(SANITIZED)UNCLASSIFIED RESEARCH PAPERS ON REFRIGERATION AND CZECH INDUSTRIAL PRODUCT BROCHURES(SANITIZED)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP81-01043R002900190005-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 306
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 25, 2014
• Sequence Number: 5
• Publication Date: December 19, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

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_
THE
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OF
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
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THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA
by ?
Stanislav Dubski
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ORBIS -PRAGUE
1 9 5 8
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Contents
Page
An Introductory Note
7
Territory, Population and Some Basic Economic Features
9
Industry
13
The Building Industry
23
Agriculture and Forestry
25
Transport and Communications
32
Foreign Trade
35
Consumption of Food and Manufactured Goods
38
Employment and Wages
41
Social Security
44
Health Care
47
Population Trends
50
...????????????Trim
atE?Tc-Mon
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Culture
55
The Second Five Year Plan
58
Metric Weights and Measures
60
List of Tables
61
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An Introductory Note
This pamphlet presents the reader with an outline of the development of Czecho-
slovakia's national econonv and contains data on the living standards of her people
during the 12-year period following the end of the second World War. In the course
of this period Czechoslovakia's economic and social structure underwent a profound
change. Following the liberation of their country from nazi occupation, the people
set out to build Socialism and have already achieved considerable success in this
respect. Industrial production is developing at a much higher rate than ever before.
Agricultural large-scale production in co-operative farms is taking firm roots, and
the level of material and cultural well-being of the population is rising steadily.
This pamphlet presents a statistical survey of those economic and social changes.
Comparisons with other economically developed countries and with pre-war data
relating to Czechoslovakia should enable the reader to assess the level of industrial
and agricultural production, of consumption, and the development of the social
serrier.; and cultural a.mrdti^s achieved so far. Liabvious that it is not possible
to give a complete analysis of the development of Czechoslovakia's economy, but the
pamphlet should at least help the reader to gain a basic understanding of the progress
achieved during the post-war period and of the outlook for the years up to 1960,
when Czechoslovakia's Second Five Year Plan of Economic Development will be
completed.
The statistical data contained in this survey are official data of the Czechoslovak
State Office of Statistics. Data relating to other countries have, in most instances,
been quoted from the various statistical publications of the United Nations.
As regards weights and measures, the metric system has been used throughout.
A table of metric weights and measures used is given on page 60.
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Territory, Population and Some Basic
Economic Feature's
The Czechoslovak Republic, covering an area of 127,859 square kilometres
(49,369 square miles), is a medium-sized country, -oblong in shape. The most
easterly and westerly points of the country are 767 kilometres apart from each
other, the greatest width being 269 kilometres. Czechoslovakia is situated
in Central Europe and is bounded by the Soviet Union, Poland, the German
Democratic Republic, the German Federal Republic, Austria and Hungary.
Table 1.
CZECHOSLOVAKIA'S BOUNDARIES
(kilometres)
Neighbouring country
Czechoslovakia
Bohemia
and Moravia
Slovakia
U.S S R
98
?
98
Poland
1,391
849
542
German Democratic Republic
459.
459
?
German Federal Republic
356
356
?
Austria
570
452
118
Hungary
679
?
679
Total
3,553
2,116
1,437
For size of territory Czechoslovakia takes 14th place among the countries
of Europe, in total population statistics she ranks eleventh and in population
density per square kilometre, 15th.
By the end of 1956 her population numbered 13,296,243, of which approxi-
mately 66.7 per cent were Czechs, 27.6 per cent Slovaks, 3 percent Hungarians,
0.6 per cent Poles and 2.1 per cent other nationalities. Czechs and Slovaks
together represent the overwhelming majority of the population-94.3 per cent.
More than half the population-53 per cent?live in towns and boroughs
of more than 2,000 inhabitants. There are 47 towns of more than 20,000 and
five towns of more than 100,000 inhabitants. By the end of 1956, Prague,
Czechoslovakia's capital, had 979,000 inhabitants, Brno 306,000, Bratislava
247,000, Ostrava 199,000 and Plzen 134,000.
The territory of Czechoslovakia is divided into 19 administrative regions,
13 of which are situated in Bohemia and Moravia, and six in Slovakia. In the
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local government structure Prague, as the country's capital, and Bratislava,
as the capital of Slovaiia, are ranked on the same level as the administrative
regions. The regions are divided into districts, of which there are 270, and
the districts, in turn, are further sub-divided into localities, which exceed
14,200 in number.
Czechoslovakia is a developed industrial and agricultural producer, a large
part of whose population is employed in industry, as shown below:
Table 2.
EMPLOYMENT IN MAJOR BRANCHES OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA'S
ECONOMY IN 1956
Branch of economy
Persons employed.
Annual average
in thousands
Percentage share
of total employment
Industry
2,013
32.9
Construction
467
7.6
Agriculture
1,924
31.4
Forestry
103
1.7
Transport and communications
346
5.6
Trade and catering
409
6.7
Other branches ,
864
14.1
Total
6,126
I 100.0
Table 3.
CZECHOSLOVAKIA'S NATIONAL INCOME BY ORIGIN, 1955
(calculated at current prices)
Branch
Percentage
Industry
65
Construction
8
Agriculture and forestry
15
Freight transport and communications'
3
Trade and catering
6
Other branches
3
1 serving production
Since the end of the war, engineering has become the most important branch
of industrial production. It supplies the entire national economy with up-to-date
10
machines and equipment, thus ensuring a continuous rise in the technical level
of production. Engineering products also represent a considerable part of
Czechoslovakia's exports; in 1956 machines and industrial equipment accounted
for as much as 40.3 per cent of total exports.
Agricultural production is now conducted on intensive lines. Mechanisation
and the use of chemical fertilisers are being introduced on an increasing scale.
In spite of this, however, in recent years agricultural output has not kept pace
with the increase in industrial production so that certain foodstuffs and raw
materials of agricultural origin have had to be imported in order to satisfy the
rapidly growing demands of the population. In 1956 agricultural products,
including both foodstuffs and raw materials, represented 24.6 per cent of Czecho-
slovak imports.
The country has considerable natural resources, including rich coal deposits,
many different kinds of ores, graphite, pyrites, ceramic clays, silica sands (for
glass production), great quantities of various building materials, and forests,
which cover as much as 32.6 per cent of the total area of the country. In recent
years many river dams and hydro-electric power stations have been constructed
in order to make possible the fullest exploitation of the country's water resources.
In Czechoslovakia there now exist three types of ownership of the means
of production: state ownership (national), co-operative ownership and private
ownership.
The most important organisational forms of state ownership are the national
corporations, the state trading corporations, the municipal enterprises and the
state farms. All these types of organisation have this in common: they are
owned by the State and are charged with the task of administering State
property. In the legal sense they are all independent corporations which have
complete control of their own finances.
People's co-operatives may be divided into the following three most im-
portant forms: agricultural co-operatives, producers' co-operatives, and con-
sumers' co-operatives.
The agricultural co-operatives can be divided into four types according to the
degree of co-operation in the use of the means of production. In co-operatives
of the 1st type all production remains the private concern of the farmers, who
only wprk together in an organised manner on special occasions, mainly
at harvest time. In co-operatives of the 2nd type the fields are worked jointly,
but the final crop income is divided in proportion to the size of the members'
property. In co-operatives of the 3rd type the proceeds of common work are
mainly shared out according to the amount of work contributed by individual
members, but a smaller amount is also used to cover rent payments determined
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by the size of the individual holdings put at the disposal of the co-operative farm.
In the 4th type the proceeds are distributed entirely kcording to work done,
but here, too, the holdings associated in the co-operative remain the property
of its members. Joint livestock production is conducted only in the two higher
types. Each member of a co-operative of the 3rd or 4th type can also retain
a small plot of land (up to 0.5 hectare), some poultry, one to three pigs, one cow,
etc., for his personal?use.
Producers' co-operatives are joint production organisations of small-scale
producers in any branch of industry or the building trade.
Consumers' co-operatives are charged with the task of distributing industrial
goods and provisions in rural areas.
Certain types of economic activity, such as mining, power production, heavy
industry, pharmaceutical production, wholesale trade and foreign trade, etc.,
can only by undertaken by the State. In other spheres, including agriculture,
there exist great numbers of individually-owned enterprises. At the end of 1956,
for instance, there were nearly 30,000 individual craftsmen, mainly in the metal-
working trades. Furthermore there were cabinet-makers, tailors, shoe-makers,
and more than 4,000 individual artisans in the building trades. Altogether,
at the end of 1956, there were more than 47,000 privately-owned enterprises
in Czechoslovakia.
The economy of the country is being developed according to a State Plan.
The purpose of this plan is to direct economic development, co-ordinate all
the various sectors, prevent disproportions which might threaten steady
growth and, finally, subordinate the entire national economy to the interests
of society as a whole. The State Plan is approved by the Government. The
plans are formulated in outline for periods of several years, and, in
addition, a separate, detailed plan is worked out for each year. Thus the
Two Year Plan of Reconstruction was carried out in 1947 and 1948, and
the period 1949-53 saw the fulfilment of Czechoslovakia's First Five Year Plan
of Economic Development. The Second Five Year Plan has been scheduled
for the period 1956-60. The yearly plans are drawn up on the basis of the long-
term plans and of a complex system of financial and material balances, some-
what resembling the method of input-output analysis. These lay down what
resources should be used for the fulfilment of a given target. The various overall
targets of the State Plan are gradually broken down into more detailed and
specific targets for individual enterprises. Private farmers are assigned delivery
quotas according to the size of their holding, but no actual production plan
is drawn up.
12
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Industry
Roughly 65 per cent of Czechoslovakia's national income is derived from
industry. About four million people, i.e., approximately 30 per cent of the
population, are employed in industry or are dependants of persons so employed.
After the war, the development of heavy industry, particularly engineering,
was given priority. This rapid growth did not mean, however, that light
industry production (Consumer goods) remained stationary. This is clearly
shown in the following table.
Table 4.
INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION INDICES
by Major Branches
(1948 = 100)
Branch of industry
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
Total industrial output
114
132
150
177
193
202
224
245
Producer goods
114
133
157
195
219
227
247
274
Consumer goods
114
131
143
159
166
175
198
214
Electric power
109
124
138
156
165
183
207
234
Fuels
103
109
113
126
133
142
151
162
Primary metals
106
117
134
174
203
201
221
247
Engineering
122
156
202
267
323
336
368
419
Chemicals
141
169
169
207
238
244
288
325
Building materials
120
128
147
174
196
222
251
287
Textiles
115
125
131
141
139
150
171
175
Clothing
126
166
188
208
199
174
204
192
Food
121
150
161
175
183
188
199
211
Fats, soaps and
cosmetics
103
110
155
191
205
190
212
232
Prior to the second World War Czechoslovakia's light industryPoutweighed
heavy industry to a considerable extent and this structure of industry made
production extremely dependent on foreign markets and on the import of raw
materials and machines. The consequences of this dependence were felt
particularly forcefully during the World Economic Crisis at the beginning
of the 'thirties, when Czechoslovakia's industrial output declined by as much as
40 per cent in the course of four years. Cyclical fluctuations were as charac-
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teristic of the celtzse of Czechoslovakia's industrial production before the war
as of any other capitalist country.
Table 5.
INDEX OF INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT IN PRE-WAR CZEC1OSLOVAKIA
(1929 - 100)
1924
1925
1926
I
I
1929 I
1930
1
1933 i 1934
/935
1936
1037
76
79
77
100 I
I
89 1 60
I
I 66
70
80
96
At the end of the second World War the level of industrial production was
very low, being only 50 per cent of pre-war (1937) output. Industrial equipment
was to a large extent obsolete; a great part of industry had been geared to war
production, and in the course of the years 1939-45 a considerable amount of direct
damage had also been inflicted. The low level of output at the close of the war
is indicated by the following data:
Table 6.
OUTPUT OF SELECTED INDUSTRIAL COMMODITIES
IN 1937 AND 1945
Commodity
Unit
1937
1945
1945
(1937 = 100)
Hard coal
million tons
16.7
11.7
70.2
Crude steel
2.3
1.0
41.7
Pig iron
31 II
1.7
0.6
34.4
Iron ore
2/ 33
1.8
0.3
14.8
Sugar'
thousand tons
604
397
65.7
data refer to 1936/1937 and 1945/1946
Since 1945 industrial output has been rising steadily. Between 1946 and
1956 its volume rose by more than 3.9 times. The average annual rate of growth
was 14.5 per cent. Compared with the pre-war peak of 1929 Czechoslovakia's
industrial output in 1956 was about 2.5 times higher. In some branches of pro-
- 44 -
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radrizel/ell
and MI. dad an.
4?1?110 V.
duction, e.g., in the engineering and chemical industries, power production and
iron and steel industry, the rise in output was even more marked.
Czechoslovakia's industry to-day has reached a high degree of concentration.
This is shown by the following table, which gives Czechoslovakia's industrial
enterprises, grouped by size of establishment. (Local industrial enterprises are
usually small establishments of local importance directed by the national
committees.)
Table 7.
INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS BY SIZE
(data refer to the end of 1956)
Distribution of establishments by number
of workers employec6(annual averages)
below 50
51-500
501-5000
above 5600
National enterprises
31
732
775
19
Local industrial enterprises
5
308
43
?
Co-operative enterprises
395
417
21
Total 431
1,457
839
19
Particular attention has been paid to the industrialisation of Slovakia, which
is shown by the striking growth of industrial output in this formerly under-
developed country.
Table 8.
INDEX OF INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT IN SLOVAKIA
(1937 = 100)
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
196
226
282
328
396
447
473
539
600
In 1956 per capita industrial production in Czechoslovakia was 190 per cent
higher than in 1937. During the same period per capita output in other
countries increased as follows: Austria by 124 per cent, Canada by 89 per cent,
the U.S.A. by 77 per cent, Italy by 78 per cent, Sweden by 62 per cent, the
Netherlands by 58 per cent and France by 60 per cent.
In spite of this Czechoslovakia still lags behind some of the most developed
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industrial countries, such as the United States, Great Britain and the German
Federal Republic, so far as per capita industrial production is concerned.
On the other hand, as a result of the high rate of growth achieved during the
post-war period, she has already managed to surpass France in this respect.
The following table contains comparative data on the rise in industrial
production in Czechoslovakia and several other countries.
Table 9.
INDICES OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION FOR CZECHOSLOVAKIA
AND SELECTED COUNTRIES
(1937 = 100)
Country
1948
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
Czechoslovakia
108
143
163
192
210
219
243
266
Austria1
92
145
166
167
170
194
226
231
Belgium
107
111
127
123
123
130
143
150
Bulgaria'
178
288
345
408
461
501
550
638
Canada
184
198
212
219
233
228
249
266
Finland
136
155
178
171
182
195
209
215
France
103
113
129
134
130
142
157
169
German Democratic
Republic'
71
111
136
157
176
195
210
225
German Federal
Republic'
63
113
135
145
157
176
203
217
Hungary'
-
137
184
231
258
266
289
252
Italy'
98
125
143
144
159
173
188
202
Japan
48
69
92
102-
125
135
6146
176
Netherlands
113
140
147
147
161
177
190
200
Poland
181
231
282
335
394
439
487
535
Soviet Union
171
251
292
326
365
413
463
514
Sweden' ?
150
162
168
165
167
174
185
189
United Kingdom 9
109
124
128
124
132
141
149
149
U.S A 8
170
183
196
202
217
202
226
230
Yugoslavia
171
196
190
188
208
237
275
302
NOTES: The indices include in most cases the mining and manufacturing industry, gas and electricity
proddction, but not the building industry. They are derived from index, numbers based
on 1953. 1 excluding production of gas; '1939 = 100; 1936 = 100; not including West
Berlin; 1949 = 100; l 1937 figure including construction and public works; '1949; ex-
cluding production of gas and electricity; including construction.
SOURCES: Statistical Yearbook 1955) U.N.; Monthly Bulletin of Statistics No. 9, 1956, U. N.; Bulletin
statistioue de POECE, No. 3, 1956; Magyar StatisztlicaiZsebkonyv, 1956; National Economy
of the U.S.S.R. 1957; Rocznik Statystyczny 1955; Statistisches Jahrbuch der Deutschen
Demokratischen Republik 1955; Monatsberichte des Osterreichischen Institutes bar Wirt-
achaftsforschung, No. 1, 1956.
16
IMOD IMP.
0111?11 S imMs mu.
Czechoslovakia's output of some of the most important industrial com-
modities, both before the war and in the first post-war decade, is shown in the
following table.
Table 10.
OUTPUT OF SELECTED INDUSTRIAL COMMODITIES
Year
Electric power
million kw-h
pro oHard coal
(netoduction)(iiiiclulie3g
-
1,000 tons
Brown coal
1,000 tons
Pig-iron
1,000 tons
Crude steel
1,000 tons
1920
1,368
11,375
19,957
737
973
1929
2,967
16,548
22,534
1,645
2,204
1937
4,115
16,672
18,000
1,675
2,300
1946
5,625
14,130
19,497
961
1,677
1947
6,707
16,216
22,362
1,422
2,286
1948
7,515
17,746
23,588
1,645
2,621
1949
8,280
17,002
26,527
1,885
2,806
1950
9,280
18,456
27,509
1,951
3,122
1951
10,296
18,392
30,168
2,057
3,455
1952
11,634
20,270
33,258
2,306
3,754
1953
12,363
20,341
34,350
2,781
4,366
1954
13,610
21,605
37,860
2,790
4,270
1955
15,013
22,136
40,751
2,982
4,474
1956
16,591
23,411
46,299
3,282
4,882
Table 11.
CZECHOSLOVAKIA'S POSITION IN EUROPEAN
AND WORLD INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION
(PER CAPITA OUTPUT IN 1956)
Electric power
Hard coal
Brown coal
inclaignite
Pig iron
Crude steel
Europe..
World ...
12th
-
-
6th
9th
2nd
2nd
7th
8th
6th
7th
By comparing the level of per capita production in Czechoslovakia and other
countries before the war and in 1956 it will be seen that Czechoslovakia has
attained her present position as an industrial producer mainly as a result of her
rapid post-war growth.
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Table 12.
PER CAPITA OUTPUT OF VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL COMMODITIES
IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA AND SELECTED COUNTRIES
Country
Year
Electric
power
kw-h
Hard coal
kg
Brown nc u c ng
ildi
lignite
kg
Pig iron
kg
Crude steel
kg
Czechoslovakia
1937
285
1,155
1,248
116
159
1955
1,147
1,691
3,112
228
342
1956
1,254
1,770
3,500
248
369
Belgium
1937
665
3,578
-
456
463
1955
1,263
3,350
-
608
666
Canada
1937
2,647
1,183
84
88
126
1955
4,8901
724
134
1873
263
France
1937
485
1,076
25
192
192
1955
1,132
1,278
47
253
291
German D. R.
1936
866
218
6,253
12
74
1955
1,599
149
11,180
84
140
German F. R.
1937
714
3,0623
1,4883,4
3293
406
1955
1,516
2,615
1,8074
330
427
Italy
1937
362
30
18
20
49
1955
779
24
9
36
113
Japan
19375
434
646
2
34
83
1955
714
477
15
61
108
Norway
1937
3,178
-
-
62
24
1955
6,503
-
-
98
48
Poland
1937?
106
1,054
1
21
43
1955
650
3,464
220
114
157
Soviet Union
1937
218
7197
87
107
1955
861
1,6967
169
229
Sweden
1937
1,272
73
-
110
179
1955
3,440
39
I -
1613
296
United Kingdom
1937
5278,8
5,3098,10
182
279
-
1955
1,6178,8
4,5418,1?
250u
396
U. S. A.
1937
1,136
3,476 I 23
293
398
1955
3,354"
2,7171?
42713
643
I
NOTES: On the basis of population averages for the years concerned. only electricity supplied to the
public grid; notincluding ferro-alloys; 31936; not including bituminous coal; I popula-
tion on October 1st; ' pre-war territory; hard-coal equivalent; not including Northern
Ireland; only public utilities, but for 1937 including electric power stations of the public
transport system; " regardless of the differences of calorific value;" not including ferro-
alloys from electric furnaces; "1954; " not including pig iron and ferro-alloys produced
in electric furnaces.
SOURCES: Based on data from the Statistical Yearbook 1955 and the Monthly Bulletin of Statistics,
No. 7, 1956, U.N.; data from Rocznik Statystyczny 1955, Voprosy ekonomiki No. 7, 1956,
and Statistisches Jahrbuch der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik 1955.
18
4N! MM.
?????? ?
???????... "NV. ?
?11?IM
Table 13.
