTpylcilmiAl
"ITO Tame aTomHaa paAmaAme-Opomlopa,
"ATomHaR omprme-mmra.
163 OTXX npmmepoB Bmuo,t1To PHO KOCM noicpmBaeT Bce ociRacTm
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e 040 cVL
50X1 -HUM
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP81-01043R00230074nn1 1-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
HocTpaHHoro H oTexlecTBeHHoro onmTa OpfaHinall XX E5M-HUNILCAex
np0m0B03AymH01 H rpalicAaHcmg camoodopoHm.AeaaeTca OTO cnegmaim
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HO CTX.
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ARH npammecKoro ocymecTmelnia meponpmang rpaxAaHcmg odopoHm,
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HaceneHmalBeAeTca KpyxKoBoe odytieHne HacezeHma npamaam 0Ka3aHril
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
50X1 -HUM
TaKO1 nomomm.HHTepecHo OTMeTVITbItITO }MKT? B CCCP He moyseT Huy-
tHilTb 3Hatlita "rOTOB K TpyAy H Od0p0He",rT0,14AH CBHAeTeABCTBO 00
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meAmico-caimapHomy mimmilymy no nporpamme KOCM.
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no Bcemy COOP Heodxozpimmm KomitiecTBom nepemotiiimx m netiedHmx
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nomomm.B tiacTHocTm,ropoAcKme zomalmmemmme omdaemm rOTOBHOCTH K
camoodopoHelnu naomdog nepmaHeHTHo HaX0AMTCH TaK Ha3mBaemaii
"AnTexma HBO".
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mmoHapHoro jieie paHeHmx oTpameHHmx.3To AmaeTcsi WITH coBep
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npaimeincTBom.
50X1 -HUM
OMHA3
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
rain - Sanitized Co .y Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12: CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
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Classified in Part - Sanitized Co .y Approved for Release ?50-Yr 2013/nwi
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @
13/09/12 ? CIA RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12: CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
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Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @50-Yr 2013/09/12: CIA-RDP81-n1n.C1Pnn9qnnoAnn44 A
Declassified in Pad- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12: CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP81-01043R00230024001 1-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12: CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Co .y Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12: CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
Teopm Homep tieTupe:B aTomHok Bo1HeBumrpaeT TOTOCTO B nepBue
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TOM,IITO HaceReHme oTAaeT cede OTtleT B He06X0AMMOCTM M Hem3dexcHo-
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDID8i-nindqPnnO?VInont-In4 4 A
50X1-HUM
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12: CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
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OpacmBamTcR Ha 3HatuaTenHme paCCTORHXR orpomHmmm AameHmamm.B pe
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Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @50-Yr 2013/09/12: CIA-RDP81-n1n.C1Pnn9qnnoAnn4 A
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
0e3yCJI0BHO cmepTeztHaz/npmAemaHme amopa:paAmyc,KoHemHooatmcmT
OT TI/ma aTOMHOR dOMON 14 OT rzydim noA3emHoro555aToma TaKze,
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npaKTmmecKaz peKomeuamma:paHtme onpuezeHHoro ppemem m Ozmse
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Huk B3pNB B COOP conpotoluaeTca mnepmmeHTamm no pa3pymeHmm RH-
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP8i_ni Re1:1Pnn0'2nrY) A flr14 A
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
Hine Ha TOM Oepery,HOo BoRcKa XAX Ha9eAeHidelcnacaTeAmue H Rump-
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TO B nocAeAylomxe ceuHAu H MXHyTN mulmalude cpeAcTBa oclopoHu
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meTpoB X AmameTp Bolop4KArC.100 meTpoB.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12: CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2013/09/12: CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
3ammTa o
B npoTymoaTomHoR odopoHHoR nonpulpHog AmTepaType Taxlice AamTcyl
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BeCTHUX paccToaHlux ?aux Ha TeRe HORBARMTCR TOALKO Ha Toil cTopo
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Aammero cHera.11peAnoilaraeTcyl,-11 TeopeTutlecxx DTO Tice A0xa3aH0,-
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poomcsi OT cseToBoro 143.71yqemia aTomuoro B3pNBa,XOTR ON qaCTINHO
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OT npRmoro nonmaima cseToBoro p4sAytieHualcIn5oX1-HumopeAcTBom oclo
poHm OT aTomuok OCBelOHHOCTX.B CBR3M. C 3THM npeAcTaBasieT muTepec
npocTekmuil n 1 ..u1B TCKOR non AR HOM ni)ecce,-
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP81-01043ROn7mn94nn1
Declassified in Part
- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12: CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
11T0 xacaeTcsi paAmoalumBmoro 3apagemi Me0TH0CTII,TO OHO npoAon-
licaeml qacammlmmorAa-A H A m m.B 3T0M-BCH ero onacmoub.Haceze-
mme COOP npeAynpegAemo 00 3T0M mmpoico m onpeAexemHo,B nonpulpHog
odopoHHog npecce cnenmanbmNmm RemmRmm. 50X1-HUM
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B momemT B3puBa;ramma-m3nytieme maimmaeTcyl c momenTa RAepHog pea
gmx m npoAongaeTcyl noue B3puBa 10-15 ceitymA;noTom HeRTpomoB m
ramma-nytiek odnaAam CBOkCTBOM "npodmBann magmTeAmme TOAMIHM
pammtinmx maTepmanoB;npommicalomaa pax/tam/1n RBAReTCR HeBMAHMOk.
Xpome Torolramma-nytim AeRCTByloT Ha COTHH meTpoBlmo,npoxoAR
tiepea Kame-AmOo moTHme maTepmanu-nperpaAuloczadJunoTcR.Hanpla-
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pes 1,8 camTmmeTpa cBmulalmAx 3 camTmmeTpa ge3Ie3almAx 10 camTmme
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npommicammeg cnocodmocrpm,oAmaKo m OHM moryT OMM orpammtleHm.ilpm-
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DTOR B meAneHmmejlocReAmme moryT 3aXBaTHBaTIDCH HApamm aTOMOB me-
KoTopmx 3AeMeHTOB.
Ha3aAOCL 6H,BCe xopomo.Ho OTVI "HeKoTopme memeHTN" camm CTaH0-
BATCR paA4oaKTTABHNm14/gene3o,aA1ommmgligemmg,marmmg,1CaAmillHaTpmg
m mnorme Apyride/.BeAa 3ammtmeTcyl B TOMIIITO OHNOTH nmeitoTopme
agememTle,coAepgaTcsi B notme,To-ecTL paAmoalulamocTm noABepraeT-
Ca cama nolmalicoTopasi dyAeT mcnycican deTa-m-ramma Aytim.
B oftem H IleRom naceneme 000P 3HaeT,B KagecTBe naccmBnog aTom-
HOg camoodopomull1To npommicalomaR paAmausi oKasigBaeT BpeAmoe dmoRo-
rnecKoe Aegcmile,xoTH m me odimaTeJiLmo BeAeT K 6111CTpOR cmepTil.
