ONE DECADE, SELECTED SPEECHES AND WRITINGS OF IMRE MAGY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP81-01043R002900040004-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 276
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 4, 2014
• Sequence Number: 4
• Publication Date: November 20, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

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kr"..
go Novel:boar 1958
ONE DECADE, SELECTED SPEECHES AND AMITINGS OF IMRE NAGY
U.S. JOINT PUBLICATIONS
RESEARCH SERVICE
A
ON DECADE, SELECTED SPEECHES AND WRITINGS OF IMRE NAGY
Egy Evtised, Valo atott Bessedok
es Irasok (194&.147)
[One Decade: Selected Speeches;
and Writings 1945-473,
Vol I (Pages 119-136; 170-1821
235-244; 282-317; 362-371; 428-
439; 440-451); Vol II (pages 5-
579); 1054, Budapest
IMRE NAG!
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page
TOL I
Speech at the Ministry of Agriculture Prose
Conference, 8 July 1945 4
What the Hungarian Communist Party Gives the Peasantry 15
Stabilisation, Reconstruction, and Agriculture 23
For a Flourishing Agriculture, For a Prosperous Peasantry t 29
The Agrarian Problems of the Danube Valley 51
We Must Give Great Attention to the Work of the
Cooperatives 57
Remark* on Ferenc Erdoits Lecture Entitled "The New Pat
of the Hungarian Cooperative Movement" 64
VOL II
The Centenary or 15 March 1848 71
We May View the Future with Confidence 76
Better Quality, More and Cheaper Work Implements for
Agrioulturet 84
Let Us Help the Small Peasant Farm, Let Us Develop the
Cooperative Movement1 92
The Seeds of Democracy Blossomed in the Souls 107
'
S TAT
STAT
STAT
STAT
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Our Armed Forces Need Brave and Self-Sacrificing
Offioers
Alliance with the Middle Peasantry is the Key question
of our Agricultural Polio.
The Significanee of the Cooperative in the Development
of Agriculture
Debate Caseerning the question of the Middle Beason
Status and Provincial Class Relations
Page
116
122
130
143
Our Party's Unity with the Basses of Toiling Peasants is
the Guarantee of the Effeetuation of our Peasant Policy 169
177
Oaths Centenary of the Declaration of Independence
Sone Ideological questions Regarding the Socialist
Resonstruetion of Agriculture
Festive Speech in the OperatHouse on the Sixth
Anniversary of the Liberation
The Development of Agriculture is Not Only a Problea of
Teehnology. But Also of Agricultural Production
On the 35th Anniversary of the Great October Socialist
Revolution
To Cultivate Every Foot of Soil is the Mein Task of the
Spring Agricultural Activities
Some Economic Problems or the Transition from Capitalism
to Socialism in the People's Democratic Countries
The Government's Program Before Parliament
The Resolution of the Centrel Committee Is a Compass
for the Government
The Upswing of Our Agricultural Production Is the Great
Cause of Our Entire Nation
The Tasks of our Agrarian Scientists and Agricultural
Experts for Rapid Upswing of Agricultural Production
182
201
212
220
233
257
282
299
307
316
The Government's Activity For the Last Six Months
and the Tasks for 1964
The Administration and Tasks of the Councils
The Tasks of Hungarian Science
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333
664
422
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SPEECH AT THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE PRESS CONFERENCE, 6 JULY 1946
[Vol I, pages 119-136]
Honored guests' Dear Friends'
As I weloome you here into our circle, into our already dem-
ocratic Hungarian Ministry of Agriculture, I trust you will permit,
by way of introduction, a few works on the task of the democratic
press, addressed to those illustrious representatives of the press
who are present. The press is unquestionably one of the mightiest
weapons in tho struggle between democracy and reaction* It ii..
strong weapon in the economic reconstruction of our nation, as well.
Especially now, in the present situation, the democratic Hungarian
press has a role of very great importance. Tie encounter the reac-
tionary spirit day after day; in particular, the representatives of
the press see it attacking the democratic bases on the economic front.
It tries to bring forth chaos and confusion in the economic life.
It throws obstacles before our work of reconstruction; it impedes
that work. It tries to mislead public opinion by any wens.
Naturally we must oppose with economic means on that same eco-
nomic front this attack by the reactionary spirit that has begun on
the economic front. But the press has a great task, as well. In
connection with this struggle I should like to touch on some of the
important tasks which confront the press. Now, at a time when we
must press every force into service in reconstructing the economy of
our nation, it is most important that we, the individual economic min-
istries, have the aid of the press in mustering all forces to solve
our problems and overcome our diffioulties. A second point that I
should like to call to your attention is that the democratic eco-
nomic policy must be well known. This is a muchenoglected area for
our press, but if we wish to wage a successful war against reaction,
special care must be given to these problems. It is an important
task to educate public opinion in a democratic attitude. It is by
no means secondary that such trust should be developed in public
opinion if we are to wage a continuing and relentless war against
reaction. We must consciously direct public opinion in democratic
directions* It is importe4t that this directing take place in all
daily news, and through editorial comments as well, but it must take
place according to plan.
There is yet another point. The broad social strata have lived
scarcely 5 to 6 menthe under democratic conditions; they are hardly
yet able to live with democracy, especially in economic areas. Thus
the democratic training of these social strata through the press is
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important. NatUrellye 'since the press :discusses thisleIebstionsrbeforc
the public day lifter day", there must be cooperation between-the Minis-
try-and the press. ml press temPmeet those tasks, only ifeewhaston
46 -its aide; only if, weletterrelateetheeieveryday-probleste, aresolle as
Ahoseprebleis othational Significance, which we' are attempting to
nest or -solve. Todayis oonferenoeCerves-this goal. -The nearer the
Ministryt is brought to the- press, the nearer me shall approach the '
resolution eerlproblems by cooperation between the two. This must
become aystekativideetiot only by periodic meetings in the form of
priiitonfereneas, betels* by'ditily contacts* believe in this$
thereby -lee shall be able to wrestle with our -talks mutually.
'With Vase inesinki I should like toemention. that, remembering an
old request- of the representatives of 'the- the reporters,. today
E iigned,art order whereby amanerhouSemith-its buildings, a park,
and a garden. Of 26 heldsewill be transformed into set*asebariwt-and
eleb-forifewSpeper'writers. This house is in Dencahasae in Benny&
County [varmegy]. For the moment this is provisional, since the ap-
proval of the4stional Council on the Arriegine of Vindedeetetes'
Presages Foldbirtokrondeve-Tetaes] is *lee necessary, InWthis:
provalewilI
Whether, it was-aceidentel. ovnieteit'Would:bo'difficulte.
though.inteteating,-to:dtieide e-etodsymerieidei;falle,it a period?-be-
tieero-devolopsentalperiodtein-akriculterie, One period ? alesed,
atid-nOvIma.arwirograssing into mvnaor4Ailttib;t it liOa behind' nil
Ilwgratiisuooestas for the-youhg-Sunearian democracy* The first is
the land reform; and the second, also of great signifioance, is the
sprieit*repe I Should likeeto emphasize that both **lend -Wore.
`Mut the strugele'inethe fieWeeftlerodUationewaged-beeeeen the forces
Oritadtion ane!ef,demeateeWiendedin'thezvittdrY Of demetreey:;--
eeeee, ;
..! flioQ1 tthiii'land'-raTOra-ii* We' have-aireadyi Set& reich of
and'it" 14 licit.: neoes'Sary t,c; istphesile it ferther inters. I thoad
nide" -6614 'tee liointeet* that it* iiitaificance extends far
beyond the borders of the country. 'The land reform is not only ex-
tremely ittpoetant 4.21 internal pelitics* but in relation to =foreign
pulioyxtutside, the conntry We know' that We pelmets' teEun-
,garian vdiaborOaoy riot by 'virtu* Yof words,' but of deed*, and secerdinglY
we know ilteksmears and bow deep ,a teenifformatibn..the **entry hiete:
undergotiee,""el quoit not, volition, 'that .t,hie larerrifetermew tha thing that
caplet 'has. reistond- We`-confidenaie or vie,
martialfp'0441,41,-er- thotititidir,r*h-0,416"iddl*ive the cothitr
stek,:rikilepe".
. , ?
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The land reform was the thing which aided in bringing our home-
land back into the sphere of the democratic peoples from whence the
Uorthy reaction, and the open terror which followed in its wake, had
wrenched the nation. In the economic signirioanoe of the land reform
must also be included the fact that the brooking up of the large es-
tates set up a new basis for aariculture and gave a great impetus to
production. I dere say that, without the laud reform, last spring we
should not have been able to cope with the work of tilling the soil,
and we should not have been able to avert an impending famine. To
mobilize the hundreds of thousands of smallholders it was neoeesary
that every available root of ground be cultivated.
The land reform has great social significance, too. Certainly
we know thut rural areas hod a very low cultural and economic level.
Perhaps we cannot yet say what the land reform hoe meant in raising
the cultural and social level or the village, but already wo are
seeing none firm results.
The operations in the field or the land reform are drawing to
a close. Recently I participated in a conference at which the varmegy
councils for the disposition of landed estates, and the directors of
the land offices -tore present. I heard the complaints, the problems,
and the suggestions with which the organizations accomplishing the
land reform were struggling. It was possible to establish that the
land reform had been basically executed. About 4 million cadastral
holds have passed into the hands of smallholders; about 600,000 of
these smallholders have received land.
Naturally the reaction has not boon quiet; the land reform has
been opposed vigorously, especially in Transdanubia. The chief aim
hae boon to undermine the confidence of the new landholders in the
reeve. 'Mutt would be more natural for us to do in this struggle
than to bolster the cent/donee or the new landholders? And here I
should like to point out a oendition whioh, though seemingly insig-
nificant, has in reality fer-reaohing importance.
The reaction is trying to prevent the distribution of the
ownership dociumees. But the ownership documents are not simply
papers Which we aeuld hand over to the new holaers without ascribing
any further importance to it. The ovnership document is a powerful
political weapon against the reaction. It strengthens the confidence
of the new holders. The land which they receive is once and for all
given into their hands and no power can take it from teem. For this
racism' :have called to the_attaation of the committees! the feet that
-may sneuaa give out vas ownersnap ooeuments ammeelateay, sine*
laZ.)
thereby, firstly,'-us ine'rease ionfidehimie inYthe'linereforit;
end:vesonillys._ we deall May 6/464;ato,the- raietienark tread:-, "
az- aaaa
yet anethir greet priablesitrisiega from- the land'referm
which .nust,be, solved before the autumn work: this is the -work of
resettlement.. When we began the land reform we knew that the distri-
bution of Ipreperty, izalitungeri xirseauneven;:a.O?he.-Plaita therit&weria,
treat Alkeisee'df--deatitute 00141$ ,ermwdod, toga ther,%WhileHialtrani
danubiai'.:doe to thel,sonduita of intilelingarian Velkibundittrtreitors,
large area& at.ltuttwere available, slaking it-possible- teasettlea
Bungsrians lam thews arets:- But' this trdividd: iatetwev"patrts.
First'_ comes- the.: rosettlekent (of thwaVoiksbandist); -Only otter thil;
can; we. effect ,thel remaining.lreiettlementea a The tare-tiakil aro;
grestailagacencurrsatlyea Wheraa?there 'Wereastany Tolkbundistiaave.'havea
bein' able to-?asaigna their . landitala aeveralathousandahniatriaas.,taThia
work,,aiemeada.great care .iand planuinV a Therefore wsahavataliati-up the
Public:jelfare Office (Nepgondoso Hivatal) to deal with this problem
systematically, and, as I see it, we shall still be wrestling with
this problemylayaeltman.aa
Q1, 1-1.1
second, griati sueceis, ofi thia' yrdnarliungarisze democretrwsta the
spring harvest.: .I? needanotamintionahowaweabegaaain.the spring, suad
that we, cultivated, Ana average; or, 85 % of ,the arable area, and that
in some places the amount was 100 percent. The land reform plowed a
very great- rasa inathisa The; euctesiacf-1 theatherveitameantr,that-the
Hungirianademoeraey hs4 iwalt-only::the.'40aergy*abutaalieathir ibilityia
toaorganiee- produetion*:' sact.ntikattlVeau:iseetwdenceratie,inventioai-:but the old
registrationsystest could.nothinderemanipuletions by which the ground
could be pulled cut from under the root of tens and hundred* of thou-
sands of peasants., sow: that the land return hee.givinAand,!laad.,-
registrationtmeint-the-pretection,oPlatid-an&provents anyone4roia
taking ths.peasantts:land. - ? ?-L,
? - ?
_ -ie.natiomelized.the-banks. This too :ss an enoiveulistep on the
road to democracy.- Througtnatiomaliiatien of the big banks we freed
the peasantry..froi its most.dengerous wornyi froisthe,_usury orbant:
capital, , The nationalization of the banks also means that democracy
has solved this problem ones and for all, end it has done so against
the banks and, for. the benefit or the' peasantry. '
- The netionalisation of. large industry crammed the great work
performed by the toiling Hungarian people during the past year. This
meant that the-working pooplcwere notonly..mesters of the political
power,herei but, also,,ofIthe economic 1ifeeeee'ths Efungerlawworking
peoplel,,the proletariat, and the,pitesantry4 took Com.troL.of.'its ehief
sources.of.power--end:_leeding.pesition., Through, the-transfer,?ef-the'
oontrol ofrlarge industry to the_ state. the exploitationAottie.-
industrial-proletariat ceased. The nationalization or largo industry
means that there will be higher production, ()beeper industrial goods --
things,ot.no.little-significames,ile,the lives orthivHungarianqvisantii.
The big.operatiOnstwithin-the frisswerk=ofibe Three-iYiar Plea are-
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aimed at reducing unemployment, draining the labor surplus of the vil-
lage.
Democracy bee accomplished u great deal within the framework of
the Three-Year Plan's tasks for the first year.
Bringing hose the prinoners-ofeear wan a great achievement of
our Hungarian democracy and of the Hungarian Comaunist Party. About
103,000 prisoners-of-war returned leet year. This yeer, just today,
transportation home has recommenced. I may mention hare that 1,800
prisoners of war arrived this morning at the camp at Debrecen. I
greeted them in the name of the government at 8 o'clock this morning.
They arrived in good health, full of zest for work. They came home
with the determination to be fighters for our Hungarian democracy,
to be hardened, conscientious workers in the etormouz constructive
effort that prevails in this oountry. This in the firet step this
year in having the prisoners-of-war returned. In its footsteps will
come a flood of prisoners-of-weir, and every Hungarian mother and vita
will soon be able to enbrace their loved ones who were driven to the
field of slaughter by a wretched, guilty system against a people who
had never been our enemies. The return of the prisoners-of-war puts
new energy, new confidence, in the Hungarian people.
The Hungarian demooreoy alto achieved a controlling of results
in the political field. The Hungarian democracy put a stop to politi-
cal crises. Ile freed the Hungarian people from the conspiring, reece
tionary gang, and thus created the most important prerequisite for
a quiet, peaceful inner development. Ferance easy, Sulyok, and
Pleiffer are now names of the past. The Hungarian democracy squared
its account with these traitors, and they now stick out their tongues
at Hungarian democracy from abroad.
During that year we also realized the slogan: "Out with the
enemies of the people from the collitiont" We rid Parliament of the
reactionary, Pfeitferist representatives.
Tat may look into the future with confidence. Te are advancing
toward a brighter, happier future. This faith in the future could
only develop during the final liquidation of all those who did nothing
but attempt, hiddenly or openly, to shake the Hungarian people's faith
in democracy and in their lean strength. Today we view the future with
trust and confidence.
The Indopeneent Smallholders Party, under the leadership of Presi-
dent Istvan Dobis today progresses on the same democratic road upon
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Imm0?12
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'wi:Olive alio advance. tit perform great tasks, walking the same road
with the National Peasant Party.. The merger of the Social Democratic
Party with the Hungarian Communiat Party is.now on its way. The uni-
fication:of the two patties, the unity of the working class, lends 'a
ind ecencmie'power to our dimooracye ea-ice-an *nor-
Meamt'iMpetui to temocestle development, to political and *eonomic de-
ailoimento'thit hat scarcely been preeidented:not only hare but else-
'whe're.',. The consolidation of the democratic forces is one of the greatest
problems of oureHungarien democracy-awaiting solution. .Coelitionist
:ceopiratioa haa'peeforked.a tremendous task during the course Of the
past 3 years. Nevieetiust'ideaheain this field. The democratic
'ford'es must be Itit'elonte on brciadie bases in a great, gigantic,. atew
Independent ?rent, in which eseledemoceatic individual, each democratic
orgeniiietioneeMay find iti plaCeand'functiona? '
iodiacy end-the-ancient. ifungerian emcee which disoolved'
thehaiWed` the Heigaria&piegit'undermined its strength; especially
at the time of great historical turns, like, the one irewhich we live
now, when the need for 1(Am:ea-eft:ten of all our strength is the
ereatesta /here ha yr been as great a,need roenationii mnity as
there in right tow, and as thete Will be in the coming histories'].,
phase. it is the recognition of this that leads us to effect tbm
closer, toreco4aCteemore uniTied solidarity of all the diMolerskie
forces in the,Inaspegaence,Front. The time has irriVed'fer"anding'all
bfairingedissentiCuier.andparleyang among the doMocratiCaferces,
prstic.s which 'wasted considerable ceries of the fl.ng?an dsmoc
racy. '
,
4 ? ?
- Among, the people, in the irilleYees* is, well as in the .cities, there
lkists e`yesiniig' for thii:,-kihd of zeitionil solidiritY; for such great
national unity. and we who propagate it do it only to tel validity
for this desire 'foi.natitual'demeceatio?Unaty 'which is provaleat ,in
the Widest =saes of the people and asserts itself with inotianine
force. ? ?
? -
The anti-democratic forces nowUse the'cloiti of the '0'hur'i as
their haven. 'it. are believeriela'a-free cehscieecee, rs.say that
iierYeei may'aierve his own Win hi*.evia /*Olen. eEVereeneeehOuld'
satisfy his religieus tesidseecCoeei#g to the eoncept of his faith,
ahd conviction., Ile believe thet everyone shebiatidoita,bielod in the
church, but-=that'the ehurch,'thi pulpit, the Ooniesilene1'Sh6Uid not
be platforms for anti?aemoaratWinstikstianto'ilneihonid tike'
pelities.to Chutah,'SUat its ektinst anyone's bringing of reli-
gion to the market place. WO want nothieg from the church but that
it obtetvi thialt WiOelieveCtli.Wthisteqtaiti of our docileay is
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fairly modest.
We request the church that it acknowledge those groat achieve-
ments which democracy has attained, which have rescued the Hungarian
people from their hard life, among these also the land reform. It
should not aid the old landlords and should take no position against
the land reform, Tie went the church to refrain from inoitenent
against the Republic, and that it adopt the position of the Republic
which announced and proolaimed by the Hungarian people. Ile want it
not to be inimical to democracy, but that it take aides with demooraoye
Ze de this elth the knowledge that we expect the fulfillment of these
requests from the churoh, we represent the interests of the Hungarian
working people. The church should blame itself if the working people
turn against the reactionary propaganda disseminated by the church
and oppose those clerical individuals who take a stand against the
interests of the people. The church should blame iteeif if it finds
itself in oppoeition to the interests of the working people.
I do not generalize. The circles or the lower clergy within the
ohurch who have some very beautiful traditions, since during the
course of Hungarian history the lower clergy has frequently sided eith
and stood by the people -- do not oppose the working people in th*s
situation today and will side with them. Once the scrtss only possi-
bility to get ahead was to let hia sons enter the clerical service.
Descendants of peasants are still plentiful within the circle of the
lover clergy. And I do not believe that these individuals would deny
their parentage and tura against their own kind when the issue is not
the taking of a stand against the church or against religion, but that
no one should incite against the working people, that no one should
lift a hand in this country against the working people.
I believe our standpoint in very fair with respect to church
circles that forget that there is a peoples democracy in Hungary.
te support the church to the greatest extent. The church is still the
largest landowner in Hungary. There are approximately 30,000 cadattral
holds in the heads of the church, We help the churches eith an annual
140 million forints, so they can perform these administrative and
religious tasks which require the funds they lost intim course of the
land reform. We were the one who extended loan after loan for this
purpose. lie are the ones who decided just recently that every church
in Hungary should receive a church bell this year, so that every
believer may, according to his cue faith, In his own church, peacefully
and without interference adore his god.
Thera is no question, therefore, but that no one may charge
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democracy with baing'agiinst religieus"feelings,*oratith ben:poring the
work of the,chUrcha Our partyf the Coalition parties; the'leadine--
parties ortbe HungarIan demooracy, unify hundreds and hundreds of
thousands, millions, of the .Hungarian .corkingpeopl, end,theoverwhelm
e;
inmajOritY of these millions come tremrthe-eifclel.ef-be-114vera..
Theyshould.net kokg0,.:therefere,-thstt,Hung!iien dichera4 dapendi-,,
utAwithess-irelieveirs,-"thesoliaillioniVena*Tharsientith'iirinterietA4
' have tads a eignificeht step towirda the creation of a friendly
relationship with the neighboring nations. We have node a number of
contracts of friendship ,and mutual assistance, n perticular,with the
Soviet tnion? *hose gigantic army-iliperated us.eAdeehoee peoplei7brought
sacrifice er),lood so that evemayjedeYhereAn'llyireiyhata, end?
throughoutethe:coUntrly.efililYe happily,-plid confidently celebrate the -
Fust Teak:, ?
.e
Our irestaabilt the preseri'atienpi ilo4ace: It I with this
view that eseeseAcr into the agriiimeets'ef friendsheilindMitt414aia
with our neighboia.-But'es ihold'iot depend-on those-ale:614 The
greatest pledge,ef our seo?Fity is ehamnbehoement or our,e191"srpe,
Slievsfyls the-fiti_of the-arekt?Only a country Whoisepeeple ate -
streng,anekrbwing Can be free and independent. Thus ecelliet enriche
arid strengthen our fatherland. Only strong people can protect peace,
Ilherty,,an412ndiOndenci. It ie"the-fatte" of theeeeik that,ttleyealways
get beaten. .,Therefere,'Ietem potble,We6ke" t(et
us be ?o?gpoliti-
c*fly, and'th thie'end let -us develei, oui-industiy, agri-
culture; let'Us'raise the economic and cultural standards of our people.
- ? '
In
thlt0:espict the'werX.conteat. which invelvid,the,ietire,ceuntry
an8,licludei ill strata of worikorc?lierwhiOh tha areas of4irseg is
net Iett-eute-hisea,very,greqet-aignificance,' The'pesSantrkefayirecg
is not-leftOut,Thai,e very .great ignifioancs. The.:peasantry of
Nyirsog tikes'in'inthUsiastic-t5ett in thisis-it-icalized:the:-elormous
aignifi6ence of the great :Work competition. It takes-tnrt'in the
first Danis of the Contestants, in Order '-to centribute with a more
productive work to have,thisaeountry all the acoaerbepome,eponomically
atrong eall-prespereus.: Thera- hal never' beferi-bein sOh a contest in
HUngafy.- This competition springs from the -spirit of tDe Hungarian
people. ,In ete path there will be prosperity and,abundanee., ,The
peassetry'willlee egriculture flevaiiings
,
4 ,
- r
Great tasks yst await us. InRenaeptipeoelth nationaliaaaions
there is nitch.:talk.labont privite'piapertye' One of important *tasks
,
of ourdiwocriey is to ielidify small property, which Ire have increased
in proportions as no one has yet done in Hungarian history.
?81?
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The other problem, which is more or less the basis of national
elevation and welfare, is the question of cooperatives. Re must raise
the level of the cooperative campaign.