OUTPUT OF SELECTED COMMODITIES OF HEAVY INDUSTRY
Commodity
Unit
1937
1948
1953
1954
1955
1956
Coke
1,000 tons
3,528
4,281
6,500
6,789
7,000
7,327
Rolled products
(notincluding tubes)
1,000 tons
1,570
1,t76
2,733
2,751
2,985
3,278
Nitrogenous fertilisers .
tons/N
24,953
29,389
35,404
38,780
60,402
64,495
Phosphate fertilisers ...
tons/PaOs
61,029
54,282
66,751
80,835
98,276
107,116
Tyres (for passenger
cars.ndlorries)
1,000
-
691
666
747
792
965
Diesel engines
number!
-
4110
-/462
9,406/705
10,4741797
15,894/705
Steam and hydro-
1,000 h.p.
number/
turbines
1,000 kw
351/-
138/195
145/568
249/904
245/1,004
244/982
Main line locomotives
number
74
171
97
82
115
73
Goods waggons
number
1,423
5,371
6,119
5,707
5,554
5,898
Passenger coaches
number
129
457
295
135
111
377
Cranes
number
-
134
1,161
1,101
1,536
1,159
Lorries
number
1,967
7,221
11,443
12,936
10,541
11,046
Motorcars
number
12,634
17,971
7,300
5,375
12,530
25,068
Buses
number
57
1,122
555
1,073
1,112
1,215
Tractors
number
208
9,098
6,518
8,256
12,570
18,004
Sowing and planting
machines
number
-
971
3,294
5,840
7,160
4,450
Cement
1,000 tons
1,273
1,658
2,320
. 2,562
2,892
3,148
Bricks
1,000,000
836
924
1,212
1,320
1,475
1,592
Sawn wood
(coniferous)
1,000
cubic metres
-
2,876
4,030
3,736
4,097
3,987
Sawn wood
(non-coniferous)
1,000
cubic metres
-
257
408
372
407
452
Paper
1,000 tons
246.1
260.0
318.0
331.2
345.5
359.6
The more rapid development of heavy industry has made it possible to step
up the output of the consumer goods and food industries, which are now
producing a wide range of goods of improved quality. Heavy industry has
equipped the light and food industries with many new machines, and its exports
of engineering products have provided the means for importing raw materials
for these industries.
MO. an. ????? ???.. ?
41111. OW VO ? 4.
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Table 14.
OUTPUT OF CONSUMER GOODS AND SELECTED FOODSTUFFS
Commodity
Unit
1948
1953
1954
1955
1956
Washing machines
number
2,098
39,703
133,451
205,897
253,521
Bicycles
number
231,452
259,338
231,398
293,878
346,024
Refrigerators
number `
7,599
7,687
18,773
30,553
58,141
Cameras
number
23,414
65,071
80,355
146,455
163,759
Vacuum cleaners
number
-
29,835
48,789
121,977
161,702
Sewing machines ......
number
-
66,918
49,436
78,146
64,911
Electric cooking-stoves
number
-
8,016
10,239
11,530
16,744
Radio sets
number
267,697
182,499
109,544
102,334
220,607
TV sets
number
-
12,341
15,007
17,250
40,078
Motorcycles
number
68,007
46,369
55,560
95,812
112,023
Textile materials:
cotton
1,000 metres
279,669
345,871
344,218
355,849
365,800
linen and semi-linen
1,000 metres
34,495
51,425
49,807
55,317
51,746
silk
1,000 metres
26,428
44,011
41,550
51,334
50,236
wool
1,000 metres
42,090
39,839
35,014
39,454
36,777
Outerwear
1,000
7,942
24,158
18,962
19,879
17,321
Knitted underwear
1,000
17,077
28,332
29,074
32,967
29,491
Leather footwear
1,000 pairs
27,717
23,289
22,884
22,550
21,766'
Rubber footwear
1,000 pairs
25,528
25,699
27,487
29,709
30,525
Meat on bone
1,000 tons
162.7
335.5
311.8
344.9
385.0
Meat products
1,000 tons
77.3
138.7
134.7
139.6
145.
Refined sugar
1,000 tons
517
657
711
659
593
Vegetable fats
tons
72,104
87,250
92,958
91,069
100,172
Dairy milk
million litres
653.1
890.2
865.7
860.7
857.5
Dairy butter
tons
22,856
35,252
37,042
43,197
49,122
Beer
1,000hectolitres
8,160
10,982
10,204
10,486
11,099
Cigarettes
millions
12,984
16,246
13,895
16,136
17,510
Wheat flour
1,000 tons
589
922
970
966
993
Rye flour
1,000 tons
343
434
332
357
351
Table 15.
EXPANSION OF MINING CAPACITY, 1949-1956
New Capacity
1,000 tons
per annum
as percentage
of 1956 output
Hard coal
8,637
37
Brown coal
9,693
22
Lignite
1,265
58
Six new pits were put into operation. Through the construction and
expansion of coal processing and sorting plants a capacity of almost 25 million
tons was attained.
20
- d? di ? dr a. os? ? ?
?????
.???
4 4'
Geological prospecting operations in the period 1953-55 revealed new coal
deposits, which are 29 times greater than the annual output of hard coal and
17 times greater than the annual output of brown coal.
Table 16.
INCREASE IN ELECTRIC POWER OUTPUT
(thousand kw)
1946-1948
102.2
1949-1956
1,508.2
Total: 1946-1956
1 1,610.4
The increase of plant capacity during the last ten years represents more than
three-quarters of the total pre-war capacity of Czechoslovak electric power
stations. Since the war 30 power dams have been constructed; the total new
water reservoir capacity amounts to 1,350 million cubic metres, i.e., five times
that of Czechoslovakia's total pre-war capacity.
During the period 1949-56 the following iron and steel plant and equipment
was constructed:
6 blast furnaces (in addition two blast furnaces were enlarged),
9 Martin steel furnaces (open hearth) and six enlarged,
1 altIminium plant,
a number of other metallurgical plants.
Prospecting has revealed new deposits of iron ore, which are 35 times
greater than present annual output.
New chemical factories have been put into operation and existing ones
expanded in order to step up the production of plastics and artificial fibres,
chemical fertilisers, sulphuric acid, ammonia, caustic soda, phthalic anhydride,
polyvinychloride, etc. A considerable expansion of production has also taken
place in the pharmaceutical industry.
Engineering capacities have been expanded particularly with a view to in-
creasing the production of boilers, motors, excavators and other heavy cgn-
struction equipment, steel structures, steel forgings, foundry products, and
so forth.
During the period 1949-55, the annual capacity for cement rose by 1,228
thousand tons, that for bricks by 346 million bricks, and that for pre-fabricated
construction units by 172,000 cubic metres. This was made possible by the
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construction of new cement plants, brick works and works for producing
pre-fabricated construction units.
A new wood-pulp plant has been built, also a paper mill with an annual
capacity of 40,900 tons of paper. New plants also include a number of saw-mills
and wood-working factories.
In the light industries capacity increases have also extended to spinning
and weaving mills and flax-processing plants, likewise to glass factories. New
industrial food-refrigeration plants, dairies and bakeries have been put into
operation.
22
^
???? Mom&
S. ? ???? +PP. OM ./.1. SO
The Building Industry
Building in Czechoslovakia, which is today an industry not unlike the manu-
facturing industries, employed in 1956 467,000 persons. By the end of 1955,
there existed 210 large building enterprises in addition to 350 local building
firms; which employed more than 350,000 persons.
The volume of construction work in 1956 was 180 per cent greater than
in 1948, a striking increase made possible, above all, by the rapid mechanisation
of construction work, the use of pre-fabrication methods, new building tech-
niques and also by an increase in the actual number of employees.
Table 17.
DEVELOPMENT OF CONSTRUCTION WORKS
Year
Volume
of construction
works
(mil.crowns)
Number of employees
in the building industry
(in thousands)
Average
monthly wage
of building
workers
(crowns)
Index numbers
of output
per worker
(1948 = 100)
Total
Building
workers
1948
7,197
229
195
783
100
1949
9,219
283
237
868
105
1950
10,993
318
260
998
114
1951
12,183
341
279
1,043
118
1952
14,502
357
292
1,119
134
1953
16,581
366
296
1,210
152
1954
17,356
365
290
1,290
162
1955
18,030
355
279
1,325
175
1956
20,207
367
289
1,372
189
In the years following the second World War, Czechoslovakia had to re-
construct her war-damaged economy, repair and reconstruct many buildings,
equipment and machines, which had not been maintained in good order during
the war years. New investment was also needed in order to lay the foundations
for the development of heavy industry.
maw 'WOE 0.
,
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Table .18.
GROSS INVESTMENT IN THE NATIONAL ECONOMY1
(million crowns at constant prices)
Year
Total
Investment
Of which:
General
Development'
Agricultural
Co-operatives
Housing
(private)
1948
10,071
8,323
-
878
1949
13,321
11,640
-
870
1950
16,040
14,220
228
835
1951
19,365
16,965
920
849
1952
22,736
19,942
1,347
891
1953
23,109
19,785
1,812
954
1954
22,521
19,398
1,398
1,090
1955
24,486
19,960
1,691
1,549
1956
29,771
22,393
2,369
3,233
' no including investments by Individual farmers and artisans
1 according to the State Plan
Agriculture has been supplied with a considerable amount of machinery and
new buildings suited to large-scale production; large sums have also been spent
on land improvement. In addition to the reconstruction of war-damaged rail-
way lines, roads and transport equipment, the transport system has been
developed by the construction of new lines. A start has also been made on the
electrification of the railway system.
Considerable funds are spent on the construction of new schools, hospitals,
cultural and sports projects and dwellings. State expenditure on housing since
1948 amounts to 18.4 milliard crowns and, in addition, individual citizens engage
in building their own houses.
Table 19.
CONSTRUCTION OF DWELLING UNITS
Year
Units
Year
Units
1948....
21,683
1952....
39,250
1949....
29,076
1953....
38,957
1950....
38,238
1954....
38,193
1951....
30,924
1955....
50,591
1956....
63,677
24
-
? A
art, ? ?
Agriculture and Forestry
In 1956, 31.4 per cent of the total working population, i.e., roughly the same
number of people as in industry, were working in agriculture. In 1955, how-
ever, agriculture (including forestry) contributed only 15 per cent of the national
income as against 26 per cent in 1948. It was only during the last few years
that agricultural output reached and exceeded the pre-war level.
In 1956 about 58 per cent of the total territory of Czechoslovakia-i. e.,
roughly 7.4 million hectares-was agricultural land. About 5.1 million hectares
of that area was arable land. With the exception of mountainous regions, this
land is now being cultivated on intensive lines, but not as intensively as in such
other countries as Denmark, Belgium, the German Democratic Republic and
the German Federal Republic.
The main crops cultivated in Czechoslovakia are wheat, rye, barley, oats,
sugar beet, potatoes, fodder roots and other fodder crops, oil seeds, pulses
and flax.
The distribution of crops within the total crop area has changed since the
war in favour of industrial crops and fodder crops.
Table 20.
PERCENTAGE SHARE OF MAIN CROPS IN TOTAL CROP AREA
1930
1945
1948
1956
Grain crops
Industrial crops
Potatoes and vegetables
Fodder crops \\
,
62.1
5.0
11.6
21.3
56.4
5.1
12.9
25.6
58.5
5.4
11.2
24.9
53.7
7.3
13.2
25.8
In spite of this change, however, wheat remains the most widely cultivated
crop, rye taking second place.
Compared with pre-war the crop area has declined by about 9 per cent.
This reduction, however, is compensated for by higher yields per hectare. They
are the result of the increasing application of modern agricultural methods, the
use of high-quality seeds and the increased use of-chemical fertilisers.
%sr 3ffil?
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VOW.
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Table 21.
CONSUMPTION OF CHEMICAL FERTILISERS PER HECTARE
OF CROP LAND
(in kilograms of pure content)
Type of fertilisers
1919/20
1935/6
1945/6
1954/5
1955/6
Nitrogenous fertilisers
0.6
2.2
2.1
10.7
13.4
Phosphate fertilisers
2.2
4.8
2.4
12.2
13.2
Potash fertilisers
0.2
3.7
1.9
21.7
20.1
Hectare yields of most crops are higher than before the war and in almost
all the main crops they exceed the European average. Comparison with certain
other countries, such as Austria, the German Democratic Republic and the
German Federal Republic, whose soil and climatic conditions resemble those
of Czechoslovakia, show, however, that agricultural output can yet be raised
by further increases in hectare yields.
Table 22.
HECTARE YIELDS IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA
COMPARED WITH EUROPEAN AVERAGES'
(in metric quintals)
Crop
Czechoslovakia
Europe
1955'
1934-8
(average)
1945
1948 1955
1956
Wheat
17.1
12.7
16.4
20.4
21.3
16.3
Rye
16.0
11.6
15.5
18.9
20.4
15.5
Barley
17.0
11.9
15.4
20.1
21.1
18.6
Maize
21.4
14.4
20.9
24.4
21.8
12.53
Sugar beet
285.8
204.9
235.8
285.1
206.7
270.0
Potatoes
134.8
94.7
110.1
127.3
152.9
147.03
?
1 calculated from data contained in FAO Monthly Bulletin of Statistics, 1955 (Nos. 8-12),
1956 (nos. 1 and 2)
'excluding U.S.S.R.
3 1954
In 1955 the pre-war level of crop production was reached and in some
instances even exceeded owing to the extension of the area sown with industrial
crops and to the considerable increase in hectare yields.
26
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Table 23.
HARVEST RESULTS FOR SELECTED CROPS COMPARED
WITH PRE-WAR
(1934-38 average = 100)
Crop
1945
1948
1955
1956
e.
Wheat
72
94
97
102
Barley
57
81
116
127
Maize
80
132
174
177
Oil seeds
224
180
324
327
Sugar beet
70
92
132
98
Flax (raw stems)
83
118
316
322
Hemp (raw stems)
64
61
146
124
Potatoes
64
63
82
100
Cattle still predominate in Czechoslovakia's live-stock herd, but in recent
years the percentage share of pigs, sheep and poultry in total live-stock numbers
has increased, while that of cattle and horses has tended to decline Animal
husbandry had suffered great damage during the Second World War, and live-
stock numbers declined considerably. Since 1950 they have been gradually
increasing again, but the number of cattle, in particular cows, has not yet
reached the pre-war level.
Table 24.
LIVE-STOCK FIGURES
January 1st census
(thousand head)
1934-8
(average)
1945
1949-53
(average)
1956
1957
Cattle
4,296
3,812
4,200
4,107
4,134
of which cows
2,384
2,003
2,053
2,084
2,071
Pigs
3,144
2,126
4,082
5,285
5,369
of which sows
470
308
500
531
522
Sheep
458
558
673
1,000
956
Chickens
15,1401
? -
15,531
20,365
21,018
summer census
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In recent years pig and sheep breeding has expanded considerably, so that
by January 1st, 1957, the number of pigs exceeded the pre-war level by
2.2 million head and that of sheep by 500 thousand. An even faster rise in live-
stock production was impossible owing to the comparatively slow expansion
of Czechoslovakia's fodder supplies; during the period 1951-55, the demand
for fodder could not be fully met from domestic sources and the resulting deficit
had to be covered to a large extent by imports. The year 1955 witnessed
a =min improvement in the situation, resulting both in more intensive breeding
and in an improvement of the stock. The number of pigs per hundred hectares
of arable land had increased in 1956 by 87 per cent over the 1934-38 average
and amounted to 105 head; the number of sheep per hundred hectares of crop
land rose during the same period by 120 per cent, amounting to 13 head.
Meat production, during the last few years, has also been higher than it was
before the war; milk and egg production, on the other hand, has not yet reached
the pat-war level.
Table 25.
PRODUCTION OF MILK, MEAT AND EGGS
Unit
1936
1948
1953
1954
1955
1956
Lirr>..* roduction
1,000 tons
629.2
440.4
699.3
691.2
767.9
858.2
(live weight)
of with& =de
1,000 tons
328.7
195.8
295.6
267.4
271.6
293.1
(live weight)
of wInch pigs
1,000 tons
24S.2
216.4
355.6
381.3
454.7
523.0
(live weight)
...M3a .--tainazion million litres
4,741
2,504
3,146
3,166
3,415
3,6,00
Egg peo-4non millions
1,879
1,109
2,041
1,751
1,734
1,900
In spite of the increased production of meat and a crop production similar
7:3 "e. ?mr, output does not
to coy= domestic consumption. This means that various agricultural
Foam= ad co&sTrffs have to be imported. In 1937 imports of these goods
ex.z.3.t.-.1 =pm-6 only by 2.6 per cent of the total volume; in 1955 the import
=plus was 10.4 per cent (at current prices), and the total volume in 1955 was
almost one-gructer higher than that of 1937.
The mzin .xoblma of agriculture in the past and even at the present time
has been the mineth've division of land into small-scale holdings of low pro-
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ductivity. In 1949 holdings of less than 20 hectares represented as much as
71.4 per cent of all crop land. The basic aim of agricultural policy is, therefore,
to create the conditions for large-scale high-productivity agricultural production.
The means by which this is to be achieved is the creation of co-operative farms
formed by the association of small-holders. In 1948 there were only 28 co-
operatives of the 3rd and 4th types; by the end of 1957 there were already 11,090.
These co-operatives represented the association of as many as 437,000 formerly
independent farms and holdings. The total area thus cultivated jointly amounted
to 3,461,243 hectares, representing 47.7 per cent of Czechoslovakia's total agri-
cultural land. The production results of the co-operatives are markedly superior
to those of individual farmers, although some of them are still experiencing
growing pains. In 1956 the hectare yields of co-operatives exceeded those
achieved by individual farmers as follows: in the Case of wheat by 3.1 metric
quintals, rye by 1.7 metric quintals, barley 1.8, etc. Annual average milk yields
were 224 litres higher than those achieved by individual farmers. These
results are the more impressive since the average area of crop land per one
permanent co-operative member (in 1956) amounted to 6.5 hectares, while
crop land per one individual farmer amounted to 2.8 hectares.
One of the reasons for the small rise in agricultural output after the second
World War was the marked decrease in agricultural manpower, which could not
even be counter-balanced by the rapid development of mechanisation.
Table 26.
INDICES OF PERMANENT AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT
(1948 = 100)
31/XII/1948
31/X11/1949
100
96
1/1/1953
1/1/1954
73
75
1/1/1951
85
10/1/1955
81
10/1/1957
79
The Government fosters the mechanisation of agriculture primarily by
establishing State Tractor Stations, i.e., state enterprises which are equipped
with large agricultural machines and which work for agricultural co-operatives
and individual farmers on a hire basis.
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Table 27.
MAIN TYPES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES
IN THE SOCIALIST SECTOR AT THE END OF 1956
Tractors (15 h. p. per tractor)
46,624
Sowing machines
54,666
Grain combines
4,304
Potato planting machines...
7,742
Beet combines
1,644
Manure throwers
26,0111
Flax combines
339
Tractor ploughs
44,181
Reaper-binders
25,104
Automatic threshing machines
3,817
i 1955
Agricultural producers are assured a stable market for all their products
at fixed prices. A certain amount of this produce, which corresponds to the
quotas fixed in accordance with the size of the holding, is sold at special prices,
the remainder of their production is sold either at considerably higher, but also
fixed prices, to the State, or at freely contracted prices direct to the consumers.
During the period 1946-52 the prices paid by the State for agricultural products
showed a slight upward trend. Since then they have risen very considerably,
so that by 1955 their level had exceeded that of 1952 by 42 per cent.
Table 28.
INDICES OF STATE PURCHASING PRICES
FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
(1952 = 100)
1953
1954
1955
Total average
110
126
142
of which crops total
115
120
129
grain
140
130
144
potatoes
106
114
114
sugar beet
100
118
134
oil seeds.
102
108
136
flax and hemp stems
102
115
125
hops
113
121
129
Livestock products total
107
129
149
cattle
112
148
209
pigs
103
120
137
milk
108
131
142
eggs
101
114
122
30
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In 1955 total average prices for agricultural products were 21 per cent higher
than pre-war, prices of livestock products were about 37 per cent higher and
crops averaged about the same level as in 1937.
In recent years there has been a marked development in agricultural science
and research. The number of research institutions and research workers is
to-day about tenfold that of pre-war. In addition, increased investments have
helped to modernise agricultural production, especially in the co-operatives and
State Tractor Stations. In 1956, of the total volume of investment in the
national economy about 14 per cent was reserved for agriculture.
Apart from this the State offers agricultural co-operatives and individual
small-holders loans at low interest rates.