Ao3a paAmaum B 100-200 peHTreHoB Bil3NBaeT zericoe sadozeBanmelHe
BeAylue K cmepT14,14 AIM Ana B 600 peHTreHOB 13.9)S1:11LY1cmepT14.Ha
npamme mepTeamoe AerAcTme OT paAmagmm mogeT HacTynxTB Ha
paccTosimmia Ao 8
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP81-01043ROn7mn94nn1
Declassified in Part -
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12: CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
PaAmoalummoe 3apaxellmfOROFFICMLUSEONLY
HaKoHeillHaceReHme mnopmxpoBaHo o TOMIIITO npm A-B3pNBe ocipa3y-
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poima Ha BceR TeppmTopaind CCCP AnumeTimeculmm npmbopamm/npilme-
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AN B XapbK0Be ffeHXHrpaAe/.Pa3yMeeTCHIA0 B03HXKH0BeHXR peamplaok
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Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP81-0104r4Rnn9-4nn9Anni A
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12 . CIA- -010 . 9f1nn9z.nn 1A
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release
50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
rt e n (lurch die F.rlinung der Lehrlihgsentgelte ausgeglichen. (Vgl. _
Verordnung ilber die Erhbhung der Lehrlingsentgelte vom 28. Mai
1
Personen, die sich in einem kurzfristigen Ausbildungsverhaltnis
befinclen (Anlernling.e), erhalten wie Lehrlinge einen Zuschlag von
15,? DM brutto monatlich zu ihrem Entgelt oder ihrer sonstigen
Vergt.itung als Ausgleich.
Berechnzing des Zuschlages bei Neuaufnahme (Begriindung) oder
Losung (Beencligung) eines Arbeitsrechtsverhaltnisses.
Nach der 'Verordnun;-_,,, ist der Zuschlag bei Begriinclung oder Be-
exiigung eines Arbeitsre.chtsverhiiltnisses (Wechsel der Arbeits-
sielic) warencl des laufenden Monats wie bei Teilbeschaftigung zu
zahlen. Arbeiter und Angestellte, die wiihrend des laufenden Mo-
re.ls ausscheiclen oder neu eingestellt werden, haben naturgemaB
nur Anspruch auf Zahlung entsprechend der geleisteten Arocitszeit. _
Z-nm,
im August. 1953 schcidet em n Arbeiter aus dem Betrieb aus. Auf---::/:
Grind der geleinteten Arbeitszcit hat er noch filr 11 Arbeitstage An-
Snruch auf Zuschlag.
flei voller monatlicher Arbeitszeit wilren 22,? DM Zuschlag, zu
zah!en. Wegen des Ausscheidens aus dem Betrieb sind jedoch nur
dieser SUMITIC, ni-imlich 9.31 DM, Restzuschlag zu zahlen.
Die Ret,.r,clung in der Verorclnung sichert Arbeitern und Angestellten
auch .fLir den Monat. in welchem sic einen Betriebswechsel vor-
nehmen, den vollen Zuschlag. Gleichzeitig werden Doppelbezahlun-
gen ausgeschaltet.
- -
-
3. Perechnung des Zuschlages fur arbeitende Alters- und Invalidenrentner
Md3gebend fur die Berechnung des Zuschlages an arbeitende Rentner
claf.1 sic Anspruch auf Zuschlag wic alle Arbeiter und Angestellten
haben. Die Rente dart bei ihrem Bruttoverdienst nicht angcrechnet
ve&clen. Der Zuschlag wird also zunachst wic bei anderen Arbeitern
uid Angestellten nach der Zuschlagstabelle ermittelt.
1,a fientner nun von der Sozialversicherung bereits einen Zuschlag zu
i'n-vr Rent.? erhallen, sind diese 9,--DM von dem aus der Zuschlags-
i belle Zuschlag abzusetzen.
Zion Beispici:
ner Durchsehnittsverdic.mst eines Vol lrentners betrugt monatlich
2 I7.:10 DM, woair 29,? DM als Zuschlag vorgesehen sind. Vom Betrieb
s yet also nur noeh 20,? DM zu zahlen.
1.. ;,a13 auch Meinungen, f?r arbeitende Bentner'keinen Zuschlag durch
dee Sozia!versicherung zu zahlen, daftir aber von der Arbeitsstelle
eel; i vollen Zuschla;, zu )._;*ev.-eihren. Danach Nitte. die Masse der nicht
Arbeit stehenclen lientner nachweisen mdssen, da 13 sic in kemem
ilsrechtsverhaltnis stehen. Ein zweifellos unverstandliches Ver-
n! Deingegentlber sind the Rentner cler Sozialvers:cherung in den
Irrieben bekannt, da sic von der Beitragspflicht zur Sozialversiche-
ruc.?.; befreit said Den Bets;eben 1st dahcr zu empfehlen, fur die be-
1:4--;i'onden Rt;ntner eine namenthche Liste zur Errechnung des Zu-
scnges- aufzustellen. ? -
?
*2..
=:?=
-
_ - Rentnerbei_denen der DurchschhittsVerclier?st monatlich Ober 500.? DM
brutte=11est' -bleiben be der befrieblichen Zuschlagszahlung
unbeiuck-
:sihtigt. - e?-? _ - ? -
_ _ ?___ _
,Verrneiching-:vdn Doi-) peizahlungen.-des- Zuschlages bei 'riickwirkencler
_
? Rentengetodhrung._ ,? ? ? ,. 2 _., ._ ., -,--- ------,- _-_ _.. ,
...., -
?
?, ,
?.
? '-_- Werden Alters:- bzw.-.Invalidenrenten pen' geWillirt, so kann es ? vbr-:... :.:----e?-?---__-,_, :::,
= - kommen; dafi der ,Zuschlag Zur Rente ..vOli,-,der:SozialA:ersicherung Liber---,.-
? .Monate rtickwirkend gezahlt wird. - -
_ _ ..?.. ,
W.ahrend dieser Zeit hat der Antragsteller jedoch den-
Zus-Chlag _vb11. vdm ,Betrieb- erhalten.Alit cidi- ruckwirkenden ,Rentei-i--__
_
zahlung erhiilt er nun einen-- weiteren_ Zuschlag .iii Ifohe--.Von -9;--?-?DM.:--_---,'.: ,. -------.
'
ee-Er- hat daher monatlich 9,? DM zuviel- erhalfen.
:?._-? .. ,? _
--? - ?
. ..., ,
:. Alters-- mid, Invalidenrentner sind Vom-,- Zeitplinkt --ihres ,,Renten-!-_,---'-:.'. - --
, _ ...:.
.. anspruches an von 'der Beitragspflicht: -AirSozialVersicherung.'befreit?
_ ?_ _ . _ _ _ .. .
' - Die z-uviel gezahlten Sozialverslcherungsbeitriip,e 1.Verden '-dc,.mnach. -Z.u.Z_ .e
- ?. -
_ , ,
ruckerstattet. 'Dabei ,sind die tiberschilssigen=-Lohnzuschthge_evom::Be-::
- --itieb anzurechnen. -ZuViel_ gezahlte Zuschli.igsbetriiger? die den zu er-
. -- 'stattenden Beitragsanteil iThersteiesene_ sind --je-dOehyriichte zurtIck-zu7
fordern. (Fur den Ehegatten,zuschlag gilt this '-gleiche.)- ----,4 ---e?--- ' -1- -? _ ----e - .= ,-- ='-- -., -_ e---
_? , ,, .. _,_,
1 ?I . t? ? .