Wien we speak of the broad development of the cooperative move-
ment, we do so because we are convinced that us mast assure this devel-
opment in order to =eater agricultural technology in the fight against
comeercial usury and exploitive capital, and in order to secure com-
petitive ability as regards foreign countries* because there is no
other way to ascent.
I say -- and I believe that no oae *an doubt that I am right --
that he who tails againet cooperatives today in Hungary, wants to
deprive the peasantry of its strongest weapon for the road to ascension.
Anti...cooperative propaganda wants the peasantry to remain at its pre-
sent level. It wants it not to be capable of competition with Western
agriculture, it wants to frustrate Hungarian agricutural production
by having it produce expensively, produce inferior quality, so that
an agricultural crisis can undermine the position of the peasantry here.
That is what the gentlemen want, because the Hungarian peasantry*
once it stands on its feet, once it becomes strong* becomes a solid
support of democracy that cannot be overthrown by any sort of "Gentle-
manly" connivance. Well, we shall see to it that the Hungarian pea-
santry is elevated, gets prosperous, becomes well-to-do. If vs make
this the goal of the cooperative, there is no peasant who would resist
thu cooperative.
Re have to make provisions for the increase of the national
defense forces. Zs must see to it that the democratic armed forces
become solid and indomitable protector of the Hungarian people, of the
Hungarian proletariat and peasantry. Workers and peasants, worker and
peasant youths, should stand at its fore, should be the officers*
leaders, and soldiers of this democratic Huagarian army. This will
ensure that no one dare raise a head against us.
We must be vigilant, because international imperialism is insti-
gating:Aver.
Me graap the herds of the workers of the Restern imperialist
countries and crush international imperialism with this handshake.
The Imperialists should not forget that a third world war mould mean
their ruin. The people's democracies, socialism would emerge vio-
torious from that battle.
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Let this May First be a review of forces, a militant start towards
great tasks, toward a brighter, happier, more beautiful Hungary.
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LTV iton CU 'W
SAFER EE IIRLINENTS FOR AGRICULTU
BETTBR RE:
gol II. Pagea 25e3q
(Speech on 10 Uay 1948 at the Congress of the Representative of
Heavy Industry Vtorkera and of Toiling PetWitUtS, given at the lnitie
ativl or /2.EvittLEals.)
giee Land in the Heavy industry Centerg
Honored Congress:
In the name of the editorial board of Seald4?aLF221e1 I cordially
greet the peasant representatives who have arrived from the PrOVinCOS,
the experts who are here from the Heavy Industry Center, our invited
guests, the representatives of DFOSz end FEKOSz? and my colleagues
fraU the editorial board of E1213111.12111e
or than 3 years have passed since the Liberation* TesterdaY*
9 Nay,
was the holiday of the great victory in which the army of the
Soviet Union triumphed over the bitterest enemy of all orogreseive
mankind, German faacism, the florious victory which the liberated
world celebrated 3 years ago.
Three rens is not a long period of time in the life of one van,
and perhaps in the thousand-year history of a country it is only one
or two seoonds. And yet sheave look back on these 3 years we may
safely say that we have made accomplishments creating a new era.
There can be no benevolent ran in this country rho weuld deny
that Hungarian democracy, upon whose road we commenced at the Liber-
ation. has achieved great SUCOOSSOS and reseltt and has taken important
steps in the interest of the people durine that 3 years.
A decisive ohange was brcueht into the life of the peasantry by
the land reform, by the end of the large estate system, vhioh in tura
has radically changed the conditions or property and of land holdings.
In the place of a few hundred large estates, ve have created several
hundred thousand seen peasant estates. thile vs prepared for this
work, and later while we were actually performing, the work, we were
completely aware of the feet that if we vere to oroate somethinc last-
ing, the mere execution of the lend reform would not be enough*
Vie must go further, we must support this new land system -filth new,
progressive technology. te knew quite well that with the obsolete and
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F
defidient equipment, with the old-fashioned machines, we could achieve
no progress.
.teat us sraoctieeAiotF_At_zzuralTechnolo
When we demolished the large-eitate system and removed tho ob-
atacles'from-the rfiy of the developkent of the new-estate system, Ave
thereby dimparatized land conditions; Our taik-is now to democratize
also agriculturaltechnology. This means 'that what Was pieViOlUly
Ouly the privilege of largo estate owners 410 now must tranbform'into
the comMon treasure of the tbilin- peasantry's lareest.stratum.
_
?
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Itirrad we_must go eyelet further in this field, we iust render
the eqUipment of the peasant estates much more modern than the tools
of the larger eitetee hive ever been.
Wow, after the completion of the land 1**ton:a and after the great
democratization process in the field of estate holdings were performed,
we have reached the stage where we also must democratize technology,
because at the present stage of the development of agriculture, tech-
nology has a primary role in the further development or production*
I must point out two conditions related to our agriculture's
supply of machinery, small machinery, and work implements. One is
that these tools are toe few, and the other is 'that they are inade-
quate and inferior. Let us not fall into the error of blaming exclu-
sively the devastation of war for these conditions. No. The old
system is to be blamed primarily.
In the old aystem, in the capitalist system, the toiling peasants
coed not advance economically, they could not equip their holdings
with labor-saving devices, no that they could be equal to the require-
ments of modern production.
The Peasants wire incapable or doing go; they- lacked the Rinane
cial means. This is the reason for the backwardness; because I do
not beliete that the,peagsatryevouldiotleave wanted tcetigalp its
estates well. The ambition to'bie the eoit'modern'invintions of our
technology is present in our peasantry -- as tar as this is poesible
on smell estates -- because it_knotiethat by doing so it can raise
its Own standard or living ai well as that f thi entire agriculture
of the country. It was therefore not, the fault of the peasants, but
of the large capital system, that our peasantry, eqeippedearith. Old '
and inferior tools, could not keep pace with the idyApdo onipdern
agriculture. Therefore we must to supplement this lag.' Subsequently
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we must take the next stop, which will carry forward our agriculture
on the road of technological development.
Industrial Production Should Primarily be Controlled by the needs of
the Peasantry
One could ask why did we not ask this question immediately after
the Liberation? But could we have asked the same question 1 or 2 years
ago tho same way as today? No, we could not have. Because we know
that after the liberation the working class and the peasantry, although
a part or the government, were not in possession of the key econtemio
positions. Our rectories, large enterprises, and 'banks w ere in the
hands of largo capitalists who were not moved by the interest of the
community, but performed productive work for the achievement of an
ever greater profit. In order for us to be able to dismiss this
question today, it was necessary that the factories be controlled
primarily by the needs of the workers, that production not be con-
trolled by the desire for profits, and that factories not be held by
large capitalists. First our democracy had to achieve that, and only
subsequently could the repreeontativos of lar&-e industry and of the
peasantry convene in a joint session so they could gather for today',
Congress.
For this it was necessary that worker-managers be at the head
of the factories instead of the old owners, and that in production
the knowledge of(experts# and not the profit chasing of capitalists,
come to the fore.
Had we only tried 1 or 2 years ago to discuss with the lords or
large industry and big banks those points which in the interest of 1the
peasantry should be taken into consideration in the manufacture of
agricultural machines and equipment Could we have talked to them in
the same language? Would they have understood the troubles and desires
of the peasantry? Nevcr. Thus the nationalization of the enterprises
or great industry had to be carried out; they had to be put under the
management of worker-managers, so as to make it possible to bring for-
ward the burning and urgent requests of the peasantry, to that they
can be succeesfelly discussed with the leading personnel of heavy -
industry.
Let us Reduce our Production Costs by liechanizationt
Honored Congresst Here is the opportunity nor to duscuss these
questions, the questions of the modernization of agricultural equip-
ment and machinery and of their perfection. When we take this
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opportunity.,lot us, observe le4A,t prompted;.?usbesides ?the ,great
poiti-
cal _economic? _tr.cpsfprmsAkci4., atoFren,e. Ithis.,C*Atgrsset '.!..1wo things.
One is that b.hs. Pknleis, 4eatirt,t9Y,0,P,n14444r4.0rtlY!irlrOrito; agricul-
tural *.koductien,as_ one;ofrithe rst As!port4it_ps:oblems-rifaiting
solution, .that, s,.that *ifteethe ,land igerm,we.,,ehO?11,44take the.
sseothetp in the ,field:tif,,,agrieultiTe.1 prediption too.: ,
-- ? _5 '"?;
.!o must produce mere, of bettor, citielity41.0 cheaper; we itizt
reiae the living Ate.ndt4dS,OS P,eisantrY,.#1 *ttie workers
the ?and ord,er,tu solTeitiiiegrOblera.weA.muet.asei3 Athe.
peasantry. The time has arrite4,;tliaretore..for taking substantial.'
and,..grea:t,,stoPs in 'Attife,?field tof...,thertr.Oeforma.ti4 and *odern.4ation
- ' L L- ? L
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The
first task is that :the peasant farms Siuit.oiraeeTto,Work at
loss. To this it is -:prer#Auisitti ;that, *ex, reduce their ?production
pasts, that ?is,tiat they zradniiilY convert to modern picidizatiOn;
that is to the use ai'maoliinis-tind more procressiwe tools.
,T._.4ottevelo:pmsnt: o`masihipp,:$,schticitOgy
pcisaffip is also impurr.ant. in order to t&ailitate
Or* work. This is arequiroment,:rne:ficirif.,.1Mci)it., of, 0044.
pririary. talk:* cp4; YranclOS,p.t.,the
ow,' it is egiioul,turetth4 -theewori of the eaaantr, that_reiriies,
the,suiiit :effort, the noatwork, ?tiie;rsoilt-.-iime..?< This iOn4i4on.wo,.:
clInst:allOriate -by all moans.
1Fe.,,B,custA1levis.ts,.the labor o41,the:4.-toiling pca,sintryp; so that
slii,Ve -ste ;,Wprk,,.:Ont,thsithesidiss fiSeir _they?
prOipai,01,1,8# :$2,44_1,131,41ie ,worthy A.pr.,,peoPie cw*,.4y.
This As the -primary ?task of our dipsocracy. Tots wee else one
oc icialani Why, disa.uss the questien
? '? ? -
sore Bread with Better Toolat
A ,
?.
The other cirpumsta,ire which prompted us to convene this Congress
waii*--that from all parts.'of--the country more and more complaints have
reached wk... _In these ,the farws,mentienecl that ;their equipment and
tools , are not adequate .fei- the giii,fi4o,nt,,o1,.t)leir Ir.eiNtre**4..ti!,
4th-en& the ',tasks *waiting. thou in the ft.ld ?ot:pteduccion cen,enly.,
j,-pserforsted ofii 00%1 fOo1i;ind4orck.,fie'r,4';acit.:taii,*cOl'Fkey: find - '
away,*therefore,- to'saire this probls.
During ,th, qe..of.,,Csapadit where I
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participated in one of the conferences of our Party. Our peasant
comrades from Csanada mentioned in the form of complaints that the
work implements were not suitable for the poor land. There were
also some specific complaints, for example, that the plow blade,
although it cuts the soil, produces no furrow, but sticks into the
hard ground and ruins the draft aatmals. They also pointed out the
fact that the plow blades are of an inferior quality. They complained,
and justifiedly so, that they had to buy three or four scythes and
spades before they could find a good one, which means that they had
to make a wasted expenditures. Hearing such and similar complaints,
the thought 06140 to me that we should bring together those who had
complaints with those to whom they should complain, so that these
defects might be eliminated in the factories. I believe we did
correctly when we prepared such a conference, and that we are on
the bept road to the .elimination of the causes of the complaints
when we endeavor to solve this problom with the direct Assistance
end cooperation of our industry.
Mat is the main issue before this Congress today'? I believe
theeansWer is apparent. If we must produce better and more cropset
loss expenditure, then Uungariaa agriculture needs better quality,
more and cheaper implements. Good qualityamoans thrift primarily to
the farmer, but also to industry. Because if quality is good, then
the farmer will not have to purchase three or four spades or scythes,
which moans that scrap iron will not be increased with expensive raw
material.
Good quality means that industry conserves energy and raw
materials. But equipment and tools of good quality, the more perfect
implements. also mean that the peasantry can produce more and batter
products with them. Good work tools mean or bread, which is of no
lesser interest to industry than to agriculture. Can the alliance
of workers and toiling peasants set a more important, a more noble,
goal than that the industrial proletariat produce good tools, and that
the peasantry produce more and bettor bread?
Good Tools at Cheep Frices:
In the production of agricultural implements; it is an important
condition that our industry refrain from preauaing the same type of
tools for the entire country. Ground quality, geographical conditions,
etc., must also be considered. We must produee different kinds of
tools for the sticky, hard ground than are necessary in 'areas of
lighter soil and more favorable climate, where the performance of
work is also possible with implements of lighter weight.
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8101rem?
????--42.
We also must discuss at this conference the method by which we
can eliminate -the defects of construction that. occur in the produo-
tien:of 'agricultural machinery. lger also must consideethe Week? .
method i and customs of the individual areas. le know-thatlharvesting
and spading etre performed by,different methods-in different areas,'
which Means that, within certain 'limitations, the work toolslmuat,be
idatited'to-the oilstone. The individual-areas, or sections must
reoeive tools which 'are adequate for the local peasantry. At the
final-stage-vof course, we must strive'forcthe'standardization of
work methods and, through it, for thi-standardisation-of the various
types, in order to lighten the work of industry.
We thell'have to organize tonleteste and work demonstrations
byeeiiiCh we must lead our farmers to the adoption of work methods
which require less energy and by which the exports or industry will
have an epportAinity-to design the moat appropristw-types of-equip-
ment-andAschinery: '
'
?
Tt is not-the-a-sanest consideration ,that the peasantry should
be able to buy their tools ofproduction ate price -they can pay.
Industry should etrive to realise this. In my-opinion, if we,sue-.
ceed-in achieving that adequate work tools of good quality ars
given-to'the peasantry, that in itself will mean a cut in prices :-
bee:muse the former mill-not have'to buy three or-fourleaythesand,
spades or other implements in order to find an appropriete one.
Good quality tools for our farmers therefore pay dividends. There-
fore our quest for better quality should not--beehampered today by
the fact "that-under existing conditionceeseare yet unable to sell
equipment: mark teals, and maohinea at a cheaper priceipz'Ofeeourse
thisAonly-the first step-,which.mill have?tolbe followed in the
reductionorpriees in:industry.- ? f ' -
t
Aly'dear'friendit -I-prefet that the'dilcussion--of,the impor-
tant end urgent question not be the only result of this conference
today, but eleOthat we-make'this sort ,of eonferentese regular
feature in- the futhre,that-there be aabenstent contact between the
leaders of industry and the personfter,oreigriculturee a
In:my opiniont'thieLishat will,inaure-the everoominvof-our
backwardness in the line-Of'agticuItUrar equipment andiwiIraecure
our'developmeilt of the4tahdardkaof modern egricolturi..
e, ei; ? es, a - ?
muSt organise visits by the experts or industry to the working
places of the peasants, to the fields, where during the course of
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progress of work they can observe the suitability or defects of
the implements and machines. This way 'iso can, before we introduce a
work tool to series produotion, have a test run in the fields where
we can establish precisely the suitability of the equipment, tools,
and machines as to Greater geographical units. It we hold demonstra-
tions according to the geographical unit .here the experts of indus-
try aoquaint themselves with the various methods or work, sto shall
greatly promote a sturt on the way to the solution of the problems
which are still before us in the field or providing agriculture with
modern technology.
with a Worker-Peasant Alliance for the Betterment of the Workine
WaPia
Ity dear friendsl Our Congress is restricted to very modest
limits, as only one of-two peasants per Province take part in it.
But in spite of this fact I can say without exaggeration that the
significance of today's Congress far exceeds its modest framework.
I Should like the peasant representatives who are present, after
the adjournment of this Congress, upon returning to their villages,
to tell about their experienoe gained here and to transmit the
results of their conferences to the leaears of industry, so. that an
ever wider stratum of pessants, old and new fPe-mers become
with them.
There has never been anyone in this country who asked the
peasant what sort of plow, scythe, or spade he VAS using; whether
he could perform his work; how much he toils; how much effort it
takes to produce one quintal of crop, the spading or one acre or
corn or potatoes, the scything of a one acre of meadow. There was
no one who wanted to help the peasant; he was left alone during
the course of long centuries to toil with obsolete tools.
Now the time is here for the two great productive classes of
the country, the proletariat and the toiling peusantry, possessors
of the power, to assure the solution of the fatal problems or the
peasantry, the elevation or agricultural production to a high standard
upon new foundations, the betterment of the toiling peasantry's
material and cultural conditions. How the time has come for the
speediest realization of the slogan issued by our Party, that agri-
culture flourish and that the toiling peasantry be happy and satis-
fied In this country.
I trust that today's Congress has performed successful and good
work. I hope that we meet more frequently in the future, so -Valet by
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Apt7
a united effort we can carry forward the (MUSS of the toiling pea-
santry shoulder to shoulder in order to assure the working people's
prosperous and happy lives in an independent and free country.
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IXT US LIRLP TAI SMALL FilASANT FARE, LST US
DEVELOP TdE COOPERATIVE movatern
Zia II, pages 36-597
Honored Comrades/
Our meeting today is not a routine Party oonvention. It has
peculiar characteristics given by the fent that the leading Commu-
nist agrarian experts made an appearance here today.
I should like to take this opportunity to direct the comrades'
attention to a few aspects of our agrarian policy. These are not
new aspects, but they emerge in a new way in the contemporary phew)
of development.
Before I do so, however, I should like torero-2* in junt a few
words to what made the convocation of this meeting an indispensible
necessity.
Briefly, in a few words, I could say that it vas the inoreasing
significance of the agrarian experts,work. Everyone feels, or at
lest everyone should feel, that the events place much heavier respon-
sibility on him; that over individual Communist must shoulder much
heavier responsibilities that at any time in the past. In the future
those tasks will grow, and the burden of responsibility shall be placed
more heavily precisely upon the Communist agrerian experts.
Honored comrades!, Let us examine the closed phase of agrarian
development, and let us compare it with the new phase from the view-
point of the Communist agrarian experts' tasks. In my opinion, the
first phase closed with the land reform, that is it begins with the
democratic agrarian transformation and ends with the nationalization
of the banks and the great industries. Essentially, this first phase
smashed to bits the old large-estate system, brought the land reform
into existence, and thus we have switched to a system of small estates.
In this respect we have also solved another problem* at least as
important; beyond the democratization of land conditions, we secured
the continuity of agricultural production without any greater diffi-
culty.
With the solution of these problems we saw that the land reform,
the demolition of the large estate system. was performed by an enormous
popular effort; thus the switch to the small estate system was realized
with the assistance of popular organizations. No particular new duties
-92-
or new aspects emerged in this section which would have dmmanded,the
effeotive.aid of agrarian. experts. ,The.transition to thi-siall -
estate system. wac hrOUght_about.by utilization of the old agricul-
tural4roduction methods used by.ithe peasants, and by scouring the
continuity of-the: same. There is no essential controlling difference
between the form of production of today's small estate system and
that of the old smell-peasant estates: Thus in this ares no new
tasks 'or no nowasPeote demanded attention. Ourlexperts-had t exert
great ,efforts,? bacsui? they had tp,oyeyoome Many'obsteolis sand, diffi-
culties mid a lot'of:Work swaited-them,,,but this work required no
new approaches or
- Meat iieharacterietic of the present phase? The fact that we
are past the.land reform, that,wehavo aolidifiod-the small estate
system, end that new we mustlswitch.to.ahi6er.level'of agricultural
prodUetion. This used to be oXpresied in -the terms that there must
be a-,iwitchTto the refOr*ation,ofagricultural production, to the,
reorganization Of production. Iporder'tti realize the reform of pro-
ductien we must solve-nei_probiems in nevi ways. Thosenewkobles,
durini-Whose.seiUtion there Omefte new methods'and new espicts,,can
answered byte toiling peasantry only if it rioelwes the Most
fer7reaChing:easistinee by-the,agrarian experts, if tfiis,reorganisa-
tion work is maniged,and,directid by our agrarian experts.
_ _ .
- The difference between the old andthe new phaSe,'iherefores is
also",eiidincifiby the Loot that they. are_Imany,new-taikc-tacing-_our
agricultural experts and that they ,Must Perform'this work With ,a
greater,Senie responsibiliti. - ?
Oor tho performance -of the new taski, we need new experts, espe-
cially Communist agrarian-expertc, into undorstand thee newproblems
and see'the-giialtoward which we are adiancing-in the field of agri-
cultural deweloiment:. The place orthose-agrariazis'exit*tei*?o refuse
to tackle the '40 ProblemS:or to adcgt.the:newmethodamUst-be taken
bi,the:ComMunist-agrarianexPorts in the management or agriculture.
a ,
The achievement of this holoier,'My-ocmiadei,e4inids serious'
prerequisites. The prefeasioial'knomledge of_odi'CoMiunist experts
must be'eqUallto, has to be superior to, that of :the old regimes
experts. 'This-isan'indispensacie prerequisite. Lenin'trehted Often
the pioblema of'eiports-and pointed out that a bad export can not be
a good Communist., A bad expert is not followodva bad expert does
not generate confidenoee does not attract thlintasses; he doss not
eliolt,the respect if the Community. lhat-kind,of Coimuniet is be
who 'lacks these qualities? In order to'haVe the Communist inert*
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line up with the old experts and in order that they take management
in their hands, it is necessary that they become better experts than
the old ones had been. They must enhance, therefore, their pro-
fessional knowledge, and keep step with the progress of the soience
of moderneagriculture, and its results.
Honored comradesi The oonvocation of today's meeting was an
indispensable necessity also because the professional knowledge
represented by the Communist agrarian experts must be enlisted in
the service of agricultural production. The Committee for Agrarian
Policy can not undertake the solution of the problems by its awn
efforts alone. /t is necessary that the masses of Commuaiat agrarian
experts follow its lead and support its work.
The development, :and the increano by the enlistment of all
efforts, of our Party's agricultural policy work, also made this
meeting necessary. The past era has radically changed the role of
our Party not only in our country's political life, but also in its
economic life. During the previous phase, if we remember the two
or three past years, our workers.* mainly centered around the planing
of programs primarily for the Party and racking domande upon govern-
mental agencies. Todey this is not sufficient at all* We are the
ones today who in Parliament, as well as in the Government and in
the mass organisation, planned the tasks of the agrarian policy,
and beyond that, we are the onesieno also must carry out these tasks.
Today we Shoulder the solution of the agrarian tasks of not only the
Party but or the entire country. Today not only must we undertake
the solution of the more restricted agrarian teaks of the Party, we
must also undertake to-astablish the agrarian policy of the country an
and to carry out the itsaks flowing therefrom.
Those new and great tasks made it necessary to reorganize the
Provincial Committee. This by means indicates only that we changed
its name, it also indicates its work methods must be, and will be,
radically altered. The Committee for Agrarian Policy will have to
per form a:much more intensive, awash more thoroughgoing, a much
better job in the field of agrarian questions than it has hitherto.
The committee for Agrarian Policy of our Party has sot as its goal
the =oh better and much broader development of our agrarian policy.
Thus im must find the means for the really successful performance or
this more and bettor -work.