In addition to measures designed directly to encourage agricultural pro-
duction, the State has also contributed to raising the standard of living of the
agricultural population by means of health, social and cultural facilities. For
instance, in nearly all villages there are now advisory centres for expectant
mothers and child welfare clinics. More than two-thirds of the children born
to farmers' families are born in maternity hospitots, so that the infant mortality
rate among such children has declined from 132.6 per thousand live births
in 1937 to 47.1 in 1954. Old-age pensions and accident insurance for farmers
and their families have been introduced and farmers and their families can take
part in various recreation and holiday schemes. Thus 20,500 country people were
invited for winter holidays in the mountains during the 1955-56 winter period.
The woods and forests are among the greatest sources of natural wealth
of the country, covering 32.6 per cent of the total area. The following countries
of Europe, for instance, also have a large forested area: the U.S.S.R.-42.3 per
cent, Bulgaria-33.3 per cent, Sweden-51 per cent. In Czechoslovakia there
is 0.33 hectare of forests per inhabitant, although during the war years the
country's forestry suffered great losses. The forests were ruthlessly plundered
during the nazi occupation and little attention was paid to re-afforestation or
to the protecting of trees against pests and diseases. Since 1948 re-afforestation
has been carried out on a considerable scale.
Table 29.
EXTENT OF AFFORESTATION IN HECTARES
1948
42,697
1952
88,687
1949
66,871
1953
93,779
1950
73,246
1954
94,585
1951
89,593
1956
98,817 .
-.4,-,?12.1C ? eaa,
or
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31
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Transport and Communications
The territory of the country is covered by a f2irly dense network of transport
corrum-,;(-z-fors, cor.sts- u'ing of 13,CO3 kilometres of railways, over 120,000
kilometres of local and TM)fr, roadvay, and more than 1,900 kilometres of
airlines (end of 1956).
The decisive position in this system is held by the railways, which carry
more than 60 per cent of all TrnrcporLed goods. In density of -railway network,
for instance, Czechoslovakia is ahead of Italy, France, Sweden and the Nether-
lands'.
Table 30.
DEVELOPMENT OF PASSENGER TRANSPORT
(millions of passengers)
Transport branch
1937
1948
1953
1954
1955
1956
Railvrays 264.8
415.3
488.8
508.7
524.0
530.0
Road transport (haus)
84.0
292.7
665.7
698.0
758.2
828.5
Water transport
2.0
2.4
1.8
1.6
2.3
2.1
Mr transport
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
I
Total
350.8
710.5
1,156.5
1,208.5
1,284.7 1,360.9
In recent years there has been a considerable expansion of the motor-coach
and bus service as shown by the following facts:
Table 31.
BUS LINES AND DISTANCES COVERED
1948
1953
1955 1956
Number of bus lines
1,615
2,684
3,054
3,233
Distance in kilometres covered
44,047
70,272
81,582
87,311
32
Annual Bulletin of Transport Statistics of Europe, U. N., 1954
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It
Table 32.
DEVELOPMENT OF RAILWAY, ROAD, WATER
AND AIR FREIGHT TRANSPORTS
(thousands of tons)
Branch of transport
1937
1948
1953
1954
1955
1956
Railway
70,059
74,432
123,381
128,136
140,222
149,020
Road
13,616
24,829
58,403
67,867
75,357
89,768
Water
1,681
926
2,061
2,058
2,836
2,651
Air
-
3
6
'6
6
6
Total
85,356
100,190
183,851
198,067
218,421
241,445
It has been necessary to increase and modernise the railway rolling stock,
which had been neglected during the nazi occupation. Of the total number
of steam engines now in use more than one-fifth have been constructed since
1945. Electric engines put into service since 1945 constituted almost two-thirds,
and diesel locomotives over three-quarters, of the 1955 park. Total rolling
stock has been enlarged by the addition of a large number of high-sided
trucks and covered vans. By 1955 only about 50 per cent of the total freight
rolling stock was more than 10 years old.
Table 33.
POSTAL SERVICES, TELECOMMUNICATIONS,
RADIO AND TELEVISION
Service
Unit
1937 1948
1953
1954
1955
1956
General letter post
millions
921.0
997.8
1,126.1
1,174.4
1,260.6
1,310.9
Registered letter post
millions
29.4
32.1
45.9
53.2
59.4
63.9
Parcels and remittances .....
millions
25.5
30.9
25.2
25.6
26.1
26.4
Long-distancetelephone calls.
millions
-
36.1
62.8
68.2
71.6
75.5
Local calls
millions
246.2
418.7
529.7
577.4
598.1
623.5
Telephones per thousand
inhabitants
number
15
31
43
47
50
53
Outgoing telegrams
thousands
4,271
7,452
8,977
9,377
9,677
10,032
Private radio licences
thousands
1,034
2,108
2,676
2,744
2,839
2,915
Radio licences per 100 inhabitants
numbcr
7
17
21
21
22
22
TV licence holders
number
-
-
-
3,833
32,119
75,934
TV licences per 10,000 inhabitants
number
-
-
-
3
24
57
33
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One of the chief tasks, which was completed in 1953, was the linking up
of all villages to the state telephone system. About 60 per cent of all localities
had been electrified prior to the outbreak of World War II; by the end of 1956
their number had reached 94 per cent, representing 96.5 per cent of all
inhabitants.
34
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Foreign Trade
Czechoslovak foreign trade is transacted by 18 trading corporations, each
of which specialises in a certain line of commodities. Thus, for example, the
national corporation Ferromet is responsible for the import and export
of metals, Strojexport exports industrial equipment and machines, Koospol
imports and exports foodstuffs and agricultural products, Artia deals in cul-
tural commodities such as books, gramophone records and so forth. In addition
to the transport corporation Metrans, an important role in Czechoslovak
international economic relations is played by the travel agency Cedok, and
foreign trade relations in general are fostered by the Czechoslovak Chamber
of Commerce.
In 1956 the total turnover of Czechoslovakia's foreign trade amounted
to more than 18.5 milliard crowns. Compared with 1948 the volume of foreign
trade had risen by 132 per cent (at constant prices) and the 1956 level exceeded
that of 1937 by nearly one-third.
Prominent in Czechoslovakia's foreign trade is the exchange of goods with
the Soviet Union, which represents more than one-third of the total turnover.
Immediately following Czechoslovakia's liberation from Nazi occupation the
Soviet Union aided economic reconstruction by large-scale deliveries of raw
materials, and in 1947 Soviet deliveries of grain played a decisive part in over-
coming the consequences of a serious harvest failure. On the basis of a long-
term economic agreement concluded in 1950, Czechoslovakia imports large
quantities of raw materials, industrial equipment and machines, agricultural
machines, fodder and seed. The exchange of goods between Czechoslovakia
and the other socialist countries has also considerably expanded; in 1956 the
total turnover of trade with those countries was 250 per cent higher than
in 1948 (calculated at constant prices).
Economic relations between the countries of the socialist camp are not
confined to foreign trade, but comprise a complex system of economic co-
operation designed to aid the general economic development of all the countries
concerned. This co-operation extends, for instance, to the exchange of techno-
logical and scientific information, to the aid of experts, the co-ordination
of national economic plans and so forth.
Czechoslovakia is striving to develop foreign trade relations with all countries
-according to principles of equality and mutual advantages. At present Czecho-
slovakia maintains economic relations with more than 60 countries all over
the world.
35
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In recent years trade relations have been developed with economically
underdeveloped countries in Asia and Africa. Czechoslovakia has exported
machines and equipment to those countries and has also aided them by sending
out experts, who assist in the construction of production plants and in the
training of technical personnel. The share of those countries in Czechoslovakia's
foreign trade, which in 1953 was only 6.7 per cent, had risen to 13.5 per
cent by 1955.
Table 34.
IMPORTS AND EXPORTS BY AREAS OF ORIGIN AND DESTINATION
(percentages based on current prices)
Imports
Exports
Year
Total
Europe
Asia
Others
Total
Europe
Asia
Others
1937
100.0
69.1
9.1
21.8
100.0
74.1
7.0
18.9
1953
100.0
86.0
9.7
4.3
100.0
85.3
9.9
4.8
1954
100.0
83.9
9.7
6.4
100.0
81.2
12.1
6.7
1955
100.0
80.0
11.2
8.8
100.0
78.5
10.6
10.9
1956
100.0
78.8
10.6
10.6
100.0
75.4
14.3
10.3
The further development of industry, with the growth of heavy industry
and in particular engineering, has led to a marked change in the structure
of export trade, which now shows a preponderance of engineering products.
The development of new branches of production, particularly in the chemical
industry, and the growth of an indigenous raw material base, have made it
possible, to some extent, to reduce the import of certain raw materials and
to raise the import of foodstuffs. The import of the latter (including agricultural
raw materials) in 1955 was 78 per cent higher than in 1948.
36
7
Table 35.
STRUCTURE OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS
(percentages based on current prices)
Year
I Foodstuffs I Manufactured
Machines Fuels and basic
and agricultural I consumer
Total
and equipment materials commodities goods
1937
1953
1954
1955
1956
1937
1953
1954
1955
1956
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Imports
9.8 68.0
54.2
52.8
53.6
55.0
14.1
12.0
13.3
17.2
6.5
42.4
38.5
43.5
40.3
Exports
46.9
36.9
38.8
39.3
36.9
16.3
30.2
32.8
29.0
24.6
9.8
8.6
8.2
6.1
7.4
5.9
1.5
2.4
4.1
3.2
36.8
12.1
143
11.1
15.4
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Consumption of Food and Manufactured
Goods
The favourable development of Czechoslovakia's economy in the years
following the second World War has resulted in a marked rise in the con-
sumption of both foodstuffs and manufactured products.
Table 36.
FOOD CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA
Commodity
Unit
1936
1948
1953
1955
1956
1956 percentage
increase or de-
crease compared
with 1936
Meat (including
poultry)
kg
30.4
25.9
38.6
42.8
47.0
+ 16.6
Wheat flouri
kg
80.6
94.8
138.2
137.2
129.1
+ 48.5
Rye flour'
kg
66.4
72.3
69.0
61.4
61.4
5,0
Edible fats and oils . .
kg
-
5.8
6.7
6.8
7.4
-
Sugar
kg
23.8
22.7
27.8
33.3
34.9
+ 10.2
Milk (for direct
consumption)...,
litres
168.0
124.9
152.0
149.3
141.5
-26.5
Butter
kg
4.8
2:5
4.1
4.9
5.5
+ 0.7
Cheese
kg
0.7
1.1
1.0
1.7
1.8
+ 1.1
Eggs
number
131
95
156
164
172
+41
1 as grain
As is shown by the table above, food consumption, in 1956, in almost all
cases, was higher than before the war, milk being the one major exception.
The rise in individual consumption is also shown by the rise in retail sales
of foodstuffs and manufactured goods.
38
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Table 37.
RETAIL SALES OF SELECTED FOODSTUFFS
AND MANUFACTURED CONSUMER GOODS
C ommodity
Unit
1949
1955
1956
1956/1949 =
= 100)
Foodstuffs:
Bakery products (except
bread)
tons
215,527
250,692
260,549
121
Bread
tons
625,156
909,750
912,190
146
Poultry
tons
5,144
12,398
11,780
229
Sweets
tons
30,270
52,921
54,897
181
Rice
tons
3,655
29,815
41,618
1,139
Coffee
tons
987
2,761
3,379
342
Tea
tons
261
676
776
297
Beer
1,000
hectolitres
9,649
10,316
10,951
113
Wine
3)
.--.
281
354
-
Manufactured goods:
Fabrics
1,000 in.
81,727'
94,425
88,298
108
Clothing (outerwear)
1,000
-
16,231
18,463
-
Footwear
1,000 pairs
31,848
43,729
46,200
145
Soap
tons
25,628
36,202
39,701
155
Cigarettes
millions
12,422
16,320
17,325
140
Elea tric washing
niachines
number
12,310
193,564
224,062
1,820
Refrigerators
number
4,745
21,690
37,359
787
Sewing machines
number
29,470
44,876
44,890
152
Motor-cycles
number
39,755
52,010
62,857
158
TV sets
number
-
29,143
47,888
-
1 1948
In addition to the above mentioned commodities, the last few years have
witnessed a marked increase in retail sales of building materials, many kinds
of durable consumer goods, including furniture, books and other goods. The
sales of bicycles and wireless sets, on the other hand, have remained static.
In 1956 retail sales per head of population of textiles, clothing and footwear
were as follows:
. Ga. ? G -.G.A. on ...A G.G. ? Am
Fabrics
Clothing
Footwear
6.7 metres
1.4 units
3.5 pairs
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During the period 1949 to 1956 wireless sets were bought approximately
by every third family, electric washing machines by every sixth family, sewing
machines by every fourteenth and refrigerators by one in 37 households. TV
sets, which have been on the market since the second half of 1953, were
bought by one family in 43. During the period 1949-56 277,568 motor-
cycles were sold, corresponding to one new machine per 48 inhabitants.
The rise in personal consumption has been made possible, particularly
in recent years, by regular cuts in prices. Between 1953 and the end of 1956,
there were six price reductions, and the total savings accruing to the population
from these cuts amounted in 1956 to about 15.4 milliard crowns, i.e., about
1,185 crowns per head of population.
Mal 0
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Employment and Wages
At the end of 1955 more than six million workers, office workers and other
employees, co-operative farmers and individual farmers were gainfully employed.
This number does not include women working at home and members of families
helping in gainful occupations.
Table 38.
EMPLOYMENT AT THE END OF 1956
(in thousands)
Total
of which women
Women
as percentage
of total
Total employment
6,133
2,554
41.6
Workers and other employees
4,443
1,631
36.7
Co-operative farmers and members of
handicraft and consumer co-operatives
of which
agricultural co-operatives of the 3rd
and 4th types
465
361
225
181
48.5
50.1
Individual farmers
1,180
691
58.6
Self-employed craftsmen
45
7
15.0
By the end of 1956 workers and other employees constituted 72 per cent
of the total number of employed persons. Since 1948 the total number of
workers and other employees has increased by almost a third.
Of the total number employed the annual average numbers working in indivi-
dual branches of the economy were as follows: in industry 32.9 per cent,
in construction 7.6 per cent, in agriculture 31.4 per cent, in forestry 1.7 per cent,
in transport and communications 5.6 per cent, in trade 6.7 per cent.
To-day's full employment and the frequent shortage of workers in certain
branches of the national economy are in sharp contrast to the situation in the
pre-war Republic, when full employment was not even achieved in times
of greatest prosperity. The number of unemployed rose, above all, at the time
of the economic crisis after 1929. The peak of unemployment was reached
in February 1933, the number of unemployed reaching 920,184.
The increased employment of women contributes to a faster growth in the
incomes of the population and to raising the general standard of living.
41
? N.... ..., ?
tau?-?,- raw:Rama...at, . - a .mor-tt^taa..matara=0,,,LA ? -
ate . ???"X ? .4.? ????
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Table 39.
NUMBER OF WOMEN GAINFULLY EMPLOYED
"
Census date
Percentage of total
workers employed'
1/XII/ 1930
32.3
1946/1947
30.0
31/XII/1953
35.3
31/XII/1954
35.8
31/XII/1955
36.5
31/XII/1956
36.7
In determining the amount of remuneration for work the decisive factors
are the quality and quantity of the work done and its benefit to the community.
Individual wages are considerably supplemented by the sums spent by the
State on the social and cultural needs of the workers, thus providing many
free services. (These include the various branches of social security, holiday
schemes, subsidies for workers' canteens, all health services, etc.)
All employees have the right, under the Constitution, to certain paid holiday
periods. Paid holidays vary from two to five weeks. Youths up to the age
of 18 are entitled to three weeks' paid holiday. Employees over the age of 18,
who have worked up to five years, are entitled to two weeks' holiday. After
more than five years they are entitled to three weeks; after 15 years they are
entitled to four weeks. Miners, in view of the social importance of their work,
together with other workers in certain categories of strenuous jobs, are entitled
to an extra week's holiday.
Each year, 200-250 thousands of workers spend their holidays in recreation
centres and hostels belonging to the trade union movement. Participants in such
holiday schemes pay half fares and 10 crowns daily for their board and
lodging. In addition to this, individual factories also organise their own schemes
. for vacations; 200,000 workers participated in such schemes in 1956.
Another measure contributing to the raising of the workers' standard
of living was the introduction of a shorter working day, while maintaining
the existing level of salaries and wages. On October 1st, 1956, in all branches
of the national economy the 48-hour working week was decreased to 46
hours.
Since 1946 the average .monthly wages in all branches of the national
economy have risen according to plan. For instance the wages of employees
in industry have risen by 82 per cent, those of workers alone by 96 per cent.
42
Table 40.
WAGE INCREASES
(average monthly wage in crowns)
Year
Wage of worker
in socialist sector
of national
economy
Of which:
worker
in industry
worker
in construction
1948
819
715
783
1949
867
781
868
1950
945
876
998
1951
1,006
945
1,043
1952
1,048
1,043
1,119
1953
1,095
1,138
1,210
1954
1,169
1,235
1,290
1955
1,197
1,252
1,325
1956
1,243
1,285
1,372
The following figures give an indication of the monthly wages of workers
in the various branches of the national economy:
Table 41.
AVERAGE MONTHLY WAGES OF WORKERS
IN INDIVIDUAL BRANCHES OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY
(EXCLUDING APPRENTICES) IN 1956
Branch
Average wage
in crowns
Branch
Average wage
in crowns
Industry
1,315
Transport
1,368
Construction
1,421
Communications
1,103
Agriculture
1,013
Science and Research...
1,550
Trade and Catering
1,051
Health and Social services
1,092
? iposavi
..-C,770.4N......Clica?-? Ives vit
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Ai
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Social Security
There is a unified system of social security covering sickness, pregnancy,
old age, disability, loss of the breadwinner, etc. Health insurance is available
for all employees, home workers, pensioners and members of their families,
students of higher educational institutions, scientists and artists. Agricultural
co-operatives of the 3rd and 4th types sign collective agreements with the local
national committees concerning health insurance for their members. All
workers and members of their families are guaranteed pensions in the case
of the death of the breadwinner. Insurance in the case of illness is guaranteed
to more than 11,000,000 inhabitants and the extent of the pension scheme
is even greater. No income tax is paid on pensions.
Table 42.
ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL SECURITY PAYMENTS
(in millions of crowns)
1937
1949
1951
1953
1955
1956
Total social security payments
of which
health insurance
4,575
470
6,751
2,022
8,638
3,189
9,979
3,899
12,118
5,223
12,883
5,497
pension security
4,105
4,729
5,449
6,080
6,895
7,386
In 1956 a total of 5.5 milliard crowns was spent on health insurance payments,
.e., 11.7 times as much as in 1937. Of this 1.7 milliard was paid out in sickness
benefits and assistance during treatment in hospital.
In 1956 three milliard crowns was paid out in family allowances, i.e., 3.8
times as much as in 1949.
44
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Table 43.
HEALTH INSURANCE BENEFITS AND FAMILY ALLOWANCES
(in millions of crowns)
1937
1949
1951
1953
1955
1956
Total .
of which
470
2,022
3,189
3,899
5,223
5,497
Sickness benefits and cash
payments during hospitalisa-
tion
297
744
1,106
1,231
1,566
1,695
Maternity cash benefits
42
60
106
136
157
165
Newlyweds, grants
50
75
88
69
84
98
Maternity grants and grants
for layettes
-
139
162
144
147
146
Family allowances
-
789
1,295
2,075
2,890
2,984
Special health treatment
62'
141
208
152
207
214
In 1956 the total cost of pension payments amounted to 7.4 milliard crowns,
which represented an increase of 180 per cent on the 1937 figure. Social security
includes care of citizens in old age, disability, needy cases where the bread-
winner has died, care of war invalids, of disabled members of the armed forces
and of victims of Nazi persecution. It also includes supplementary pension
allowances antl social allowances provided by the national committees, such as
special care in specific cases, care of old people in special hostels for pensioners
and care for people with impaired working ability, etc.
The number of pensions and allowances is steadily growing. By the end
of 1956 the number amounted to 2,021,880. The greatest increases are in old age
and disability pensions, widows' and housewives' pensions. On the other hand
the number of "social" pensions paid to those citizens who had previously
not been gainfully employed and who, therefore, are not entitled to old age
and disability pensions, has been gradually decreasing. By the end of 1956
there were 298,000 such pensioners, and they received a total sum of 710,000,000
crowns.
The laws which came into force on January 1st, 1957, provide further
improvements in the social insurance available to workers. For instance,
sickness benefits amount to a maximum of 90 per cent of net incomes, as in the
case of old-age pensions. Family allowances have likewise been raised in the
case of large families of dependent children; at the same time a unified
45
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system of payment of sickness benefits has been introduced, which is the same
for workers and office employees.