? 1 ?? .. .
4. Pliii4ung den-,Zzischliige- .und - perii,cksie htigung - bei Unterhaltsver7, ___-,:- --;?--- 'v.-- -
; ., ... . a _ r
..C- :- , - ?. .._-' .. , ? ?,_ _ - , . , -
;-. _?-,. _1" .,. - --k' .:?' i ''-?-_ --"'',-,. -- , ,_ nfliChtlingen:
7'dec'Verordnung' 'yam' 9. Juni= 195:---- uber 'die' Pfincltui;.,, '---von At bei tsein-
-, ?.
_,-.-
--.: ? Die an Arbelter, und A ngestell Le ---.alse-Ausgleich fur- -?Mehraufwen-, _-_,-;? !_,-- .
_cluncr&i.Und zur Lohnerhbhung gezahlten:eZuschliige'sowlem=die''Sdricler7:.---
_ :n
Ehegatten--und Itinclerztischl-ige sind unpairldbarer Link im Sin
- - :--. e ___--e?::- ---, ?',--e-?,-,-- Rolm-nen.- Die - g-enarin ten e Zuschlaigef,sind . bei- ,cler, _Neu feStsetzung von.
'-= ?---- '----' -e- -?-'''' '''''' UnterhlltsverpfliehtuAgeh -nleht -heranzuziehen. 'Bestehen-de Tinter-
_ re --, -- , -haltsverpflichtun-gen: e.rhohc-21i?sich nicht-attf_GrUlld der -Abscha ffung der
- - .
-
de-r,I--Terstellung eines ?-einheitlichen
_
=??niveaus.--=-Arbeiter und g,
,Anestenteeche-z. B.--ihren Unterhaltsberechtigten
? ,_?_ _
"Angeherigen.? im Fiulcr, cier I iii fsbedurf tigkei t .1.1nterhalt- gekvahren,
,?
hancn--ciie--ZuSchlagsbetrade:"entsprechend der Rentenzuschlagsvr d
ero-
. _
,n-u-ng-- nicht -zUez..ahleri-,-da cl_ieSe aufi An trag den, unterstiitzten Personen
? durch die staatliclien Organa gewahrt werden.
?
- III. Anderung des Zuschlages
Der Zuschlag f?r Ausgleich und Erhohung ist seinem Wesen nach eine
Sozialle:stung des Arbeiter-und-Bauern-Staates, die nicht unmittelbar
von der 1-lohe der Arbeitsleistung des einzelnen, sondem von seiner sozialen
Lag,e abiLLingig ]st, sov,,eit these durch den monatlichen Bruttoverclienst
bestimmt wird.
In der Verordnung ist deshalb eincleutig fe.stglelegt. ClaG der Zuschlag im
Verlaufe des Kalenclerjahres nicht geiindert werden soil. Im Prinzip ist
clemnach jeden Mona', der Teileiche Zuschlag zu zahlen, der auf Grund des
Durchschnittsverchenstes errechnet worden ist.
Das gilt auch clann, wenn sich die Lohn- unci Gehaltsgruppe eines Arbeiters
oder Angestellten verandert, In der Rege.I wird es sich ciribfi urn IThhcr-
stufungen handeln, so daf3 filr die Arbciter und AnE,Iesteliten durch die
Weiterzahlung des alten Zuschlages Vorteile entstehen,
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Die gleichbleibe.nde Zusehlagszahlung gev,Tiihrleistet, daf3 der Anreiz zur
Qualifizierung und Leistungssteigerung nicht gernintlert wird. Se hebt
den sozialen Charakter der getroffenen Regelung hervor. Aus den gleichen
Or-Linden milssen die betrieblichen Gewerkschaftsorgane auch clarauf
achten, dat3 dei ? Zuschlag nicht etwa dazu benutzt wird, Lohn- oder
Norrnen- bze,v, Akkordkorrekturen vorzunehmen.
Die gleichbleibe-nde Zahlung soil den Betriehen auf3erdem die Arheit
erleichtern helfen und ve.rhindern, daf3 der Zuschlag jeden Monat neu und -
zeitraubend bercchnet werden mu B .
IV. Gewahrung des Zuschlage.s hei Arbeitsunfuhigkeit, Urlauh,
Lehrgangen unci hezahlter Freistellung von der Arbeit
Urn die Lohnberechnung nicht weiter 111 komplizieren; ist es notwendig
den Zuschlag in der ilegel fiir den ganzen Monat zu zahlen. -Das ist auch
okonomisch und von der sozialen Seite her in all den Fallen gerechtfertigt,
wo der Arbeiter auf Grund gesetzlicher,Bestirnmungen von der Arbeit
freigestellt ist, z. B. bei Umzug, ,Tociesaillen in der -Familie -usw. -Selbst-
verstlindlich gilt das auch f?r alle Freistellungen,-die wegen der Wahrneh-_
mung staatspolitischee bzw. gesellschaftlicher Interesseri,gev,,Lihft werclen.
In der Verorcinung ist cleshalb Testgelegt, dal?) dereZuschlag invofler Tine
und ohne jegliche Abzuge weiterzuzahlen ist, so, als oh der Betreffencle
uber cite voile monatlichc Arbeitszeit thtig gewesen-v,7iire: I-Tiervon sind
solche Fulle ausgenornmen, in &non der Werkthtige auf seinen Wunsch
von der Arbeit freigcstellt wird, ohne dal3 der 13etrieb rechtlich clazu vol.=
pflichtet ist. Es bestcht dann nur Anspruch auf Zuschlag entsprechend
der geleisteten Arbeitszeit.
,-?
Ericichterungen bei Arbeitsunfiihigkeit
Bei Arbeitsunflihigkeit im Sinne der Vorschriften der Soziniversicherung
oder hei Quarantine ist der Zuschlag ebenfalls ohne jede Einschriinkung
weitetzuzahlen, ci. h. auch unabhiingig von der Dauer der Arbeitsunfahig-
keit.
Das ist von grailer snzialer Bedeutung Tiir die Beschaftigten mit niedrigem
Einkommen. Sc erhal ten wiihrend der Arbeit.sunEihiekbit nicht nur den
Nk!hsten Ausgleiehsbetrag von 14,? DM, sondem auch den vollen Bctrag
fur die Lohnerhohong.
The Bestimmungen der Verordnung erleichtern (loch die 1...,a;r_1,e soleher
Kranken, fur die \\.egen der Mille ihres Einkommens em n Zuschlag tinter
14,? DIVE festgelegt ist oder die keinen Anspruch aut. Zuschlag haben. Bei
Arbeits-tmMhigkeit ist. nach Wegfell cies Lohnause,leiches auch an solche
Arbeiter Und Angestellien der hochste hikusgleichsbetrag von 14,? DM zu
zahletl.