In its work the Committee for Agrarian Policy must draw upon
the MASSOS of agrarian experts. A more direct and closer cooperation
meet be created between the Committee for Agrarian Policy and the
t-
experts working in the various agrarian organizations* sine* only this
weecan: we develop. our-Agrerlaut Policy, since only this way eon we
aoour't reviler organised everyday-management Auld direction. These .
consideration-ye made it indispensably necessary to convoke th4mpoting,
so that-in the-future we may apply them and establiih a Close 000para-
then-with:the agrarian exports. .
of-historical signifioanoe occurs et the *see time that
we libirk en'e new phase of agrarian transformation e the unificitien
of the tweesorkerss parttime. I do.notevant to,deai in detail with
ite'politicel-signifieanose,,I-do not, want elaborate upon ,the-
political effect this unification-hacespewethe further develepiant.of
Hungerianlimoirelly, .7iittOthe:unifioation of theetwo workers' parties
the eeenotaio, politioal,,and moral power of denocracy,hee_muitiplied
imMeeibrably*" In consectioa with the,unificatioes_howeeeiwsWieraest
expect- that certain -erroneous views, opportunist remnants and_concepts
coneirbing the even otherwise very wimples agrarian question, creep
into the new- party, the Hungarian.Norkers' Party, ,Thaknoe Very. well
that the Sotiel'Democratio Party was net guided bi *aiwist=4.enink0
ideology in the, field-oflagrarian policy. Weeknow that the gooier
DikooratieeParty,wes.the hotbed.otopportenist theories, espe04114C
the'field:1-Of agriculture.- Instead ofaHarxist4eninist agrarian
theory., tie' theories of opportunist and small bourgeois economists
dbminated the Social Democratic Pertys.especially, the right wip*
thersofe even during the 'most recient periods., .7fe could not eliminate
these erroneous views; thus during thiketergerewe,must cope With the
danger that threatens -us fronetheteenernere 114:malet neke sure that
every agrarian expert in the Hungariaa Werkeril Party, whatever party
he may originallyhave-come-from, adopt the tame views in theoretical
and practical problems and that he ,firmly stand upon the basis ,of
lesm4eeinism. Wie must make sure by all. moans that Mersiateleeninist
theerY feile the foundation of-the agrarian-policy .of the:A-anger/an
Worker' TartyS This neansethat,we must fight *vainest oppertniem.
Ve'maiWpreserVeeour ideolegieal purity and 4?!'1?P our theereticil
wok putpoiefallyee-Wwcan.d0 this only _by creetiiNg. aniideeloiteal
unity' along *dr Communist agrarian experts. eThev-alosest?eobperetion
of the Committee for Agrarian. Policy, end of the agriculteril.experts
will create the conditions for a joint campaign against: opportunike.
The establishment of close ties -is also important, for, the
ri-
ficatien orourview's for the discussion of our problems,. mita for the,
iteWurity-that:throughethess'diseussionswe, develop truly correctt-iieim
in ourselves And in every agriculture.]. expert, viewsfounded'UPen'the
eppropriatiPbasiseoftiartist-Leninistetheorye
A
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A mooting like this makes it indispensably necessary for the
Commanist agrarian experts to realize that in the new phase, besides
professional knowledge, the Marxist-Leninist agrarian theories have a
controling significance. This ties in closely with what I have said
before. We may admit frankly that our weakest point in the party is
with respect to agrarian prinoiplea. This is the very reason why
we must make sure that new cadres grow and strengthen on Marxist-
Leninist theoretical bases. Here we have a gathering of Communist
agrarian experts. Bach one of them performs responsible work in a
certain segment of agriculture, directs the work of others. To
manage, to direct, comrades, means to foresee. And it is impossible
to foresee without ideological preparedness. Thus the capacity to
load is give to the agrarian experts by the deepening of their
knowledge. The theoretical compass which assures that we shall not
be lost, that our eyes shall not lose sight of the goal, is exclu-
sively MarxismLeninism. There are several me6as of its mastery;
seminars, self-education, f4phoole. But one successful moans is also
the attendance of meetings like this. Hy comrades, I believe that
precisely for this reason note.gnly should members of the Committee for
Agrarian Policy appear here and discuss problems, but also our agrarian
experts who work for the various institutions Should have a place
here at meetings of this kind which we should regularly hold in the
future. Beyond that we shall also visit the various institutions,
where we Shall discuss their special problems with the Communist
agrarian experts who work there. It is therefore important, and it
will be even more important in the future, to hold such conferences
and to vigorously continue the work in this direction.
Bo far I have spoken of the tasks of the agrarian experts, of
their vocation, of the responsibility they must Shoulder in the present
phase, and of the reason why suoh conferences are necessary. How I
should like to direct the comrades' attention to considerations
which they must keep in mind at all times during the new period of
the development of agriculture, so that they can clearly sea how
different is the task and role of the .Communist agrarian exports
during this new phase, as compared with the earlier period. Let
us examine more ?lonely this first phase and the distance covered.
During the first phase, as I have mentioned before, we demolished
the remnants of feudalism, which meant that we liquidated the so-called
"Prussian" way. This occurred not the way it did during the period of
classical bourgeois transformations, but under the conditions of the
workers", laborers', peasants', power. This made it possible to end
large-estate production in agriculture together with the liquidation
of the feudalistic remnants a It is evident that under these eonditions
-96-
we have put off the possibility ? even, though we have not completely
illedieted leidi'cult;Orer. ifavtinturn to the *ouielled 'A ridn' *
viay., "
It -could Mot Ulm that wiLy, ba?auie theh?r toliSeit
itjjj
on the-fitiditr agreian syatm, *V/ph: #4.) 'closly likod irith!
tossecti tOti' "na:-
tion1tsit1on- of great industrr and o'rtiqg bancs' had since finally
eliminated thOiosi#bili* of EL, oonvoraioke ,to; ti.1.?'.A.i:terilosit-w,t or
::Thrs ? oid- this fai=reaching'0**0, that Ooot:*fe& in
the-plitieul arena elimin&td htiq.h ways or V?otiialist- develop-
Ment' aiiiiaulturii: The' hid' 'ind the possi-
bility of the "As:Trip/In" way ceased. The ,developpte4 at liungariart
nriOtatill'i; 4standing ht the cosro&dj, The devit1hPiteift-milist
make a choice of directiou.
..? ? .1. r.Diring :'
the' first ,:phase transformation was
4??
the pierekui sit. of the dsnocratio 411/1104-iiiiiii`t or the country. O
thug phase, therefore, it was the ?grari tr torstio that tai-
impetnS to the dompaiistietta4f4matio4:-,Democratization was more
advanced in field or griauitur thnjnan, ?tile ec ?need ?,4/411.
pethe'eoninitry;".indtzetry Ind b'ink2S,were loft biiih4i4,'
pa-skirt:jai 'verit .the].k: 14: this :, Tiiiide or ;
*hi's:42_1.4ot raised great'inifOsN4ri-OU5' Oita:hi:ea in the pith of agri'
fad-
itillt;a.'aGut an 'agrarian couldiot hays it4Iited
it. ntfot,-jt should tilsdii5e'esszit,tCned,th4 -.flat-,have
any $
-mitriotad$4riad-bethie-ovih'ttiiise.
*1W-8'i-din-ad daring the course of the land reform.
The iia.tiiinalizition of "big induitry aa- a. big banks opened the
way for the further develoRment4of,agrieelturs, !hick .nowt al7ter...?
the Ufa 14aforM. iiii4-:the,t'Cronierlion-te!lthe'imitIl4ei
that r?u1tur 1* now eastvstysts'si, M0441a.:,,
elhatki.ng
tilo' first phase, when the..preri4141tO,.
anail**S''bediaii'the'pritie0iS44 -cirth4-f4tfier"4eiasiOAsiC:of,*!,_
eciitiosit4'.'`4hrou4h
ifhtti4litca
4.-tioliiisirS to 4ra_aki-i'ott?-siaii340,r&it?;gr.
ii4iitiaied.;; L-? 4"? ?" 4 (" ?
? , ; =
With respect to*di '6!nriiient; ..tioi*te do-1;4- oa4it nw inAaitist two
? -_-? t, ,4 ?
tstit titnohb?
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industry? What about industry? In industry a fairly high level and
proportionately great concentration of capital and labor can be
ubserved. This is not new phenomenon in large industry, but it has
gained new meaning threueh nationalization. The character of accu-
mulation has changed. Today there is sooialist accumulation, and it
has changed not only in its characteristics but also in its quantity,
since capitalist profit has been eliminated. Accumulation manifests
a much more rapid tenpo than derine the era or the capitalists, when
the caeitalists retained a significant portion of the profit frau
production. It follow therefore that production widens in industry,
and that the development of industry will accelerate.
In contrast to this, went is the situation in egrioulture?
Concentration of capital and labor, similarly as in industry, will
be possible only on state farms and cooperative farms. Previoesly
this existed in th largo estates. Lcoumulation on the splintered
small estates, even th-ugh existent to a small degree, is much less
than it was on the large estate, and a bad season new and then is suf-
ficient to render the acoumulation of several years nil. On the small-
peasant farm, whice forms the basis of cur current production, there
can scarcely be talk or enlareed production. It cannot be said that
there is no enlarged production at all, because then we would be blind
to the fact that certain individual sectors of agriculture show a fair
development. Nit this enlarged production is of a very low level, and
beyond a certain degree of development or the productive forces it is
largely explained by eore lebor, especially in the case of the now land
owners.
Can our economy survive like this? No
We have on hand a mass-productng, progressive industry producing
essentially in a socialist way, elle on the other hand we have backward,
underdeveloped, underproduotive farmerst agriculture. Thus if this
situation were to remain, the OCOUOLlic unity or the Hungarian people's
democracy would disintergrate. Big industry, with its progressive
productions forces, would forge ahead, while agriculture, the produc-
tion forces of wnich are underdeveloped, would lag behind. In conse-
quence, the vacuum between industry and agriculture would be futther
enlarged. The controversy between the city and the village would rise
to a certain extent, it would still lag behind iniustry, which develops
more rapidly, and the difference would be increasinely greater. Fran
thie condition it follows that this difference must be eliminated.
We agrarian experts oust understand clearly that it can no longer
remain like this. 1e must direct our agriculture to the road which
-98-
insures the cocoeutration or capital and_labor,.aeoumulation, and --
eilarges production. '4thout this:we ean,cot speak to the peasantry
of ihp 40-W 11111. of living, of ouiture,,-efpresperity. .If -we do.not
(meat* this, all these remain, empty phrases. Enlarged production
secures the material base for the development of production, culture,
and prosperity. Therforistng,road ws,must.take.is the road ofeeoppe.*
erativeedevelepment.. Noe ve,now at the eery-beginning-of this read,.
an4,t4ereforo it is,anventirely new road for us. Let usoexamine.it,
0191.114.:Y? ?
Ay: ,eostrades,,,;wo ,hear and have Jagard ezuch *bout the reform of,
production,,the readjustment of _prodeation,, as the second phase or. -
-,t4t_ak? follows .thc land ,refora. stat is Tmost instances = eve*
economists not,uneorssonly* evengommunist Agrarian experts
nes az4 heve-meenteby,it_enlyethe adjustment of the proportion of
crop rotation, the development of garden culture, the increase of
intensive far*ngtAlep.plosing,.,the,.pkilisation c47.arusicial4ertili-
ear, !F?P01,4Pe irriZatkoilefereieg. courso.:are*indiARn-
sable necessities of..adjeeteAmte;betAhoyeeresepoe the substanos411.4t.
The essence, pf egriquituifys start-on the new road, 4:, AtAlls, the
seco4;n3tAvery,advantage of large-coal, production for the farmers
through' cooperative development. It Is not by chance, therefore, that
tee preblosefeeeopperatiyeeThees;.eomeete the_foreelatelyweeed that It
deeends se.eoltttion, Itisiohvieeekteat the ideaeeidenet,comeeto mind
as staT44dSat t4eughte but.tnatthe,develgeMoltecf the.4engarian PeopleAt
DeaocrAcy,,the,tchengosthatooeurredcin_qt;r:econosky.,:m0A-Atandispon.,
sahlynecessawtp?treet4A-A41004.44..14.00.Werati7e1. Jleeoeusitieee.-
is,:.new before us aniiwe-oust,facte:it.-, lecall:t4e new deeelopaneteefee -
agricAt4rs.thaticoa.loneedsmi,th theeepeeeele the. "Rressiseeamd 7American"
mot, ,the_coOperative road.
- What is.the4seaningof the cooperative way of deeelopmeat in,
agrioulterei. Coca it =Gan .,thateliengariee. agriculture will,deielop.
?TWA is .not th.a.may te_lcdk at_things.,14e.
co4perati!e_av mqat 0.,yieeedt,thrfluth_tce histieree1Ctits-ewwLdweelee
nnt ,XbA question,is too complex to permit
simpleanswerf anougk..if?serexamine the-structure of-agricul- -
tpre,sich,shpse a.quito variegated picturi.,-, There,arkRulik.estates ?
whiphori..by,capitalistlsithede and-wantatq4olletv that:wv,by r
means. 'Then there- are xiiallinpeaeactaaall-oe41.,non-capitaliat
. no ow
estate's baeed ohief.ly on the work of. ,the as41y. Thipro are -large-scale
agricultural enterprises,- ,ffitate-9sslsd. estates, which under:...suirent
conditions, Undoubiedlychar :socialist charseteristios.,? 4.Finally, ,there
aro,. if, only sporadically, _cooperative *states whichare ,ttia .geras of ,
our present land systeci,of ,socielipt.development, , Thus-Hungarian,
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agriculture menifests a quite varied picture. But it is obvious that
currently, mad during the long phase of development yet to come, tee
dominating form of production in dungarian agriculture will remain tie
individual small-pcaoant farm.
What are its consequences? The consequence is that in our agrarian
policy we must take account of these circumstances. le are political
realista, and we always act takinc into consideration the given caroune.
stnnces and conditions. If such is the structure of our agriculture,
this means that the development of agriculture is extraordinarily uneven.
It is the cooperetive ram thet enables the development of the productive
forces to reach the greatest proportion. That is what makes it possible
for our agriculture to come abreast of our industry, that secores the
unity of our economy. As the standard of living rises, no will culture
develop, as we approach socialism.
That is our task, in order to achieve all this? We must remove
the obatacles standing in our way; we must create the material basis
for the development of the cooperative movement. In this regard I
shold like to discuss briefly the creation of the material base of
the cooperative movement.
That is the deeisive element? The deteminative problem is the
development of agricultural technology. In the currant phase, as our
agriculture switches to the new road, everything is deoided by technology.
Without the devolotment of modern technology AO large-scale cooperative
movement can come into existence in Sungary. A highly developed tech-
nology is tho indispensable eatcrial base of the cooperative association.
Agriculture, with its obsolete, primitive, *nu ineffective equipment,
today coos not per-it the achievement of results in the cooperative
w Loh would make cooperative production attractive to the psasaatry.
With the primitive tools of today there can be no wide devolopmeat of
the cooperative movement in agriculture. The decisive tank is to
support the cooperative movement with the most advanced results of
agricultural technology. We must secure for agriculture a highly ad-
vanced technology as regards both quantity and quality. in ehis respect
the Three-Tear Plan has a determinative sianificance. I remember that
when we discussed the investaents of the Three-Tear Plan we had serious
controvereies with the agronomes of the other side. They were of the
opinion that too much was allocated for industry and too little for
agriculture. If we consider what tecanology mans, us may say that
we wish that we had allooated more for industry, for the development
of technology. Technology is a decisive issue for the agricultural
movement, and we agrarian experts must give this question great weight.
This is not only the task of the experts of industry, of the engineers,
-100-
Orono,
but.also our task for we can see that without securing technology-we
can develop no largoescale agrarian-cooperative campaign.
Coaradest I should also like to say a few wordsas to whether
only the most developed forms of.cooperatives, that is, the higher:
types of assooietions, the production cooperativesp.have a role In
the development of-the:productive forces. Undoubtedly this is the
fora that enables the fastest -development. But let us notf.forgete
thet,thejower,fnirms of asicolations,closely contributo-to.the da-
velopmeat of the productive forces 'of the peasant fare.. 'The-pur-
chasing, merketings-and credit,assooiatione network, by eliminating '
commercial_andeerodit usury, render significant material advantages -
to the peasantry and thereby makes the increase of-investment possible.
e-
. . -e.
Thus theesimple cooperative form contributes to the development
of the productions forces, not to mention another of its important
roles,- which is that At has become the school oftransitionetoethe -
higheretype or **operative form., Through:it the peasantry will slowly
*one 'to like ,the eooperative.movement,,hecause for the peasantry *is
isathetamplest,000perative form, the meat available, sued,theamet-
acceptable 440. Thus, with the gradual transition from individual '
farming.to,qooperative terning,the simplest cooperative -seater is -
the first stage, and should not hes-end cannot-be, avoided:er jumped
over under, any zircumstances. -? .
4 t
In agricultural production the cooperative sector is a negligible
factor.. ,That fora cefproduotion is being tried only at a. few plaeise.
The-lbeginaiaa in thisdirection is very insecure as yet., But in spite
of the fact that it is so small end insignificant, its meaning from
thsepoint of vieweefedevelopment ia enormous,. because the cooperative
m,S7 socurasethe swo.r?. of.the,productive foreseen a. largeescale,
and willtherefore sooner. or later Lead to victory of the cooperative
movement* But today, my comrades, and during the long phase of develop-
ment yet to comee the decisive-sectary bathes to actual extent RAI
proportion, is the ,greet mess of Individual :smell-Peasant firms.
? * - :1* "
. Haw, deeeve .ad with, respect to theedevelopment of -the -small-
peasantefarces of, pro4upttom?:, Ilea, primary tsskeof our: -people's democ-
racy, which Must- bea oloarly realized by, the Communist etZpirts,t is :the- ,
development?ef the small-peasant farms! productive :forces to the,
greatest, possible extent..- We must realize this in spits y of the fact.
that, our agriculture, has, takearthe,,road .of cooperative development at
si,;,t1me whore the- ccoperetives, arepati).1 sabryonic and rudimentary*.
What, prOlakto lai- to ,develop, with, all miens at the diaposal:of .zthe e e e
Hungerian.peoplOa detioeraeye the productiote tarots Of the individual
-101e
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;
small-peasant estates? The feet that our production will depend upon
this sector for a relatively long period of time. As the small-
peasant farm remains the bee? of our agricultural production for a
fairly significant period, it is in our interest that its production
be of tho highest level. The eecond reason is that we must raise the
standard of living and the production of the peasantry, Which has
been oppressed by the living nud the production of the peasantry,
which has been oppressed by the dual oppression of feudalism and of
capitalism. It is a mattter of concern to us whether we approach
sooialism with a peasantry which is just becoming a proletariat or
with one which has already taken the road of development and is becoming
prosperous. The sacrifice that we make in this field now will be amply
rewarded later. I shall not quote them, but all our teaching masters
who have dealt with this problem have brought this problem to our
attention- emphatfially.
The people's democrace set as its goal the constant elevation of
the workers, living standard. This, as well as the increased pro-
duction of raw material for our industry, prompts us to develop the
production forces of small estates. The domestic market prompts us
to do the same. We have sot as a goal the industrialization of the
country, and that cannot be accomplished without an increasing do-
mestics market. when the cooperative factors advance they will have
a decisive role in all this. But at the present, the performance of
these tasks rests upon the individual poesant farms.
There exiets the erroneous belief according to which the develop-
ment of the productive forces of the peasant farms hampers or bars
advancement on the cooperative road. Its followers believe that we
should develop either individual farming or the cooperatives, but we
cannot do both. Development, however, does not put this question as
simply, in such an alternative form.
Of course it is not the most ideal eituation to be obliged to
tolerate the various sectors. It would be most ideal if the peasan-
try, recognizing the adventages of cooperation, would decide to pursue
its happiness on the basis of cooperative production. The remnants
of capitalism, however, are deeply rooted in the farming methods and
the way of thinking of the peasents and they have difficulty in getting
rid of theme Beos technology, which is :Peoisivo in the development
of cooperatives, it tekes time and patience to eject them. We shall
furnish the technology and allow time for the dispersal for the obso-
lete thinking patterns of peasantry. In no case should we press or
urge them. Let them become convinced of the advantages of associations
through their own experiences. Patience, hosever, is our duty. We
-102-
11
41
mustpreparo the peasantry through patience, eoonomic aid, a cornet
aersrian policy, good organization, and educational work.
e There are?winelehoesey,that if ,the stall and modium,peasants
become strong and -develop, they will never join associations. In
facte after they have bettered themegolvesie they would leave the-asso-
ciationt and would continue to do farming their own way. *aturally
there-will.be tuch,cisese But this attitude does not characterise
the'Views and conduct of the peasantry, and in no case will it be
characteristic at the more adWancodmeages of development. The atti-
tude of the small peasantry will be determined by-the extent-of eco-
nomic bettertint following the 'development of the productivseforces.
- *hat possibilities, does 'the -development :of the -,productive forces
have on the -small farms and in the association.? ,
? -The progress of technology -is' limited on the -peasant fare.. -What-
ever amount of capital he wants to inveet, whatever msbhinery he
desires to-utilizesethe men producer can increase production only
to seCertatnlimit.,The large-scale--utilization of-technology is im-
possible', it is uneconemidale andeno'preportional increase of pro-
ductionewould-follme,,it eA" - , -
This is not trusecini cooperetivese --There 'ere here &boost unlimited
possibilities 'for :-tehis -utilization- of 'technology and science. "The pro-
duativity or labor, which -is small in individualefarmse it incomparably
greater in the associations. -The agricultural return per acre of land
in the- -000poriativese 'which have advanixia: Machine techniques- aviilable,
will- be 2 to 3 timosi;aegreat as on the .snall peasant farm, and this is
deeisive, ay comrades, this will ultimately determine the attitude of
the peasantry.. This material advantage- will iinduce the peasantry
toejoin. associations. ? fie will,- join where With leen-effort he will be
able to reach a 'double or tripled income. e That will eonvitoe them,
thatei what, the -peasantry, trill- not shun. This is- the raiseof
nomio development that will. 'validate itself tin, the case- of the
small-
peasantry, too. do not have 'to -be afraid, therefore; -to ..develop
the productive ',forces on -the - man peasant Alarms: t.e
etifilslieve the increase of the :produotive forces- of-the small
peasantry to be important, and we actually do attempt to increase
them. -Insetopihisiae-itewouldrbeeinoorrecttoaleeve the peasants
to their own Utee --What sloUld we-achieve bY,adoptilag'sucha
point?* ,We would deprive ?society of- tionsiderablareesountonaaterial
goods.. The correct volieyi contradeisi is what weefolloweeby whiche,
we- lead the masses ofeemall peasantszto theeroad-ofecociperativei not
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by retarding the agricultural production forces, not by restricting
them but by developing them and raising the economio living standard.
To exemplify haw correct and how necessary this policy is, I should
like to highlight two measures, both instituted by our Party. Ono
example is the recent "scythe-spade" oonterence, the basic siguifi-
canoe of what is in regard to the increase of the productive forces.
It shows that we think the technological development of the small
peasant farms to be indispensably necessary. Another one is agri-
cultural work competition. What is its goal and significance? It
is the increase of the productive forces in the small-peasant farms
to an ever increasing extent and the bolstering of the productivity
of labor. Of course it would be erroneous, it would cause serious
danger and trouble, if we were to develop the productive forces of
the small-peasant farms at the expense of all our energy and if at
the same time we were to neglect the cooperative movement. Hy com-
radesolve are not threatened by such dangers. We clearly sell that
the devalopment of the cooperative movement is our decisive task.
Va have already made great and doeisive strides in securing the
material basis for the cooperative movement. The organization of
machine-tractor stations is increasing in great proportions. Machine-
tractorstations, which supply the technology, have a controlling sig-
nificance in the field of the development of the cooperative movement.
Through them we have made better progress than through the propaganda
that has continued for yours* And the fact that we are increasing
the number of such stations guarantees that we do not have to be
afraid of the development of the productive forces of the small pea-
santry, nor that we need be afraid of falling into the error of
neglecting the development of the cooperatives.
The machine-tractorletations represent mainly large machine
technel?ogy for the advancement of cooperative farming. Besides this,
however, they also must fulfill the need of the individual snail
farms for smaller machinery, by thich the stations eatablieh direct
contact with hundreds of thousands of peasants. At present, during
this temporary phase, the machine-tractor stations thus have a dual
characteristics on the one hand they significantly increase produc-
tion in the cooperatives, on the other hand they attract the masses
of mall peasants to the idea of the cooperative movement.