In 1957, the total amount paid in pension benefits amounted to appro-
ximately 9,000 million crowns, and for the following years an average rise
of 380 million crowns annually is planned, so that by 1960 it will reach
the sum of 9,892 million crowns. The sharp rise in the total for 1957 is the
result, on the one hand, of the rapid increase 'in the number of recognised
old-age pensioners, which involves increased expenditure of about 400 million
crowns, and on the other hand, of the increases in the lower and medium
pensions, which require a sum of 465 million crowns.
46
rremsc z traarwm. warprzrssancrl...-
Health Care
Some eleven million inhabitants are now entitled to full health care,
including hospital and spa treatment, free of charge. This service is being
expanded by degrees to cover increasing numbers of people.
The decrease in the number of doctors resulting from the 'war was more
or less made good by 1949, and since then their numbers have increased
by 8,126.
Table 44.
NUMBER OF INHABITANTS PER DOCTOR
1937
1946
1948 1
1951
1953
1955
1956
Total number
of doctors
11,851
9,008
10,659
14,498
16,964
18,322
19,347
Number of inhabitants
per doctor
1,218
1,283
1,158
834
760
714
684
The number of inhabitants per doctor in Czechoslovakia compares very
favourably with other countries, as we can see from the following table:
Table 45.
NUMBER OF INHABITANTS PER DOCTOR
IN SELECTED COUNTRIES'
State
Year
Number
of inhabitants
per doctor
State
Year
Number
of inhabitants
per doctor
Australia
1952
1,016
Luxemburg ....
1954
1,077
Austria
1955
622
Netherlands....
1955
978
Belgium . ..
1954
951
Norway
1952
920
Canada
1934
948
Portugal
1953
1,387
Denmark
1955
905
Saar
1954
1,883
Finland
1953
1,870
Spain
1953
979
France
1955
976
Sweden
1954
1,328
GFR
1954
754
Switzerland ....
1956
694
Japan
1954
979
U.S A
1955
745
I Calculated from figures given in the U.N. Statistical Yearbook for 1956; the Monthly Bulletin
of Statistics of the U.N., No. 4, 1957; Annuaire statistioue de la France, 1956; Statistisches Hand-
buch fur die Republik osterreich; 1956; Statistisches jahrbuch der Schweiz, 1955, and Statistisches
Jahrbuch fiir die Bundesrepublik Deutschland, 1955.
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1
The number of other workers in the health services, especially of those
in the middle categories, has increased even more rapidly. Compared with 1946
the number of hospital beds has risen by 25,468, and is almost twice the number
of beds available in 1937.
Table 46.
NUMBER OF HOSPITAL BEDS
1937
1948
1951
1953
1955
1956
Number of beds (in thousands)
48.3
71.0
79.9
84.8
90.9
93.9
Number of beds per 1,000 inhabitants
3.3
5.8
6.4
6.6
6.9
7.1
If beds in special curative treatment centres and institutions are included,
then the number of beds per 1,000 inhabitants was 9.7 in 1955.
The number of persons treated at spas has risen considerably in recent
years, as shown by these figures:
Table 47.
NUMBERS OF PATIENTS TREATED AT SPAS
1949
1951 1
1953
1955
1956
Number of persons
167,693
167,354
185,506
208,650
231,982
The health services are based on a system in which towns and localities
are divided into sections (wards), each of which is served by a health centre.
By the end of 1956, expert medical attention was provided by 2,570 health
centres with 12,300 departments.
To improve the services available for industrial workers health departments
have been set up right in the factories. By the end of 1956 there were 655 such
factory health centres, 1,130 factory clinics and 45 factory first-aid stations.
The Czechoslovak health services available for women and children are
on a very high level. Whereas in 1949 there were gynaeocologists in only
half of the localities and children's doctors in one-third, today they are to be
found in all localities. By the end of 1956 there were 6,505 women's and
children's clinics or departments of the health centres.
48
Table 48.
MEDICAL CARE OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN
1948 I
1955
1956
1956
(1948=100)
Women's clinics
434
1,958
2,039
470
Children's clinics
2,854
4,434
4,466
156
Cots in institutions for new-born babies
465
2,031
2,314
498
Beds in children's departments
of hospitals
4,416
11,869
12,244
277
Beds in children's special treatment
centres, convalescent homes and
children's homes
4,568
7,632
7,858
172
Number of beds in women's and mater-
nity departments of hospitals and in
maternity homes
-
12,286
12,647
-
Number of nurseries
268
1,155
1,155
431
Number of places in nurseries
6,050
35,024
35,572
588
By the end of 1956, 87 per cent of all children up to one year were receiving
medical check-up, and on an average, in 1956, each child was examined 14 times.
This attention has contributed greatly to reducing the infant mortality rate
and improving the health of children. New methods of treatment are being
applied with success and such effective medicines as penicillin, strepto-
mycin and other antibiotics are in current use. The use of these medicines
on a wide scale has been made possible by the increase in domestic production.
In 1955 penicillin production was ten times that of 1950 Sand that of strepto-
mycin 13 times that of 1953.
mot ? -
- aa-
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Population Trends
Improvement in the living standard of a population is reflected in a favour-
able development in such demographic indices as the birth rate, infant mortality,
maternal death rate, death rate, and the increase in the average expectation of life.
Table 49.
BIRTH- AND DEATH-RATE AND NET POPULATION INCREASE
1937
1948
1953
1955
1956
Number of births per 1,000
inhabitants
16.3
23.4
21.2
20.3
19.8
Number of deaths per 1,000
inhabitants
13.1
11.5
10.5
9.6
9.6
Net increase per 1,000
inhabitants
3.2
11.9
10.7
10.7
10.2
Although at the present time the composition of the population by age
is not favourable, the birth rate indices can be considered to be positive. This
is particularly noticeable in compon with pre-wainratistics or with the
position in several other countries.
The national index figure of 20.3 live births (i.e., the number of live births
per 1,000 inhabitants) in 1955 surpassed that of the following countries: Austria
15.5, Belgium 16.8, G.F.R. 15.7, Norway 18.7, Switzerland 17.1, United
Kingdom 15.4 and in 1954 that of Denmark 17.3, France 18.8, Italy 17.9
and Sweden 14.61.
A high number of births in hospitals has a favourable effect on lowering
the maternal death-rate and in lowering the percentage of still-born children.
In 1937, 18.5 per cent of all children were born in hospitals, in 1956 the
percentage was already 83.3. Another factor which greatly influences the
indices of maternal death-rate and still-born children is the preventive care
given to expectant mothers. In 1937, 45 mothers died in confinement for every
1,000 live births, whereas in 1954 the number was 7 mothers. Also in 1937
1 Monthly Bulletin of Statistics, U.N., No. 3, 1956
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14
there were 23.8 still-born babies to every 1,000 live births, whereas in 1955
the figure was only 11.9.
In recent years great progress has been made in reducing the infant mortality
rate (i.e. the number of deaths up to the age of one year per thousand live births):
Table 50.
INFANT MORTALIV RATE
1937
117.4
1946
108.8
1955
34.1
1956
31.4
In world infant mortality indices Czechoslovakia takes 14th place after
the Scandinavian countries, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the U.S.A.
As a result of the lowering of the infant mortality rate, between 1946 and 1955,
about 120,000 infants' lives were saved.
Similarly the death-rate of newly-born babies has also been reduced (the
number of babies dying in the first 28 days after birth per thousand live births),
and also that of children (the number of child deaths per 100,000 live children
of the corresponding age).
?????IFIMMIIM
Table 5I
CHILD D.EATH-RATE
?
1937
1950
1956
Ages 1- 4 years '
700.7
298.7
149.5
Ages 5- 9 years
262.8
87.0
55.5
Ages 10-14 years
168.5
87.0
48.3
The lowered rate of child mortality is the result of the systematic attention
given to children, such as obligatory inoculation against a number of diseases
and regular school medical examination
In pre-war Czechoslovakia the overall death-rate was comparatively high.
At present it is falling. The lowest death-rate figure was achieved in 1956,
chiefly on account of the lowered death-rate of old people. This has also been
61
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expressed in the prolongation of human life. The average expectation of life
(i.e. the number of years a newly-born child is likely to live provided the factors
determining the death-rate do not change) has increased.
Table 52.
AVERAGE EXPECTATION OF LIFE
(number of years)
Period
Men
Women
1929-32
51.9
55.2
1949-51
60.9
65.5
1956
66.6
71.6
The increase in the average expectation of life is a result, inter alia, of the
decline in mortality from certain diseases. These include contagious diseases,
where the mortality rate declined from 1937 to 1955 by 68.6 per cent.
The mortality rate for tuberculosis decreased during the same period by
62.5 per cent, that of such diseases as scarlet fever and whooping cough has been
reduced to negligible proportions and even infantile paralysis epidemics have
no longer the dreaded impact they used to have in the past. The mortality rate
from diseases of the respiratory organs has, likewise. declined significantly-
in 1955 it was 56.6 per cent lower than in 1937. Among diseases which are
on the decline, are those affecting the digestive organs. However, mortality
from diseases of the circulatory organs and from tumours, is showing a rising
tendency.
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Education
Czechoslovak law provides for compulsory school attendance for eight years,
so that the entire youth of the country has to pass through the first eight classes
of the general school. The 9th to 11th forms of the general school and special
training schools, which follow the compulsory general education scheme, are
selective, accepting as a rule, young people who fulfil the necessary requirements
for higher education. The vocational schools train fully-qualified personnel
for industry, agriculture, forestry work, the building industry, trade, the health
services, the civil service, cultural work and so on. Particular attention is given
to special training schools, where technical subjects are taught, the so-called
technical schools. Young people are also trained for their future jobs in industry
at Apprentices Schools attached to industrial enterprises. The entire cost of
educating pupils and apprentices is covered from the State Budget. Whereas
in 1937 the State Budget provided a sum of 143 crowns for each apprentice
attending a continuation school, the 1955 budget provided 10,289 crowns
annually for each pupil at a State Apprentices Training Centre. Employed
workers can attend extension courses at any type of higher institute of edu-
cation.
Table 53.
DATA ON EDUCATION'
1936137
1948/49
1953154
1955/56
1956157
...d
General schools
total number of
classes
57,452
47,928
56,198
59,944
62,476
pupils (thousands)
of which
9th-11th forms
2,210
-
1,594
-
1,837
1,490
1,924
2,398
1,952
2,632
pupils
-
-
50,529
77,493
85,056
Special training schools
classes
2,604
3,115
4,819
5,980
6,747
pupils
of which
technical schools
classes
75,522
529
92,610
953
139,956
2,333
180,815
3,024
200,274
3,356
pupils
10,718
28,440
66,092
88,444
97,702
53
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...1.1?111?1??????
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(continued)
1936/37
1948/49
1953/54
1955/56
1956/57
Universities
faculties
52
55
106
106
106
students
of which
technical faculties
27,068
34
64,703
24
69,765
47
72,426
47
77,697
48
students
6,3852
23,032
27,779
33,711
35,732
" The number of classes and pupils includes evening classes, extension courses, etc., which in
1956 were attended by 89,654 workers.
' Excluding students in extension courses.
The State devotes great care to the nursery schools, school meals service,
university students' hostels and pupils' hostels. In 1956 there were 8,490 classes
in nursery schools (ages 3-6) attended by 252,780 children. During the 1956/57
school year, 539,851 children were fed at nursery schools and general school
canteens. The State contributes 900 crowns a year towards the keeping
of a child in nursery school, and 400 crowns a year for each child attending
a school canteen. Lunches and suppers are also served at 55 canteens to
an average of 33,000 university students. A student pays only a nominal fee
for a lunch or supper. During the 1956/7 school year, 49,217 pupils attending
special training schools were housed in 534 hostels. In the same year, 27,815
university students were housed in 96 university hostels, paying on the average
32 crowns a month. More than 30,000 university students, i.e., 62 per cent
of all full-time students, received scholarships which averaged 325 crowns
a month.
. In addition to the board and lodging of pupils and students to which
the State contributes, it also pays for all other educational expenses out of the
State Budget. For this reason no entrance and examination fees are charged.
64
Culture
In the post-war years artistic and scientific works have become available
to increasing numbers of people in town and country.
Table 54.
CULTURAL SERVICES
1937
1948
1953
1956
-
Permanent theatres
52
60
64
71
performances
14,000
19,860
24,686
26,201
theatre-goers (iii thousands)
5,000
9,150
10,983
12,174
Cinemas: total number
1,838
2,647
3,466
3,491
performances
424,600
724,400
960,600
1,049,800
cinema-goers (in thousands)
84,450
154,300
144,400
185,500
Book publishing:
number of titles
6,490
6,640
4,792
4,444
number of copies (in thousands)
32,000
44,176
51,469
42,548
average edition (number of copies)
4,931
6,653
10,741
9,574
With twelve permanent opera companies Czechoslovakia takes a leading
place among the countries of the world. Also, apart from the cinemas, regular
film shows are given by various cultural organisations, trade union clubs and
so forth. Such performances, in 1956, were attended by a total of 11,000,000
people. Special theatre companies gave 4,000 performances in the villages
in 1955, which were attended by 850,000 persons. In addition to these mobile
theatres, the regular theatres also sometimes give performances in the country
districts. In small villages, where there are no cinemas as yet, film shows are
given by mobile cinemas. In 1956 there were 216 such mobile cinema units,
and they gave over 102,000 performances, attended by 6.5 million people.
In 1955 each citizen in Czechoslovakia attended the cinema on the average
13 times, in the Netherlands 6.1 tithes, in France in 1954 8.9 times, in Switzer-
land 6.9 times, in Japan 9.4 times, and in the U.S.A. 16.4 timesl.
Since the war there have been ten international film festivals held in Czecho-
1 Basic Facts and Figures, UNESCO, 1956
55
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?
slovakia. Since 1946 Czechoslovak films have won 60 prizes and honourable
mentions at various international film festivals.
As regards book publishing, it is true that the number of individual tides
published in 1956 was lower than in 1937, because at that time there was
a great deal of trash on sale, but today the number of copies printed is far
higher. In 1956, 1,501 periodicals and journals were published with a circulation
of 1,065 million copies.
Every town or village has at least one public library. In 1956 there were
14,949 such libraries (including branches) serving 13581,000 readers, who bor-
rowed 31,161,000 books. In addition to these public libraries, factories,
schools, offices,- museums, universities and research institutes naturally also
have their own collections, adding considerably to the general total. Students
and research workers are served by 25 large academic libraries, such as the
University Library in Prague, with 2.5 million books.
In 1956 the state music ensembles, of which there were 14, gave a total
of 2,108 concerts to audiences totalling 1 5 million. Of these ensembles
the most famous are the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra and the Czechoslovak
State Song and Dance Ensemble, which have often performed abroad. Each
year there is an international music festival held in Prague, 'mown as the
"Prague Spring."
Opera is becoming more and more popular with the people. In 1956 there
were 2,369 opera performances and 62 new productions. More than 57 million
gramophone records (including long-playing records) were produced between
1945 and 1955 and more than 657,000 gramophones.
By the end of 1956 there were 18 main art galleries with 6 branches. In the
course of that year 549 art exhibitions were held at various art centres, which
were attended by more than 1.8 million people. By the end of 1956 there
were 358 museums which were visited in that year by almost four million
persons.
Considerable sums are spent by the State on the preservation and upkeep
of ancient buildings and on nature reservations. For instance certain towns
or town districts, such as esky. Krumlov and the Prague Old Town, have been
proclaimed areas to be especially preserved. The most famous nature reserva-
tions ate the Tatra Mountain Park in Slovakia and the Boubin Forest on the
western border of Bohemia. .
National committees organise cultural, educational and social events such
as lecture tours, film shows and dances. They are also responsible for the
encouragement and development of the people's creative art movement. These
purposes are served by Houses of Culture and various types of clubs.
56
?
1
Table 55.
CULTURAL CLUBS
1953 1 1954 1955 1956
Houses of Culture
Cultural Centres
Cultural Rooms
180
4,024
3,929
251
3,872
4,727
271 274
4,391 5,042
4,592 4,631
Total
8,133 8,850 9,254 9,947
By the end of 1956 there were 5,204 cultural establishments attached
to factories, which were also run by the factory trade union branches.
????????????=????
57
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The Second Five Year Plan
Following a nation-wide discussion of the draft directives for a Second
Five Year Plan of Economic Development for the period 1956-60, the Govern-
ment approved a set of directives for the drawing up of such a plan.
The main aims of this Second Five Year Plan are as follows: to complete
the economic foundations of Socialism in Czechoslovakia and to achieve the
decisive predominance of the socialist sector in agriculture; to make full use
of the natural and economic resources of the country; to ensure the development
of the country's productive forces, making maximum use of economic co-
operation between the countries of the socialist world system and thus to
contribute to the victory of that system in peaceful competition with capitalism;
on the basis of a rise in social labour productivity, to increase the well-being
of the population, by means of raising real wages and personal consumption,
and by a gradual reduction of working hours.
The main targets for 1960 have been laid down as follows (1955 =-- 100):
Industrial production
156
Agricultural production
130
Building activity
162
Railway freight transport
143
In industry the main emphasis is placed on increasing the output of fuels,
steel and rolling-mill products, chemical products, products of the precision
engineering industry, consumer goods industries and food industry; in agri-
culture the main increase is to be in live-stock production.
Unit cost in industry, in comparison with 1955, is to be reduced by 12.6
per cent by 1960. Labour productivity in industry is to increase within this
period by 39.1 per cent, labour productivity in the building industry by 52
per cent.
The increase in industrial output and building activity during the Second
Five Year Plan is also to be attained by better utilisation of existing production
capacity and more efficient use of fuels, metals and other raw materials. In
agriculture it will be necessary to continue the rapid development of the
co-operative movement and the essential financial and material resources must
therefore be secured for this end.
The labour force in the socialist sectors of the economy?not including co-
operative farms ? is to reach a level of 4.75 millions by 1960.
58
As far as living standards are concerned, the main directive provides that
personal consumption should increase by about one-third over the year 1955 by
the year 1960.
During the period 1956-60, 330,000 new dwellings will be ready for occupa-
tion; hospital and nursing-home capacity is to increase by 16,000 beds and
social welfare institutions by 11,200 beds.
Special attention will be devoted to Slovakia; industrial production there is
to increase by 74 per cent and agricultural production by roughly 40 per cent
during the 1956-60 period.
59
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Metric Weights and Measures
1 metre
1 kilometre
1 hectare
1 kilogram (kg)
1 metric quintal
I ton (metric)
I litre
1 hectolitre
- 3 ft. 3 1/4 in.
- 1,094 yards ,
- 2 acres, 1 rood, 35 poles
=-- 2 lbs. 3 1/4 oz.
=-- 100 kilograms
- 2,204 lbs.
- 1 3/4 Pints
- 22 Imperial Gallons
????????????
? .%
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List of Tables
Page
9
10
10
13
14
14
15
15
16
17
17
1. Czechoslovakia's Boundaries
2. Employment in Major Branches of Czechoslovakia's Economy iu 1956
3. Czechoslovakia's National Income by Origin, 1955
4. Industrial Production Indices by Major Branches
5. Index of Industrial Output in Pre-war Czechoslovakia
6. Output of Selected Industrial Commodities in 1937 and 1945
7. Industrial Establishments by Size
8. Index of Industrial Output in Slovakia
9. Indices of Industrial Production for Czechoslovakia and Selected Countries -
10. Output of Selected Industrial Commodities
11. Czechoslovakia's Position in European and World Industrial Production - -
12. Per Capita Output of Various Industrial Commodities in Czechoslovakia and
Selected Countries
13. Output of Selected Commodities of Heavy Industry
14. Output of Consumer Goods and Selected Foodstuffs
15. Expansion of Mining Capacity
16. Increase in Electric Power Output
17. Development of Construction Works
18. Gross Investment in the National Economy
19. Construction of Dwelling Units
20. Percentage Share of Main Crops in Total Crop Area
21. Consumpaar.x.f. Chemical Fertilisers per Hectare of Crop Land
22. Hectare Yields in Czechoslovakia Compared with European Averages
23. Harvest Results for Selected Crops Compared with Pre-war
24. Livestock Figures
25. Production of Milk, Meat and Eggs
26. Indices of Permanent Agricultural Employment
27. Main Types of Agricultural Machines in the Socialist Sector
28. Indices of State Purchasing Prices for Agricultural Products
29. Extent of Afforestation in Hectares
30. Development of Passenger Transport
31. Bus Lines and Distances Covered
32. Development of Railway, Road, Water and Air Freight Transport -
33. Postal Services, Telecommunications, Radio and Television
34. Imports and Exports by Areas of Origin and Destination
35. Structure of Imports and Exports
36. Food Consumption per Capita
37. Retail Sales of Selected Foodstuffs and Manufactured Consumer Goods
38. Employment at the End of 1956
39. Number of Women Gainfully Employed
40. Wage Increases
41. Average Monthly Wages of Workers in Individual Branches of the National
Economy (Excluding Apprentices) in 1956
18
19
20
20
21
23
24
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27
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42. Analysis of Social Security Payments
44
43. Health Insurance Benefits and Family Allowances
45
44. Number of Inhabitants per Doctor
47
45. Number of Inhabitants per Doctor in Selected Countries
47
46. Number of Hospital Beds
48
47. Numbers of Patients Treated at Spas
48
48. Medical Care of Women and Children
49
49. Birth and Death-rate and Net Population Increase
50
50. Infant Mortality Rate
51
51. Child Death-rate
51
52. Average Expectation of Life
52
53. Data on Education
53
54. Cultural Services
55
55. Cultural Clubs
57
62
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THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA
by Stanislav Dubskj
Translated from the Czech by
Pan Eislerova
D-572686
301 01
Price 1.70 Ks
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2
*Vim
SELECTFIE
LIST
0*ZEI1II
TECHNICAL
Itt1111.