13e,einnt- oder endet die Arbeitsunfiihigkelt I.vi_ihrend des lriofenden Mona Es.
Sc) ist der Betrag von 14,? DM nor dann zu zahlen, wenn der Arbee,s1ohn
fdr don betreffenden Monat zuzi.ig,lich Th..ankene,eld nicht mehr als
CO,? DM brutto betriist. Liegt (las monatliche Et kommen fiber diesem
Bet rag, so ist der Zusehlag wieder nach den allgemeinen Bestimmungen
zu zahlen.
13eispiel:
En leitender Ange.steiller pit einem Durchschnittsverdienst voh 900,? DM
ist 7 Monate arbeitsunfahig. Nachdem sem Anspruch auf Lohnausgleich
30
sio '
_ ,_ _ . - __-::::-?- -
Del_ Irsill'nczo-Will,ifton -1-leininrheitf.,rn. die ohne_ Anrechnung der -
_
,benot,g1,-. n Arbeitz,ziet -nech Stuckpre.st n et-W.011M werclen, ist
c1.0_-antr41:r.t. geletele--eV 1.,eits7e1t rfaill cler;-_-durrhschnittlielien.--'
1.\.ol.merfullung der 13-etree:Jair'oeiter-:init. ?-?gleichdr--Ttiligkeit zu
errechnen -,
. _ _ .._._ _ _ -.
_. _.
_-
-
ac) Agindes-fzuschlag fiir Tcilbei-schiiftigte.
, _ . ?? .
Oft --a rbeiten': Teti besehlif Lete's_titir stoncien jode1e?-tageWeise2._ In
der Verordnung ist clesholb festgelegt?clal3 nn Teilbeschaftigte --
e.rieAlincleStzuschlag VOli'5,;-=_DMegezEihl.t-WerC1C11-muf3. -
? . _ ,-
Die A Oshil fsverkiio Teri n wird im Monat
---chirehNchreitt1ich_24 Stunden ncler,3-volle Arbeitstageiebesch;:iftip,t.-,
_ Der:- -fun: !e -cTi? e tirelc D r eh- h ni v .c'rci1cnst V.'tirde_-.bei: I/611=e-
bescf tigting 270,?_ DM 'ausmachen; Zuschlzig
zahlen, wnren_Von ?cliesem -_vollen, Zuschlag ,in I lohe on e
ewziren for, die steindenwCise beSehaftigte Aushil f:wcr-
= _1,12 DM-zu:zahlen:
--Datlurch \viire sic gegeni.lber einer -nicht arbeitencien EhefraU,
f?r die DM Ausgleich gezehlt wird, benachteilif_4t. 1)ef,halb
-worde der 11,1inelestiuseh1ag Jur Teilbeschalligte dem Ehegatten:-'
zuschlag gleichgesetzt. ,?
-
b) Rereehnting des Zuschlagcs fiir htgendlicha.
?-
e- In 40 des Gesetzes der_ Arbeit vom 19. April 1950 ist frs1e5,elegt,-,_
(IA Jugendliche his zu 16 Jahren ?,,?ochentlich nicht mehr ils
42 Stunden beschUtigt werden
\VOhrend die ,J?ugendliehen in Westcicwtsehland oft nor _einen Rroch-7
teil de.s Lohnes.. ilterer Arbiter erhal ten, ist dos Prinzip ?gleicher
Lohn g:eiche Arbeit" in tier Dcutschen Demokratischen Republik
schon sett langem verwerklicht.
Dec Arbeitslohn der Jug,endlichen his zu 16 Jnliren bezieht spell _
doch wegen des besonderen Schutz's ihrcv Arbeitskraft auf eine
verkurzte Arbeits/eit von 42 Stunden wOcnonllich. 13ei gleichem
Stundenverdienst haben sic deshalb emen medr.qcren Monotsver-
dienst als erwochsene Arbeiter. Die in der Zuschlaestabelle onga-
fuhrten Zusehlage beziehen filch demgcgentiber auf Durchschnitts-
verdicinste, die bei vol:cr mon:1111c her Ai beiteit erreicht werden
(195 oy.w. 2U8 Stunci,en) Der Arbeitslohn dieser Jugendlichen
'ober au!' die -,:vdehentliche A rbeit;,zeit von 42 Stunden berechnet.
Btiebe des unberLickslchtii41., clonn -vkLirden clue Jugendliehen emen
11C,heren Zuschlag bekommen ols Arbeitcr mit drier Arheitszeit von
45 bzw. 48 Stunden. nu dos nicht. verirotbor 1st, wird der Zuschlag
wie oni eibeschilfW,ten ent,prechcnd der geleisteten A rbeitszei
berechnet.
Bei ,fogendlichen im Alter von 16 his 18 Jahren sind die aus ihrer
veildirzten Arbeitszeit ref;Litticrenden It,ohnuntorschiene unerhobl:ch
Sic crhaiten den vollen Zuschliig nach der Zuschtrigcaubnlie.
Zuschlag fur Lahrlinge wad An/erniinge.
Ju.Tt?endliclic, die skh in einem Lehrverh51tnis brilinden, wet-den
die Yiehraufv:endungcn "Del der Alichulfung der Lebensrnittel-
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A
en-
-? -
-26
Bc-.1 Teilbeschaftigten im Gehalt, Monatslohn oder im reinen
Zeitlohn ist das ohne 1.veiteres rnoglich, sofcrn der Bruttaver-
dienst des Betreffenden keine anderen Lohnbestandteile als den
tariflichen Grundlohn enthalt.
F?r Teilbeschaftigte, deren Bruttoverdienst schwankend ist
oder steigerungsfahige Lohnbestandteile enthalt, wie Mehr-
leistungslohn und Erschwerniszuschlage, ist der Durchschnitts-
verclienst der letzten 3 Monate wie folgt zu ermitteln.:
Gesamtverdienst der letzten 3 Monate
Anzahl der in den letzten 3 Monaten.
geleistieten Arbeitsstunden
z. B.
360,? DM Gesamtverdienst
180 St-unden Arbeitszcit
'tre DM
Stundcnverdienst
2,? DM X 195 Stunden = 390,? DM
(bzw, 208 Stunden) errechneter Durehschnittsverdienst
Der Durchschnittsverdienst der letzten 3 Monate ist auch far
die Teilbeschaftigten nach ? 26 Abs. 4 der Verordnung zur Wah-
rung der Rechte der Werktatigen. vom 20. Mai 1952 zu ermitteln,
ab) Die Pestlegung des Zuschlages.
Nachdem der Durchschnittsverdienst fur Teilbeschaftigte er-
mittelt ist, wird zunachst die Zuschlagsraihe nach der Zuschlags-
tabelle ermittelt,
Zum Beispiel:
Fur cinen Teilbeschaftigten ist errechnet worden, daB er bei
Vollbeschaftigung omen clurchschnittlichen Monatsverc.iienst von
390,? DM. hatte. Nach der Zuschlagstabelle waren dafi.ir
17,? DM als Zuschlag festzulegen. Davon ist jedoch nur der
Anteil zu zahlen, der dern Verhaltnis der geleisteten Arbeits-
zeit zur monatlichen Arbeitszeit bei Vollbeschaftigung ent-
sprich
Urn zu hoben Aufwancl zu vermeiden, kann das Verhaltnis
tiber-
schiltgig errnittelt werdcn.