The other factor which secures progress on the cooperative road
for the general.productive forces of agriculture, besides the develop-
ment of the small peasant production, is planned economy. Planned
economy is one of the guarantees for the progression instead of retro-
gression of the cooperative movement. In this regard the question of
-104-
N4?
t,
- yr-t ? - ?
its;h the "von devilepmert ofithe_egreeui
fietorsrcan.fbe - " 4
, .
Honored cowed's_ ,Besidesethe beef ",ge of correct; guiding,,
prinoiples, also of importance 1* the tempo end the-el/queue& with
whiCh-we validate these guiding principles. If we lose pace and
advance at too rapid a tempo we may spoil things just as well.
Patience means a lot to the peatantry. If we were to be impatient
and force the peasantry onto the cooperative road, we would commit
a grave error which would be very difficult to correct. Tie must be
very careful about the tempo. We cannot jump over the preliminary
phases, as it were. If we have not made the first step, let us not
attempt to make the second one, because that would mean every serious
danger* It is very dangerous also, because if we dictate an incorrect
tempo we than lose the masses. For we should keep in step with them.
Especially in the field of agriculture we should be extraordinarily
careful not to lose the masses and to advance only by drawing the
masses after us*
Honored comrades; Theory is only valuable if we can mein: it
work in practice. In order to Show haw interdependent theory and
practice, are, I should like to advance a few cogent examples. The
Ministry of Agriculture in its present form undonbtodly is inadequate
for the tasks which lie ahead of it in this new phase. The Ministry
of Agriculture Should be the direct organizer of agricultural pro-
duction, and its main tasks should be the reorganization of production
and management. With its present apparatus, however, it cannot perform
this task* The solution of the new problems and the realization or
the theoretical goals set therefore mike it unconditionally necessary
to reorganize the Ministry of Agriculture.
The other problem is the reorganization of the UPOSs. With the
completion of the first phase UPOSz fulfilled its task* In this new
phase, when we must convert to the new road of development, in its
present fora the UFOSz is inadequate for the solution of the problems
which emerge as a consequence of development. Thus if we want to
make UFOS; a mass organization of peasants, we must entrust to it
entirely new tasks. There is, for instance, the FOX* The narrow and
restricted scope of duties of the agricultural associations changed
with the completion of the first phase. Now that development has
commenced an the cooperative road, the FOX has become ite backbone,
and it faces the solution of grave new problems.
Comrades; I come to the end of my topic. There are many fairly
complicated problems and tasks. The solution of these is ours,
ziotez
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Communist agrarian experts. We must understand that no one will solve
them for us. But we can only solve them if we form a closer organi-
zational and ideologican contact between the agrarian experts and the
Committee for Agrarian Policy. Then there whall be no difficulty that
we can not master; then we shall come up to the expectations of the
Party.
-106-
? THE. SEEDS OF DEMOCRACY. BLOSSOMED IN TRE SOULS
[1101 page, ,!17;11.-; . , ?
?
az. v pph n. 0.4 ?-..?..41 t ?S ," ?7-0 -1. *).
Opeeoh on-.29 ANUS 1144 490 :Tar the iloliday ,of_N1W,
- ?
-?
? . I cordially groat the farmihg people of SomogY eiid the* irorkeie of
faptsvar. It has been a lin time Since I have been among those to whom
I reek closest, ..,sinam...; was born hare in. this. aree..in_ispoorer.
travel uc in, this coaat4D.*Ii, still, it Ii, a riirte iicc'etiloa*thet S1. can
a*, to *Norris. piasent;peciptle: ot?the,,pro-yinei. 'of ArielOgyi are ,an
industrious sad .bu,y_..-peopl.eD, and I. pay4:StefelY that they have reesons
171..!te. pfople of .poiLo4gy' :hays, 144,-fOUnd piens:el:71;3 in. the
Ideaoc.raisy.;.?. If ,One,00lsee h-reee' tOtomfigy Tied* ,?*.ros-See.'the' Oyer`
of Sic his, bc'som
hts, ;4413'4.3 -;4*,*1)Plaa?1,7* the iidustriou irOrlic that thei peaseatry-of -oats.
provincs..,pizforks..; ,Ohoe.,,:iseiogy as `Pa.,. p .4.14* large eit?441..? Today
t.*64,14, it,orace. of. this !OlCiargeTeegata( System. .Fift'Y .tlii;Usend
landowners rsperve4.?-appreoxix,itiV 306;000- Almost
half ,-.4440, ?LTG-T*4p. pr:orsi"Ouili :been ii the hfsjind,, of .prince.,
and. -iristoorateD caas ,izito;thsji,eadik'of? the peisentrty?, and by
itsindustrious labor t'. peaaantrt diurov.d air of the stories by
meens;;Otwhich ?the, torMor wan:SD, attempted to aVisietit the rilaitents'
'the' lend:at-dim; * "
In Somogy the new landowners have- demonstrated the fact that they
are bettpil.meetece.ictf 2the.,,,prewio?Ife, owners had ,bien.: The
kabor, o their hands; Was resardicVtbe.,,gene'ro, ?th-1,_
and_ ,&r:sater portion of ebreed, aa to :th?e,-,4144e.
pso.ple,,of Spaoxy ire loidling 'the yrpri4,,,So5sp: the, coUntry.
They shot , can do when ;ror 'a* _theist ?own,:
lan4ts ? L ???? ---
-
This?cloy hie ,SYM).)olic csigniffta s?Thi-citY ,oelebretei."to7,
getieF?. with the "Even the -dless
heins to Uzi-44riaan4*...44.4i lig , of Kistorieal: timeS, At whatever
postt it may, stfii44._dAliy., it must realize that iE tr.idi upon the only
oorr.ct flnarian road, on the ,i'ited of ,national 414,4itiozi,D'Xf it Stays
loyal to th. people, if itgerv.s tns cal:414 of -.V1.14...0.440^;
tO1 ,k4i.E41t1
its 6'w:is* 4t:hiretri'ai?dlini;41- to aerie:
Diniocraoy will be -complete whei`the intellectual class aligns itself
with the -to,iliag,preolLeteriat?ot he etty and tkyt to .11,.Ag og,
tas soil. In our great natIonal tights a?hi,haqe 4.y_esT,e. "`siO the slit.
of the ::.aungerien..intel:14i,ituali always espoused the cause, or, ---#1?i:ksolle:
-401.!
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-"
Today's celebration of Petor and Paul Day has a great signifi-
cance, because by now it has become evident to everyone that the seeds
of democracy took root in the Hungarian souls. During the past years
reactionary circles have tried by all efforts to generate mistrust
toward democraoy. The pusillaninous, the mistrusting ones, wore not
right; events proved them wrong, and this is realised by now by the
vide masses of the Hungarian people.
But also from another aspect the celebration today is different
from what it has ever been before. This year is the centenary, the
hundredth anniversary of the war or independence. In 1848 the desire
in the Hungarian serfs to work their own land as free peasants, instead
of toiling as serfs on the lordly estates, Was ardent. Dnfortunateli.
in 1848 the cause of land failed, together with the cause of liberty.
Only a few were able to take the new land into their possession. Today
this old dream of the Hungarian peasantry has also come true. The only
diVerence now between the old landowner and the new landowner is that
while the old landowners became possessors or the land a hundred years
ago during the course of the Hungarian bourgeois revolution, the new
landowners came into their rights a hundred years later during the
course of the fight for liberation. The time hag finally arrived,
therefore, when both the old landowner and the new landowner, as tree
peasants, can continue their joint struggle hand in hand in our Hun,-
garien democracy, for their further emulation and for the blossoming
of our democracy.
The past 3 arid years ~ores if the 7 lean years of the old
testament had struck us. Bread was scarce and the result of the effort.-
ful labor of our peasantry was almost completely wasted. We loWcad to
the holiday of Peter and Paul with a worried look again this year. But
thank God, we now know that we may harvest a good mediva crop this year.
At least the land repays the many halal; of arduous and toilsome work;
the good sowing seeds have sprung. up have multiplied and give broad in
abundance. Our farmers shall harvest this year 20 million quintals of
grains, as. for as we can tell, that is, 5 million more quintals than
last year. The effects of the good crop will undoubtedly chow in every
area of the economic life* Public supply will be better, more and
better bread will get to the table of every Hungarian family. The
increased revenue will enable the Hungarian peasant to intensify his
farming by making larger investments; for this we have a great noed
with respect to our future tasks,
By this year's harvest a significant phase of agricultural work
has ended. But at the same time there begins a new phase, the phase
of work for better produotion and for more bread. Our farmers must
-108-
- _ ? ? ,.
produce Mors, of better aualityl:ciad cheaper, - in hrder to render the
pro4nCO:pf the 6niariahaei.ichltUre'comititii4a
This has it. prersqui.it.s. One Of theie prerequisites is the !
ineivalesd:rivinhe as sC" Coiseqiience'oe good craps. ' AnOther prerequisite
is Onlirged,' e'Ver-anoreasitg investmentebY the state:. %Withia the
framework of. the Three-Year, Plan our governmental agencies will invest
larger amounts,, in the 'deVeliiimitit Or' tigricultnial. than ini
the past. -11?; gt;rttlee greatir produntt-ity of-
industry. The amount of '604 produced by natietelited
in?try" for -tha country's * consumption ' increases ' from day > to' day.
"But t?r. ii also another 'important prirequitite of t1. fulfill'.
rani PI' the .greater tasks, - and thil sacuriti'tif ,privatii 'prop-
arty'? this country the .new farmer as well as the old farmer can be
equally certain -that no one A`Ouola his property. - WS have liquidated
the large et4te.;.7:Ink!it tiieiViste tla. we Way's'
peas itt ettit4; '-7s ire
but* ptoilet -properties of the .eragiiniani?"
ritrof private ''aiwnorihii; glaraitied by-the -'gOVernment4Aottinomidi,
,and)ndr4 _prinaiples of' -9iir N9 'oie- akbe-'-erktd
that anon. in 'this-Country:Woad touch the lpletritt property of the-?!=? ?
000n man.'
_
? deielapient ofttit'aiiopci'ative',netiiorkind'iti.ritiitforoso.
Mentt;-in"9ider to insure advantageous purohasing and marketing, is a
further.prerequisito for the fulfillment of tha_tasks that lie ahead
91' us,, fligariin,pSitantry7tikes ad.
Vintigelof2:the benefits 'afforded the cOoPerati4TmOvement;-it relin-
cluitheS_Its-chanit.tettcrid itt:ground.'i:n-the agriou1tural4ompeti-
ti94 tfiit-commiiCeA'all'-9iir'Europe-If'-we'do,not4ant'our egrioul-
tiltral:Pr;edOction'teiiiglreitin4-.thin-'theriVii-no-otherwiy.--thanto-,,
r4o.c.r4_the-irriotiicie4OA of aisotatione.
:inothir"importint,Pieretriiite- of the'dlimlopment of' our agrioUl-
tiiri:is'..tii#:'99iienciiiint of the air1Culturi1'iniireompetitioC,*'10omOe-',
riViiry'l'it'tein'olie 'anther' is it' old' tradition' 'of our -
ire_ Irina:6.i* is' f4Viiiir' peasantry *hair-,
aot in the:tavainS,' but that; they` "exert it iii:itroric competitions. That
La where' thtY'ss4o1.11d,'Sf3.* mhblian`real4Aliti it; this competition
is a contet In which --T
The govrna.nt oes eyerythinc for thelsechanisation of agricul-
ture. 'Dreeiptowink..:ift Toifie of titi'Vesk7fierekulls ''skiinit:?drought,-*d
ietiesiitatee Strbng soil-cultivating :maohinery:m This is 'what' -We
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organization of machine stations is called upon to supply; with the
help of these it will be possible to perform this sort of work.
Mechanization will lighten the work of the peasantry. Democracy wants
to u,tehieve that our peasantry* which performs perhaps the most diffi-
cult labor of all workers, be able to perform its tasks with less
effort and sweat so that it may lead a more humane life.
All these prerequisites were created by the Wrens* that occurred
in our economic life. We have nationalized big banks and large indus-
try. Big banks were the most dangerous enemies of the peasantry. When
the country was liberated, a debt of two billion pongee burdened the
peasant estates. The peasantry can thenk our democracy that by the
nationalization of banks it has for once and for all ended the attempts
to collect from the peasantry this enormous 2 billion pongo debt.
Our farmers recognized the great significance of planned economy
only to a small degree. Planned economy means that the farmer produces
goods, the marketing of which is scoured and which can be sold to his
best advantage. Planned economy also has the attribute that by through
it the prevention of economic crisis becomes possible. The older farm
generation still remembers the great agricultural crisis following the
1920s which shook to the foundations the produotion of our agriculture.
If we do not want a rep4tition we must convert to planned economy
immediately. Our peasantry mould do well to observe the guiding prim-
oiples prescribed by our planned economy and to apply them to its own
acitivities.
Beside; the great turns that our economic life has taken, far-
reaching changes have also occurred in our political life. This is
shown primarily by the fact that legislature OM carry on its work in
a peaceful atmosphere, that legislation is truly directed by the inter-
ests of the people, and that effective lavtaare promulgated one after
this other to place the welfare of our nation upon solid foundations.
In Parliament the so-called opposition* which is really the agent of
the Hungarian people's enemy, is still able to,create a smaller or
larger storm, but it can no longer hamper the law-making process. This
is proven by the parliamentary debate in connection with the soculari-
'sation of schools. The debate :was carried on in a peaceful, objective
tone of voice by the coalition, whereas the "opposition" went to such
extremes, pushed by its inimicable and hateful intentions)-:40 to
adopt the platform of traitors. Margit Slachta sold our country to
Anglo-Saxon imperialism so openly that she crowned her dishonorable
conduot by remaining seated in Parliament whenour national anthem
was being lung. This is how far the opposition has sunk. Is this
an opposition, NoVtt is an enemy. Parliament excluded Margit Slachta
-110-
fro Parliamentarywork-for,eneayeer:',..ButlI-think that such.Felvo..1-
sitieecrepresentatives,:have.absolutely,noaplacovin Hungarian logic...
14ticata. -,11
r ,Another cheractorietie,feature of eurldimperaey-is itable'popu.
larAoverneent.,? Atter the politicalacritis thetaeceurridaia the paiti-
the cou4try.slitow)needs aastromg.lovernment,whiciamamageethiGeffaire-of
ti4s,.countryaritb.aAteadylhand,,,A4goverlatent'-mhosieveryaactivity4a0. :
mot,s,th,tietimpetsAfthe,people. st notIscaleng agelthetcountry
,f4,9m4 Prq4t9.44). Orisisrttaanother.,;-.Thessrerises!..usedavAmmeesttraille
furces.,:mheress,these:fercee cold hivsleen:nsedaforareceastruition.
IteregitokTI...014*Ahett4ereLcoeld bivato,tilk,otaquieteproducttiveAworki
mhils.,the naneee,of,the crises were not liquidated, while we had not
crushed the nest of reaction.
tert.
?AsAaye,lemploted.asest?of-Ahis4elorkaimriaglelst year. Afterk.thei
treeeonioCtrorence:liegYa.we also-liquidated4the Peittervartyel,
orefOed,sequrityc withoutfear inathis;eoumtrystwhere'evellr''
4POalallos camanow,earryaemaaiWiJaisaemtalrerk.-_,We haveoleaesed-the::
oselitien ,a. materialized the elegenateuCakith-thec'enemissObfithe:'
peep:le-frog-the coalition." We achieved the closer cooperation of
the demooratio parties, and this tremendous work WAS crowned by the
quite,yecent_morgef or he,:two-morkers'ellarties..-ia:= ,-J
a-11a.t .
7446.pergtr of tt4e '...tmsk parties mean* szr;enormous._political-and,
14,Cirak.Orentb: Ackraqnsqrian demeeraey.-:, This:party, lthealiorkerst: Party,
7"4.0kAil caAr,40,414Y. ofathe Aemooraly, :directs ;Ither4piritua1
order2,0 ther._dectoorecy_,and,.atathe, eamstimaiL:realiiedr thesi-vialsavhibh
carry .ferward:4thia cause :of our fatherland'. 'qoAnallmotaiing iMividual
oRpld ,depy;;thealerce and creatilwability...,ef our demeeracy, todaY.;,
?z
,O!uts .ztho, jBaying 43,rak.that ithe, trickery-Of Abe gentry.
At th0_ tin. this eits:',Portiset4atrue. ;but d.id thi's gentlemanly trickery
worliCiPg' PAPP101 Pur:people-:staashed,land-crushed ,theo 'eentleeisiray
triekerY; *0 MO:11 ac never. befores,iit.Hungisrian,historYW:'4, Today gen-
tppsianly;,triekery_is of no: avai/a%thecpeoPleamiaLbsaiasteilvecarevocably
a$,:fereyeraz, peeple: mill; be ;. the, .1:m*1001o:1-maks politics's; , t
a.t, -1aa aaa
1.F9CrAkamYe.: ekanes.may.pa Ws.dm"notl.engagiatia, poli-
tics behind' `closed doors, we engage in it together with the people, we
stand befomt4liaP00914,amIV take to themaasUrprobleme,tea beiliatustet4
by them end:, saw thilvprablems,whils gieingattintien: to their opinion's:.
If.eyg_once,,in;,th_echispef:,reetationamonderislarhereathe greaVtorearaefrAiier
dOpoormnt'.0.045i4etes* our.. easwerais4thatAWderive our itrengthit role
tlae.j.faet,:thatalllsiO 40t Meke.'policies:againstatheapeeplat,Aiutleekeathimm
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with the people. This is why our policy is strong and unshakable, it
is the working Hungarian people who stand on this land solid, as rooks.
Democracy commands an enormous force in life's every aspect; it is
superior to the old systee. But let us not believe that the old system
has given up the struggle now, that it will depart from the political
field or its own volition. No, it is still trying to attack our democ-
racy from the back by artificial pretexts. This is what happened the
last time in connection with the secularization of the schools, although
this attempt resulted in failure. This failure was forseen: the
clerical reaction miscalculated, it overestimated its own force, influ-
ence, and underestimated the force of the Hungarian democracy, it
scorned the love and confidence extended by the working masses to the
Hungarian democracy.
The clerical reaction used the secularization of schools for making
=attack against democracy. The main issue in this fightwas not the
secularization of schools but the fight against democraoy by any moans.
Thus the reaction placed the thing in such a light th9t religion would
supposedly have been harmed. However, democracy and religion get along
very well; in fact, no one could exercise his religion as freely as in
this country.
The great masses of the working people can view with the greatest
of calm,eyery aspect of the relationship or democracy and religion.
This, however, is not true in the relationship of democracy and the
church. The leaders of the clerical reaction want to bring back here
the old oppressive system of Horthy. This is why the Church turned
against democracy in the question or schools, although schools are a
national question and not a queetion of religious denominations. We
must educate the youth, so that they become good Hungarian patriots,
real democrats, and one with the people. School education of a uni-
fied spirit is furthermore the fundament or our national culture.
Without national self-consolousness, national culture, there is no
national existence, and if the Hungarians want to exist on this earth
and live a more beautiful and happier lire than before, they must
turn more attention to the development of our national culture and
national self-consciousness. WO can make no compromises in this
respect, either with clerical or with temporel forces she went to
place in opposition the feeling of religion and of nationalism.
To us aungaris.n democrats our Hungarian nationality stands 'above
all. If we would make religious denomination the yardstick or our Hun-
garian patriotism, our country would fall apart as an unbound sheaf.
The great men of our nation, the Catholic Rakoczi and Szeohenyit the
Protestant Kossuth and Potofi, were raised the pedestal of immortality
VI??????
by the nation, not for their religion,.but,,for their Hungerito.1 patri- ?
ottilia and pi-ogr:Sisive'siirit;"
The leaders of the clerical renotion, .11#12.1dindesentyin_the,,load,
e ? ? . ?
do
not underst.and. thia. previously)Oser_pehm0-,stood?,
against. Our national` ambitions, feelings, and nations]. traditions with
a.fireign'spirieand even initniosily. This led him to disgrace t4e.
utory of the 1848 r of Independence. It is abOut"timel.that.:r.,I_L
liengariai clergyman heads :the gungarian Catholie-Ciiiirati-at last...
The 'seeulatizat,ion of ighools ie ? now, anrterith this twe,4isar4ed
-
the reeitiOn- and 'took, avail' the weaPonit.sintended:;tO keep ,our
- . . ?
people "iii-idattiess slyl,isitoranos. We ended, the ?monopoly of
ruling eitisieb whichatill remained in the field of ,scionc, pzad /sad*
the thi; O're*paiit*::or-the Itpsisrisin -
' 4- ..? .
??? ,
All .thill':hotieveor, ou1d only half a,_result :if ,we wade Ao,.-fur-
..
ther Orogriiiis oisthis:road.,. I 'can nit be satisfied With our results
up to date. Wimust iitablish, at ani price; thi peace of the souls
ifticti were stirred up by Mindeszanty in his immeasurable hatred.
After thefight;:-which.-nows, after 'the:secularisation of schools,?
ha. ended, we '`iiiiiii.offer our 'Peace,WitfLtiie church. -We,?offer,it,, ?so
vis ?
can work together in 4ot# effort for a brighter,; happier Hun-..;
gs r op ....a A 0 -Senses as.
future. Yfe'h Church beie its
the -..Prateitait'bhurchei,:aireadi ..he've,.. and we. shall "ie able .to progress
together on the ioi4 "t4-thci; hungarian future.
? In the "field of :foreign policy the, Work.; ',of -fikte..aungarian govern-
ment wai also successful and. the work that we have performed in one
year is ,also characterized by. successes and _results., 11.4,404sn forp
eigt_t policy iacuiracterized by .ees..ire.,tc,kr. p.eace. .pur __people .know
that *art i4454/1;7 Thdrei are few peopis in, Europe, siho hari suffer:id as
much ' from -? *We- *int peace, and our foreignpolcoy, wes.,depand
upon those who are "thIli ...tiliov.abIg,:zuar4s. of peace, _primarily_ upon the,
Soviet' tiiiron; Upon economic and. .fore!.
_ ,
-
- it' wile / yearit bifore the day before yesterday, on 27 June, that
the reactionary atungarian governmenk.decl.ared war.on,the Soviet li,pion?
We had never had 90,y;'tioia)alei with this neighbor of ours., 'Tkte.,linngsriszk
rutiin' 'Au*. conspired With, ourk:d'eidly-inemy, the' German imperialists,
and deitaria war' on our friend, on the Soviet Union. In doing so the
Hungarian ruling e;.lasa. betrayed,. our, mlowt, elementary:, interests ands,..,led
by the class in;beiee'tS,, deliveredt*?nagen! ti.n.its :tate; itit4..? pi:shed
it into a Catsiiti'O'AO' *the Uk. . whik had not batent.,fssr,
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k$'
ZPYA,
defeat of Mohacs. How much blood, how many tears it cost us, how much
sweat and effort it cost us to heal the wounds of this sinful wart
And now Anglo-Saxon imperialism begins to play again with this
German imperialist danger. They want to push the Gorman people and
together with them, all mankind, into a new cataclysm. They violate
treaties previously agreed upon and at the conference in London they
now maneuver to create a sprinboard for an attack on the neighbors of
Germany, by utilisation or the remnants of German fascism. We too are
a neighbor of the Germans; Austria lies on our weatern borders. There-
fere this Anglo-Saxon imperialist policy wants us tab. vigilant. It
is to these imperialist schemes that the Peace Front reacted, a front
that is mightier than that of the warmongers' because this front con-
sitts not only of the peace-loving people out also of the workers of
the imperialist countries who will fight with us against all efforts
that are aimed at bringing upon us the ghost of war. It was the aim
of the eight-power conference at Wersaw to solidify this Peace Front,
to warn the peace-loving people of the danger and to increase their
vigilance.