PUBLISHED BY
PUBLISHERS OF TECHNICAL LITERATURE
1953-1956
\V
P. AGUE /C Z. EC HOSLOV ?r.,
?
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CIA-RDP81-01043R002900190005-1
_
. . s. 1.01F ??? ? ???1511 ??? ? ?
50-Yr 2014/02/25:
SELECTED LIST
OF CZECH
TECHNICAL BOOKS
1953-1956
PUBLISHERS OF TECHNICAL LITERATURE
PRAGUE II, SPALENA 51
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
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KILT 03 - 732713
00,141,11,,??
?
CONTENTS
Page
THEORETICAL LITERATURE .
7
Mathematics . . . . . . . .
7
Physics ? Mechanics ? Elasticity and Strength
of Materials
8
Geodesy ? Astronomy
10
MINING
14
METALLURGY
21
FOUNDING
31
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
35
General Design
35
Power Engineering
42
Internal Combustion Engines ? Motor Cars ?
Aircraft
45
General Technology .
50
Forging ? Pressing ? Heat Treatment ?
We:ding .
52
Machining .
54
Materials ? Control ? Standardization ?
Organization . .
54
Misce:laneous Subjects
59
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
61
Power Stations and Transmission of Power
61
Power Current Circuits and Machinery .
64
Electronics and Communication Engineering
69
General Electricity .
78
3
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Page
CIVIL ENGINEERING
?
80
.General and Structural Engineering
.
80
Building Trades Manuals .
?
96
Building Materials and Ceramics .
?
99
HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
.
103
CHEMISTRY
.
108
FOOD INDUSTRY .
.
118
GLASS AND FINECERAMICS
.
121
PAPER INDUSTRY
.
125
WOODWORKING INDUSTRY
.
127
TEXTILE INDUSTRY . .
.
129
LEATHER INDUSTRY
134
PRINTING INDUSTRY
.
137
TRANSPORTATION
.
139
FOREIGN LANGUAGE DICTIONA-
RIES .
141
MISCELLANEOUS
.
143
TECHNICAL JOURNALS
.
144
4
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PREFACE
?
The publishing house S. N. T. L., Publishers
of Technical Literature, established on January
1st 1953 by merger of two technical publishing
companies, is in charge of publications of scien:
tific works, technical and popular scientific
publications, instructive manuals, textbooks and
dictionaries covering all branches of technology.
Books published by S. N. T. L. are intended for
operatives in, scientific and research institutions,
designers, draftsmen, engineers, shop technicians,
economical operators, foremen and workers in
industrial works and students in, universtities and
technical colleges.
Great attention is paid by S. N. T. L. to the
publication of technical journals. At present
they arc publishing 46 journals, mostly monthlies
of all industrial branches which bring information
on results of research work carried out by fog
remost Czechoslovak and foreign experts and re-
ports on all ncve/ties of inland and foreign
industry.
During four years of their existence Publishers
of Technical Literature have published almost
1700 technical l-ooks and about 2000 issues of
technical journals.
The Catalogue hereby presented to those inte-
rested in Czech technical literature includes on:
ginal selected works by Czech authors, many
of which have been highly valued also by foreign
5
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experts. Apart front this, some of the books have
been translated into foreign languages and
further translations arc in preparation.
Foreign residents interested in books and journals
published by S. N. T. L. should adress their
orders to Artie Czechoslovak Foreign Trade
Corporation, Ve Smeadch 30, Prague II.
6
THEORETICAL LITERATURE
Mathematics
NUMBERS AND NUMERICAL OPERATIONS
(Isla a poEetni vkkony)
By Edvard 6ea
Conception of Numbers, Basic Numerical Operations
and their Properties, Inequalities and Rules for their
Computations. Some Special Parts of Elementary Arith-
metics and Algebra, Application of the Geometrical
View to the Study of Functions and Inequalities.
248 pages, 44 illustrations, 5 tables. Ks 16,50
INTRODUCTION TO PROJECTIVE GEOMETRY OF
CONIC SECTIONS
(throd do projektivni geometrie knieloseEek)
By Karel Haviieek
Complex Elaboration of most important Properties of
Conic Sections, Solutions of Practical Problems and
Descriptions of Typical Constructions.
216 pages, 203 illustrations. ICE's 32,20
SIX PLACE TABLES OF VALUES OF GONIO-
METRIC FUNCTIONS
(Sestimistne tabulky hodnot goniometrickkch funk?
By Josef Vykutil
The Centesimal Division of ?the Quadrant ? 10' Argu-
ment Interval. Tables of Values of Goniometric Func-
tions in Centesimal Division of the Angle. The 10'
Argument Interval made possible to tabulate all Values
on 10 pages only. Instructions for the use of Tables
and Examples of Calculations.
20 pages, 11 tables. Ks 1,80
7
'2 a I: v.? /army. 1,11, 1.11.112&UVILIPA "au.. Dtmll 141-lo VI, vi?yr 6-1r...a. -"tam tam.
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TIIEORETICAL LITERATURE
Physics ? Mechanics
Elasticity and Strength of Materials
INTRODUCION TO MOLECULAR AND ATOMIC
PHYSICS
(Ovod do molekulove a atomove fysiky)
By Zdeitek Hord*
Fundamentals of the Kinetic Theory of Gases, Ther-
modynamics, E:ectronics, S atistical Physics, Quantum
Physics of Radiation and Solids, Wave Mechanics of
Atoms and Mo:ecules, Physics of Atomic Nuclei. De-
scription of Equipment used for the Liberation of Mo-
rale Energy. Textbook for Univer:ity Students.
472 pages, 256 illustrations, 40 tables. Ices 31,?
ENGINEERING MECHANICS I
(Statics of Rigid Bodies)
(Technicka mechanika I) (Statika tuh9ch Wes)
By Josef Jeeminek
Easily comprehensible Explanation of the Fundamentals
of Mechanics, Fundamentals of Statics of Rigid Bodies,
Friction and Simple Machines. Examples selected from
the point of view of Technical Colleges and Engineering
Practice.
248 pages, 400 illustrations, 5 tables. Ke's 17,50
ENGINEERING MECHANICS II
(Dynamics of Rigid Bodies)
(Technicka mechanika II) (Dynamika tuh9ch teles)
By Josef Jan/flick
Introduction to the Study of Engineering Mechanics
explaining by an easily comprehensible Method the
Fundamentals of Dynamics of Rigid Bodies. Numerous
praotical Problems and Examp!es
148 pages, 167 illustrations. Kas 11,50
ENGINEERING MECHANICS III
(Easticity and Strength of Material)
(Tecluticka mechanika III) (Pruinost a pevnost)
By Josef Jeeminek
Cases of Simple and Combined Stresses, Examples and
8
4L
_
THEORETICAL LITERATURE
?
Solutions of Beams and various .Machine Parts wi:h
regard to Static and Dynamic Stresses.
4th Edition 384 pages, 324 illustrations. Ms 24,?
FLUID MECHANICS FOR MECHANICAL
ENGINEERS
(Hydromechanika pro strojni inienjay)
By Otakar Afagtovs/vg
Fluid Statics and Dynamics of One-Dimensional Flow
and Generalization of the Ba-ic Equations of its Fluid
Dynamics. Two and Three Dimensional Flow and Ex-
perimental Methods of Fluid Dynamics.
272 pages, 300 illustrations, 3 tables. 1(Es 28,30
ENGINEERING MECHANICS I ? STATICS
(Technicka mechanika I ? Statika)
By Josef ,grejtr
Systematic Explanation of Statics with special regard
to Technical Applications. University Textbook.
528 pages, 772 illustrations, 11 tables KEs 51,?
ENGINEERING MECHANICS II ? KINEMATICS 1
(Technicka mechanika II ? Kinematika 1)
By Josef Srejtr
Fundamentals of Kinematic Geometry of Plane Mo-
tions of Bodies, Kinematic Geometry of Planar Systems,
Ratio of Translation, Design and Production of Irregu-
lar Planes, Fundamentals of Geometry of Tooth Gear.
University Textbook.
256 pages, 379 illustrations. Ke's 25,?
ENGINEERING MECHANICS II ? KINEMATICS 2
(Technicka mechanika II ? Kinematika 2)
By Josef Srejtr
Kinematics of Plane Motion of Point and Body, Kine-
matics of Basic and Complicated Systems and Diffe-
rential Gears, Kinematic Solution of Geometric Pro-
blems, Application of Kinematics in Statics. University
Textbook.
380 pages, 420 illustrations. Ks 37,?
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`.111a:Mr.
TIIEORETICAL LITERATURE
Geodesy ? Astronomy
ACOUSTIC AND RADIO SURVEYING IN GEODE-
SY AND CARTOGRAPHY
(Akusticke a radlove zameovanf v geodesii a kart?.
grafi?
By VIaatimi/ Blahdk
Piopagation of Radio and Acoustic Waves, Description
of Surveying Instruments, Detailed Explanation of
Surveying and Mapping, Practical Examples.
184 pages, 108 illustrations. Ks 10,?
MEASUREMENT OF DAM DEFORMATIONS BY
GEODETICAL METHODS
(M6feni deformacf fidolnIch piehrad geodetickYmi
metodami)
By Frantihek Cach
Practical Perceptions resulting from Geodetical Measu-
rements of Czechoslovak and Swiss Dams.
72 pages, 60 illustrations, 6 tables. Ke's 3,?
PRACTICAL ASTRONOMICAL OPTICS
(Prakticka astrononaicka optika)
By 'Mem and Josef Erhart
Fundamentals of Geometrical Optics, Development of
Telescopes, Instructions how to make and test Optical
Parts of Telescopes.
156 pages, 110 illustrations, 10 tables, 8 Appen-
dixes. Ks 7,?
SYMPOSIUM OF GEODESY AND CARTOGRAPHY
1955
(GeodeticIcy a kartograficky sbornik 1955)
A symposium of Five Papers on Geodesy, Geodetical
Astronomy and Mathematical Cartography dealing with
recent Problems of these Sciences and their Solution.
60 pages, 18 illustrations, 26 tables. K6s 6,?.
?10
???
THEORETICAL LITERATURE
SYMPOSIUM OF GEODESY AND CARTOGRAPHY
1956
(Geodeticky a kartograficky sbomIk 1956)
Symposium of Geodetical Re:carch Work and Per-
ceptions of recent Practice. The individual Papers deal
with the Reduction of Measured Values to the Re-
ferential Ellip:oid, Equalization od Trilateration (Trian-
gulation by Distance Measurement), Comparative Stu-
dy of the Leveling Horizons of Czechoslovakia and
Neighbouring States, Study of Errors and Geodetical
Measurements of the Dam Deformation at Slapy.
64 pages, 28 illustrations. Ks 13,70
FUNDAMENTALS OF GEODETICAL ASTRONOMY
(Zaklady geodeticke astronomie)
By Lad!slav Luke?
General Explanation of Spherical and Geodetical
Astronomy, Description of Instruments and Methods
used for the Determination of Geographical Positions
of Trigonometric Points.
Numerous Solutions of Examples.
246 pages, 110 illustrations, 100 tables. Ke's 20,50
GRAVIMETRY
(Gravimetrie)
By Jan P:cha
Complex Survey of Knowledge on Earth's Gravity.
Explanation of the Earth's Gravity Field, the Theory
of Isostatic Equilibrium in the Earth's Crust, Methods
of Gravity Measurements and Instruments, Elaboration
of Re:ults of Gravity Measurements. Application of
Gravimetry in Geodesy and Geology.
164 pages, 69 illustrations, 9 tables, 3 appendixes,
Kas 17,50
ENGINEERING ASTRONOMY
(Inienyrska astronomie)
By Bedfich Polak
Astronomic Determination of the Azimuth and Geo-
graphical Coordinates u:ing the Theodolite. Examples
of Measuremsnts and Calculations. Auxiliary Tables
of Values required for Calcu'ations.
168 pages, 63 illustrations, 15 tables KEs 11,35
11
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THEORETICAL LITERATURE
GEODESY
(Geodesie)
By Josef ROavg
A complex, didactically clear and comprehensible Work
on Geodesy elaborated to the extent required for Stu-
dents of Technical Universities of all Branches. De-
scription of Measuring Instruments of Home and Fo
reign Make including some Original Machines produ-
ced in .the USSR.
University Textbook.
764 pages, 980 illustrations, 2 appendixes.
Ks 79,20
GEODESY I
(Geodesie I)
By Josef Rygavg
Description of Field Surveying Instruments and Me-
thods concerning especially Topographic Surveying
404 pages, 614 illustrations, 4th enlarged edition.
Ks 48,50
GEODESY II
(Geodesie II)
By Josef .Ry?avii
Measurements of Elevation, Tacheometry, Map Plotting,
Calculation of Areas, Partition of Land and Adjust-
ment of Catastral Boundaries, Compensating Calcula-
tions. University Textbook.
412 pages, 394 illustrations, 4th enlarged edition.
Ks 49,40
LEVELING
(Nivelace)
'By Jaroslav Svoboda
Description of Leveling Instruments, Rods and Acces-
sories, Instructions for repairing Faults, Sources of
Serious Ervors, Stabilization of Leveling Points, Orga-
nization of Measuring and Calculating Methods.
120 pages, 131 illustrations, 21 tables. Ks 8,50
12
r.
?
THEORETICAL LITERATURE
GRAVITY MEASUREMENTS IN CZECHOSLOVA-
KIA 1945-1952
(Tihova m?f v CSR v letech 1945-1952)
By Max Wittinger
A Survey of Relative Gravity Measurements carried
out in Czechoslovakia in the years 1945-1952 with
Static Gravimetric Instruments. Description of Instru-
ment Testing, Evaluation of the Exactness of Measure-
ments, Conclusions concerning the further Development
of a Unified Gravimetric Net.
80 pages, 36 illustrations, 36 tables. Ks 11,50
SYMPOSIUM OF SURVEYING 1953
(Zemerne'ficic9 sbornik 1953)
Use of the Leveling Rod, Application of Infrared and
Colour Photography, Hansen's Intersection with Measu-
rement Check and General Criterion of Precision, De-
termination of Time and Longitude at Czechoslovak La-
place Points using Transit Instruments at the Meridian
56 pages, 15 illustrations, 36 tables. Ks 5,50
SYMPOSIUM OF SURVEYING 1954
(Zenferne'fickk sbornik 1954)
Four Papers on Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Geode-
tical Astronomy dealing with actual Problems of the
Surveying Practice.
64 pages, 53 illustrations, 21 tables. Ks 7,?
?
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MINING
COURSE OF UNDERGROUND SURVEYING
(Kurs dedn:ho mrfictvi)
By Franti,?ek Occhttra and Karel Neset
Fundamentals of Mathematics for Underground Sur-
veying, Exactness of Measurement and Errors, Mine
Mapping, Trigonometric and Polygonometric Determina-
tion of Grade Points, Measurement of Distances and
Angles, Magnetic Measurements. Connecting and Di-
rectional Measurements, Determination of the True Me-
ridian, Measurements of Elevation, Soil Movements
caused by Undermining.
1st edition. 388 pages, 335 illustrations, 6 tables.
Ks 25,50
2nd revised and enlarged edition: 492 pages,
395 illustrations, 12 tables. Ke's 47,?
UNDERGROUND SURVEYING II ? VOLUME 1
(Mini inefic,tvi II ? sv 1)
By Frantigek Oechura
Fundamentals of Underground Surveying, especially
Mathematical Geography, Spherical Astronomy. Basic
Conceptions of Geology, Minig and Surveying
452 pages, 366 illustrations, 35 tables. Ks 44,30
UNDERGROUND SURVEYING II ? VOLUME 2
(Mini melictvi II ? sv. 2)
By Frantitek Oechura
Measurements of Vertical Angles and Distances, Ge-
neral Measurements of Elevation on the Surface and
Undergrqund, Problems and Fundamentals of Tachy-
metry, Description of Essential Instruments and Mea-
suring Methods.
356 pages, 230 illustrations, 35 tables. Ks 36,-
14
-
-
41?- ????
BLASTING OPERATIONS IN SURFACE MINES
AND QUARRIES
(Blasting Operations in Mines and Quarries, Part I)
(Trhaci prfice v povrchos/ch dolech a lomech)
(Trhaci prace v dole& a lomech, dil I.)
By Vladimir Hdjek
Firing Methods, Theory of Blasting and Safety Pre-
cautions at Surface Blasting, Tunnel (Chamber) Firing
and Reject Blasting.
200 pages, 103 illustrations, 71 tables KCS 10,?
EXPLOSIVES AND DETONATORS
(B'asting Operations in Mines and Quarries, Part II.)
(Trhaviny a roznecovadla) .
(Trhaci prace v do:ech a lomech, dil II.)
By Vladimir Hajek and Vojtech Sladeeek
Description of Explosives and Detonators, Analysis of
their Propevies and Effects, Handling Instructions
Production. Distribution and Issue of Explosives, their
Transportation, Storage and Destruction.
256 pages, 117 illustrations, 17 tables. Ks 15,?
MINING OPERATIONS IN QUICKSANID
(Hornicke prace v tekouc:m pisku ? kufavce)
By Vlastimil Houska
The origin and occurence of Quicksand, its Properties,
Methods of Draining, Dredging of Pits and Under-
ground Working in Mines with Quicksand Beds.
104 pages, 27 illustrations. Ks 5,50
AUTOMATION OF COAL MINES
(Automatisace uheInS,ch
By Milan Johanis
Remote Control of Mining Machines and Mechanisms,
Automatic Control of Underground and Surface Trans-
port and Individual Mining Equipment, Control Room
Check of Signalization.
36 pages, 19 illustrations. Ks 1,71
15
4=1111, 1.? 1111.. ORO NM
MEM,
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MINING
STATISTICAL HANDBOOK FOR OPERATORS IN
THE COAL INDUSTRY
(PfirOka statistiky pro pracovniky uhelneho prumyslu)
By Benedikt Korda and Ilja Novak
The Subject, Significance and Organization of Sta-
tistics, Application of Statistics in the Analysis of
Economical and Technical Problems of Mining Opera-
tions
224 pages, 19 illustrations, 72 tables. Ke's 14,35
THEORY OF FLOW OF LOOSE AND ROCKY MA-
TERIALS IN CONTAINERS
(Theorie toku sypk9ch a balvanit9ch hmot v zasob-
nIcich)
By Rudolf Kvapil
Laws of Motion and FlOw of Loose and Rocky Mate-
rials in Symmetric and Asymmetric Containers with
one or more Discharge Points Slotted Containers and
Silos.
146 pages, 45 illustrations KEs 8,?
HOPPERS AND CONTAINERS FOR ROCKY MA-
TERIALS
(V9sypky a zasobniky pro balvanit9 material)
By Rudolf Kvapil
Laws and Rules of Motion of Non-Cohesive Mate-
rials, Design of Trough, Slide and Screening Hoppers
and Containers.
82 pages, 70 illustrations, 5 tables. KEs 4,?
CONTAINERS FOR COMPACT MA PERIALS
(Zasobniky na nesypke hmoty)
By Rudolf Kvapil
Defects in Storage of Compact Materials in Containers
of Classical Shapes caused by special Properties of
Compact Materials General Laws and Rules of Mo-
tion and Flow of Compact Materials in Containers have
been elaborated by the Staff of the Institute for the
Research of. Ores. New Designs of Containers for Com-
pact Materials ensuring a smooth Flow and Defectless
Operation of Containers.
56 pages, 93 illustrations. KEs 2,71
16
? el?
??????^
IMO
1
? tal?
MINING
UNIFORM MINE MAPS
(Jednotne &tint mapy)
By Karel Neset
Standardization, Unification and Organization of Under-
ground Surveying in Czechoslovakia. Cartographic Bares
of ed and new Mine Maps, Methods and Precirion
of Measurements, Calculation of permissible Errors in
Individual Methods of Measurement.