Zum Beispiel:
lm Durchschn1tt hat cin Tellbeschaftigter in den letzten 3 Mo-
naten 8 voile Tage monatlich gearbeitet, dementsprechend sind
auch nU r 8/'20 des in der Zuschlagstabelle abgelesenen Betrages
als Zuschlag zu zahlen.
Der errechnete Durchschnittsverdienst des Betreffenden wiirde
sich bei VollbeSchiatig,ung auf 390,? DM belaufen, wottir laut
Zuschlagstabelle 17,? DM Zuschlag vprgesehen sind:-Davon sind
81:20 (17:26 0,65 x 8) = 5,20 DM zu zahlen,
0
erlosehen it. erhiilt er nunmehr fur den vollen .Mnrat einen Zusehlag -
Von 14,? Di\A. Endet seine Arbeitsunfahigkeit zu_ Anrang eines Monats,
z. B. am 3. oder 4., so ist ihm nach den aligemeinen BeStimmungen dieser
Verordnung fLir den laufenden Monat kein ZunchIng inehr_zu zahlen. -
Die Krankengeldzahlung des FDGB oder eine Unt4ersittitzung dureh den
Betrieb bzw. eine zusatzliche Krankengeldversicherung werden nicht _
gerechnet. Das gilt auch dann, Wenn der Kranke stational' behandelt wird =?'
(Krankenhaus, Sanatorium, Genesungsheim usw.). -
Die Zusehlage fair Arbeiterund Angestellte sowie fLir ihre Ehegatten ohne
eigenes Einkommen und ihre Kinder sind wahrend der Krankheit grtmd-
satzlich vom Betrieb zu zahlen. Das gilt auch, wenn zum Krankengeld ?-
kern Lohnausgleich mehr gezahlt wird. Nur wenn das_Arbeitsrechtsver-
haltnis wahrend der Arbeitsunfahigkeit gelost vird, iibernimmt die Sozial-
versieherung die Zahlung der Zuschlage fur den Arbeiter oder Angestellten
und seine Famine,
V. Auszahlung der Zuschrage
/..Trennung des Zuschlages V0111. Lohn,
Der Zuschlag [Or Ausgleich sowie zur Erhohung der unteren Einkoinmen
gilt- nicht als Bestandteil des Arbeitslohnes. Er tinterliegt cice,.halb auch
nicht der Lohnsteuer- und der Beitragspflicht zur Sozieisicherung,.
Er mut?, getrennt vom Lohn bzw. Gehalt ausgewiesen werden.
Es ist anzurtrebe.n, die Zuschlage f?r Arbeiter und Angestellte SOWle
f?r deren nicht arbeitende Ehegatten und Kinder gleichzeitig auszu-
zahlen. Dabei ist jeder emzelne Zuschlag nach 1\115glichkeit g,esondert
auszuweisen. Falls dadurch der Aufwand in den Buchungsstellen zu
groB wird, konnen die einzelnen Betrage:
1. Zuschlag f?r Arbeiter und Angestellte,
2. Zuschlag filr7 dcren Kinder,
3. Zuschlag fur den nicht arbeitenden Ehegatten ohne eigenes Ein-
kommen
auch als Gesamtsumme auf dem Lohnzettel alS3gewiesen warden.
2, Auszahlzingstermin.
In der Lohnzuschlagsverordnung warden die Betriebsleiter und Be-
triebsinhaber oder deren Beauftragte verpflichtet, den Tag der monnt-
lichen Auszahlung des Zuschlages mit den betrieblichen Gewerk-
schattsleitungen zu vereinbaren. Soweit as sich urn kleinere Betriebe
ohne eigene BGL handelt, ist der Auszahlungstermin mit dem geweric-
schaftlichen Vertraue.nsmann irn Betrieb festzulegen, bei Klemst-
betrieben ohne eigene Gewerksehafts.gruppe ist diese Vercinbarung mit
der zustandigen Orts- oder Dorfgewerkschaltsleitung zu treffen.
Diese Regelung soil as ermoglichen, -Libor den Auszahlungstermin tinter
Berticksiebtigung der betrieblichen,Bedingungen zu entscheiden. Es ist
Jedoch anzustreben, die Auszahlung der Zuschlage mit der Auszahlung
des Lohnes bzw. des Gehaltes zusammenzulegen.
Urn zu vermeiden, daB infolge der Vorauszahlu.reer des Zuschlages fur
den Monat Juni 158 der Zeitratim b:s zur nachsten Zuschiags,zahlung
'
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zu grof3 wird, sind von den Betrieben in eige.ner Verantwortung gemein-
sam mit den Gewerkscha.ftslc:itungen die Pluszahlungstermine ftir die
Monate Juli und August so festzuleg,en, cla3 zwischen der Auszahlung
der Zuschliigc in den erten drei Monaten kein liingerer Zeitraum als
5 Wochen. entsteht.
Die betrieblichen Gewerkschaftsleitungen in den privaten Betrieben und
Einrichtungen sowie die Orts- bzw. Dorigewerkschaftsleitungen haben
das Becht, zU kontrollieren, wie aile in der Verordnung festgelegten
Mafinahmen eingehalten i.verden. Das, gilt besonders ftir the Berechnung
des DurchschnitL,lohnes, die Fesistellung des Zuschlagsanspruchs und
die Hohe des zu zahlenoen Zuschlages.
B. ERLAUTERUNGEN
zur Zuschlagsverordnung Landwirischaft
I. Entlohnung der Arbeiter uric! Angestellten
mit und ohne Naturalversorgung
In den volkseigenen und ihnen gleichgestellten Betrieben der Land- und
Forstwirtschaft war die Lohnerhohung vorn 1. April 1957 em n sichtbarer
Beweis daftir, claB die Partei der Arbeiterklasse und die'Regierun,g unseres
Arbeiter-und-Bauern-Slaates mit I-Tilfe der gewerkschaften den Lebens-
standard der Werktiltigen auf dem Lande standig veruessern.
Durch die umfassencle Lohnerhohung hat sich z. B. der Durchsel-mitts-
verdienst eines Landarbeiters der Lohngruppe, V in einem volkseigenen
Cut von 276,? DM auf 300,? DM monatlich erhiiht. Bei einer Lanclarbei-
terin, die nach der Lohngruppe III entlohnt wird, stieg der Durchschnitts-
verclienst von 200,? DM mit 225,? DM im Monat.
.Zus'citzlich zu diesem Geldlohn erhalten die weitaus mcisten Arbeiter und
Angestellten in den voll:seigenen landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben Natura-
lien zu Erfassungspreisen. Die-se Lebensmittel werden demnach von
13eschaftigten mit Naturalversorgung billiger gekauft als von Arbeitern
und An.gestellten. die keine Naturalien zu Erfassungspre;se.n be.ziehen und
deshalb L,ebensmittelkarten erhielte.n.