It is a great success of our democracy that it has created not
only inner security but has also secured defense against the Hungarian
peoples foreign enemies. We made a series of agreements of friend-
ship and mutual aid, and we shall continue this policy in the future.
There still remains an agreement to be nade with Bulgaria and exeoho-
slovakia. All this shows that we are on the right way, that the way
upon which the Hungarian democraoy, with the leadership of the Hun-
garian Workers' Party, guides the Hungarian people, is the true corr.'s:A
way. It is the way of peace and of constructive work.
But we would not be good Demoorats if we were to view only the
results. Me must also see the faults, we must see the problems. For
instance, there is the question of unemployment which is heavily felt
in this area. This is. the next problem that our Hungarian democracy
must solve in the interest of our people. I can assure everyone that
we ahall soon solve this problem, fie all other problems, to the satis-
faction of the public.
But these problems, and the emerging, even more difficult prob-
lems can only be solved if the Hungarian people exert all their efforts
for the solution of these problems,
We have long declared that national unity, the national coopers-
tion, is the prerequisite of our advancement* Great tasks lie ahead
of us, and to perform these a greater exertion of effort is necessary.
.414-
c
'
The policy that we now4ollow eteee :from the recewaition.ofethis fact.
We shall forte-thirdistooritie-firiewAnio-si eieeer tinit, Wer ,shall
gather theedegoeratio,parties into a gigantic broadly-based new Inds-
This is the prerequisite for the solidification of
the people:a reign. Theeaterger_of,theztep workers", partite is the
first bisi,itep,14 this 4reOileeeefoundation for ts .
IndePindini6 Front-Viotivhich we can confidently
and solidly build._ per cooperation:with the rest of the democratic
parties is also 'good. A close relationship was also formed with the
SmalIholders,Partyeapd, with the NationalPoesant Party.. Today I speak
hereeeeteei-airofikereftheAtaigerte0**Pri-P14Ye'b4i.eskAhlkiof
tie ao5litioit parties. hat I say is not 1only the progra1 dt the
rad hieesenindeidatrange just a.4iier.ago. 'Today itts
struegleewitka,,piet4ffertefer their adhAeeiMent.' '--
0e.the Day ofepetereendePael,there ends thecwork of eeyeare
Work cOntinees,:ipeOef,-the,centineiti:4elif00Maide,ite
We ,lso
idiancle:torws*d.leithf4i te:Aea 104?0.4dam-fighting,'Progreiiiie
ideaswein*fte;.sPirit of Useith;-Vetofi;'eta-Tanosies, AnCir
we
piogreis on tits road by the exertion of ell our power, unrelentingly,
there:eill,)oe neehappieec nation in-thiseworld_thaFere. 71?ellord4
of
eureeetional:ieeteilll-thei oeMee:tribei.e!Iffi! "ioiT4410odla,Or4hard,
then..oUifathirland.it the APIA, e 1.
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ties 3$ w
natural?becauseeoer,go4 iseoemmene our taskeekra coMeolifeeiwOre
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cee ef'
eve,' lee ee
e
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OUR ARMED FORCES NEED BRAVE ANDSELF-SACRIFICIRO OFFICERS
[Vol II, pages 75-83]
(Speech on 19 August 1948 at the first festival of the commis-
sioning of lieutenants of Kossuth Academy.)
Comrades-in-arms!,
I cordially greet you at this solemn moment when, having been
commissioned as officers in the name of the Hungarian Republic you
have strengthened your faith in our fatherland and our people with
your oath*, when before leaving the walls of this Academy you have
again professed your faith in the eternal, true ideals of the great
Hunl.arian Revolution and War of Independence of a hundered years ago
and in the great national genius Lajos Kossuth.
Your graduation asofficers in a holiday not only to the Hun-
garian armed forces, but also to the whole country which oherishes
with tender affection the glorious traditions of our army of a hun-
dred years ago.
The souls of all of us are filled with joy when we see, although
only after the passing of two generations, that the national demands
of the 1848 revolutionary people become materialized after all. Of
the historical Twelve Points or March, the firth one was a demand for
the establishment of a national guard. It was hundred years ago
today, on 19 August 1848, that Lajos Kossuth acoepted, on his name
day, the bill or the revolutionary Parliament that dealt with the
establishment of the military forces neocesary for the defense of the
oountry. When I commission you officers of the armed forces on this
great day, which is doubly the heartfelt holidey or every working
Hungerian, you must feel the great love, and respect our people have
for you, new officers of the army.
Our militia was born in the blood bath or the War of Independenos
against foreign oppressors, in the tempest of the 1848-49 popular
revolution. The ideal of popular freedom and national independence
impelled it to perform those heroic deaf% which elicited the individed
amazement and recognition of all progressive peoples.
On. of the virtues of our young national guard of a hundred years
ago that shines like a torchlight from the distant past is that it was
a revolutionary army, in unity withthe people, with the slogans of
freedom, independence, end fraternity of oppressed people on its banner.
-116-
This ;had osice_-,kindled?; Li the, heart" or our, ancestors their unsurpassr
sage, hrevery ?*0Toielk? .-: ,
TA--; - ? r . fn
4 , .As-.1aajos _Kossuth...wrote. hikmeeeirs.., ,The- glory ,or. the;?-past is
a. great, ilational_ litreasuree messoriek round: a: people' al,groikt,
future,- because .thsy_,, am.. the fount...1ns,, or. gre0i patriotic- fill154111.,/kr?-x,
Sgah:ApakynneSinable:-.:trai.aurgqietbe gloryof .41048411-49 araws,Auati.-
#.417nundIrliat and, 4.9041.-taskitz 4Alara1es-im-ares,:, to -exploit .41,114,- ',too
utiljz.:5tk in ,:thel development: of the. yehornilungariat
Our past is rich in glorious traditions. But in the creation or
our new. defense, force ak, decisive role _being played by the: alliance
or, workers ?end, peasants, .,by , the people' ac. rule. resting as nation-
el -., whiok uprooted.- the,: 914 regime the,-country-, and carried. the,
T,10P1.1)111.14.401100VAL.9)ri,to yiatoryn, It endek the ruleiet the? pr1Eri1eg.4.
elsesi,leyand Lave into p0118141111111i0IT:s0t,:t4 toiling. PIM; 11,4,11 :,t.411- 4/Tided
turnoci?bi&enterprisegi, mines, and hankk,,
,over4o the; peoileis _govertiote4.1., ands new ,,..gradually endcing;,theT,?exploi-
tationi efAlsan hyr_wien.,. A.317. theloities ,..and:t,in. the villages.-
t4','Zg:!;:, ?
It is also the people's democracy, the might of the workers, whioh
enables aleple,sonk: or the people to _gain femiliarity,-, with
"the tiailgoiv, .14,41er-end .tc.k become!, officers., ?free ; nes-`compaissienekerff-
som-by_ the: sweep sful completion-, or,tha,onr-year eraser*, I ;school* .;
Xou. ,esaik in -,the:. aware*: the people,es,reeriaites: No that ,_:the. P*0-
plee?filemooreey, reisesyoL to tki?-:raidc or7;:orricer, doz net2, for: sk,moment
forget on this your centennial to promote and strengthen the unity or
our people,eisi r th, sr_ devotiow-werthywor-, - saeredk3
'LAtt: - ,skt
? 1,t;-. was ,-the; peoplei s democraoy which in the form or the Kossuth
Military Academy fulfilled the hundred-year-old plan of Kossuth, who
wanted_ eurs arar,fr.og. be. lekby,- en. orricerst,-, _earths; eduoated, from ,the
of-cthelforking people of2. the workers,peesente,. and intellectual el ,by..
theest.abliebeent.set: erlipeipjimul Yoacsn.b proud",
ocsaradee-imTerms that_ you, Awe Atte' first:, ones Antos,- after- 4ving, left,
*sr wellte. 041 taw aoaderay.,.- can inPlement. the developstent of our defense
forces by your. everyday labor.
1..]7f)
T_heAnoreaseidn:- our country's: lie tense forolo.s..**; eetabliehsent,
a strong, national guard, has, placed before,..our peopleett Alee.00raex.- the$:.
solution ori- eesemtiellyp two.; great ?tasks, *etei? is to scours the
army's material basis, its supply and it technical equipment. We can
already .boast of significau2t ,smooeseet-in:Jztdustrya .ot, the:, tee
main, prodnetilrelbrenehec of ereeomow. *The.,,prerimemp,?Tsmilte?4-414..-?,
reconstruction, which are viewed with astonishment by the world, even
-117-
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by our enemies, the nationalization of large industry, big mines, and
banks, the successes of the three-year economic plan and its completion
.6 months in advance of target, above all the organized development of
our healryindustry within the framework or our planned econogy
those are all teeters of the increase of the country's economic power.
Capitalist production which is based on the exploitation of laborers
and on the profits of capitalists, is being displaced in ea ever in-
creasing tempo by a socialist industrial production of ,great produc-
tive capacity whidh is free of anarchy and crisis and -which serves the
people's and the country's interests.
Neither can agriculture lag behind in the develoement of our
econoey. It is now its turn to turn from extensive, low-level, small-
scale farming to intensive meohanized farming that produces prosperity.
Mechanization and the developing cooperative movement are those *nor.-
mous levers with the help of which, through the far-reaching assis-
tance of the people's .demooracy, the masses of millions of people can
increase their agricultural production and can raise themselves from
their peasant backwardness onto the road to abundance and prosperity,
to the road of elevation, economic strength and socialist production.
The planned development of the economy of our people's demooracy
and its achievements today fore a solid foundation for the country's
economic strength, or the material well-being of our working people,
as well as for an increase in the defense forces of our fatherland
through the elevation of its economic, social, end cultural standards.
The other greet task to be performed by our people's democracy,
if we want a strong national guard -- and that is what we want -- is
the education of cadres.
Without cadres the material basis, technology, is inanimate matter.
However, in the hands of people who have mastered it, it performs mire,
cles. We developed our industry and technology with vigor and success
day after day. The main task now is to educate men who can master this
technology in productive work as well as in the army.
The great social transformation which threeeh the people's democ-
racy leads to socialism, and to ehidh we are all witness -- even par-
ticipants -- is called upon to educate a use type of citizen under the
new economic conditions, the *vire* of a new order.
In industry the new thousands of shock workers and champions of
labor competition *well the great legion or the developing now cadres.
-418-
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? LI ?
In the production competition of agriculture, in_thernoble eontest
of hundreds of thousands of our tplltng peasents,,tbrouekthe utilise-
tion of the most 'niece:fitful methods of pfoidtetion and of _s, high-level
technology, thousands and thouseeds of 'model fermers.7vt.hetnew cadres
of methods of production, are aduiatod.
The development of our army into a strong, combat-worthy, teohno-
logically well-..quipped defense force also demands new ,and. well-trained
cadres. The signifieanCe of this becomes increasinglq important,.
beceese in the organization of our army everything now depends on
whether at the appropriate time and in appropriate numbers there will
be cadres who aro masters in war technology and experts in military
science.
Technology. as I said before, is inanimate material, while the
etdret,are living people. And it is the noble duty of every leader
of our defense force to educate teem with groat care, to train them,
and to respect them. The growine young cadres should feel at every
step the protective care of toe fatherland, the love of the people,
and the feet that the whole country atands behind them with its enor-
mous economic, political, and moral force.
Comrades-in-arms!, Having completed the one-year course at the
Academy you have only received the foundation upon which you must
base your further training. This was just the preparation, just the
beginning. Now that you step out into life, get to your area of work,
there follows the toughening and the struggle with emerging difficul-
ties. The best cadres are those mho do not avoid difficulties but
face them and triumph over thorn. Our army needs such brave and self-
sacrificing officers who weather every danger and difficulty. I am
convinced that eith you .the officers corps of our army seal increase
in sudh new officers, with such now cadres.
Comradesfin-armsi Years relatively peaceful development have
passed since the glorious, army of the great Soviet Union liberatedenir
country from the rule of the fascists and from the yoke of the German
occupation. In the place or the old feudal class it was the people
who took into their hands the direction of the country. The cause or
peace, which in this world is 'one and indieisible: has not yet been
won* The war preparations of the imperialist _powers threaten the
peace -or mankind with bloody new adventures. Every new success of the-
countriel of socialiam and the peoples' democracies in the field or
economic construction, inner strength, or in'the development otthe,
pekoe Front, incites the savage fury And hatred or the imperialists.
We Inuit be vigilant, we must be prepared, so that we shall be able to
-119-
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no
contribute with a greater force to the preserviation of world peace.
Our strength is multiplied by the fact that we ars soldiers of a
just easae, the case or the people's freedom and independence, the army
of the peace of mankind, and by the knowledge that this just causes
will triumph over all the world and mill survive every ordeal.
Our power is multiplied by the fact that we stand on the side of
the mighty Soviet Union, the leading country of socialism and human
progress, in the global struggle between the imperialist front and the
democratic peace front. Ve have an ally, the glorious Soviet army,
whose patriotism and bravery, self-sacrifice and solidaritywiththe
peace-loving problems, stands as an example to be followed at all
times, Comrades-at-arms.
And, finally, our power is multiplied by our friendly relations
established with the people's democracies, by the treaties of mutual
aid, which increases the unified force of these small peoples and
enables them to repel every attack directed against them with a multi-
plied force.
Comrades-at-Armsi Cherish the most intimate friendship with the
freedom living peoples in the :spirit of the great political traditions
of our 1948-49 revolutionary experience and of Kossuth, Above all with
the countries or socialism, with the Soviet Union, whose people sacri-
ficed the blood of thousands of their best sons for the liberation of
our country.
With the lofty ideals of the freedom-loving peoples, let you be
known as the banner-carriers of the greet ideal of our national eleva-
tion, of national unity, and let you be the skirmishers or the National
Independence Front, which is based on the worker-peasant alliance and
which unifiee the creative energy of all the working people.
Comrades-at-armst To whatever post the command of your superiors
may place you, you shall be everywhere and at all times, in peace as
well as in war, faithful patriots, brave and self-sacrificing soldiers.
Train your men to be the same. Let you be vigilant in the face of
danger and be prepared and well trained for "pork and battle. Cultivate
and cherish the sciences and war defense. In your organizational, edu-
cational, and training work a groat reaponsibility is placed on your
organizational, educational, and training work a great responsibility
is placed on your shoulders: the people have entrusted you with their
greatest treasure, with their best sons. This responsible :work is a
great honor, let you be worthy of the same that decorates the crest or
-120-
"4.5.
OCImmO.
the Academy ead_hrosdeasts the glory of,tour-1940-49,Revolution,and
War es Indopendinge.r777-7
09,r4d9*Vit.rermsi Having complete& your studies, you shall occupy
your sentry posts among the ranks or our *Amy officers. You shall com-
mence the work for-the creation of a strong and glorious army of the
Hungarian Republic, or peace and security, or freedom and independence.
I 'wish that4he,greatest,suceess crown your future work. And if the
imperialists forci us to fight for our true cause, in the protection
or ourpeacefla:life,and..freedom,,letlour flagaba,weathldowith the
laurels 4?14.--T.44.torY.? ? z 7 ;.; , ??
?
hgcmr4dee-at-arm0 flow teiork,,:to liva in?honerAn4esmiet4-::,
War,:and,Af--,ppoesearyirto die_fer,the,fattierlan41:?., .
? :4t.
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ALLIANCE WITH THE MIDDLE KASANTRY IS THE KEY
QUEsTION OF OUR AGRICULTURAL POLICY
(Vol II, pages 84-95)
(November 194a)
Honored Party Committed
Among the Party's tasks the questions of our agrarian policy
hold a prominent place. The key question is the question of our rola.
tionship to the middle peasantry. The errors committed by the Party
in its agrarian policy stem essentially from the incorrect evaluation
of the middle peasantry. These errors are responsible for the fact
that we could not yet come to agreement as to the main questions of the
transition from capitalism to socialism with the masses of the middle
peasantry and that we could not make an alliance with them. These
errors explain why the middle peasantry, in spite of the fact that we
have inflicted heavy losses on largo capital and have even liquidated
it in the decisive economic sectors, has not yet taken a decisive turn
toward the workers' class and its policy.
Honored Party Committee, in my speech I should like to deal with
this one question, the question or the middle peasantry, and I should
like to point out the causes and sources or the errors we have committed.
The first question that emerges is why is the question of the
middle peasantry the first among our great tasks? Why did it become a
key question?
During the first few years after the Liberation the poor peasant
VAS the central factor of the village. It was so not only in the sense
that he was the Firmest support of the workers' class in the village --
the poor peasantry still is that today and shall remain so tomorrow and
during the entire please of the transition to socialism -- but also in
the sense that on the front of the provincial class struggle the middle
peasantry played no decisive role. The Unities carried onbetween
the poor peasantry and the kulaks.
This situation has changed substantially now that the tasks of
economic reconstruction, and especially now that the tasks of socialist
construction have come into the tore in the village. By now, the mid-
dle peasant has become the central factor of agriculture. But the cir-
cumstances of the provincial class struggle and of the varker-peasant
alliance in the village have also changed. Simultaneously with the
-I22?
ii
beilding-or.secielissa in the city, the fight had also commenced in
the-hilaga-fOi the restriction of the kulaks, the capitalist exploi-
tive elements of therrillage,?end, fer;,thisleying of ths foundations for
the irenitiento,sooialism., The,workin*iclass,oan not_eOrforwthis
ehermeus(tesk by relYingimerely upon, the peprpeesentry mithoutan,l,
al1iarLcc with, and. without thispotive_and effectiii:eupport,ofi the
middle peasantry. Thesehile-during the period subsequest to the
ab6rAien the poor peasant opposed the kulek in the front of the
provineial,plaesetrugglIP*. during stage,of seeielist._,09Pmtru4,
tien.,as.Lenia?seid,,thej4041,,,P10Amentry must also be.eligned with
4151,M,Pi"914aT,-44,Anci,ih. poor'peaswwkAassips!. , :
thet.frontopthe eleeketrngile,victory depends ow-Whose
allilthemiddle,peasenOes the_elly
peerpeeeantmasees,Who_strUggle forsoeialiem4 or., the kulskir
?iJ.i$t sl?uts who. fight tori thegeet,erationor,,eapitslism?:-y,..
WithOlkthe.midaliz.pesiantryjt,i0,impessibteAe,aleanee,upen ths.?,
roadihe liquidation of capitalism and the building of socialism.
This is why the middle peasant question holds such a prominent place
among-our Party"s_taike;,thiejs,why,theLmiddieLpeasant:question
became the key,queetion_or_our,agrarian,pelieyvthis4e why the,middle
peasant beeame,,thi.centraLfigeroje,the?villagea
S.. " - 1`,
in approaching the- uestion: of the ',middle peasan-
opieion? -is th.M;AMderise_t4z. 134?Ikaii!--.#441, ? pee meta a
rola fisisignificancio during tie-trattitioi stage in the fight between
the force of capitalism and socialism.
Of qatirse4;te nO,eaey task, hohore4.Party;Comeittee_. .tir. fora
.he,parti'iaTielipeint in relation to the middle peasant question
luring the transition tago under the complex conditions of class
struggle andstepieTeeeeomio,doveleement. The,folloeing-ilAtquota--
tion .frou'lenint: -must. ditlilitrial = relation ;.tt) the ,class ? whiehI
114 no .eert,tifitA t,q0,ricrat,it..,:cteepj,,iiite,1,4he:-pr,itietAr4t ,irt:ita: totality
is on the --stae of adoialism and the boUrgeois alai s in .its ,totallW
14,14144t.1?4040Fat,i!,!,
tween16A. :.:PRIc1,44411,4"8", .. t43,1T4 t9.4- ?Atratwl. Otwak,,see,
the mi441i,11,PLAV,417a 4!_i;r146ilitVb :t44.41 s..a_ ales* Arhieklracijiatoci _
this 01***::_lt$ werlicieg?4.t,,shas:haCte-
defahd it poeition,threughout, the ,deseadee with the greatest effort.
It 4,t,,,Falt :the ,ex,eloitatia, -landowners, and capitalists, it has
4*, ; ProPiTtf:'
oweine. :7.,Th;riferi i.t.issitremendqualy:(diffieult to determine Our .atti-
tai APIrst *LW,7411,04.4415 eiase.-,LLen110,e ?24,Slikres _
1953 page - despi4 ail -the dialaelties. we de have
. , ? .?
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perform this work.
Now let us examine, comrades, the reason why the membership of
our Party, even today, underestimates this question of determinative
sigeificance, the question of the middle peasantry, why it still does
not realize the enormous importance of it from the viewpeint of the
socialist formation of the village.
One reason is that the teachings of Lenin and Stalin concerning
the stratification of classes in the villages have still not become
commonly known to our entire Party membership. They are Ignorant of
the criteria, of those economic and social principles, which determine
deciekillaylthe situation of each particular stratum, and they know
nothing of the Characteristics and peculiar conditions which determine
decisively the situation of each stratum. They know just as little
about the characteristic and peculiar conditions which differentiate
the individual strata from one another. All this can lead to serious
mistake.
"If we mistake the middle peasants for kulake," said Lenin, "that
moans that we violate in the most flagrant way not only the degrees of
Soviet power and its policy1 but also the fundamental principles of
Communism according to which the alliance of the proletariat with the
middle peasantry is the prerequisite of the painless conversion to
every sort of exploitation" (Lenin's Works, Vol 29, Szikras 1955,
page 215).
In order to alleviate these errors of ours we must make these
teachings the common knowledge of our entire Party membership, the
sooner the better.