108 pages, 66 illustrations, 11 tables, 16 appen-
dixes. KEs 7,50
HANDBOOK OF MINE VENTILATION
(Pifruela ditInlho vetrani)
By Alois Riman
Recent Theoretical and Practical Perceptions in the
Field of Mine Ventilation. Fundamentals of Mine
Atmorphere, Mine Cases, Streaming of Winds, Oxi-
dation of Coal Dust, Mine Fires, Electrical Installa-
tions, Breathing Apparatusses used in Rescue Opera-
tions
344 pages, 150 illustrations, 15 tables. Ke's 25,?
FUNDAMENTALS OF MECHANICS OF ROCKS
AND MINE PRESSURES
(Zaklady mechaniky hornin a &Ankh tlakit)
By Alois Aiman
A systematic Elaboration of recent Knowledge and
Research Results in the field of Mechanics of Rocks
and Mine Pressures Apart from the physical and me-
chanical properties of Rocks it deals with Water and
its relation to Rocks and Soils, Soil and Mine Pressures,
Mine Gases and their relation to Rocks, Manifestation
of Pressures during the Working of Coal Seams, Mea-
surements of Movement and Pressure of Rocks.
212 pages, 162 illustrations, 7 tables. Ke's 23,?
FUNDAMENTALS OF COAL MINE DESIGN
(Zaklady projektovani kamenouheln)ch dola)
By Alois Itiman
Designing optimum Size and Capacity of Mines and
the most important Components of Mine Operation
from the point of view of the Project
220 pages, 45 illustrations, 5 tables. Kas 17,40
- ???? IMP ??
?14
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ON.
MINING
NEW WORKING METHODS IN BROWN COAL
AND LIGNITE MINES IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA
(Nove dobjtvaci metody v hlubinnctch hnedouhel4ch
a lignitovStch dolech v CSR)
By Vdclavlc
Results hitherto achieved by Working Brown Coal and
Lignite Seams from the point of view of Technology,
Winning, Development, Mine Pressures and Motion
of Overburden Beds, Principles of correct Long Wall
Working and Trends of Development of new Working
Methods in Brown Coal and Lignite Fields.
48 pages, 16 illustrations, 2 appendixes, Ks 2,10
BLASTING OPERATIONS IN MINES
(Blasting Operations in Mines and Quarries, Part III)
(Trhacl price v hlubinnjtch dolech)
(Trhaci prace v dolech a lomech, &I III)
By Vojtech Sladeoek
Rocks, their Properties and Classification according to
Strength, Description of Blasting Operations in Mines,
Methods of the of Explosives for Special Purposes.
156 pages, 163 illustrations, 15 tables. Ks 7,50
ATLAS OF EXPLOITATION METHODS, BOOK I
(Atlas dobSevac:ch metod, sent I)
By Bohuslav Stodes
Illustration and Description of Methods used in Cze-
choslovakia and Abroad, especially in the USSR for
the Exploitation of Deposits of Coal, Ores, and Raw-
Materials for Ceramics and Chemicals, CharactcrLstic
Data of simple Exploitation Methods.
40 leaves. Ks 16,?
ATLAS OF EXPLOITATION METHODS, BOOK II
(Atlas dobStvacfch metod, segit II)
By Bohuslav 'Vacs
Illustrations and Technical Description of Exploita-
'lion Methods used in the Coal Fields at Ottrava,
Kladno, Most and Sokolovo and in some Soviet Ore
Mines.
40 leaves. Ms 17,50
18
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MINING
ATLAS OF EXPLOITATION METHODS, BOOK III
(Atlas dol4vacich metod, edit III)
By Bohuslav Stoecs
Illustrations and Technical Description of Exploitation
Methods used in the Fields at Kladno and in some
Soviet Ore Mines.
40 leaves. Kes 15,?
ATLAS OF EXPLOITATION METHODS, BOOK IV
(Atlas dobkvacich metod, salt IV)
By Bohuslav Stacs
Illustration and Technical Description of Exploitation
Methods introduced, used and proposed in the North
Bohemian Brown Coal Fields (Most and Sokolov), the
Coal Fields at Rosice-Oslavany and Kladno as well
as in some Soviet Ore Mines.
90 leaves. Ks 22,?
ATLAS OF EXPLOITATION METHODS, BOOK V
(Atlas dol4vacich metod, segit V)
By Bohuslav Stoocs
Illustration and Technical Description of Exploitation
Methods used in the Coal Fields at Ostrava and Ra-
kovn'k and in some Soviet Ore Mines.
40 leaves Ks 24,80
ATLAS OF EXPLOITATION METHODS, BOOK VI
(Atlas do4vacich metod, seEt VI)
By Bohuslav Stooes
Technical Description and Illustration of Exploitation
Methods. used and planned in the Lignite Fields in
Southern Moravia, the Brown Coal Fields in Bohemia
and Slovakia and in Coal Fields at Kladno.
40 leaves. Ices 31,30
COAL DRESSING
(Oprava uh11)
By FrantiZek gpetl
The Theory and Practice of Coal Dressing, Description
of Instruments, Equipment and Methods of Operation.
448 pages, 258 illustrations, 109 tables. Ks 40,70
19
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MINING
DESIGN OF MINE DRAINAGE EQUIPMENT
(Projektovanc odvodfiovactch zafizent hlubinnSich dole)
By I3ohumil Vrbickl)
Theoretical Foundations of the Selection and Calcula-
tion of Pumping Equipment, Methods of Pumping Mine
Water, Standardization of Pumps, Economy of indi-
vidual Pumping Methods, Precautions against Mine
Flnading.
68 pages, 18 illustrations, 4 tables. Ks 3,19
..,111Ifteralar
20
I
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METALLURGY
LATEST TECHNICAL TRENDS IN POWDER
METALLURGY
(Nejnoverti technicke sin6ry v priakove metalurgii)
By Curt Agte and Jiff Vacek
Chemistry of Mixtures, Acceleration of Reactions, Sin-
terability, Formation of Alloys during Processes of
Powder Metallurgy, Additional Shaping of Sintered
Bodies, Structural Changes during Milling and Sinte-
ring.
104 pages, 34 illustrations, 19 tables. Kes 3,50
TUNGSTEN AND MOLYBDENUM
(Wolfram a molybden)
By Curt Agte and Jiff Vacek
Occurence, Dressing and Processing of Wolfram and
Molybdenum Ores, Metallography, Properties and Tech-
nical Application of Tungsten and Molybdenum.
280 pages, 153 illustrations, 91 tables. Ke's 40,60
GAS TANKS IN METALLURGICAL WORKS
(Plynojemy v hut:ch)
By Miloslav Havelka
Views on the Suitability of Gas Tanks in Metallurgical
Works and their Rentability, Storage of Gases and Gas
Tanks, Indirect Economizing by Gas Tank Operation,
Works without Gas Tanks.
88 pages, 21 illustrations, 16 tables. Ks 4.39
ROLLING MILLS AND THEIR EQUIPMENT
(Valcovny a jejich zaf Izent)
By Ladislav Hellebrand
Roll Trains and their Arrangement, Parts of Roll
Trains and Auxiliary Equipment of Rolling Mills
172 pages, 186 illustrations, 12 tables. Ks 5,50
21
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METALLURGY
PRODUCTION OF BLOOMS AND BILLETS
(Vkroba piedvalkii)
By Ladislav Hellebrand
Production of Ingots and their Heating prior to Rolling,
Description of Technological Methods used in rolling
Blooms, Billets and Slabs, Construction of Rolling Mill
Trains.
62 pages, 57 illustrations, 7 tables. Ks 3,12
PRODUCTION OF HEAVY ROLLED SECTIONS
(V9roba te1k9ch tvarov9ch v9valkii)
By Ladislav Hellebrand
Examples of Arrangement and Construction of Rolling
Mill Trains for Rails, Beams, Channels, Girders and
Angles. Description of Technological Methods used
in the Production of these Rolled Steel Seotions.
48 pages, 48 illustrations. Ks 2,43
PRODUCTION OF SHAPED STEEL SECTIONS
AND WIRE
(V9roba.tvarove oceli a draw)
By Ladislav Hellebrand
Examples of Arrangement of Rolling Mill Trains for
Shaped Steel Sections, Technological Methods, Groove
Designing of Rollers and Principles of Correct Rolling
of Shaped Sections; Arrangement of Roll Trains and
Technological Methods of Wire Production.
52 pages, 38 illustrations. Ks 1,50
PRODUCTION OF CRUDE IRON
(V9roba suroveho ieleza)
By Prantgek Mondelc
Fundamentals of the Theory of Blast-furnace Processes,
Practical Perceptions of the Blast-furnace Process and
its Operation, Most Important Operations, Defects Occu-
ring in Vast-furnace Practice, Modern Methods tested
or introduced into Blast-furnace Operation.
252 pages, 59 illustrations, 7 tables. KEs 16,?
ANORGANIC CHEMISTRY FOR METALLURGISTS
AND MINERS
(Anorganicka chemie pro hutnilcy a horniky)
By Theofil Chlebovskg and Rudolf Jirkovskg
Historical Development of Mass Conception, Develop-
22
we+
METALLURGY
ment of Chemistry as a Branch of Science, Atomic
and Molecular Theory, Laws, Theories, Hypotheses,
Law of Energy Conservation, Structure of Atoms,
Structure of Molecules, Chemical Equilibrium and
Kinetics of Chemical Reactions, Solutions and their
Properties, Electrolytic Dissociation, Electrolysis and
Faraday's Law, Colloidal Solutions, Non-Metalic Ma-
terials and Metals, Selected Parts of Geochemistry for
Miners and Geologists.
464 pages, 118 illustrations, 68 tables. KEs 46,50
STEEL
(Ocel)
By Vojtech Jareg
Fundamentals of Iron Metallography, Composition cf
Steel, its Properties, Ileat Treatment and Classification
according to Application and Additions. University
Textbook
6-th edition. 128 pages, 59 illustrations, 8 tables.
Ms 6,20
ECONOMIC IMPROVEMENTS IN TIIE PRODUC-
TION OF IRON AND STEEL
(Some Problems and Possibilities)
(Zhospodarneni v9roby ieleza a oceli)
(Nektere problemy a moinosti)
By Ladislav Jenfoelc
Description of new Processes contributing to Higher
and Improved Economy in the Production of Crude
Iron and Steel, Dressing, Agglomeration and Con-
centration of Ores, Improvement of the Open-Hearth
Process
295 pages, 136 illustrations, 51 tables Ke's 34,20
ASSAYING AND PRINCIPLES OF SAMPLING
(Prubefstvi a zasady vzorkovani)
By Rudolf Jirlcovskg
Principles of Sampling, Sampling Instruments and va-
rious Methods of Sampling Ores, Minerals and Metal-
lurgical Products Sampling in Metallurgical and Iron
Works. Sampling of Precious Metal Alloys, Alloys
containing Precious Metals and Samp.ing of Fuels.
Assaying Instruments and Furnaces, Crucible and
23
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METALLURGY
Slag Tests, Separation of Precious Metals by the Wet
Process, Dry Tests of some Base Metals, etc.
156 pages, 63 illustrations, 9 tables. Ks 15,?
LIXIVIATION AND LEACH RECOVERY IN COP-
PER PLANTS
(Moieni a regenerace mofidla v ineclarnach)
By Ferdinand Kadlee
Technology of Leaching Copper and its Alloys, Reco-
very of valuable Raw-materials, Waste Liquor and
Effluents.
48 pages, 14 illustrations, 4 tables. Ks 2,31
SURVEY OF TECHNICAL MATERIALS
(Pfehled technickYch materitila)
By Jan Korecicil ?
Summarized Information on Technical Materials used
in the Engineering Industry such as Steel, Cast Iron,
Non-ferrous Metals and Non-metallic Materials. Brief
Outline of their Propertiers, Production, Methods of
Proccesing and Use.
454 pages, 100 illustrations, 107 tables. Ks 21,?
DRAWN STEEL WIRE, ITS PRODUCTION AND
PROCESSING
(Taieny ocelovy drat, jeho vyroba a zpracovani)
By Jan Korea'
Technological Processes Used in Wire Production,
Equipment of Drawing Plants, Heat Treatment, Sutface
Treatment, Testing and furthcr Processing of Steel
Wire.
200 pages, 125 illustrations, 20 tables. Kas 11, ?
FUNDAMENTALS OF STEEL METALLOGRAPHY
(Zaklady metalografie oceli)
Ey Vladimir Hogeley
Basic Theoretical Notions of the internal Structure of
Metals and Alloys, Latest Results of Metallographic
Research, New Views on the Transformation of the
Internal Structure of Metals during Processing, Rela-
tions between Heat Treatment and Mechanical Pro-
perties of Metals
246 pages, 278 illustrations, 4 tables. Ks 20,-
24
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METALLURGY
RE-MARKED MELTS
(Piekolkc? aria tavby)
By Bollumil Rout il
Causes of Origin of Re-marked Melts in the Scrap Pile,
in the Stock Yard of Scrap, Additions and Auxiliary
Materials in Furnaces, Steel Works and other Working
Places Methods of Preventing Re marked Melts.
148 pages, 63 illustrations, 3 tables Ks 8,?
METALLURGY OF LEAD, POSSIBILITIES OF DE-
VELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF TECHNO-
LOGY
(Ilutnictvf olova, moinosti vyvoje a zdokonalovant
techno:ogie)
By Alfred Lange
Present State of Lead Production, New Methods of
Lead Ore Concentration with Regard to the Utiliza-
tion of old Lead Dross and Waste Slag. Lead Poisoning
and Precautions to its Restriction and Prevention.
56 pages, 15 illustrations, 2 tables. Ks 2,65
METAL SCRAP AND ITS UTILIZATION
(Kovovy odpad a jeho vyuiiti)
By Jaroslav Malkovsk.3)
Utilization of Metal Scrap and its Processing to Pure
Metals or Alloys. Significance of Scrap and Metal,
Short Survey of Production of Metal? and Alloys by
First Melts, Circulation of Scrap, Types of Scrap, Sor-
ting, Storage, Dressing, Sampling, Collecting, Techno-
logy of Concentration, Refining of Individual Types
of Residue Material and Refining Agents.
316 pages, 10 illustrations, 32 tables. Ks 19,50
ANALYSIS OF ORES, SLAGS AND
REFRACTORIES
(Rozbor rod, strusek a Earuvzdomeho materialu)
By Vilem Mayer
A Summary of proved Working Instruments for the
Chemical Analysis of Ores, Slagforming Admixtures,
Slags, Refractory Materials and other Auxiliary Ma-
terials used in Steel Industry.
400 pages, 10 illustrations, 7 tables Ks 29,80
????
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METALLURGY
ANALYSIS OF CRUDE IRON AND STEEL:
(Rozbor suroveho ieleza a oceli)
By Vildm Maycr
Description of the most important Analytical Methods
used in the Analysis of Crude Iron and Steel. Samp.ing
and Dressing of Samples, Basic Operations in Quan-
titative Analysis, Solutions and Reagents, Chemical
Analysis of Technical Iron.
644 pages, 35 illustrations, 7 tables. Ms 40,20
PRACTICAL METALLOGRAPHIC MICROSCOPY
(Prakticka metalograficka mikroskopie)
By Zdenek Ministr
Preparation of Metal!ographic Samples for Microscopic
Observation, Rules of the Technique of Microscopy
and Microphotography.
184 pages, 147 illustrations, 24 tables. Kes 9,49
STEEL TUBES, THEIR PRODUCTION AND USE
(Ocelove trubky, jejich vYroba a pouiiti)
By Bohninil Pata
Description of Producing Equipment, Technological Pro-
cesse., used in the Production of Tubes by Rolling,
Drawing and Welding. Finishing, Checking and Tes-
ting of Tubes.
288 pages, 221 illustrations, 45 tables. Kes 25,50
NONCORROSIVE AND FIRE RESISTING STEELS
(Antikorosni a ifiruvzdorne occ:i)
By Rudolf Pospigil
Description of Properties of Noncorrosive, Fire Resi-
ting and Fireproof Steels. Instructions for Work-
shop Processing and Testing. Methods of Selecting
Steel Types and Numerous Examples of Application.
240 pages, 179 illustrations, 59 tables Kes 24,?
PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF CZECHOSLOVAK
METALLURGY AND FOUNDRY INDUSTRY
(Froblemy a vyhledy nageho hutnictvi a slevarenstvi)
Symposium of Papers published on the Occasion of the
70-th Anniversary of Academician Frantiiek PiLek
26
METALLURGY
A Symposium of Scientific Works of Czechoslovak and
Foreign Experts on Metals, Metallurgy and Founding.
480 pages, 373 illustrations. Ms 56,50
PROBLEMS OF METALLURGICAL DINAS
(Problemy hutnickeho dinasu)
By Frantigelc Prochaska
The Book explains recent Views on the Application of
Dinas Bricks in the Metallurgical Industry and the
Selection of suitable Raw-materials for their Replace-
ment.
100 pages, 19 illustrations, 15 tables. Kes 5,37
MIXED ARCHED ROOFS OF OPEN-HEARTH
FURNACES IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA
(Smigene klenby SM-pec! v CSR)
By Frantitek Prochaska
Valualion of Results experienced with Mixed Arched
Roofs in Czechoslovak Steel Works.
48 pages, 37 illustrations. Kes 1,50
LINING OF STEEL FURNACES
(Vyzdivani ocelifskych pect)
By Frantaek Prochaska
Various Methods of Lining Open Hearth and Electric
Furnaces, Hot-Metal Mixers, Ladles and other Auxilia-
ry Equipment with regard to the Properties of the
applied Refractory Materials. Instructions for the Cen-
struction and Repair of Open Hearth Furnaces. Sur-
vey of Standards of Refractory Products.
136 pages, 94 illustrations, 20 tables. Kes /,?
PRE-MALLEABLIZING OF CRUDE IRON BY USE
OF OXYGEN IN THE LADLE
(Piedzkujiiovani suroveho ieleza kyslikem v palsy? ,
By Vaciav Rattner and Duan Simandl
Local and Foreign Variations of Pre-malleablizing
Thomas Pig Iron and Crude Iron by the Application
of Oxygen in the Ladle
24 pages, 5 illustrations, 7 tables Kes 1,21
27
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METALLURGY
MALLEABLIZING OF STEEL WITHOUT VALUABLE
MALLEATING ORES
(Zkujnovant oceli bez pouiiti hodnotnych zkujiiovacich
rud)
By Vdclav Rainier and Dugan Simandl
Experience with Replacing valuable Malleating Orcs
by other Malleating Agents.
40 pages, 2 illustrations, 12 tables. Ks 2,29
PROCESSING OF ORE LUMPS WITH IIIGIIER
PHOSPHORUS AND. SULPHUR CONTENT
(Zpracovani hrudek s vyiEm obsahem fosforu a stry
v ocelarnach)
By Vdclav Mame? and Dugan Simandl
Reports on Home and Foreign Experiments with di-
rect Processing of Ore Lumps with higher Stilphur and
Phosphorus Content in Arc and Open-Hearth Furnaces.
Experiments with Remelting of Lumps in Rotational
Reverberatory Furnaces, Cupolas and Hot-Metal Mi-
xers.
44 pages, 4 illustrations, 7 tables. Ks 2,29
SYMPOSIUM OF BLAST-FURNACE TECHNIQUE
IN CELEBRATION OF THE 90-TI ANNIVERSARY
OF ACADEMICIAN M A. PAVLOV
(Sborn-lc pracl o vysokopecnt technice na poEest deva-
desatych narozenin akademika M. A. Pavlova)
The Life and Work of M. A. Pavlov, the outstanding
Soviet Metallurgist and Expert on Blast-furnace Pro-
blems. The Papers of the Individual Authors cover the
following Subjects: Application of Statistical Methods
to the Solution of Blast-furnace Problems. Refractory
Linings of Vast-furnaces. Dressing of Poor Ores Eco-
nomical Air Blowing into Blast-furnaces and Increase
Output of Blast-furnace Piston Air-Blowers. Blas-fur-
nace Gas Combustion Turbines, etc
316 pages, 128 illustrations, 29 tables. Ks 34,?
PROGRESS IN METALLURGICAL
POLAROGRAPHY
(Pokroky v hutnicke polarografii)
By mita Spdlenlca
Advantages of Polarographic Analysis and the most
28
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METALLURGY
important new Perceptions for Chemists employed in
Laboratories of Metallurgical Works. Detailed new
Instructions for the Polarographic Determination of
some Components of Materials.