Daraus ergibt sich em n Differenzbetrag zwischen Erfassungs- und. Ver-
braucherpreisen zugunsten der Arbeiter und Angestellten mit Natural-
versorgung. Urn diesen Vorteil auszugleichen, erhielten deshalb die
Arbeiter und Angestellten ohne Naturalversorgung den Differenzbetrag
zusiitzlich zu ihrem Lohn ausgezahlt Durchschnitt 0,09 DM pro Stunde).
Der Differcnzbetrag zwischen Erfassungs- und Verbraucherpreisen wurcie
aber in den einzelnen Betrieben unterschiedlich berechnet, so daf3 auch
unterschiedliche Betrtige ausgezahlt warden snd. Im Interesse der Ein-
heitlichkeit uncl zur Entlastun-g der betrieblichen Lohnrechnungsstellen
ist deshalb der Zuschlag lift den Ausgleich des Preisvorteiles der Natural-
versorgten in die bisherigen Lohn- und GehaltstariCe eingearbeitet worcien.
Ab 1. Juni 1958 sinci dcmnach die Arbeiter und Angestellten in den yolks-
eigenen landwirtschaftliehen I3etrieben nach unterschiedlichen Lohn- bzw.
Gehaltstabellen zu entlohnen.
Nach der Verordnung sincl alle Arbeiter, Angestellten und Lehrlinge mit
Naturalversorgung nach wie vor entsprechencl den gultigen Lohn- bzw.
32
?
Beispiel:
Auf Grund der durchschnittlichen Normerftill Lin derr----zum-
Vergleich heranp,ezogenen Arbeiter und -der -Lohngruppe des Neti:c._
eingestellten,:mul3 Err ihn -em:monatlicher DurchschnittsvOrdienst -
von 420,? _DM angenommen. \\Talon.
c) Festlegung des Zuschlages.
Dementsprechend ist zuntichst filr-den Zeitraum von,3,NIonaten ein
Zuschla,g von monatlich 13,-- DM zu yahlen1
Nach Ablauf dieser Zeit ist der tatsiichliche DurchschnittSverdienst,,,,i
exakt zu errechnen und der Zuschlagszahlung zugrunde zujegen.
Erreicht danach der neueingestellte Arbeiter nicht die angenornme-
nen 420,? DM, sondem nur 392,? DM, clann?ist der Zuschlag.,von--.
13,? DIVE auf 16,? DM zu erhohen. Ftir (*Hese 3 Monate
v:enig gezahlte Betrag von nachzuzahlen._- Zuviel,gezahlte-:,
Betrtige sind nicht zurtickzufordern. flier ist cler Zuschlag-lediglich
-
zu korrigieren. _ ,
-
?
Sinngemtif3 ist Ewell zu verfahren, wenn ,ein Arbeiter oder 'Ange-,
stellter am 31. Mai 1958 noch nicht langer als 8 Wochen im I3etrieb
tatig ist.
Nachdem der Durchschnittsverdienst air jeden Arbeiter oder Ange7
stellten festliegt, ist die Mlle seines Zuschlages nach der Zuschlae,?sL
tabelle zu ermitteln. In dieser Hohe wird der Zuschlag monatlich -
unablitingig von Schwankungen des Verdienstes und cler Arbeits-
zeit bis zum Ende des Planjahres gezahlt.
Zur Erleichterung wird empfohlen, den nach dem Durchschnitts-
verdienst der letzten 12 Monate festg,elegten Zuschlag auf die Jahres-
lohn- bzw. Gehaltskarte aufzutragen, damit nicht jeden Monat die
Zuschlagstabelle zur Hand genommen. werden braucht.
2. Berechnwng bei teilweiser Gewtihrung des Zuschlages.
a) Rerechnung des Zuschlages bei Teilbeschaftigung.
Als Teilbeschdftigte g(Aten Arbeiter und Angbstellte, die arbeits-
vertraglich vereinbart haben, cla13 sic Halbtagsarbeit verrichten
oder nur stunden- bzw. tagewcise arbeiten.
Nicht als Teilbeschtiltigte gelten &gegen:
Arbeiter und Angestellie, die laut Anordnung yam 1. ,Tuli 1954 tiber
die Verkurzung der tiiglichen Arbeitszeit unter besonders schweren
unci gesundheitsgefiThrdenden Bedingungen bzw. au! Grund von Ar-
beit:Sschutzvereinbarungen eine kurzere Arbeitszeit haben.
aa) Berechnwqg des Durchschnittsverdienstes.
F?r Teilbeschaftigte liann der Durchschnitisverdienst n-us dem
Brutto-verdienst der letzten 3 abgerechneten Monate ermittelt
werden..
Urn Vorteile gegentiber VollbeschVtigten zu vermeiden, ist
dabei der Duichschnittsverclienst so :zu berecnnen. als oh sic
',Aber die voile monatliche Arbeitszeit tatig gewesen waren.
25
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Bergmanns-Tnvali(lenrentner,
VdN-Altersrentner,
VdN-Invalidenrentner mit ciner Erwerbsminderung ab 66% Prozent
unci einer Verdienstminderung urn mindestens 33 Prozent.
Diese Rentner sind den Betrieben nomentlich bekannt, so daf3 die Auf-
stellung der Liste nicht schwierig ist.
II. Berechnung des Zuschlages
1. Berechnung des Zuschlages fiir Vollbeschtiftigte.
a) Berechnung des Durchschnittsverdienstes bei 1,ringerer Betriebs-4
24
zugeh?rigkeit:
Aus der Zuschlagstabelle wird ersichtlich, welcher Zuschlag bei
einem bestimmten Durchschnittsverdienst zu zahlen ist,
'Bevor der Zuschlag mei') der Zuschlagstabelle festgelegt werden.
kann, ist ftir jeden Arbeiter uncl Angestellten der monatliche
Durchschnittsverdienst aus den letzten 12 abgerechneten Monaten
zu ermitteln. Dabei sind nach ? 20 Abs. 4 der Verordnung zur Wah-
rung der Rechte der Werktatigen vom 20. Mai 1952 einmalig ge-
wlihrte Pramien, Vergtitungen ftir Einzelleistungen und Uberstun-
den sowie Trennungsgelder, Fahr- und Wegegelder nicht zu berlick-
sichtigen. Durch die Festlegung des Zuschlages nach dem Durch-
schnittsverclienst der letzten 12 Monate werden Lohnschwankungen
ausp,eglichen, die be.sonders bci Leistungslohnern und in Wirtschafts-?
zwcigen mit Saisoncharakter auftreten,
b) Berechnung des Durchschnittsverdienstes bei einer Beschriftigung
von weniger at,s 12 111onaten.
Bei Arbeitcrn und Angestellten, die am 31. Mai 1958 noch nicht
12 Monate im. Betrieb beschiiftigt sind, kann der Durchschnitts-
erdienst naturgerniiB erst vom Zeitpunkt der Arbeitsaufnahme an
berechnet werclen.