The second reason for our errors, in my opinion, is that we have
not been able VO melte our Party membership, especially our provincial
Party fdnctionairos, undsrstand the dual characteristic ofthe middle
peasantry. Be know that the middle peasant is on the one hand a toiling
workingman, on the other, a small property owner, a gmall-scale pro-
ducer. As a worker he is drawn toward the proletariat, as a property
owner and producer of goods he is drawn toward capitalism. Ho vacil-
latea between the two until the proletariat, partly by its far-reaching
assistance to the middle peasantry, by an attentive attitude toward
its needs, and partly by an unrelenting and merciless fight against
capitalist elements, ends the vacillation of the middle peasantry and
akigns it with the working class. The main task is to exert influence
onathe vacillation, on those vanillating, while not for a moment relin-
quishing the fight against the kulaks, but relying solidly on the poor
-124-
peasantry:
c.--Alatura1l3a ne do not :Want .toeffeet allianoe with the middle
peassuitry under %juit-arer oonditions: iii by no sioans2support .the.capi-
tali** /ambitionsi iof the widdl?piasant.i', But 'ilvevery ?,euW ease,..where
the Aisue...il `?etimital, interest:!te -the middle peasantry, the Party
endeavors to reach a practical agreement with it, and respect to the
terminatiencof the- nethed,ot the-roalizatiOna of -Vie ..goeislist trans..
forliation itlaskagaallowaneel. -as 1.0Atli taught. ".-:,!Tre :min ;hems -.nothing
against the :middlpeasantry.-- 'Perhaps :they are net sooia1ists1 aad
never.!mili turn socialist, butcexperionee-will7conarinoe Abet of the,
advantages thi colleetive\farning,of.AhlAandz-euld the majority. lot
theialwillt;not 'resist Leain!wroto (-leninkstWerict.---Vole28.' 3kikras
1952.7:p 115)ii,
ho4uotedt.nin iSveraltiasi,.'tet" sks strait the cooperatives in the field of developing
the production forces of our agriculture. The most Important and, in
its dinenainasi-the,biggaist leak is to creete.thc?coaditisas.
fNthe-
peraU.l or.ocr? sericul.thr&,elorsrelth that4of nationa-
lize& large -indivitry, that is -if-ter- secnrethar:jimnity. ?ofrimor aom- .?
chic:h.-during, unrostristed,-,capitalista diCnot:vh011y exiirt!Aind bed -..-4,-
etenrAirsinteginted to.41 graaViastsetp---.11hatv:ve *peek of the_AinitrAf
theficoom0%-of' the peoplelo iiinotraSTAnCteat fecr-painte* Ar*-
Wadtk,ribt suggest,,ithat lids'-',Eicentey),-,vhicit,ditring unrestricted capita...,
lisa,consietedrfot uniformly capitalist tectorsi*should nom ?bssonat
Thiscista, nor*.distint, task. he --teskj,notrils,,. T'?
that the tvo in branches4ot?conotar,-;!tindestry and itgricult*aei e,
detaloplasifored41.1.12 thcaane directicar,frsxe capitalimmtcr.socitlisn
sailtbitt?the teepoeand letel_orthis-rdevelOpmentXbecosirequitlie :1141.
is.:13ae-emain.;taalt darincthe traftsitory4hitaershich repreeentaWby
the- people ivilairocratese, the:talk vhish in the. lila& of :agricultek*,,--
must) be,' perforated
'by the Cooperativeae.----:. ? ,
-capiteliaxi the basis_ or tbezachina,lignattrat?distaleptherit
vas .forned by enlargeibproductiour and..itsconeecasex&increased-Accusela-
tioni, of.comvipein,elcapitaliat thst-increesed exploitation
or laboro,-1-The condititas &widows:tit lac.the, seal-in eicu1a-
in -'the
satchine induatryi, Steamed prOductibm-and accumlation. rn,
industry it is the concentration of capital and labor ? the most pre-
valent-- form, of-which is thc corporstiodr,,-- thatAkocures,;,,,tilw anew:,
sentioned. ocaditiont of- derelopeent, 43111Arget-productioni,:and etevanlit-
tion?,. Under:tcapitelisVecoditinne olk-prodvationi,..hovaliati thaL?'consentra-
tics oVepgritalnd4.aboriz.disproportisinetailye smaller in.,:agricultare
than,. in,: indutitriklInd. is Possibli.e,only -in-certain -Shitetes,--oesial7 in
Um* Tama thetibeceuees of thie,.'sondititof: production
and ovnerahip hundreds1;,ot..thhusundo exetoten:.Sillioni.:of..psesiintNterna_
bate no opportunity tor -selersektroda.tiort4inCseensulatioluand.:Ihere-
fore'klavb-ehindAn -their detelAYpeentir .10rOibastiortan&tassainiati. ,Carlare
elto.,:at'sclover?,?leimeltin the capitaliet.laup eitx,vicialtural ilinterprises
tban,in-SodUstryOmi since the sort diguifimetlert'-or yet:kinetic:1W
on the saillkpessent tares is Carried'On hytilliaansi?I)Valagiltivreprefusiiool
ther4enseral, datlelOtaient-rof egritulture-renitins,forliehind ther:Alirvelop,
lant..or 4intluatry,.3 noisst-of large..calia,nc?casisetation'the:Tdevelopcient..
-
4,
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of industry accelerates. Thus agriculture always reumins farther and
farther behind. Agriculture becomes a eciony, an area for the exploita-
tion of industrial large capital, which shareena the conflicts between
the two branches of production and, beyoda these, the conflicts between
the city and the village. In spite of the identical conditions of pro-
duction, capitalist conditions dominate in industry as well as in agricul-
ture, so that industry smut sereass agriculture, and the city autoratically
must surpass the village.
With the nationalization of large industry and big banks the demo-
?retie people's rule terminated eapitalist profit in these sectors. It
thereby placed the reproduction of the production forces and, therewith,
accumulation? on tinier foundations. Nat only the character, but also
the acmunt, of amumulation has changed, since it is no longer brought
about by capitalist exploitation and profit* It we add to this the akket
that all this occurred parallel to the transition to a planned econceay,
we can establish beyond all doubt that the developeent of natienalized
large industry has significantly accelerated. At the same time we can
also observe that during the past 3 years a has been no sign of such
a developsmnt in agriculture. As we have said before, besides the
feudalistic vestiges, in agriculture the lend reform had. also demolished
large capitalism, and thereby it had helped to create the conditions for
agriculture's deviation from the road of capitalistic development to a
significant extent. But while large industry, through its naticnalizea
tion, had already taken the road leading to socialism, this did not
happen in the case of agriculture. The departure from the road of
capitalism occur* in large industry with the simultaneous increase of
the production forces, and increaaingly mere advantageous conditions
of development come into existence. Thus the people's democracy already
rests upon solid economic bases in this sector.
The liquidation of capitalism in these economic areas ant the
radical claanges that occurred in the industrial and financial sectors
have sifbatentially facilitated Ma promoted our agriculture's deviation
from the road of capitalicau Iasi its turning to the road that leads to
socialism. In spite of this, houever, the gradual liquidation of the
capitalist aseth,od occurred in aviculture through the transition to
the system of small *States and to the resulting small-scale farming,
which means that the transition vas followed not by an increase of
the production forces by by a decrease. Under these conditiona, in
spite of the fact that the fora of govemt is that of a people's
democracy, in spite of the fact that capitalism has generally VW:easel
in our econOmy, and, in !stet, in certain areas has ceased to exist al-
together, we cad not speak of a unity on even devel.opment of Our economy.
In nationalized largo industry the developeamt toward socialism has
!mermaid, but tin enlarged production and. large-scale aecumulation.
At the same time, the duindling of the production forces in agriculture
has greatly hampered progress. Thus at a constantly Increasing pace
agriculture lege behind big industry. Naturally the democratic econmstc
-136-
4
`t'
' ' , _? r
pOliCys as well as the invesio.ents of the Three-Year Plans increase the
production ,forces of agricult:ure...,to a roertairaalevel. , But compared -with
the larger and more accelerating development of nationalized large in-
dustry. agriculture falls .ever farther behind. a'ffe can. not count upon
spontaneous developmeete thet, is, thatathanationalised?induitry would
._ automatically, draw -agriculture along eithait. There, its a ibasic differ-
enee ,batween the_ characteristics of itheatwo: one is essentially-a
Socd'alist monodic types or, at, least approaohes it!-on eagecure roads as
the other one, ? however,- Is e.sous3.1aseale; producing economy which nurtures
day', atter day, T. reselee !the controversy? extant in.. the
present phase of the development of -the economy .,cir the peoples dance-
raw, to create the,..conditions,foraanaisicriaise in agriculture's Pro-
? deetion forage, to Pliceaproduotioza on the basis of enlarged-produc-
tion and accumelations and to Acted agriculture, to the road toward so-
oialism these -4rs, the ,tasks otthsa cooporative movement.
The questiontarisies as to. the cooperative movement, is able
_to carry. out these enormoustisks. Undoubtedlyea.ln an:. economy that
rests upon a small-estate system and a system of small-scale productions
the cooperative is the more adequate, and, it can be said, represents
theee-14y-wey ipawhieh the conditions-or development towerdasooiaLiss,
the oolcentration of the material means and of -.labors,- enlargsdiasproduc-
tIon and: accumulations cuirass* into. existences Thisai* generally,. true
and correct. -The questions-, however,- isotedrmore- complex that to per-
mit -the disposal.of- it by ,a simple ,,answer. .. Let us examine4he veriotui
production categories and also exaximes in their interaotionsathe
simpler .and more, advanced,types: ofacooperestiveseae,
? Economia: development -ia..unevere even under. thea conditions_ of a-
people s democracy, .specially..-in' th.initial period,- not only:
tasen the main brauohesaofaprodiectiens betweenaindustry and. agricul-
...ture,...,:buta also within' ag,ricelturesain'acontrast mith theasationalised- -
industry:, -where on theibasiirmf.,AL plannodaeconomyat'he' deeelopaent' is
_evene. ieveiopaeut in agriculture, issandaskillaresein uneven4for a.
long.. period, yet to comes, even a fter the transition to the cooperative
way. a What is the ciesi of this uneven alevelopmentta Hungarian agricul-
turezunifies -various 'methods sfaproductions e.eoh-:, of which, attempt* to
develop.-,our SCOIICIIIi by, different methods., a There -is a numer,ioallys.
_snail taitaer,onomically,itrong kulak class whieh wentit'te continue z
its progress :oiesthe capitalistaroviaand wantsitto,?`Ilevelop its pro-a
grass by thsamaintanence and ,evenaextiontion-of capitellit
it andaeiploitetiou. ---aTalsonediFunapeasentrar is al large class which.
possessermost.ofathe landaand has madeeisiveainflateneskaliiaagriciala
s turit..productione-- During'. sialong!eihesel of the.:aleimIkieentof-lauii.a
people's* demeoracy production depends'. ou.thisaelseie *Specially *since
theTtditision of latge-sestates hasarediaciwC--th?-tairms=that- produiie.
for the,markat by one?third. The greatest class numerically, but not
-
'
4,7
241.
*a_
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with respect to the anount of menu of prodaetion it reaseesea, is
the seal pessentry. Thin ig the clasp that ves le:inertly aided by
the land reform. Their farming meths, an4 tbereore their production
or goods, is undezekkeelopede Mein they teem pirt of their produce
to tereet, they do so it the expenter of their ow: needs*
'rheum three =en productive catesories are misted to agricultural
development, to it6preegget. s, to its ranee end methods, Unto prixemrity
to tle: eooperative movement and to the simpler and sere advanced typos
of ferns, each in n different veye The kuleks es a cline uadeuttedey
vent to centime their advance on the vtpitalest med if in pa* ceees
they ore net oppesed to the simpler typo or cooperative movement, this
ten be exp,lateed, by the fact that tbey have tried to use the coopera-
tives, the sane 48 in the paet, for their capitalist interests and in
the service of their exploitatien ambitiono. '.The toUi eesnatis
attitude tovard the cooperative* is boslcelie d,etermined by its dual
charter, steaming from the ceeelitioez of preduction. As a common
vorking man he vette to take the road of the people's d.e=eracy that
leeds tevard goeielism, as opposed to that of capetelism, lend thee
road is represented epy the cooperatives.. As a small proporte rimer,
bowever, he does net want to break the tee* tbat bind his farm to
capitalism.
It is obvious that the peaoantai relation to the cooperratives is
determined not only by his eosetice: in production in the fashiou of
large soalel categories. Ti* inreed of the development of agricul-
ture- withvet doubt &Nell be the aooeerative road, but. =tit thin is
the only road, developmeet will progress on other roads ea fl. Ireeeeti-
ell:, them iU be tee reeds of developeent suicide by side: the co-
operative ani the noncooperative reeds. In feet, far a leog perioe to
covet conerative development itGeir vill also woeress upon two roads.
The road of Wavler arid of wre *dvaeced eseociatione. It would be a
wistake to think test there are only organizational, roma dIffermeces
liblieltka the tvo. The more advancee type of coopeeatives vill create
the condi.tions for the large-ocale development of the productive forcee,
the concentration a material meano. and labor, without Vetch there can
be no development that segeficastly iaoreasee peoduction ian4'without
which it uoule be isepooeibIe to .appreat.b the standards of isftstry.
The atepler cooperative type does not erect any great conceutration
of material means and of lobore and three& a certain brosdeneug of
eve&tetion and accumulation it presses it into a nerve, framevork and
thereby =Dote the transition to cocieliset aloe in eonteuet to the higher
type of associetiou, which aceeleratee tele transitio.n eve talef elevation
of the .standard of potion. emot foretiee, therefore, that the
development of agriculture under the conditicas of the people's deso-
eraey else be Van 1303Ven? Besides the cooperatiere sector, eith-
in uhich, aa di treted above, there wile. be differences, of teleological
segnifieence,e =at also reckon upon the moncooperative gector %date.
in not limited to the keleee but also illeLnika other sectors of the
peasantry.
-138-
1
It would be an 'error 'to ile;i'the'reiniooieratiii? ligiianlieral -Sec-
tor as a "capitalist 'sector in contrast to the 'doreocratici 000prative
sector, whieh ovens th. road to socialism. It is ,true'thai:'-tIlis
taxi' contaiie'liiilek7ftirme't4:capItalist?-charicte'ristics, but nest of
them tire Torii? Of'imall and "medium'peeeants which biine their Seitili-
iciele-productie: upon their own labor and which, by their dual charac-
ter, are not capitalist rams.. But the noncooperative sector can not
be inolulod Inthe capttaliet sector iitz'entirety,* biCiejeit'the '
radical transformation thit occurred in our oCenoee through
10:ge -1:ndu-iiir,i7'ind-bfe'be:zike lees decisively cnnned the
conditions ?develoPeeni, that tie ia?iied elicitor that 'dig
4'014*e-toward toot:instil took 'the ',01A.cee of large capital and the ?:Caoe'
no:ido 'effect of thiauso 'field its reIulti in the non-cooperative sector.
Consequently the capitalist eeedencice_which also exist in the small-
producinge fate's will 'bieSmeresore wet acre limited derine" the ? 6a-a of
doVelsE.nlent:'' The uneven "ilevols,paient,*ich:clee?IY:Wilsts?,ilso on the
basis of the above, ncI raioh et:Lee:ins during a significant phase of
dcWeliielente even if tonly to dec"oasing *teat, does not "tie= tnat
i/14 000perative sector will dve1o3 idierd 446ei.a1faz iitri,f"t)4-t
ts oane with
era:op:ix:611,6i" capitalist -farms, the ,e8-eioo4e.e.riivi. ;victor Will
d.v?lop on tho road of cidijaAiriv tcleArd ocilisa and will thiti rnch
the de teriiinatieee 34.4 the fitraiiii '66
associatIv - - '
_
? ???
,Thei qiro'ittits t die i 'have enevered 'the 'qua-item:L."4i to:
ii?-enefdereteonse.,iie 'elickild 'take 't1-74"coutSii.icir
the',$iiiiateit'poisitilfe_titi'vefcprziiii or the j):iodciattie .11:9recis of'the
fiotieopieritive sector out Or ? 6'6-nbiti considerations, arid, if so,'-
10111.4.1.6r we the oui.rt!go-
'on et'fie basis of the above we "C?.?i-17.7;note.
Certain capitaliat 4sAgsri undoubtedly- will continue to .xist
of -ifie'lieogolif
democreN. should halt or sosetning should, force it back.
-
?, -Tee urieree.,:doriiileetent eithyei-egriceulitire fit 'without dottht only
a -tianeitory'l)hfse.'', There will tna1iy be equ1ization, and in this
the coo t will haVit a dicititivee;ijOiti4'tqualisationwill
ritidtfon force's is 'ortqe ieeateiritpr4ori.i..***e':fifeliftst :type
duction) 000per'tiv.s, which are based on the onoertratjon of aatorial
=jai, and?'8e`ln-b6r, eideliach permit tie utilixation (it'itisTv
of lar,-scale jroduction, of nod.rn tliTuPois'illr-ifie
tions of iiciance?'' i6if"of
? -
stricted".to a 'small area; but it Is'enormeui invite iiiknifloiriao end
elk
:139:
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?
in its effect because it increases considerably the production forces
and creates conditions for an upswing, enlarged production and acoumu-
lation, of precisely those estates that by means of individual farming
have so far been incapable of even simple reproduction. Without doubt
such an association significantly and rapidly raises the standards of
farming.
The simple association which is not based on the concentration of
materia/ means and of labor (purchasing, marketing, credit, etc.,
cooperatives) undoubtedly also has a stimulating effeot upon the de-
velopment of the production forces, and at the most advanced stages
will form the basis for the transition from the simple cooperative to
the higher type of cooperative for sizeable masses of the peasantry.
Under the conditions of the people's democracy the production
forces of agriculture develop the least in the noncooperative sector.
This happens not because the democratic government does not went this
sootor to develop, since the steady elevation of the workers' living
standard demands the development of the production forces of agrioule
tura to the greatest extent, even in the noncooperative sectors.
Rather, thia happens because the noncooperative sector cannot help
lagging behind in its development without the advantages of the asso-
ciation and with the simple production characteristic of the small-
scale producing farms. Therefore, while leveling comes into existence
within the cooperative sector and through a gradual transition to the
more advanced type of cooperative permits a development toward social-
ism, because or the backwardness of the noncooperative seetbr an ever-
growing cleavage would occur between the two sectors, and equality
would increase in this area. We must keep in mind, however, that al-
though the noncooperative sector in eatioulture will exist for a
fairly long period, it is a temporary phenomenon. It goes without
saying that, as regards the roads of development, the one that is more
advanced and means a more developed production, end thereby raises to
a higher standard both agriculture and the peasantry in farming as well
as in the everyday life, will survive and become the only major road of
development. And this is undoubtedly the cooperative. The incorpora-
tion of the noncooperative sector into the cooperative emeter and,
therewith, through the determination of the noncooperative sector, the
establishment or a unified cooperative agriculture, will be promoted,
first, by those material advantages which only the cooperative can give
to the peasantry; second, by a planned economy and its effects, which
in the interest of production development impels the small-scale pro-
ducers to turn to the cooperative road; and third, by the ousting of
capitalism and its eradication in other sectors of our economy, which
breaks the last ties that have bound agriculture to capitalism. The
-140-
development is undoubtedly progressing in this directiem,:an4,ktf,
acceleration is the victory of the cooperative way.. Inthe4reall,
stage, ^however, we' are tar itroca the goal, and -w" p2Aas:t_coyir, a.. long,
road VefOre We reach- ? , _ ?
At thi-moMent,-Whenwi'ars atthe.4rot phase of the eoonzio
? -, ?
tranateriation of our, Piopleis dstmoersoj and ourooOpelatIme,stevessint._
leis far: behind even the 414 f4ral economic: d'ofrilopmint, we must proceed
tom this griti,ent-,-.Pliiitii"..o.OSitiaii to reorganize and place upon new
foundistiOns this. CoopellitiVek movement. Neither can we ignore the feet
that thore has been no widespread. . or,sig4ricarxt,copporative movement
in the neFie'liSs.,of th. o,coUntry, , and that therefore$; our peasantry
aO:arciirlyn&sseisee the 000pertiv 1102.0. tho'ciipaign:exPerionile,
and 1hc orsnisIng skill. A:stable:coOPerative Movement,:heavvire can
from 'bolo!". ,- fr.* the 2(4a- sultry!' initiative,
anciin*iya-t11-:trUst of the_peasantryi. .0onlideriag.(41 aia we must,
Cono.lindiiathaW**Uitf,kiip.in4tep:with the,dvalOpment ef,th"e:tho#ght
process gthe,piaisitriAiw",iiit.not-#4.eyeOheAnitial4hasev,or
the secpcnt17$iviaintp'se:thet'the'cove4tiVaajme,y-baiome,*4,TAY
;t4.4.41.40,4t.t4incie...adv50,4a.."tia.taref,..th":2"asent/-xib4t.a:liojhat
oft4e_entili-tailing piasantrY. -Foi'this very reason, Aiming the
Current phase the main task is the development and the establishment
or those s1ipIorleV60,9r-RP9P#fat.4-Tes,10.41kr1.1 01M,A0,42,9.9a4ft.talf.
T14,4 ases ki.'''.0?.*91-14s,P!!!&39.4rY't in whoa the .1.0171Ep?P00.19.41-',47'
the villgi are truatu1 and with wo they ure willing *iv actively
At the saie.tiia, while'wO,Oncentrate:?i'thia.establiahientaof,
siapler associatioiia, e. must not lose sightf-or?the. s*a..4itstiO '
Plors*'..4*(1?? We must be aware of h. tact iMt,, both ths, ke,sks? and
0*. fori* woveaenL at this present ffimittVatas.
are only transitory, and w.muct not under, any, ,oirout4m view thista
Oer-.1,sein:Oneird in
the '-lteii4g.-,out 5 or, n'siiiiL:tiik":iend."h;,i*i;*:1*.,0,,i4grigril,po,g,asticity
and 15111*.ii.:-L:P1-04(8.1:412ai4t,W -;s:a Ala** 'of 4,70.1P-I'n?;,trua
iiIimOiti.;1'44Oopiritileilorii**ni-iii also 14rtio:4?witItiihtior,transitory
charster, ad oth ambitions, the ;api?ilistaes Wisp, liaathelsoolalist,
6iPii.6#111.04000i iieiCe.-101,0:4iiuriste#0,*;A/serly,Shifilthit at the
durieht-phaie Of traniition'the cooperatives viewed as
socialist institutions, awn under the conditions of the people's do.-
mocracy, not even if during the course of development the socialist 01e-
mentswere to gradually gain greater weight, or have already gained
the majority strength. At the present stage spontaneity within the
cooperative movement impels the cooperatives toward capitalism,
TW0.1
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so4nst the capitalist elements and their ambitions. Therefore only
a constant fight against capitalist elements and their manifestations
and, as a result, the appropriate orgabizational measures, can insure
the democratic character and a socialist development of the coopera-
tives. This fight is the sustaining element of the cooperative move-
ment, which on the basis of the democratic conditions created in the
politi al and eel _omic field, guarantees that, from the former collec-
tive capitalist institution, the cooperatives will eradually become
socialist democratic development.
Te have analyzed the cooperative movement in connection with
theoretical and practical questions only in its relation to agricul-
ture. This is not because the cooperative movement does not touch
upon other areas of our economy, but because in the development or
agriculture, in contrast to its role in other economic areas, it has
a decisive role, and also because the broadest bases of our democratic
form of development is the village. In both respects, therefore, we
must endeavor that the weight of the cooperative movements shift to
the village, and that the only demooratie branch of the preemt coop-
erative movement, the network of farmers' associations, became its
backbone:
The cooperative movement or the province is of controlling signif-
icance in the democratic development of the entire country's economy.
Therefore the most far-reiching promotion of the cooperative movement
should be placed in the center of the tasks of the people's democratic
state, especially since the peasantry stubbornly adheres to everything
that is old, to which it has become accustomed, and will join the coop-
erative movement only if it is convinced that the cooperative offers
it material advantages and promotes its economic, social, and cultural
elevation. But the peasantry's coopereetive movement must also be sup-
ported because it is the only way to end the Hungatien villages'
centurieeeel, -okwardness, to substantially bettelo the living condi-
tions of the toiling peasantry, above all, to liberate the toiling
peasantry. It is the task of the people's democracy to insure, by
the wide development of the cooperative movement, that it progress on
the road of democratic development not with an impoverished peasantry
subdued by large capital, but with a prosperous, free peasantry -- not
with a decaying e.-e with a flourishing agricultural production.
-142-
? DEBATE OONOERNING THE. QUESTION OF THE MIDDLE PEASANT'S
. e? -STATUS, AND. PROVINCIAL GLASS -RELAtIONS ?
EfokII,Jages:11971621
i
The.main,,fault in this question is the undereetiteation of t3ase
role, ; and 'significance of the medium peasantry in the fight between'
thielerces of ,ospitaliste and socialism. in the bokinning of Septem-
ber.,1948,,when differences of opinion occurred and they cane to debate,
I -assigned -this as-the 'nein error:
And what did the underestimation of the medium peasantry show in
the fall, of 1948?-;Beferweledevelep the answer to this fundamentalt
question. in order to:s.void'esisundersitandihgTeshould first.likeete-
clarity a tevaquestiesteieefeideologicale significance: ' -
tee.:?.1 - ' ? .1 '
' Lenin gaveedefinitie guidance of gineraletalidity as to whet our
relation.. should be toi the various strata: at the peasantry, among them
to the medium peasantry, at any given time. *In. connection with the
peasantry., In oonction with,tho workers!, al:lianas- with the. peasantry
or: eritheoertatte strata. of, the peasantryeeleninisa hue three% fundamental
sioganse whittle: correspond- to, thir,thrsol periods...or rovolution.d' The
011101100t4IL to choose correctly the-; moment -or conversion ? frame the first.
slogan to the a eisond,;e. ant4 from-, the, seeond to the:, third.- %-1 Mr emphasis.