92 pages, 32 illustrations, 2 tables KEs 4,33
POLAROGRAPHIC METHODS IN METALLURGY
(Po:arograficke methody v metalurgii)
By Milo,* Spalenlca
Proved Instructions for Po?arographic Analyses of va-
rious Types of Alloys. Ores and other important Ma-
terials in Metallurgy.
244 pages, 79 illustrations Ks 18,?
DIAGRAM OF SPECIFIC CONSUMPTION
OF' COKE
(Diagram mErne spotieby koksu)
By Jindfich ;garde
Two Diagrams for the easy Determination of Coke
Consumption in the Production of Steel and Foundry
Pig Iron
20 pages, 2 illustrations. Ks ?,92
INCREASE OF BENZOL AND TAR PRODUCTION
IN COKING PLANTS
(Zvygovani vyroby benzolu a dehtu v koksovnach)
By Boltumil Spl:chal
Production of valuable Hydrocarbons in Coking Plants
and Methods to increase Yields of Benzene and Tar.
The individual Chapters deal with the Physical and
Chemical Processes during Coking with special regard
to the increased Production of Hydrocarbons.
72 pages, 21 illustrations, 10 tables KEs 3,42
CONTACTS MADE OF PRECIOUS AND SINTERED
METALS
(Kontakty z drahych a spokanYch kova)
By Adolf Vambersicl)
Survey of Equipment and Methods for the Production
of Contacts, their Testing, Fundamentals of Powder
Metallurgy, Application of Contacts made of Sintered
Metals in Technical Practice.
198 panes, 100 illustrations, 46 tables KEs 10,?
A "V.--tu.i=V-ZZZ........rvl'v,,*
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29
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METALLURGY
FUNDAMENTALS OF POWDER METALLURGY
(Zaklady prigkove metalurgie)
By Adolf Vambers1c3)
Production of Metal Powders, their Processing and
Products made of Sintered Metals, their Properties,
Advantages and Possibilities of Use.
74 pages, 30 illustrations, 5 tables. Ks 2,50
MELTING AND CASTING OF COPPER AND ITS
ALLOYS
(Tavent a liti medi a jejlch slitin)
By Vojteclt Volejnilc
Theory of the Metallurgy of Copper and its Alleys
from the point of view of Physical Chemistry, Descrip-
tion of Melting and Casting of Copper and its Alloys,
Physical Phenomenae occuring during Solidification.
92 pages, 12 illustrations, 22 tables. Ks 5, ?
BLAST-FURNACE SLAGS
(VysokopecnI strusky)
Three Works of Soviet Metanurgists on Blast-furnace
Slags, their Minera:ogical Composition, Properties and
Importance for the Blast-furnace Process. The text is
complemented by numerous Charts, Microphotographs
and Tables
48 pages, 26 illustrations, 17 tables. Ks 2,47
COLD ROLLING OF STEEL STRIPS
(VA:covani ocelovy.ch pun za studena)
By Frantigek Wisner
Cold Rolling on differently arranged Mill Trains and on
specially set Rolling Mills, Finishing of Ready Made
Strips by Shearing, Metal Plating, Polishing, etc.
204 pages, 108 illustrations, 1 appendix. Ks 10,-
30
ONO.
FOUNDING
PRODUCTION OF FOUNDRY MOULDS
BY TEMPLATING
(V5Proba slevarenskjrch forem gablonovinim)
By Vciclav Bata
Reasons for the use of Templates, Equipment and
Auxiliaries required for Mould Production, Individual
Processes during Templating.
116 pages, 202 illustrations. Ks 5.50
STEELS FOR CAST CUTTING TOOLS AND THEIR
HEAT TREATMENT
(Oceli pro lite fezne nastroje a jejich tepelne
zpracovani)
By Josef Do.?1ccif and 0. HaRdnek
Suitable Steels for Cast Cutting Tools, Centrifugal
Casting of Tools, their Heat Treatment and Testing.
Durability Tests and Variations in the Heat Treatment
of Cast Milling Cutters.
164 pages, 194 illustrations, 43 tables Kes 7,50
MODERN METHODS OF METAL CASTING
(Novodobe zpasoby litI kovii)
By Josef Dalcaf and Vojtech Erumpolc
Moulding Materials, Melting of Metals and Alloys,
Individual Methods of Precision Casting, Precision
Casting into Ceramic Moulds produced by Permanent
or Transient Patterns, etc.
228 pages, 182 illustrations, 23 tables. Kes 19,?
CAST TOOLS
(Lite nastroje)
By Zdenek Eminger and Vladimir Koge/ev
Technological Methods applied in the Production of
OP
INIrt 1.1. Mire amr?Ir
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CA'
1
4
FOUNDING
Cast High Speed Steel Tools, Moulding Materials,
Moulding, Inverted Furnace Casting, IIeat Treatment,
Machining, Operational Results.
228 pages, 196 illustrations. Ks 12,?
PRODUCTION OF SPECIAL CASTINGS
(V9roba specialn:ch
By Zdcnek Eminger and Karel Weber
Austenitic Cr-Ni and Mn Steel, Special Foundry
Al'oys with High Content of Chromium, Si:icon and
Aluminium. Production Methods of Cast Welding Rods
made of Alloys containing Chromium, Cobalt and
Nickel. Application of Castings as Replacements of
intricately shaped Forgings.
168 pages, 161 illustrations, 20 tables. Ks 18,35
MALLEABLE CAST IRON
(Kujna. litina)
By Zdenek Hostinskg
Properties of Maleable Cast Iron, Melting, Moulding,
Design of Castings, Annealing and Heat Treatment,
Cleaning and Surface Treatment of Castings, most
frequent Defects, Use of Castings made of Malleable
Cast Iron.
160 pages, 132 illustrations, 37 tables. Ks 6,?
PRODUCTION OF WOODEN PATTERNS
(V9roba clieven9ch modela)
By Milan Mdlek
Structure and Properties of Wood, its Processing and
Use for Patternmaking, Methods of Pattern Production,
Checking and Maintenance of Patterns.
352 pages, 280 illustrations, 43 tables. Ks 20,90
FOUNDRY MOULDING MATERIALS
(Slevarenske formovacl latky)
By Lev Petrela
Types of Moulding Materials and Auxiliary Masses,
their Properties, Processing and Application, Testing
and Operational Checking.
636 pages, 431 illustrations, 55 tables. Ks 41,50
32
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111712611?111111r.
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.167:1=ZalNi=ltautigazud
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a
FOUNDING
DESIGN OF CASTINGS
(Konstrukce odlitkit)
? By Fran tieek Pieck
Basic Information on Metallic Materials used by De-
signers for Production of Castings, Phenomenae related
to the' Solidification of these Materials in Castings.
Examples and Analyses of Correct and Incorrect De-
sign of Castings. Methods of Production of Faultless
Castings.
386 pages, 453 illustrations, 10 tables. Ka 24,30
QUALITY CAST IRON
(Jakostni litiny)
By Jan Plachg and Vlastislav Otdhal
Survey of Cast Iron Types used for the Casting of
Machine Parts, Metallurgy and Production Methods
of Ductile Cast Iron, Production Methods of Castings,
Use of Ductile Cast Iron in Foundry Practice.
284 pages, 255 illustrations, 42 tables. Ks 14,15
FREEZING AND TOP DESIGN OF CASTINGS
(Tuhnuti a nalitkovani odlitku)
By Josef Ptibyl
Survey of recent Czechoslovak and Soviet Experienze
of suitable and economical Riser Design and Solidi-
fication of Alloys
312 pages, 237 illustrations, 15 tables. Ks 22,?
DEFECTS OF STEEL CASTINGS
(Vady ocelov9ch odlitka)
By Josef Pfibyl
Defects in Steel Castings, their Causes and Methods
of Prevention Individual Defects are illustrated and
described in detailed Tables.
328 pages, 94 illustrations, 39 tables Ks 20,?
PRODUCTION OF FOUNDRY MOULDS
(V9roba slevarensk9ch forem)
By Josef Pfibyl
Technology of Production of Foundry Moulds and its
individual Components. Detailed Description of the
0..
33
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Jarj,11
FOUNDING
Production of all Types of Sand Moulds, Core Pro-
duction, Mounting of Moulds, Pouring of Metal into
Moulds, Knocking-out of Castings, Practical Examples
of Manual and Machine Moulding, various Methods
of Moulding Special Castings, Organization of Work
in Moulding Shops.
360 pages, 424 illustrations, 28 tables. Ks 24,50
34
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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
General Design
VENTILATORS
(Design and Calcu'ation)
(Ventilatory ? Konstrukce a vkpoEet)
By Oskar Back
Theory and Design of Centrifugal and Axial Flow
Ventilators, Insiructions for Drafting and Calculation,
Special Properties of Ventilators, Testing in Laboratory
and Research.
372 pages, 192 illustrations, 52 tables. Ks 24,50
ELECTRICALLY OPERATED LIFTS FOR PERSONS
AND GOODS
(V5rtahy osobni a nakladni s elektrickkm pohonem)
By Otakar Balcar
Calculation of Lift Drives, Description of individual
Parts and Electrical Equipment of modern Lifts for
Persons and Goods with special regard to Safety of
Operation.
348 pages, 193 illustrations Ks 35,50
NOMOGRAMS AND TABLES OF SPRINGS
(Nomogramy a tabulky pruEin)
By Vdclav Bleck
Ncmograms for Computation of Values of 1-lelical Com-
pression and Extension Springs coiled from round c.r
rectangular Wire and Spiral Springs.
Tables of Numerical Values of Springs wound from
flat Steel into Truncated Cone Shapes Data on Ma-
terials used for the Production of Springs
184 pages, 15 illustrations, 124 tables, 122 nomo-
grams, Ks 39,-
35
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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
TABLES FOR DESIGNERS
(Tabulky pro konstruktdry)
By Cyril Hoschl and Collaborators
Set of sixty Tables, containing Data on Elasticity and
Strength, Design of Machine Parts, Flow of Gases, etc.
74 pages, 60 tables. Ks 6,81
EQUIPMENT OF FACTORIES AND REFINERIES
OF BEET AND CANE SUGAR, VOLUME I.
(Strojni zafIzeni cukrovara a rafinerii epri9ch
i titinov9ch I)
By J. S. Chalupa
Design and Operation of Equipment for Transporta-
tion of Raw-materials and Production of Sugar Juice,
its Purification and Saturation.
240 pages, 79 tables, Ks 29,?
EQUIPMENT OF FACTORIES AND REFINERIES
OF BEET AND CANE SUGAR, VOLUME II
(Strojni zafizeni cukrovarit a rafinerii fepn5rch i
titinovIch II)
By J. S. Chalupa
Process and Equipment for Crystallization, Centrifu-
ging and Refining Description of Auxiliary Plant, Po-
wer Stations and Complete Flow-sheets of Sugar Works.
318 pages, 65 tables Ks 35,50
PISTON COMPRESSORS
(Pistove kompresory)
By Vladimir Chlunt.slcu
Basic Theoretical and Practical Perceptions, Descrip-
tion and Calculation of individual Parts, Technology
and Economy of Design, Maintenance, Lubrication.
Tables for Designers.
280 pages, 408 illustrations, 15 tables, 4 appen-
dixes. K6 31,50
AMI.1,111???????????
SPUR GEARS
(Ozubend kola Celni)
By Thammir Jetmar
Data for 'the Calculation and Design of Spur Gear
with Straight and Helical Teeth.
228 pages, 125 illustrations, 2 tables. Ks 17,50
36
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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
CATALOGUE OF MACHINE TOOLS 1955
(Katalog obrabe'cIch stroju 1955)
Illustrations and Descriptions of Machine Tools pro-
duced in Czechoslovakia, detailed Data on Dimensions,
Function and Design. Descriptions of individual Ma-
chines are complemented by Data on Supplementary
Equipment.
376 pages, 227 illustrations. Ks 19,50
CATALOGUE OF SHAPING MACHINES 1956
(Katalog tvaiecich stroja 1956)
Illustrations and Technical Descriptions and Main
Technical Data of Shaping Machines produced in Cze-
choslovakia, excluding Rolling Mills and Auxiliary Ma-
chines used exclusively in the Metallurgical Industry.
364 pages, 220 illustrations. Ices 21,50
CALCULATION OF SHAPE STABILITY OF MA-
CHINE PARTS
(Pfiklady v9poCtu tvarove pevnosti strojnich soue'asti)
By Jaroslav Nemec
General Solution, Data for and Examples of Calcula-
tions of Machine Parts exposed to Dynamic Loads,
Causes of Fatigue Fractures at different operational
Conditions.
108 pages, 80 illustrations, 3 tables. Ks 7,15
WEIGHING MACHINES
(Vzihyy)
B
Karel Pecold
Basic Properties of Balances Stability, Precision and
Speed of Weighing, Description of the characteristic
Components of the Weighing System, such as Edges,
Suspensions. Transmitting Levers and Weights. De-
scription of different Weighing Machines according
to the Type of Weight used. Design of Manual and
Automatic Scales and Methods of Application in, In-
dustry.
280 pages, 247 illustrations. Ks 17,50
THE UNIVERSAL LATHE
(Universalni soustruh)
,By Josef Pio
Method of Calculating and Designing the Universal
37
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A
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Lathe. Practical Instructions for the Designer concer-
ning Theoretical and Practical Problems.
144 pages, 75 illustrations, 29 tables. Ks 8,?
VENTILATING
(Vatrsini)
By Jan Pulicrdbek
Air and its harmful Admixtures, Surroundings, Data
for Calculation and Design of Ventilating Equipment,
different Methods of Ventilation, Types of Equipment
2nd edition. 340 pages, 287 illustrations, 49 tables
KEs 31,?
CRANES I
(Jefaby I)
By Frantigek Benda and Ladislav Ifupka
Division of Crane Transport, Division of Cranes and
Rules of Crane Transport, Parts of Lifting Machines.
Load Grasping Equipment, Electrical Installation of
Cranes.
620 pages, 544 illustrations, 125+4 tables. ICES 35.80
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SYMPOSIUM ?
VOLUME 1
(Strojnickk sbomik sv. 1)
Scientific Works on Materials, Calculation of Strength,
Mechanics and Design of Mechanisms.
256 pages, 246 illustrations, 35 tables. Ks 32,30
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SYMPOSIUM ?
VOLUME 2
(Strojnic14 sborn:k sv. 2)
Scientific Workers from Industry and Research Insti-
tutes deal with actual Problems of Machine Tools and
Machining, New Perceptions on Tools for High Speed
Turning, Grinding Materials and Methods of Tool
Grinding.
496 pages. KEs 60,80
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SYMPOSIUM ?
VOLUME 3
(Strojnickk sbornik sv. 3)
Scientific Studies on the Sorting of Solid Fuels and
38
-
..ifssmitc?Es.4.
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?
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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Calculations of Combustion Processes, Flow of Air,
mixtures through a given Cross-section, Cavitation and
Measurements on Condensing Steam Turbines, Increase
of Buoyancy in Fluids and Combustion of Liquid
Fuels in Internal Combustion Engines.
186 pages, 119 illustrations, 28 tables, 8 diagrams.
Ms 24,70
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SYMPOSIUM ?
VOLUME 4
(Strojnickjr sbornik sv. 4)
Reports on Research Work concerning Internal Com-
bustion Engines. Injection and Combustion of Fuels
in Piston Engines, Theory of Detonation Waves, De-
tonation Phenomenae in Combustion Spaces, some
Problems of Development of large Air-cooled Heavy-
oil Engines
240 pages, 174 illustrations Ks 35,?
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SYMPOSIUM ?
VOLUME 5
(StrojnickSr sbornils 5)
Original Scientific Works on Calculating and Designing
Motor Cars. Liquid Cooling of Car Engines, Stability
of C'aw-couplings, Establishment of Gear Ratio, Air
Purifiers, Strength of Disc Wheels, Resistance Tenso-
meters, Motor Car Noise and its Elimination.
208 pages, 206 illustrations, 6 tables. Ks 31,?
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SYMPOSIUM ?
VOLUME 6
(Strojniel4 sbornik sv. 6)
Original Scientific Works presenting new Perceptions
and Results obtained from the Solutions of actual Pro-
blems concerning Strength. Stresses and Dimensioning
of Machine Parts.
144 pages, 102 illustrations, 11 tables. Ks 21,?
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SYMPOSIUM ?
VOLUME 7
(Strojnickjr sbornik sv. 7)
Scientific Works from the Field of Design of Thermal
Engines and Strength of Machine Parts. Utilization
of Energy in Thermal Engines, Theory of Strength
39
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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
of Rolled Thin-walled Vesels, Computation of Maxi-
mum Output of Locomotive Boilers, Noise of Turbulent
Burners.
116 pages, 77 illustrations, 7 tables. Ms 19,50
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SYMPOSIUM ?
VOLUME 8
(Strojnick9 sbornik sv. 8)
Original Works of foremost Scientific Workers on
actual Problems of Power Engineering Machines,
Strength, Stresses and Motion of Bodies, Flow of Air-
mixtures and Operation Control of Machines.
224 pages, 169 illustrations, 19 tables. Ms 33,50
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SYMPOSIUM ?
VOLUME 9
(Stroinick9 sbornik sv. 9)
Studies of Scientific Workers dealing with actual Pro-
blems of Motion of Bodies, Strength and Dimensioning
of Machine Parts
212 pages, 112 illustrations, 48 tables. K6 29,50
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SYMPOSIUM ?
VOLUME 10
(Strojnie.k9 sbornik sv 10)
Scientific Works on Design and Calculation of Machine
Parts, Use of Substitute Materials, Metal Machining,
Liquid Flow Measurements and Protection of Workers
against Heat.
128 pages, 96 illustrations, 18 tables. Ms 18,50
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SYMPOSIUM ?
VOLUME 11
(Stroinick9 sbornik sv 11)
Improved Utilization of Materials in Machine Design,
Substituting Short-supply Materials, Improvement of
Machine Part Design by more precise and perfect Me-
thods of Calculation, Increased Economy of Machine
Design and Production.
208 pages, 179 illustrations, 22 tables. Ms 27,50
40
ilEILDMILIIISEigtOffitsarlassssozekrakommu.,
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SYMPOSIUM ?
VOLUME 12
(Strojnick9 sbornik sv. 12)
Technical and Scientific Works of Lecturers on Mecha-
nical Engineering at the Rail-Road Faculty of the
Technical University. Individual Articles deal with
Electrical Models of Mechanical Oscillating Systems,
Theory of Spring Suspension of the free Pendulum,
Theory of Mul:i stage Ileat Regeneration by Heating
the Feed Water for Steam Turbines, Theoretical Cha-
racteristics of Single-stage Ilydrodynamic Transmission
Gears, Effects of Notches upon the Strength of Ma-
chine Parts, Cable Railways with continuous Operation.
144 pages, 149 illustrations, 10 tables. Ms 26,?
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SYMPOSIUM ?
VOLUME 13
(Strojnick9 sbornik sv. 13)
Research and Scientific Works prepared by the Staff
of the Institute for Machine Research at the Czecho-
slovak Academy of Science concerning Problems of
Flow, Technique of Op, :-L-cle..vrel Surroundings ane.
search of Materials.
156 pages, 126 illustrations. Ks 21,90
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SYMPOSIUM ?
VOLUME 14
(Strojnick9 sbornIk sv. 14)
Methods of Mathematical Solution of Vibrating Motions
of different Types of Motor Cars, Influence of Shaft
Elasticity upon the Distribution of Torque to The Axles
of Motor Cars.
132 pages, 70 illustrations. Ms 20,?
GRAPHICAL METHODS OF CALCULATING
HYDRAULIC EQUIPMENT
(Graficke methody v9poEtu hydraulick9ch zafizeni)
By Miroslav ,Sperlin
Explanation of Calculations by Graphical Methods of
Pipes and. Equipment for Transportation of Fluids. Ga-
ses and Vapours. Practical Examples of Solutions of
Piping for Water Supply, Fuel, Refrigeration, Lubri-
cation, Gas, Steam, etc.
148 pages, 57 illustrations, 10 tables. Ms 8.26
41
^
...man...C. __.__t_____
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Rel
wow.. I C ..111.*W1e..r .mCg. Ammay ?????????? ? .4 ".? .
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
ELONGATION GAUGES
(PriitahomEry)
By Vladimir Vrzal
Arrangement and Function of different Types of Elon-
gation Gauges used for Measuring Extension during
Tests of Materials, Individual Parts and Finished
Constructions.
180 pages, 103 illustrations, 52 tables. Ks 10,50
Power Engineering
STEAM TURBINES I
(Theory and Calculation)
(Pam! turbiny II ? Konstrukce, regulace a...44w)
By Jaroslav Ambraf, Karel Benz and Others
Principles of Function and Design of Steam Turbines,
Theory and Practical Calculations of Steam Turbines
and their Parts, Numerical- Examples of Drafting.