Wenn ein Arbeiter z. B. im 1\lonat Januar 1958 eingestellt worden
1st. mul3 der Durchschnittsverdicnst von diesem Zeitpunkt an fir
die 5 Monate bis zur Abschaffung der Lebensmittelkarten berechnet
verden.
Bei Neueinstellunge.n kann em n reprtisentativer Durchschnittslohn
erst demi ermittelt ?verden, wenn eine genbgend lange Beschafti-
w.mg vorliee,t. Deshalb ist in der Verordnung bestimmt, daB zunachst
en voraussichthcher Durchschnittsverdienst festzulegen ist. Bei Ar-
behe.rn und Angesteilten mit fcsten Lohnen und Gehaltern ist das
ohne ?veiteres (lurch Vergleich mit den entsprechenden Tariflahrien
inoelich. Um den zu erwartenden Durchschnittsverdienst insbeson-
derC bei LeistungslOhnern nut cmiger Sicherneit festztisetzen: ist es
zweckmill;le, sich an dcsr durchschnittlichen realene:NosthierfUllung
der Arbeetet mit Welcher. Arbeit zu 'oricntiereme ?-e
-
?
,
_
Gehaltssatzen 'der A-nlage 1 'der ? Direktive- zum Betriebskolleklivvertrag
bzw, nach den -,Tabiellen der, Vereinbarung Ober die Durchfuhrung von
lohnpolite,ehen MaBnahnien-vern 12. April 11i57 entlohnen.
_
In diesern- Zusarnmenhang,Wird darauf dat3 die in den An-
lagen der T, DTI] cktive ---,Zumeenetriebskol4..k1i?l. vie rag 1955 an feefuhrten
_
Naturalsiitzerrstreng einzuhalten suid unci die3 ce, n.cht statthaft ist, Natu-
ralien teilweiSe in"Geld'abzUgelten.
Alie Arbeiter,'Angestellteh unci Lehrlinge oh n e Naturrilversorgimg sind
nach der vorliegenden yerorchiung nach neuen Lohn- bzw. Gehaitssatzen
zu entlohnen.-- '
Der ehemalige Zuschlag, der- als Ausgleich ftir d.e PreisvergOnstigung der
Naturalversorgten g-ezahlt wdrde, ist also zum liestnndteil dr!' Tariflehnes
der Beschziftigten ohne,Nalurnh'ers'iargime, gcAkorden und (thief nicht mehr
gesondert vOm:-I-php gezahlt werden.
Auf Wunsch .1 ri
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Die Liste ist nach folgendem Muster auszufertigene
Antrag auf Zahlung des Ehegatlenzusehlages
lob versichere, dal?) mein(e) Ehefrau/Elhernann kein eigenes Einkornmen
hat u-nd in der De.utsehen Demokratischen Republik bzw. im Demokrati-
schen Sektor von Groll-Berlin wohnt.
lob versichere ferner; dat3 ich keinen Antrag bed einer anderen Auszah-
lungsstelle gestellt habe.
Tch verpflichte mich, jede c.iniretoncic.1 Verbnderung (z. B. Aufnahme eines
Aripeitsrechtsvernditnisse.s des Ehegatten, Beginn der Rentenzahlung fur
den Ehegutten, Wohrisitzveraricierung) dem Betrieb unverziiglich,
spite-
4es innerhalb eines 1\lonats zu rnelden.
L fel . Name des 1.',.7r,-11 no rt des I)atum-der Untersehrift des
Ni-. ege t ten Enegatton Antrae/stellung A n tra gste Hers
43
?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2013/09/12 ? CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
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Declassified in Part- Sanitized Cop Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
VI. Zuni Beginn und zur Dauer der Zahlung
Ftir den Beginn der Zahlung .1st die Antragstellung entscheidend. Wird
z. B. der Antrag am Letzten de M?rt s.etit, O ttgt? Zahlung--
noch f?r chosen. Monat.
Beispiel:
Scheidet eine Ehefrau wegen Arbeitsunfiihigkeit am 15. Juni aus dem
Arbeitsrech:sverhaltnis aus, so kann der in Arbeit stehencle Ehemann den
An.trag aut. Zahlung des Ehegattenzuschthiges noch bis zum 30. Juni stellen.
Der Zuschlag wird in voller Lir den Monat Juni ausgezahlt.
Wird ein Ehegattenzuschlag gezahlt und geht der Eheg,atte im Laufe des
Nonats z. 13. ein Arbeitsrechtsverhaltnis em, so entfallen die Voraus-
setzungen fur die Weiterz,thlung des Ehegattc,hzuschlages. Trotzdem wird
der Ehegattenzuschla,.!. in solchen Fallen noch Lir den vollen Monat gezahlt.
'VII. Zur Auszahlung des Ehegattenzuschlages
Von der guten organisatorischen Vorbereitung.und der reibungslosen Ab-
wicklung der Auszahlung der Zuschlage hlingt in _entscheidendem MaBe
das Vertrauen unseler BUrger zu den durch das Gesetz eingefuhrten groB-
zugigen Verbesserungen der Lebensiage der Bevolkerung ab.
Die Ausznhlung des Ehegattenzuschlages erfolgt von der gleichen Auszah-
lungsstelle, die auch den Zustlilag zum Lohn bzw. zur Rente zahlt.
Jrn Interesse der Empainger des ,Ehegattenzuschlages muf3 gewahrleistet
werclen, daB die Auszahlung dieses Zuschlages ftir den Monat Juni nach
Inkrafttreten der Verorcinung kurzfristig erfolgt. Es ist zweckmaBig, die
Aus,zahlung des Ehegattenzuschlages z-usammen mit cle.r Ausnblung des
Zuschlages zum Lohn vorztin.ehme.n. Alle weiteren Zahlungen sollen dann
monatlich zusammen mit der Lohnzahluhg erfolgen.
Bestehen mehrere Arbeitsrechtsverhaltnisse (z. B. zA.vei Halbtag,sbeschafti-
gungen), so ist der Ehegattenzuschlag n_ur, von einer AuszahlungssAelle,
und zwar in \Toiler 1I6he zu zahlen.
Beim Wechsel der Auszahlung,sstelle (z. 13. Aufnahme. eines Arbeitsrechts-
verhiiltnisses in einem neuen Betrieb, Weehsel der UniversitLit), hat die
zuletzt zusUinclige Auszahlungsstelle zu bescheinigen, ftir weichen Monat
die letzte Zahlung erfolgte. Der Anspruchsberechtigte ist gleichzeitig dar-
aut.' hinzuweisen, driB diese Bescheinigung der neuen Auszahlungsstelle zu
tibergeben ist, damit eine Weiterzahlung des Ehegattenzuschlages erfolgen
Bei der Auszahlung des Ehegattenzuschlages ? das solite erstmalig auch
bereits bei der Antragstellung erfolgen sind die Anspruchsberechtigten
von Zeit zu Zeit clarauf aufmerksam zu machen, daB aile Veranderungen,
die die Gewahrung des Ehegattenzuschlages bertihren (z. B. Bezug einer
Rente, AtiEnahme eines Arbeitsrechtsverhaltnisses), unverziiglich zu mel-
den sind.