Ie.. WO r -
, -...
- nu. the oldon.dsys: Whew we progressed. toward the bourgetsis3reiblme
tion, when we Bolshevikeehad- first drafted the plane -of Oier_Jp-oliey
toward_ thee peasantry,- Ionia% suggested ,anl alliance withv the enti.rit pease
entry against theetsar and 1-andlords during the neutralization' of the
CsdOt Party bourgeeisii.lte This was:-the7firatephase- of- our revolution.
? r-- ',e , -r e
; ? -',111031; villin.w_s; approached October, thea a 'eon& phase, Lenin gave
new' slogan appropriate 'to'. the. neir situations.- the alliance of the
proletariat witir tkii pooreofethe village.. against *11 thee,beurgeoisieef- -
with,. the- neutralization of the medium, peasantry.' This:2 slogan- is _ '
needed. by theOemmunist parties which-proevess, to poweree'..'
?
"...Later, after we had repelled the attacks of the imperialists
and had -more or- lois . etshilisird- our power; when - enteritt: the, flute*,
of widespread socialisteconstruition,e.Lanin annoiuteed. a' third.. slogans
the 2permenente alliance-- of:the proletariat and- the poor peasantry'
thie medium peasantry..., ' - ,
t. r_Thirtiansition Prow the. old slogan' alliance of thie-proleterist,
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and the poor peasantry, from the old slogan of the neutralisation or
the medium peasantry to the slogan of permanent alliance with the
medium peasantry had already occurred at the VIII Congress of our
Party" (Stalin's Works, Vol 7, 1951, pages 346-347, 346).
The teaohings of Lenin and Stalin on the subject of our relation
to the various strata of the peasantry are of general validity. The
social progress of every country which has a significant peasantry
occurs during the three main phases designated by Lenin, and at the
given phase or development the relation to the individual Glasses of
the peasantry can only be in accordance with the Leninist de rinition.
I felt it was important to catabliah this, since there are views
aocording to which "Russian peculiarities" play at least an important,
if not decisive, role in the teachings of Lenin and Stalin, and that
would mean that these teachings can only be applied partially and with
certain reservations anywhere else. The excessive amphara& of the
"Russian peculiarities" undoubtedly contains this danger.
Without doubt it would be an error to perceive and apply Uarxism
and Leninism literally, as a rigid pattern or as dogma. It is also
without doubt that every country possesses characteristics different
from those of other countries which came into existence during a social
development in the fields of class struggle, economy, culture, etc.
It is further without doubt that Marxism and Leninism can and must be
correctly applied only by taking into account the historical and degree
of social development of those peculiarities and not by their applica-
tion 1=10-pendently of time and space. But at the same time it is also
evident that Marxism-Leninism, as a study of the rules of social devel-
opment, as a study of the strategy and tactics of the proletariat' s
struggle, is unchangeably valid in the subsequent stages of develop-
ment in the Soviet Union, as well as in the other countries, in oevery
problem of society, thus also in the agrarian-peasant problem. The
way in which the individual questions arise, the form in which they
occur, may be peculiar and different from the other countries, but the
substance, the rule, remains the same. And this means that these rules
become effective in the determination of our relations with the medium
peasantry.
To apply the three slogans of the peasant problem determined by
Leninism, as comrade Stalin pointed Out, Mitial8 to correctly conceive
the transition from the first phase to the second, and later :rom the
second to the third. In my opinion, it WAS the error of the leadership
of our party that it did not correctly conceive the transition from
the second phase to the third, to the alliance with the medium peasantry.
-144-
Eyen if we were_to, admit ,,that this transition could .9nly havik-ea-
ourred during the winter ,of 1947743_ (as is.. known. this 900urred in
libroii,:19,19 in the 89vist,Unien),.,,we must conclude that the Party
leaders-ship did not bring about thia.turning toward the. Medium peas-
' aktrye. did. not announce the new slogan in place of the old .one.,. ,
,:Therlifore it' did net lead the Party. to,the poliby of alliance with the
d,i,tire'peatrantry. , The Party leadership only took- this :turn now, with
a delay of one year.
Sha.t *es the consequence of the fact that the Party leadership
'did not take-a timely turn toward a permanent alliance with the medi-
um peasantry? One of the consequences was that although we raised.
the o.rtransition fTeM, individual farming to associated. farming,
tius''Artite 4t0 CooPerative production, in ether words, ,the
builaing of socialism 1,10.,4?0.,Til_liAgIt in fact began,its realization
-.Witti9irtliaiing:Orie to Igtiisient.iitth,,,i'ths Mediu!a. peasantry, without
havingaeadisvored =to realiii ._thie agreement 9r,,allianee,.
r'W."?*' J171'n?
The Ctlatir*consequenne fres comeenced the,poiit4 -of ous-,-
.1s:tri"otineth. kulek,s, is, we began the first &lige of our policy
'elied at the liciiiidati9/1 of the last capitalist class andwent over to
the attack ip the field,ef ,atrieetingLthit.kulaks_xitllout,having,,,prea
vided - Jude:1'47'4 ..firtfthe.Aeditim.peasantrY ,by.,.e.,-,ponerete4olipy ota?
;!agriui;.fis'1.,tanu coepromie.:z
- :0 - n
,It Is euz aleientaxy truism that the mediusi peasantry 110t? -Or
itself, spontaneously, mak.et an, a.11.ience with the working ?elaset ;At is
AilySo Aft4ii that taa a.,late4s ..inffieted. on ,..the.4cailtics, !vimthe increased
insufficient La ?asprixstik the ,medium
...poit:asantry;fr;g,t the kulaks tuid to, place it O thee si4s of the ppAsterist
,peAlkams?ritctis.at:isty AfAtedeet-
,teriAvnee4.A the peasantrya iasa wsfl asposaible,:;,,L,7eu&ctur;._WIcisry
on *Os 0.1114--tt Ago*, "49,44 it ,of
7010. ,:ads4nietikUon.; aa.,Lenin
'eSICOri:itbeN1,11,;24.01Ongre4.-of, thi,5101shavi*,,arty, to Maks concessions
t9 -1t viith'i4Spea6Aci the *iiirsriataiSt 'ransforisation.
- -? .f u?sir.f;',.??:t
AlthOugn these Luicstaist gu.iding srinciples are -common knowledge.
we hair. iimer ,noice..tci:.,thirirappiipati.on. The:. tomis or the
piii40A04, 44'14,49,?,?ipbli..24 3.0,,t,b, the: m_edival?peteeeter4',11?1,19r.,,-.49t,;, yet
besa worked out. Viii_::tZslc,* :#74-ire,r14'llii4ArliPdr, beort 4eterrnined.4---Ag
as the metod of rheiocialist transformation of the2zotifiira ,peas-
aetry, arevoonee'rne4a, the, RIApstion, of. possible Aseposfoiipnk`*,vee- not
**:;,110e,a` -40kettitil,Pr..1,,.041-041-3*-1,41);1(t Pa fed, :-.:s.?97-0.1.4. "4. uk.,
'ikt-en ,th7.1 with thelsedium peasentr,y
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floats in the air as the coffin of Mohammed, so to speak,and can
not take root. In my opinion, the reason for this lies in :the fact
that, after we had sufficiently consolidated our power, the Partyte
policy did not direct and does not now direct its attention suffi-
ciently to the alliance eith the medium peasantry, to an aereement
with it, although it will have to cooperete with it for a long time.
In other words, this means that the Party could not in its entirety
realize the triple but undivisibly unified slogan: (a) consider the
poor peasant; (b) make an alliance with the medium peasant; and (o)
never, not oven for a moment, cease the fight against the kulaks.
Our policy as to the poor peasantry WAS clear, and ia still clear
today: while there still remains a poor peasantry, that is, during
the phase or the transition to socialism, it represents the firmest
support or the working class in the village. Our policy is also clear
as to the kulaks, capitalists of the villages we must restrict them
and we must cut off the sources of their power and influence equally
in the economic, political, social, cultural, and sociological fields.
But it can not be said that we also had such a clearly phrased policy
as regerds the medium peasantry.
It is not easy to determine our relation to the medium peasantry.
Regarding this Lenin said the following: "ae must determine our relae
tion to a class which has no strong and concrete viewpoints. The
proletariat is in its totality on the side or socialise, and the bour-
geois Olt= is in its totality against socialism; it is easy to deter-
mine the relationship between these two classes. When, however, We
turn to a stratum such as the medium peasantry, we find that this is
a class which vacillates. This class is partly property-owning,
partly working...it has had to defend ite position throughout the
decades eith the greatest effort, it has felt the exploitation of
the landowners and capitalists, it has had to tolerate much, out at
the same time it is still property-owning. Therefore it is tremen-
dously difficult to determine our attitude toward this vacillating
class" (Lenin's Works, Vol 29, 1953, page 204).
The teachings of Lenin and Stalin give the key to the correct
solution to this difficult and important question. In his opening
speech at the VIII Congress of the Bolshevik Party Lenin furnished
the theoretical basis for the principle of a permanent alliance with
the medium peasantry with tho following words: "...the best repre-
sentatives of socialism of the olden days ?- when they still believed
in. the Revolution and served it theoretically and ideologically --
talked or the neutralization of the peasentry, that is, the making of
the medium peasantry into*, sooial class Which, even if it did not give
?146?
activaCaidAo the'..Reveletioneof theYproletariat, at :least didtnot ,
hinderait, is at_least.neutral,Aoew:noteiside,with our.eneniesdejThun,
setting of,this,abstraotw.:theoretical: Ian illrqUite001419.rrto us., But
it.leinsufficient. ifeahave reached,a,stage-ofsSeeialistmenstruotion
where the directions and4uiding.prineiples-bseed,on,theexperienees of
village work:were be. eorked. out concretelyaandain detail ?and-must serve
US asAhe.guiding liaise so:that in.ourareletions,with the =gaunt peas?
entrYawe stand upon ,the ground, of a'permanent-alliseee.aa*,(Lenittiao'
I7orki.eVe1a29*- pages 136-137). e , . a
- a Thecontrollin&slogareinewhioh-(this policy _gained expression in
its entirety was thorabove qeetecttriple'butlhomegeneoutaLeninistIsloe
ganafer.the'peasent,question after the stabilisation,ofpower.
? e- - Yee , i
."4,0s,n, this Leninist slogan be-applied'under:.ouraconditlionsa at the
present *tavola the transition frost oapitaliin'toiilismi In
my opinion it tanfemostaassuredly be applied. Cane* say that we have
applied this-Leninist. slegairin itiventiretyl, Inas), epinionawe:eannot
sarthatie-Yet?ifeee,do,notapply-the.Leninist,principles,we deviate
froxathe-correottMervist path.- aa, aaaa e
a-a.
a.,Stalitedeals-with this questions aUndar tha?ionditibis-df the
iifiihase of the building of socielism can there be a trua and
permanentealliauce.with.the medium-peasantry-if weedeanetadrew upon
the poor peasantry sndado-not contineeethcfight:againstthelkulakel?
Mee :thieve canabeenonenderatheepresentaconditemwof,develepasent,-
cad aesucoessfelawar, be waged:against the )(Welke it weedo-,netaleamen
upen,the poor peasantry and do not cone to an agreement with the me-
dium peasantry? No, it can not" (Stalin, Questions of Leninism, 1953,
? Z. ? 74
aThe judgment of eurework is. centaine0 in,athe answeraaaille experi-
ono* dak?ar,t4r derthat the **dime peasantry' shows- no changeetoward the
working, class and its cooperative. policy; ',despite thee feet:4120 we
have infliatialt *rim"- lessee' upon ? large capital, 'andz have even *rad-
icsted it in the main ecionomie areas, curtailed its power, and also
have taken steps, towart.,thw,restrictian otc the: .1culaksi0 Yet without
this change' we can .not- progress* -in e the fielda of ths.imailding;:op,
social-
iaa "either ow wial. further build- **Clans& In- tbs. eitratits . do not
taks suppizia the buldingaof socialju in. thevillage* ;This ;.inetuenc
is onlyrpossiblei? on thee bests, of:. ok,..pereamtentalliano?writh tbs.oeedi, -
um peasantry.- iTheamedi. peesanta,questiostais thjsratora'i-th*Aitk3 with
thC help , of .ehiehaee -can carryeen the icauseeofasecieliese en Hungary.
bis is is hmaadirlirstawqinationyoP,t.havaatilsarlpeastantiy has-booms
at the present.phase the eentral,queitionaotrourt.Partreork.,
^
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The fact that after we had sufficiently etabilized the power, the
tasks of the economic construction of socialism came to the fore, also
moved the establishment of an alliance with the medium peasantry to the
top of our list of tasks. "When we build socialism we must Wire not
millions, but tens of millions, of village people...socialism is an
organization of economy which through the socialization of the tools
of production and labor unifies industry and agriculture. Without the
unification of thee? two branohes of economy socialism is impossible'
(Stalin's Works, Vol 7, pages 347-318). "Since, however, as a result
of the agrarian revolution we have glaten the main power to the medi-
um peasant in the village; since, despite the differentiation, the
medium peasantry in in the majority in the village, our constructive
work and the Leninist 000perative plan nevertheless demands the inclu-
sion of the bulk or the peasantry, the policy of alliance with the
medium peasants...is tho only corr+qesay" (Stalin's Works, Vol 7,
pages 351-352).
In other words, this means that, as Lenin said, in agriculture
we must bet everything on the medium peasantry. Ac:)ording to Stalin,
agrioulture should focus on the medium peasant, because the medium
peasant is the central figure of agriculture" (Stalin, Questions of
Leninism, page 186).
We can see, therefore, that during the phase of socialist con-
struction the medium peasant is the central factor in the village from
the point of view of both politics and economics, and that the esteb-
lishment of a permanent alliance with the medium peasant is the main
task.
Does this mean that we must neglect our work among the poor peas.-
entry and dur fight for the restriction or the kulake No, it need
not mean that, it we apply in its entirety the known Leninist
tripartite yet homogeneous slogan. In such interpretation the fo-
cusing upon the question of an alliance with the medium peasantry is
the prerequisite of successful work on these two fronts.
It is the fundamental error of our work in the village that
because of the incorrect evaluation of the role of the medium peas-
antry and its significance, because of the underestimation of the
weight of the medium peasantry, we could not make the central question
of our Party work the question of a permanent alliance with the modi-
un peasantry without slighting the poor peaseptry and without rele-
gating to the baokground the work to be performed among the poor peas-
antry. This is an error that must be corrected, but not by further
substituting the new and main task of the current phase, that is,
-148-
e..????11.
the eStablishment.of a. permanent alliance with the medium peasantry
by concentrating our -work upon the rain task of the preceding .phase.
- A4; -4c. , ,.1. '),
111;. problem or ,thsaapoor peasantry in not, * new =problem for: UI. -
As I. uid before, - while ,there, resainsaa poor- peasantry..thusthroughout
the entire ;p)t5 of the. socialist, transforastion, 31111 .atuat draw Upon
the poor peasantry for support. :"tie -are, liarxists, we are COmmunists,
we eaust draw upon the poor. peasantry in the village. from what 'other
class 'could ve..gain support?". said Stalin, (Staling Works,- Vol
page-353)w is..eqUally ?rend during all three phases
of revolutionary trinsforiaation, but, besides that, each phase has
its own centralsamainaissues. In the current-phase. this is, the- estab-
lishment of ,an ralliancu. with the medium peasantry. and this, not by
ignoring the poor peasantry, the firmest support of the ;working =class-
ill -the village. .2- , .
The Party leadership made* the. LIMP of _the fight. against the '
kulalcs. theAsainaquestionaor the current transitional, ,perioda. _ ,We know
that the, seeenct ,sinci third> phases' of the Tevolutionary transformation
are basically: distinguished notaby,the _fieit against capitalist ele-
ments, as this has continued during both phases and differed only in
degree. ,butaby the kimportant cuange: that eocurs in our relationship ..:
to the meeius pcatantry.:-.. by the. transition from the policy' of _rum-
traliaation to the policy or _ -
Does this.. mean thatathe fight against the kulsks isatcr be role.-
gated, to the background, that at will. abate* Or-meats*? Does this meam
that wsr fishainto ?the- kulaksi,. nets?. Ale, not at all. .-. In
the spirit of- the. Leninist slogan the fight against the kulaks.must.
be' unohangeably; even increasingly, continued. The more conspicuous
our policy aimed at a permanent alliance with the medium peasantry,
the more it penes- into the. foreground., the.toore,succestful will this
richt, b*.=, ..lt would be.,,Isscorreot :if weasers to. continue -the.tight-a'ar
against the kulaksa ignoring, the medium: peasantry -'sinda not'drawing-,
upon the medium-peasantry, ira-thisaright. Ita must .bia recognised that-
it -during this acurrent phase oratho. transition tront ,capitilism. tease**
claim-1110, Stilt, A-eziain att..** leveloft the kslogiaa Or;?? the. previons)::,
phase,,,. atathe neutralization .of.- the sediuseveasantrya sumi.f.doanot, desig-
nate' the -permanent aLlianceamith .it- as -this susin-task - of theaParty bnt
the fight ,,against ;the- kulaktaa- if-"we sake this the :central, issue. .,?that
*Odd Sean ,that we deviate-froa, Leninist I?strategy. Theadztngerathereor
existed. end. was- manifested by the _fact that the Party alidannt,,announce,
or; at least :did-, not. announce- -mite And vith appropriate firmness.* the
slogan or sllianoe with the iseditia. peasantry; sued :tat the same kilos the..ta
question of the. fight- against- the kulakisaat the, central -issue.'?
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In my opinion the resters for this were the overexageeration
of the power of capitalise and of the danger emanating therefrom.
The emphasis is onovereeaggeretion, vhich does not and can not WW1
that there is no capitalist danger, that this danger (len not be over.
estimated, There is indeed a capitalist danger, end we should not be
Mareist.-Leninists if we (Auld not see it or did underestimate it.
We know that, as Lenin said, "while we live in a country of small
peasants there is in Ulla& & firaOr economic basis for capitalise
than for Communism;..small enterprise nurtures capitalism every hour
of the day..." (1,211.11tElsrlas," Vol 51, 1951, page
The underestimation of the danger of the kulaks, thus essentially
of the capitalist danger, is no emaller error than the exaggeration
of this daaeer. Whence originates the exaggeration of the kulak den.
ger? tram the fact that in the villege we see only a oue-sided process,
anti that is the process of the reinforeement of capitalist elements and
of capitalist tendencies. This is incorrect, because not only a capi-
talist development oocurs in the village, there is also a two-sided
process, the battle of socialism and capitalism, with a slog but con-
stant tad increasing restriction of capitalise.
What sort of errors do a one-sided view of the capitalist danger
and its exaggeration bring &boat/ First of all, the feet that in the
current phase we made the fleet against the kulates the central and
decisive task to which we must subordinate every other question. The
exaggeration of the capitalist denger, the plecine in the foreground
of the fight against the kaiaks, caused the Party to divert tram the
correct policy of reetrictine the kulaks to the policy of the liqui-
dation of the kaiaks, shioh in the current phase is a dangerous polit-
ioal error.
The exaggeration of the kulak-oapitalist danger also brought
about the error that only the small property holder, the goods-producine
character of the medium peasantry, thus only one or the oharscterestics,
the one that drove him toward capitaliamoms observed. So they con-
veniently judged
hint a kulak and also appli0d. the enti-kulak measures
agalelet the eaeelitgt peasantry, booause in every fairly well-to-do old
or new landowning peesant they began to see a kulak. Although, ace
cording to Lenin: air we mistake the medium peasants for kulaks and
in smaller orgreater measere make applicable to them the measures
directed against the kolaks, we violate in the most flagrant:tem
not only the decrees of the Soviet power and its entire policy, but
also the tandem/metal prinelples of Communism, according to which...
the proletariat's alliance with the medium peasantry it one prerequisite
of the painless transition to the elimination of every sort of
-160e
exploititione ;41"hiittodiun peasentrereeshose eiconocie roots are ?fairly-eke
strenge .ewill- maintein Uself- for. efairlyelong period of timaseatteee
the commencement of the proletariat' s revolution. Therefore...we
must reckon. Witle le long' period ofecollaberatieremith. the 'medium e,
peeehntry" .(Lenin's Werke, Vol, 29, vegeseeleeele).
ee e e: .;e, .1 's _r; '
qabelieve' thereeieeno sloebtebut ;that t4 :Party :leadership :under-
estimatedetho'Vicleee and significance:of the Medium peasantry -beatuse
of the '4xiigerationeet the lculekecapitalist danger, :and tee thereby;
et tenth qeidt, violated the fends:Rental-principles of Communism.
The exaggeration 'of -Abe 'capitalist 'danger is else the explanation
fair the Ilect ethat ;void* circles' ore theeParteee and ;evee our 7leading es
organisations, ere &d 's. to and even fearful-of tbeldevelopeent of
ths eproduetione forces ofethe isll ind ',medium 'peasant ,fams ? and-of e
the otiengthenilig eof the see-economio ',strata. 2 This is partly because -of
the 'view *hit-:_they eaight ebeomee c7kuleks ad. increase .the capitalist, _e
danger beeanue current, ind-tpartly-.beeduseethe,strengthening,ef ;their,
tiros vend ,prOductionefotees'o am not b.:.comail.d with the
policy Ito f transition to cooperative ks.-triaultural -production. "neer
eeividel. "-such:vie*, -are Andorreet eind cueeit_eiee, ee t eeee ee
ee Se ?Amide ettrengtheeing is liUsufficienteter mutts i-tprotng einto ta
Welk etpiteliste 'eThe'kulikeiemainechareeteriatia'Ae ;netpthat he IS
welleteedoeoreprospereuse ebutethatehe is Amp/oitativee ,.Toeturninto a
kelik there Core Ileitis to lesoome exploitative. : Hew thea, eLfeeseobserve
fres' Mite only correct iiespointethe _*danger* which'emanates.4rgai,the
looniest? estrengthening of ethiltsail e aideme dimly ,peisantrye:. its e si geifi-
mine* eis "negligible.) ThroUgh --the eland: referee and liter ,,,through other
ocenemic meetures of 'the people s , democracy e or - villages ee inethe , same
Xiyees earlisreAnLthe.-: Seyiet, Union, , babe*. the al I leges of the medium
peasantry, which means that the very broad lower strata of the peasan-
try biases economically-;itrone eases eint* e prosperity withetheire proper.
tyel Withoutebteolinv capitaIiattexPleiters; drekulake.,r;With.ethisee do
not contend; that capitalistedifferentiaion? thee capitel tat', struggle
for 7powerefhaseempletely',endede orathat*.boenarrow kulakecapitalist
exploitive strata could emerge from the ranks of the small and medium
peasantryee Buteine sr-opinion thiei it:: not thivaailv toaster -and it not
whet is'tillieraeteristior. or thra iilopeent., tirit&t- beet: -Doe urredein the ,evi
lagee during the past; one = eretveelesrieinethe ?Commie:, field end ! in . the
field-ofelasserelations.:-ie7e'ee eseeee ee e :7e:re: e ee
?? 1.w z
'-'0eherallyeesmallescele produation is ,aeelangerAoeseisialismiebeeause
itv nurtures', capitilista day'. spite?, ser this ,rost
toietherewiWthie tiaisake 1)1'4 *in predecersee.inealli *nee with e the small
sr.%
.;
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and medium peasantry, for the eradication of capitalism, for the liqui-
dation of the kulak-capitalist elements, for socialism in agriculture.
He who believes that the economic strengthening of the small-
produoing peasantry turns them into kulaks does not understand the
basic changes in the village or the dominance of %he medium peasantry --
and ma* a person commits an error, in my opinion, and deviates from
Narxism-Leniniam. Such erroneous views are likely to stake the medium
peasant join the ranks of the kulaks and to make him hostile to the
working olass and the cause of socialism.