Es empfle,hlt sich. (lurch die Auszahlungsstellen ab und zu Kontrollen tiber
die RechtmLiBigkeit des Bezuges des Enegattenzuschlages durchzufuhren.
44
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2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
13
3
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4
9
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
von Nutzen ist. Gleichzeitig wird mit dieser bedeutenden MalThahme
-die-be-stehende Zersplitterung in der Unterstiitzung oeseitigt.
Urn in den Familien, in denen nur em n Ehepartner Ober eigenes Einkommen
verfligt, Nachtelle zu vermeiden, erhalten Arbeiter und Angestellte mit
einem monatlichen D-urchschnittsverdienst bis zu 800,? DM einen wei-
teren Zuschlag zum Lohn in Halle von 5,? DM Lir ihren Ehegatten ohne
eigenes Einkommen. Der Ehegattenzuschlag wird auch an MitgliedEr sozia-
listischer Genossenschaften sowie an Studierende gez-ahlt, sofern die dazu
festgelegten Voraussetzungen erfUllt sind.
Wie sich die umfassenden sozialen MaBnahmen zur Sicherung und Ver-
besserung der Lebenslage der Arbeiterfamilien insgesamt auswirken,
zeigen die folgenden Beispiele fidr die typische FamiliengroBe (zwei Er-
wachsene, em n Kind) in Tabelle Nr. 1 und fur die durchschnittliche Ein-
kommenshdhe (350,? bis 450,? DM brutto monatlich) in TabeIle Nr. 2.
Die Unterschiede in den bisherigen uric' dadurch auch in den neuen Aus-
gaben f?r Fleisch, Wurst, Fette, Mulch, Zucker und Eier zwischen den
einzelnen Haushalten ergeben sich
a) aus den unterschiedlichen Lebensmittelkarten, die die einzelnen Haus-
halte erhielten,
b) aus den unterschiedlichen Merigen, die die einzelnen Haushalte in der
1-10 kauften,
c) rills dem unterschiedlichen Gesamtverbrauch in den einzeinen Haus-
halten,
d) aus den unterschiedlichen Qualitliten, die die einzelnen Haushalte
kaufen.
12
'
c-Zr'
e
E. ERLAUTERUNGEN
zur Verordnung fiber die Zahlung eines staatlichen kinclerzuschlages-:
I. Zum Personenkreis
Irn Zusammenhang mit der Abschaffung der Lebensmittelkarten -unci-dere'
lierstellung eines einheillichen Preismveaus ist eine AusgleichszahlUng,
fur Familien mit Kindern erforderlich.
=
Die Einfiihrung eines Kinclerzuschl ages fur die Kinder der Arbeiter. LindAngestellten und anderer Schich ten der Bevolkerung stollen -einbegrblilf
zLigige. Maf3nahme unseres Arbeiter-uncl-Bauern-Staate.s,"irlar.-.Sie:List ein '
Ausciruck der Sorge des sozialistischen Staates urn die ,
Kinder n. _
-
Der Kinderzuschlag ist ein erster Schritt zur Einathrung eines stantliehen?
Kindergeldes, das eine noch weitergehende Verbesserung bringerieW:rd.
Bei der Festlegung des berechtigten Personenkreises \vurde im Prinzip
clavon ausgegangen, claf3 fur Kinder, fur die bisher Lebensmittelkarten-
ausgegeben wurden, auch der Kinderzuschlag zu zahlen ist. Nada der Vcr-.:
oicinting haben alle Arbeiter und Angestellten in cler (gesamlen Vokswirt.-
schaft f?r ihre Kinder Anspruch auf die Zahlung des Kincierzus.chlag,es.
Den Kinderzuschlag erhalten auch westcleutsche und Westberliner 13Cirger,
die in Detrieben unci Einrichtungen der Deutschsn Dcmokratischen Repu-
blik und des Demokratischen Sektors von Grof3-Berlin arbeiten. Diese
Regelung lliBt cleutlich das dem Sozi2.1ismus eigene Prinzip erkennen dal?)
diejenigen, die am Aufbau des Sozialisrnus teilnehrnen, auch an den Erfol-
gen dieses Aufbaues teilhaben sollen.
Es konnte die Frage entstehen, vie es sich mit der Auszahlunq des Kinder-
zuschlages verhalt, wenn beide Elternteile die Voraussetzungen fur den
Anspruch erfullen. Die Verordnung, legt dazu fest, daf3 der Kinderzuschlag
nur von ein em Berechtigten bezogen werclen daft Es wird dabei den
Eltern Liberlassen zu entscheiden, welcher Elternteil den Anspruch geltend
macnt (vgi. die Ausfiihrungen zur Antragstellung).
Leben dagegen die Eltern getrennt, so erfolgt die Zahlung an den Ellern-
teil, zu dessen Haushalt etas Kind gehtirt. Bei der Fassung clieses Para-
graphen 1st nur an soiche Fan-linen gedacht woraen, die nicht aus bcruf-
lichen Grtinden getrennt leben. Sofern es sich urn berufliche C_;etincle han-
dert, bleibt es den Elternteilen Lioerlassen zu entscheiden, l'v'01" die Zahlung
des Kinderzuschlages beantragt.
Der Regelung des Anspruchs auf don Kinderzuschlag liegt this Prinzip
zugrunde, (tali die -Unterhaltsverpflichteten der Kinder den Kincierzuschlag
erhalten sollen.
Eine Ausnahme wird gemacht, wenn zwar die Eltern bzw. eio Elternteil
leben, aber dos Kind zum Haushalt einer andercoi Person, z "13. ZLIM
halt der Grof3eltern gehort. Die Auszahlungsstelle.n sind in ciiesem Falle
berechtigt, den Kinderzuschlag, auch an andere Personen als di Eltero
auszuz-ahlen. Selbstverstancilich miissen dann cliese Pers.ogr.n. den Antrag
auf Auszahlung, des Kinderzuschlages mittels der Attozsah1ungskoarboost211en
(vgl. ?Die Antragstellung").
Die genannte?Regelung soil sichern, da13 der .Rinderzuschlarf
in die Ethnde der Personen gelanz,,t, be enen die :15"zston lilt- den Unterhalt
-
!, 45
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2013/09/12 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002300240011-4
??.)
0,4
?e)i
-
? _ de-r Veratinst-igu-n-g- durch-den
. _
kernmt.
Von diesen Gesichtspunkten sollen sich auch die Auszahlungsstellen leitcn
dcrartigelle zu entsche.den haben.
Der- Kinderzuschlag wird nicht gezahlt air Kinder, die sich in Dauer-
1-? .men_e.iiiifha.lten-.;:Fur (hese Kinder entstehen den Eltern aus der Ab-
sehaffung'.dcr'Leoensmittelkarten keine Mehraufwendungeen, da die Mehr-
l.(41.t.?n;- din den He.rnen ozw. Einrichtungcn anfalien, unmittelbar vom
Stbatshaushalt getragen werden.
?eeee
des Kindes anfallen. Damit soli zurefleich gewiihrle'stet werden, dal?, clas
?
Zur Hobe cies sIciailichen 1