Let us now see how we stand with the question of the development
of the forces of production of the email and medium pessantry* Can
the small-ecale production of goods be developed during the trend.-
tional phase to the cooperatives? Is this reconcilable with our ad-
vance in agriculture toward socialism? In my opinion, we:must answer
these questions with a categorical yes. 'Why? Because the snail and
medium peasants turned from individual farming to cooperative farming
primarily not because of their distrust and economic despondency, but
because of the greater achievement of the cooperative farms. In dis-
cussing the transition of the Western small peasantry to cooperatives,
when Engels speaks about the theory that the small peasants who have
not yet decided to go into associations should be given some time to
think it over, among other things, he writes the following. "The
greater the number of peasants we can already win over to our side
while they are still peasants, the faster will the socialist trans-
formation take place. It would not be to our advantage to d. clay the
socialist transformation until capitalist production has developed
to the extreme, until the last small tradoaman and also the very last
small peasant has become the victim of the capitalist large enterprise"
(Marx-Engels, Selected Works, Vol 2, 1949, page 434).
As we can see, Engels definitely sided with the snail peasant
and believed in far-reaching material sacrifices and support to be
necessary as regards the small peasantry, bet:muse he believed that
this way the small peasant would side with us.
We know that in the small individual farms the development of
the productive forces is slower than in the large cooperative farms.
Cooperative production can be the sole basis or socialist agriculture,
because it develops the productive forces on a much larger scale com-
pared notcatly with the individual peasant farms but also with largo
oapitillist enterprises. If the amount of production is not larger in
the cooperatives than in the individual small farms, the mere increase
of his economic difficulties will not lead the small and medium
-152-
poaseit'tie a$4eratpipli`redliotion;:.u-Tha-iiiiiall'4;ad-iiadit* Peasant is
rea-0 tha'rala-itt ce6peratiie proAii:etliabithediffekeficeathat
miiifeiti,itieifih'iWfad'vikhtHigeilef'ftie?fsbOPiiaP.'vse,-wheie-the'j"
the'?prdti?ttoI foiceti' of treater pioiortianisiii
-
contract with the individual small and peasant farms.
?
stonn zidthe folli_riiint:regaraini-ihe-'develcleaSiat'of aall and
faria.s' *ge_Can'i6:t Cnd'Auct.'n'et SUPpert the individual
But 'we c'ett:'enir the individual small
;e4t:ihereasetheir pradation,'s0 we must
daw thaii:into tte orbit of ad-6:001,u*,
* " '
1ti1iid,this'in1923/111:_theycirapreceding,the'greattransi-
'tten to ms?011t r.tioi inthe??ce phile oftherestriotion
6I" iiiiiirtiia-epilio&eathE the liquidation of the kulak
as a clasp*
4
y:1 this important? So that we cen olosrly Cieli.h.W the Alm1-
Cia10.1nCake i.ust peasantry, the
ilisisieh-ti'in agriculture, against an increase of the capitalist danger
and the small and medium peasantry turning,kulak.
. . ", ? C,7
?% ? At: the, cilia title. the 1.ncreace or the groquction forces or the
iiaiiiaukl:Ciall4Witediik_paiisCnt7-far44*-6C'We cai ii9;:$aillaid*-
41.CilWaiiiii be rconoi1od to'-the'tranaitiiiirWeebeeiati*piedtaa4'
tibii,-'1Iiil'at!iiielqii6tee'aiaterieW$11,Stalin"iefia to the fatit-u*hai'""
th* aiiall and nedium peasant terms mu5t be arawn'into the orbit of
deteri-
oration Or the 'rag& "stAit siSatirrS
?''Oetha'1;iof Lenin's teachings I have already shown that as a
result of the agr,aria,1,1 reform and:the_meesures,fellow.ing ite..the,medium
peasants became the':-8entiiirfatOr'ef-igicat144, jrneprodt.i940:
of '
Rfeiieilirs*-e;
tilitiiippbitirlietiiieniiiiiii'keAiszAti'lliiil$*?Cie Rt. aiaiicti
.6;irtOdW
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The fact that agricultural production still depends upon this
sector also speaks for the production inerease of the individual
small and medium peasant farms. The cooperative sector still plays
a very negligible role in the agricultural production of the country.
Of course it mould be a serious error to one-sidedly concentrate
only on the increase of the production forces of the small and medium
peasant farms. Such one-sidedness would indeed mean an increase of
the capitalist danger. For this very reason the development of the
production of the small and medium peasant farms must be completed
along eith the proper development of 000perative production. Thus,
in order for us to take a truly Marxist-Leninist ideological stand,
we must proceed in two directions, and we must cast off one-sidedness
in either one or the other direction, regardless of whether the ques-
tion is the development of the production of either the small and
medium peasant or of the cooperative.
And laAt but not least, we must keep in view the main aspeet, to
which everything else must be subordinated. "The main principle of
the dictatorship of the proletariat is the maintenance of the alliance
of the proletariat and the peasantry, so that the proletariat may retein
its leading role and the state power" (Stalin, Questions of Leninism,
page 231).
Looking at the matter from the viewpoint of this most important
principle, the question arises as to what strengthens the worker-
peasant alliance, what promotes an allianoemith the medium peasantry.
In my opinion there is no doubt but that far-reaching aid and assist-
ance to the small and medium peasantry on the part of the working *lass
and the government agencies would solidify the workerepeaeant alliance
and would carry forward the cause of socialism in the village. The
exaggeration of the kulak danger, the false 'theory" regarding
"kulekization" is likely to raise a barrier as regerds reaching an
agreement with the medium peasantry, and by rendering difficult the
separation of the medium peasantry from the kulaks it mould drive the
fish right into the kulakss net, so to speak, by driving the medic=
peasantry into it.
The source of the errors committed as regards the medium peasant
question it the incorrect evaluation of the peasantry's differentiation
during the phase of the, transition from capitalism to sooialiam. Under
capitalist conditions the differentiation of the peasantry occurs by
polarization, which moans that 014A, part of the peesantry becomes kulak-
Capitalist while the greater part becomes a part of the proletariat
and the entire medium peasantry "fritters away." Under capitalist
el5tie
condition., -whereethe ofeeepitelleseesaino4nrostrie,ted vuiidtty
ineegrice/#uree thisisun4oebtd/y so. is i*thie_eoeihAhafiune_e_
00114 1411,4M 4491, jsklAYLieetne:iteleenoteee
eeel eeecreeee -
In44,01.44ng4h0 question enntegeatenet prepeed selelyefro4etlee,,,,,
eoaditions-preTal,4t,IAneagrietulturee_ekgrAlulture is an (weenie part
of the country's economy, which means that the changes that have oc-
curredein,other areaseofthe,eceenetey also hevceen effecteen,egriceA-
tureet :Beside" this,.:!4,,,,peeureeseethere, hare beten,soessighificauteahahges
in egrioeltureeitselfe ,Takies e41,this ,45.neaccoun. 10141
only .the raise otepapiteliese Tiede valldity in:the,?cleiSs'estreetifleation
ofetheeeillegel No, vce oan not*
Fundeusentel , changes.- heee eeeetarred,.,ie A.14,?seeuntryl.s eecenomy edurieg
the enesteyearst eweeAlave overthrownethsepeeer ofethe bourgeoisiseeeed
we ..terre es trangthened ethe *rule. 4kArAil!p 1tarLat.r?ife.Aci,rmineted .141,
rulge:40f AIMS* 101114t4e.i4A,27S*....1-4440r,i .111.14 ;
maw,. 4an4 the .1keyePe s Mena of,eiqonoglio :34. re a re -A:f4! ,,11111;t30.?
ittande-At'ethwi:NM9Fing cilitaSeeiThliettax,VollecYeet0.1.1tee**434. 40114Y,ti.04C,
Price Polif***,ttlx,:ackocofora4v17aP9.1_1-0Y4:SaleekcIt tAlt Oat, egte.Vve.ellierk4mea
elasel,servesetoesuppor ,the, toiling peasantry -and eteteeseeine;the, ease
*t4eillit440 OatOe talr4R *te.:-Tht!,-;44;ettique.409t* t40eMaer
eepita/lImtiWer40,:aleiStilk4?94.4e9;eigr.or"!4t44911.i,q
44ebePrionhte09A3VeePill4T444.4nen;?144oe4eko,9,144ebelWIAII*ee
40,114frePW1r0040,449f.tthtf,t014)4SiE0.9AWeiii4ehlti ,,q01.4MW14,evae
*.A0neeateis410)4411.40,40 ttnimie0M04444tors r914e11104;rect
differentiation and would not modify not only its preportioniut also
its dim:4;0w, ereee te-,e eteeee eire_lee el' tee
Yee ?;eee-? zee,. !..e? e, et; tele
1:j4kt,' ?thip.meeeethetethe rules of capitalism end4heii,effeette0
iotehecewmanifeetedeinetheedifferei.tien efethe,lillege;
at,elleeecapitaltsmeetill has aoweubetap,tialeelements, effeecielly in'
agiieulturweitseltaiwhersetherei,:st111,existeeeklek-qapitelieteseatere
ancles-AollirProOuciWPOesa4tesestorewhieh, aseweekame?09aateeely,
nurturestcepite1ti4e-:..A0 Orfila taking allethisein4 cansideratitmiL-'.!
itegae Westeblishildewithoet.,e4euhtethatinieeenteeeiet.t*$thi.p,ast;
ther haY0e1N1404 Ognief4rrT1140#412EePli.engfisieth? .1144;341"eg1041-04eifee,
thetecepiealismeie ret,regrefieing andetsrbeligereetrictedt:t? eeeevere:?ee,
444.441,g ectItelthi3a els-b,404111Ses.,r,04E.411:,,e
latilestrIPA, ereeee213-44.401::Iebil4Vtle 0114 nqtePq sPilti4fe _
-;trusi ..37434461* C4.4 l'41,1211e5411)14e4nt4.et.:40.0441Yee944,t4111estutneilles?
socialism hes,an effeets?epanethe stratifieStieneeftheeetllagSekeend
Veetetbseaffeet.:,efelap#itlisM le.leeceingeelmeys weaker and that of
socialism always stronger.
-165e
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As we have seen above, tae effects of capitalism upon the strati-
fication of the village take shape in the form of polarization, that
is, by development toward tee extreme ends. Bow if the effect of
capitalism has decreased, and we have established that above, then
this logically means that the polarization tendency has also decreased;
thus tile diff*erentiation has beeome slower.
The effect the socialist faotor has upon the stratification of
the village is of a direction opposed to that of capitalism. Whrreas
capitalism speeds development toward the two extremes, socialism pro-
motes equalization, which Lenin called the "medium peasantization of
the village."
What conclusions can be drawn from the above? First of all, that
in the stratification of the village not only the capitalist effect
but also the socialist effect can be felt. Thus opposing dual effects
assort themselves. Secondly, under the present power relationships,
as well as under the economic conditions of the people's democracy
(the dictatorship of the proletariat), capitalism and its polarization
effects are constantly decreasing, while socialism and its equalizations'
of:Nusts beeome always stronger, and because caf' the interaction the
differentiation of the village becomes slower and slower. Thirdly,
precisely because this differentiation can not reach its previous pro-
portions and gradually also changes in its substance, that is, as the
economic equalization effects of socialism, commence as Lenin said,
the medium peasantry becomes the central factor of agriculture.
I think it is a basic error that within certain circles of the
Party there still prevails the view that the differentiation of the
peasantry still coos on in the old way. This is clearly manifested
partly in the views regarding "kulakisation" discussed above and partly
in the conviction that if the toiling peasantry does not make in a
few years the transition to cooperative production, it will unavoidably
become bankrupt. Putting together the two, oonnecting the two, really
indicates that such views mean the overexaggoration of the ca,italist
danger carried over to the differentiation of the peasantry. Or, in
other words, it means that polarization, i.e., the effects of capitalism;
finds unrestricted validity to a greater degree than at any time before.
Because surely such a large-scale "kulakizatioe on the one hand and
such a rapid mask-scale ruination on the other, as is expressed in the
shove viewpoint, W*3 not possible under capitalism, when every tool
available to tne bourgeois state served the formation of the kulaks
and the impoverishment of the small peasantry.
This is what comrade Stalin said in his report to the XIV Congress
-156-
ttl
OCIrmmes
of the Communistq4arty on? 18 i925 regarding the differentiation
of the peasantry-and its-indorrect euluation -;-the samesrrer;Which
can ilse-be'tbserved?bY"-us.-'4"Differentiation tetuarilly continue*. In
the eUrrint fhasi;.under the conditions of the New Economic Policy,
it cannot be otherwise. But this differentiation progresses slowly.
I recently -reed a manual which was probably published by the education
end propagandoa-sootion.Cf-the,Central_Coemmitteei and another isnial-,
Moich, ifT,I,:am'correet; was published by :the education and prepagandv
sectien-Of theaLehingrad organisation.- If theselesnuils-are
it appears that underthe-tser we had about80 % poor peasants. Today,
however, we have 75 %. There was 6 % kulaks.under d5to, tsar, but today
they ropresent.Vto.121:. There were many medium peasants under the
tsar; iodate however, -there are-less.''I,do'not wish to use strong
words, but I'mUsteey-thatathese figUres,are worse than the eounter-
revolution': allowian a Van who thinks-in a Marxist aney'asoneoet'sUok.' -
things andlsien4rint themleiespecially in &avenue'? Of Course' as.i
melba' of the Central Committee'ITamcalsorrespensible for this unprece-
dented blunder.. -If under the tsare when there was a poliery'of promoting
the kuliks,4hen land was imivate'progarty, when land wai-the &Object
of buying and isellingjehieh eipoeially intenaifile differentiition4
when".there.was a government in power Whidhpromotedldifferentiatian by
any neansi:and_the poor-peasantry was still notmore7than 60%eitrong,
then how is it possible thatunder,our-goierMasat; wider the Soviet
goverbent, Where there;is'no private ownership or land, where the land
has been taken out of circulation, so to speak, there exists this
obstacle%to differentiation?' hen 'we carried.onlde-kulalrisationl for
itqiisist .2 years, whenato-thisdAy'we have net lit"comp1ete1Y4bandoned
the atetheds'ef:44a.4culakisatiotithen-we carryon-a 'separate poiiar
or credit and 000perativesawhich does not favor-differentietion;then
how is,it possible that, despite suoh obstacles* dirformitiition is
allegedly muoh-greatirlthanaondir=the tser,_that.there'treamoie-kulaks
and -poor peasants then in the past?TiOw can people who call "themselves
tiarxists talk:such 'Unheard -Of neesentsal-lf-ithadanot been Said, m04
would.onlylaugh at.it"'-(Stalints'Works? Arca 1, gages 4,49.451).
-- I ? - - , -
In the-ibove Staltadossalot-anilyse'the "peculiar cireumstenees"
that affect the differentiation of the peasantry in.the Russian village,
but analysis theise rule* that haft general validity :in everr-oountry,,
thit is in the development phaseaof the`transitiontromrcipitalismsinto
sodialitm.' Thers-ire?oortainapeoulitritiee *timing fril&-thetiffirsaoe
of the Itiretmastaneesawhich may mean differenoeSlinathe-ferm,ipriPortion,
oratempo of development. TheYadoanot iffect-ithecdireetion ofaliielopa
mint. ThereforoVdespite,the.peculiarityaoZ,,ouraagrarian condition*,
thewreles find validity during -our transitionar.phtse...Now:difforena.
tiation'not-only-progr*ssesin the cad ,capitalistaway, there'is aadual,
-167.
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effect upon the stratification of the peasantry, and for this very
reason the process of differentiation becomes slower all the time,
the kulak danger becomes limited, and the medium peasantry becomes
the central factor.
The question of the medium peasantry had already arisen before
our Party in the fall of 1946. In our report to the III Congress of
the flungarian Communist Party I had placed on the agenda the necessity
of the alliance with the medium peasantry. I quate the following from
my speech, which was approved by the Congress:
"The poor peasantry is the main force or the fight against large
capital exploitation in the village, because it is the one that has
suffered most from it. But in the village the fight goes on not only
against the exploitation of large capital, but also against the oppres-
sive and exploitative ambitions of the kulaks. The attitude of the
medium peasantry will have a decisive effect upon the outcome of this
fight. The question of wham it will fight against will determine the
outcome .- the kulaks ana the reactionary feudalistic gentlemens
class which follows in their footsteps, or the poor peasantry and the
working class. This is the question that hes now arisen because of
the development in the village" (Imre Nagy, "For a Flourishing Agri-
culture and a Prosperous Peasantry," see "The Road of the People's
Democracy," 1948, page 199).
In connection with the very sane question I said the following:
"It is the decisive task of our Party to facilitate the position of
the medium peasantry as to whether it should join the forces of demo-
cracy and side with the working class and the poor peasantry. It is
also in the interest of the medium peasantry that its development
progress, and that it rid itself of not only the oppression of the
large estates but also of the unrestricted exploitation and usury of
large capital, banks, trusts, and cartels... The policy of our party
elould be concentrated on the isolation of the kulaks from the medium
peasantry, on enlisting the medium peasantry to the side of democracy,
that it carry on the fight for the people's democracy in this fashion.
"Our planned agrarian program reflects this policy of cur party...
We can clearly see how big a danger to the policy of our party is
represented by seotarian isolation, which would restrict the activities
of our party to the work among the poor peasantry and wlaich would
narrow the worker-peasant alliance to the solidarity of the working
olass and the poor peasantry... Our Party work among the poor peasantry
of course must not be ignored thereby; to the contrary, it must be
performed with increased strength. The poor peasantry has been and remains
-158-
the solidbasis or our village policy. But we must take 'a further
step und exert every effort to win over the medium peasantry in the
interests of our national elevation and thatof the PSopleys democracy.
This-great, I might say, historical, task bust be performed by.the7'
peasant policy or our Party in the coming phase or divelopment* (ibid,
pages 199-200). This is what I said at the III Congress of the-riity
in rolation t the 'question of our relationship' to :the medium pea-
tintrY. 'This meant the transition from our previous policy purified
in'conneetion with the medium peasant, -welch policy was aimed toward
his neutralization, to the new policy appropriate to the new phase:
to eitabliihment or a lasting and firm alliance with the medium'
peidantry."-
? -
Thi Cooperttive-qUestion
?, ?
.In connection *With thS"-Coo06Yative:Oestioni'in-Septehoi'of'1948
th.c0iiew that we should collectivize Rungarian agriculture within a.
few ye!rs was formed. I do not agree with this view, I think that
under-ouririent oonditioni'it'is:unreallitio;Anotirreot, and in -
eikactarationvillidh e411'.viavoidib1y lend to ourneglect ot the entire
transitory oil: orthe-devolisp.rhent-in between;-to=our isolation from'
thsfdeciiiie'maises of theeatintry, which will shak tQ its.nandikaanta
the #orier:q:ealant,allisinee; the solid heisted!' sodialiSE in.th0
it will as -
;
'Taking-SiOh a eaUrse In the field'of:the
peesent'firming tr:oeolleotiii'lar&a=4oaleagriaultt;ie
- - ter_ ,?? e_e4
) wi'violate=the fundamental Leninist.;Stalimist'd6ofrine of'?
transition:-Voluntarineizi
? '-' (0:wa-igno're Ihe'trinaitory dooPerative formsimich lead-tdward
the-socialist'oelleCtive largeetcale'enterprise and which are the most
accessible to and simplest for the toiling peasantry, which thus are
the meit'Secelitiblefaa6d,we?negleCt:,them; in order to 6-anoa#tiaio'
ditOttly'iipatt'thit organitition of collective farms; -
(o) we iiaaiela'ttindazatit4 doatiiniortha 000pOiitiia4lan of
Lenin; scierding-te'which'thi production issociition'deielOPsWai the
generslcooPerative MOveMenitbf.the-'viiliges-fitmi
fields ofipurchatingarketing,'-cridit, etc. Tay'ignortng-tkiti4genei.al
ideperitiva iovementtor?the ViIrage,'*i.:icinder--difficult-thecoStOliSh-
ment.ofthei goonoilid and'pOliticai-piat4Otaiietbir i4eimanent:alli-
anne-iirn thi:tliddie peasantry and the association for production;
(a) Instead of the restriction of the kulaks, which in the present
phase is elle on1),ecorrect`poliai iii'regard td-i4t stratei,'44tpriceie-
to the pelidi-of the liquidation'or'the'kila'kirwithout'fitstiiig
A69.;
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NIL
created the economic and political conditions for this policy.
From the point of view of significance, the transition from the
individual small enterprise to the collective large-scale enterprise
is one of the most important and, therewith, moat complex questions
of all the questions that have arisen before the Party. Its cormect
solution unconditionally demands the -.cost fundamental theoretioal
clarification of the question, as well as the clearest and firmest
deoision aa to the strategy and tactics to be followed.
One source of error as regards the cooperative problem is the
fact that it has been inadeqeately presented. This is the reason, in
py opinion, why the party began to solve this important problem with-
out the clarification or the indispensably necessary prerequisites
and tasks of the phases that follow each other in development, with
only the working out of a few more important conditions, inadequately
treated.
Of the revolutionary transformation then occurring in the agri-
culture of the Soviet Union, that is, of the transition from the
individual small enterprise to the collective large enterprise, Stalin
said that "it is a step from the old quality status of society to a
new quality status, which, regarding its consequences, is of the same
si.nificanoe as the revolutionary transformation of October 1917'
(The History of the Communist Pat, 1964, page 352). From the words
of Stalin quoted above it can be clearly seen what enormous significanoe
he attributed to the socialistic transformation that occurred in
agriculture. With us the interaction of numerous factors -- the exist-
ence of private landed property, the individual production of goods,
and, in .Teneral, the deeper roots of capitalism, etc. makes tne
socialist transformation of agriculture more difficult and complex,
which only increases its significance.
In the footsteps of Lenin, Stalin determined the way in which this
transformation is to take place. "The nay is the organizational
grouping of the millions of peasant masses into all branches of the
cooperatives, the unifioation or the parcelled peasant farms around
socialist industry, the introduction of the basis elements of collec-
tivism into peasant circles Cirat in the marketing or agricultural
produce and the supply of the peasant farms with goods produced in the
city, end later in agricultural production" (Stalin, questions of
Leninism, page. 183).
This is the program that we also must follow. But is this program,
which not only sets the goal but also proVides for the sequence and
-160-
tempo-of its realization, also applicable and workable here under our
Conditions? -YesUnconditionally.
Do not our conditiOnsinenertain respects peculiar"- and. differing
from the sittiatiiin ofthceSoviet Union, demand-a4diffeimmitimeand
maihdd?,In sy opinioni no. WI undoubtedlydo have'cOnditionedifferent
frodLthaSei of the Sovietl:Unione?whiWIltiviVelready'inclicated,'-btt,
these do'hot'iffeet ithe'aboawbaiih'-theeriei. -4In'our'-caie these Vita'
thiforie4 if-tliey Can be,se'ekpreisid, ars. even Mars'-correct'and truer
than they once were in the Soviet Union.
Lenin inct-Stialniefei? in innUmerable'instances to the differences
5'
and S'which exist between the agrarian 7rik th
peasantry of Russia an&tnat of thOiatern:.Counitiewi'BeoaUsePal "these
be slower in the Weltand.
' inch oiroutance coneentrittetn-ubhii the
e! 'few' yiais Tit ' i*trarrto
-
the tea`citizig.
problaor4110:: iti nil" of thirsinllcfsisint fermi tot
.)/arWois'operiti* interti 71* det1n&tilyeId irith 'We "
iiithinThbemeins t;'maiehis life tol-
erable, to facilitate his transition to the,coopnative if he so desires.
In feat,"-iii.- baiet'hi'f'Cannot'-yirt3 decideWe