500 pages, 357 illustrations, 24 tables. Ks 55,?
STEAM TURBINES II
(Design, Calculation and Operation)
(Pam( turbiny II ? Konstrukce, regulace a provoz)
By Jaroslav AmbrO, Karel Beni, and Others
Design of Parts of various Turbines and their Auxiliary
Equipment, Control and Design of Control Installations,
Assembling, Adjustment and Operation of Steam Tur-
bines.
648 pages, 642 illustrations, 29 tables. Ks 56,90
AIR SHOWERS AS PROTECTION AGAINST RA-
DIATION HEAT
(Vzduchove sprchy jako ochrana proti salavemu teplu)
By Jaromir Cihelka and Lathslav Oppl
Ffhysiological and Physical Fundamentals of Heat
Equilibrium of Man, Methods of Protecting Personnel
42
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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
against excessive Heat Radiation, Aerodynamics, Cal-
culation and Design of Air Showers.
120 pages, 60 illustrations, 2 tables. Ks 6,23
SLAG TAP FURNACES
(V9tavna
By Rickard Dolatial
Theory, Design, Construction and Operation of Slag
Tap Furnaces in Power Station Boilers, Auxiliary
Equipment, Properties and Preparation of Fuels for
Slag Tap Furnaces, Thermal Calculation of Slag Tap
Furnaces with Practical Examples
370 pages, 191 illustrations, 10 tables Ks 22,50
FUNDAMENTALS OF PRACTICAL CALCULATIONS
OF ORIFICES, NOZZLES AND VENTURI TUBES
(Zaklady praktickeho v9poatu don, d9z a Venturiho
trubic)
By Eduard Jarkovskli
Flow Measurement of Fluid and Gaseous Materials
using Orifices, Nozzles ttliir.i,wExamples
of Calculations based on Tables and Diagrams
188 pages, 68 illustrations, 49 tables. Ks 14,50
ENTROPY CHART OF STEAM
(Entropick9 diagram vodni pary)
By Jan Jilza
The Chart includes Pressures up to 400 atm and Tem-
peratures up to 750?C and is devised in a Scale per-
mitting an exact reading. Auxiliary Chart for the Cal-
culatioh of Specific Volumes of Steam and Determi-
nation of Thermodynamic Properties of Water
2nd edition: 12 pages, 4 illustrations, 6 tables,
1 appendix. Ks 1,40
BASIC MEASUREMENTS IN THERMAL POWER
GENERATING PLANTS
(Zakladni meieni v tepeln9ch energetick9ch v9robnach)
By Vladimir Kmonieek
Range and Methods of Measurements, Testing Metl.ods
of Generating Equipment and whole Power Generating
Plants, Equations for Calculations, Selection of Samp-
ling Points, Samples, Tests and Valuation of Results
276 pages, 153 illustrations, 12 tables. Ks 19,?
.010 IN ? ??
43
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efr
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release
SS"
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEFECTS OF STEAM TURBINES
(Poruchovost parnich turbin)
By Miloslav Lifka
A systemic Survey of Defects arising in the Operation
of Steam Turbines, Analysis of Causes and Precauticns
for Repair and Prevention Instruction for Attendants
of Steam Turbines.
220 pages, 91 illustmtions. Ks 8.?
WATER TURBINES, DESIGN AND EQUIPMENT
(VocInt turbiny, jejich konstrukce a pfisligenstvi)
By Miroslav Nechleba
Theory and Design of Hydraulic Turbines of the Fran-
cis, Kaplan and Pelton type and their Equipment.
Control Installation, Thrust Bearings, Penstock, Surge
Talks, Butterfly Valves, Pressure Regulators, etc.
548 pages, 534 illustrations, 11 appendixes,
Ks 54,-
50 YEARS OF STEAM TURBINES PRODUCED BY
THE FIRST BRNO ENGINEERING WORKS, KLE-
MENT GOTTWALD WORKS, BRNO
(50 let parnich turbin Prvni brnenske strojirny, zavodu
Klementa Gottwalda, n. p. v Brne)
The Development of Steam Turbine Production at the
First Brno Engineering Works from the modest begin-
nings in 1903 to large scale Manufacture in 1953.
184 pages, 220 illustrations. Ks 49,40
STEAM BOILERS IN OPERATION
(Pam! kotle v provozu)
By Leopold Podegoa
Fue:s for the Combustion Process in Furnaces of Steam
Boilers, Different Design of Steam Boilers and their
Equipment, Operation and Defects. Hydraulic Equip-
ment of Boiler Houses, Heat Balance of Steam Gene-
rating Equipment, Boiler Inspection.
2nd revised and enlarged edition. 312 pages,
187 illustrations. Ks
44
?
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??????
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF
THERMAL NETS I
(Navrhovant, stavba a provoz tepelnyich slti I)
By Ladislav Podrotdek
Heat Energy Supply to Towns, Residential Areas and
Industrial Works, Thermodynamic Fundamentals of
Heat Generating Operations, Basic Flow Sheet of Heat
Generating Works and Supply Grids for Heating,
Ventilation, Preparation of Ifot Water and Industrial
Use.
356 pages, 190 illustrations, 49 tables. Ks 22,55
POWDERED FUEL HEATING
(Prakov6 topeni)
By Prantihek Wiesner
Powdered Fuels for Steam Boilers and Furnaces, Pro-
perties of Pulverized Coal, its Preparation and Sto-
rage, Description of Milling Systems and Transporting
Equipment, Significant Properties of Granulator and
Slag Tap Furnaces and their Calculation. Use of Pul-
verized Coal in the Furnaces of Locomotive Boilers
and Industrial Furnaces.
508 pages, 277 illustrations. Ks 28,?
Internal Combustion Engines
Motor Cars ? Aircraft
AEROMECHANICS.
PERFORMANCE OF AIRCRAFT
(Aeromechanika ? V5rkony letadel)
By Oldfich Britha
Fundamentals of Aerodynamics and technical Problems
concerning Aircraft Performance, Basic Division of
Aircraft and its Application in Air Transport, Atmo-
sphere, Streaming, Prime Movers of Aircraft; Diagrams
and Examp:es The book deals also with Problems
of Aircraft with Jet Propulsion.
440 pages, 222 illustrations, 26 tables. Ks 29,30
??????
45
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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
COMPARATIVE TABLES OF MOTOR VEHICLES
(Porovntivaci tabulky motorovftch vozidel)
By Vdclav Dobr3) and Vladimir Moravec
Types and Comparative Tables of Motor Vehicles ope-
rated in Czechoslovakia. Data on Engines. Undercarriage
and Equipment. Petrol and Oil driven Trucks, latest
Foreign Vehicles, Survey of Tractor Types, Czechoslovak
Motor-cycles, Adjustment Tables of Carburetors, Selec-
tion Tables of Sparking Plugs, Electrical Installation
and Equipment.
392 pages, 6 illustrations. Ks 18,?
AUTOMATIC STEERING OF AIRCRAFT
(Automaticke Hzeni letadel)
By Theodor Duda
Design and Function of individual Parts of Automatic
Steering Equipment, Fundamental Perceptions of Flight
Mechanics.
240 pages, 153 illustrations, 3 tables. Kes 23,50
AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS I
(Piloting Instruments)
(Letecke pHstroje I ? PHstroje letove)
By Theodor Duda
Theoretical and constructional Data of Aircraft Instru-
ments, Physical Fundamentals, Analysis of Defects and
Valuation of Instruments. '
260 pages, 13 illustratiOns, 9 tables, 1 diagram,
Kes 24;70
AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS II
(Navigating Instruments)
(Letecke pfistroje IT ? PHstroje navigaeni)
By Theodor Duda
Course Controlling Instruments, Navigating Instru-
rhents for Time Control, Instruments for Astronomic
Navigation, Instruments- for the Determination of Ab-
solute Velocity of Aircraft,' Instruments for Radio-
navigation and Radiolocation, Navigational Accessories
and Aircraft Navigation Automats.
160 pages, 124 illustrations, 1 table. Kes 17,15
46
am,
Boo
Or JR',
441.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
JAWA MOTOR-CYCLES 250, 350 AND 500
(Motocykly JAWA 250, 350 a 500)
By Josef Josif and Adolf Tanta
Technical Description, Instruction for Assembling, Re-
pairs, Adjustment, Maintenance, Correct and Economic
Operation.
192 pages, 107 illustrations. Kes 12,50
MOTOR-CYCLES JAWA-CZ 125, 150, 250, 350
(Motocykly JAWA-CZ 125, 150, 250, 350)
By Jcsef Joel, Miroslav Kubfoek, Jan Pivrnec
and Jiti Hnaka
Technical Description of Motor-cycles Jawa-CZ 125.
150, 250, 350 (the so called Intermediate Types), In-
structions for Assembling, Repairs, Adjustment, Mainte-
nance and Travel. Complemented by instructive illu-
strations
236 pages, 147 illustrations. Kes 15,15
THE 111 TATRA 10 TON TRUCK
(Nakladni automobil 10 tun Tatra 111)
By Zdendlz V. Kleinhampl
???????101111.1l
Design, Operation, Servicing, Maintenance and current
Repairs of the Tatra 111 Truck, Technique of Travel
under different Conditions, especially Travel on Field
Tracs.
464 pages, 284 illustrations, 11 tables. Kes 27,?
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
(Spalovad motory)
Josef KoSoudelc
Description of the Working Cycle of the Internal Com-
bustion Engine, Thermomechanics of the Cycle, Rinsing
of Two-stroke-Engines, Change of Cylinder Volume in
Four-stroke Engines, Piping Vibrations, Characteris-
tics of the Internal Combustion Engine, Preparation
of the Combustible Mixture, Igniticn and Combustion
of Mixture University Textbook.
600 pages, 806 illustrations, 7 tables. Kes 53,80
AIRPLANES
(Letadla)
By Vlastislav Kruzl and Oldfich Bunata
Fundamentals of Aerodynamics, Description of impor-
47
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?
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
tant Aircraft Parts, Mechanics and Technique of Flight,
Piston and Jet Aircraft Engines, Aircraft Irtstrumeres,
etc. Textbook for Engineering Colleges.
164 pages, 131 illustrations, 2 tables. Ks 11,80
TIIE 3 TON PRAGA RN LORRY
(Nikladn1 autcmobil 3 tuny Praga RN)
By Jan Lane
Principal Technical Data on the Vehicle Praga RN, its
Technical Description, Instructions for Servicing, Main-
tenance and current Repairs.
236 pages, 131 illustrations, 7 Insertions. Ks 17,?
THE 3 TON PRAGA RND LORRY
(Nakladn1 automobil 3 tuny Praga RND)
By Jan Lane
Technical Data, Servicing Instructions, Maintenances
and current Repair.
296 pages, 170 illustrations, 8 insertions. Ks 16,50
AIR COOLED VEHICLE ENGINES
(Vzduchem chlazene vozidlove motory)
By Julius letciccrle
Theoretical Foundations and detailed Instructions for
Calculating and Designing all Parts of Internal Com-
bustion Engines with Air Cooling.
Examples of produced and proved Engines.
428 pages, 378 illustrations, 50 tables. Ka's 29,50
FOUR STROKE OIL ENGINES I
(Naftove motory e?tyl-dobe 1)
General Theory and Design of the Oil Engine and its
Cycle, Solution of Problems of Dynamics and Strength,
Influence of torsional Vibration upon Engine Life.
418 pages, 404 illustrations, 44 tables. Ke's 34,?
FOUR STROKE OIL ENGINES II
(Naftove motory atyfdobe II)
Description, Calculating Methods and Design of Valve
Gear, Cylinders, Cylinder Heads, Gear Boxes, Lubrica-
tion, Cooling, Injection Equipment, Suction and Ex-
haust Tubing, Starter, Control, Air Supply.
416 pages, 486 illustrations, 19 tables. KCs 31,50
48
Suirserian-9.. '
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FOUR STROKE OIL ENGINES III
(Naftove motory Etyidobe III)
Mounting of Engines, Standardization, Maitenance, Prac-
tical Method for Calculating efficient 011 Engines, Ex-
amples of proved Constructions of Oil Engines for
various Purposes (Stationary, Automobile, Tractor, Rail
Car, Tank and Aircraft Engines).
304 pages, 219 illustrations. Ms 26,50
MOTOR CAR AND MOTOR-CYCLE CARBURATORS
(Description, Adjustment and Servicing)
(Karburatory automobilov6 a motocyldove ? Popis,
setizovini a obsluha)
By Alois Pack
Principle, Function and Design of Carburators,
Instnr-
tin for their correct Selection, Adjustment and Servi-
cing, Measurement of Fuel Consumption, Descriptions
of modern Carburators.
164 pages, 101 illustrations, 5 tables. Ms 7,?
THE MOTOR CARS SKODA 1101, 1102 AND 1200
(Technical Description, Steering and Maintenance)
(Automobil Skoda 1101, 1102 a 1200)
By Matgj Pociskalskg
Practical Handbook for Motor Car Drivers.
332 pages, 234 illustrations. Ms 23,?
PISTONS AND THEIR ACCESSORIES
(P1sty a jejich pilslugenstv1)
By Alois Rieger
Design, Material, Production and Mounting of Pistons,
Piston Rings, Gudgeon Pins in High Speed Internal
Combustion Engines.
248 pages, 303 illustrations. Ki.'s 22,50
RADIO EQUIPMENT IN AIR TRANSPORT
(Radiova zailzen1 v letecke dopravi1)
By Josef Svarovslag
Description of Radio Equipment for Directing Aircraft
Crews under normal and unfavourable Atmospheric
Conditions, Aircraft Location, Directing Aircraft Lan.
No.
tal?????? , ???-??? .f.Mrfa 01.111eli!
40
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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
dings, Communication between Crew and Ground
Personnel.
260 pages, 202 illustrations, 3 tabjes. Ks 19,50
General Technology
FUNDAMENTALS OF SURFACE THEORY
AND TREATMENT
(Zaklady nauky o povrchu a jeho uprave)
By Rudolf Kopec
Survey of different Technologies of Surface Finishing.
Mechanical, Chemical, Electrolytic, Organic (Coatings),
Thermal and Ceramic (Enameling). Causes and Con-
sequences of Wear by Erosion and Corrosion, Diffe-
rent Types of Finishing, their Technology and App.i-
cation.
220 pages, 110 illustrations, 5 tables Ks 6,50
PRODUCTION OF PLAIN BEARINGS
(Vyrolla kluznych lozisek)
By Rudolf Orlt
Present Position of Plain Bearing Production, Design,
Technology of Bearing Metal App:ication, Disadvantu-
ges of Present Situation and Principles of Production
of Plain Bearings. Methods of S:eeve Lining with Tin
and Lead Base Metals and with Tin. Lead or Red
Bronze.
84 pages, 24 illustrations Ks 3,91
THE TOOLMAKER OF SPECIAL GAUGES I
(Nastrokak. specialnich mefidel I)
By Jiff Outrata and Jan Deiss
Basic Locksmith Operations for Toolmakers, Fitting of
Constructions and Use of Universal Gauges.
Textbook of Special Techno:ogy for Students of Tech-
nical Schoo:s of the State Vocational Reserves.
450 pages, 687 illustrations, 37 tables Ices 20,40
50
731.
MECIIANICAL ENGINEERING
THE TOOLMAKER OF SPECIAL GAUGES II
(Nastrojai specii:nich m'efidel 11)
By Jiff Outrata and Jan Deiss
Technology of Metal Machining, Various Designs of
Special Gauges, Production and Repairs of Gauges,
Checking of finished Products, Organization of Opera-
tions and Warkshops, New Working Methods.
Textbook of Special Technology for Students of Tech-
nical Schools of the State Vocational Reserves
432 pages, 541 illustrations, 19 tables. Ka 19,25
PICKLING OF STEEL AND CAST IRON
(Moieni oceli a litiny)
By Josef Rone? and Miroslav Jaro?
Theoretical Fundamentals of Pickling, Preparation of
Surfaces, Acids used for Pickling, Derusting and
Etching. Equipment of Pickling Shops, Chemical Control
of the Bath, Surface Finishing after Pickling, Purifica-
tion of Waste Liquid.
252 pages, 80 illustrations, 11 tables, 6 appendixes.
Ks 17,?
HIGH FREQUENCY HEATING IN INDUSTRY I
(Sources of High Frequency Current and Induction
Heating)
(VysokofrekvenCni ohfev v prumyslu I ? Zdroje vy-
sokofrekvenEnil.o proudu a indukEni ()Hey)
By JiPI Stivin, Karel Regner, Ladislav Dvofak
and Jarontir Paukner
Sources of High Frequency Current, Design of Induc-
tors, Steels for Induction Hardening, Equipment for
High Frequency Hardening Shops, Examples of Induc-
tion Hardened Parts.
460 pages, 414 illustrations, 8 tables. ICEs 28,50
HIGH FREQUENCY HEATING IN INDUSTRY II
(Dielectrical heating)
(Vysokofrekveneni ohiev v prilmyslu II ?
Dielektricky ohfev)
By Jifil Stivfn, Karel Regner, Ladislav Dvofak
and Jaromir Paukner
Technology of High Frequency Heating, Description of
Machines and Equipment for Dielectric Heating in
51
.tatv
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1
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
various Branches of Industry. Bakelite Pressing Shop.
Production and Processing of Plastic Materials and
Processing of Wood.
432 pages, 323 illustrations, 21 tables. Ks 24,50
FITTER'S HANDBOOK
(PHruelra pro ntontainiky)
By 111iloslav Vdelavik
Organization of Assembly Operations, Mounting Access-
ories and Equipment, Site Transport, Management of
Assembly Work.
168 pages, 145 illustrations, 19 tables, 1 appendix
Kes 13,85
Forging ? Pressing
Heat Treatment ? Welding
WELDING HANDBOOK I
(Survey and Technology of Welding)
(PHruZica svafovanl I ? Prehled a technologic
svafovanl)
By Frantgelcltus and Assistants
Technology of all Kinds of Welding used in present day
Practice. Equipment and Auxiliary Devices
1040 pages, 964 illustrations, 202 tables. Ks 61,50
WELDING HANDBOOK II
(Metallurgical Fundamentals of Welding. Admixtures,
Welding of different Materials)
(Piiruaka svaiovani II ? Metalurgicke zaklady svao
vent, pfidavay material a svafovant raznych materiala)
By Frantaek Faltus and Assistants
Practical Handbook for Technologists, Designers and
Welders.
804 pages, 447 illustrations, 198 tables, Kas 50,50
52
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
WELDING 11ANDBOOK III
(Design of Welded Constructions and Problems of Prac-
tice)
(Pt!rake svafovani III ? ftegeni svaiovanYch konstruk
ci a otazky praxe)
By Frantieek PaThis and Assistants
Practical handbook for Technologists, Welders and
Welding Technicians
600 pages, 534 illustrations, 63 tables Ks 34,50
DEEP WELDING
(Illubokozavarove svaiovani)
By Stanislav Jozifelc
Electrodes and Materials suitable for Deep We!cling.,
Preparation of Welding Surfaces, Welding Process,
Checking of Welds, Consumption of Electrodes and
Electric Energy, Cost Reduction.
64 pages, 52 illustrations, 15 tables. Kes 3,84
WELDING OF HARD ALLOYS
(Tvrde navary)
By Karel LObl
Technology of Welding-on Ilard Alloy Parts of high
Pressure Armature, Pumps, Mining and Drilling Machi-
nery Welded-on Alloys, Defects of Welds and their
Causes, Checking of Welded-on Parts.
80 pages, 44 illustrations, 14 tables, Kes 3,?
FUNDAMENTALS OF DIE-FORGING OF STEEL
(Zaklady zapustkoveho kovani oceli)
By Karel Suchoparek
General Explanation of Steel Forging, Practical Prin-
ciples of Steel Die-Forging; Technological Process from
Forging Stock Acceptance to final Check of Forgings,
InLuence of various Components upon Quality of For-
ging, Causes of Defects.
380 pages, 420 illustrations, 7 tables. Kes 21,95
...arz,14.1".A.Aars..11.1so: Aresna 0.0 ?.
53
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11
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Machining
THE UNIVERSAL LATHE TURNER
(Universalnl soustruin:k)
By Bohumil Jany' and Karel Raftl
Principles of Theory, Description of principal Turning
Tools, their Geometry, Fixtures and Jigs, Basic Ope-
rations on the Universal Lathe Organization and new
Working Methods
Textbook of Special Techno:ogy for Technical Schools
of the State Vocational Reserves.
456 pages, 472 illustrations, 51 tables. Ke's 25,30
TURNING WITH SINTERED CORUNDUM
(Soustruienf slinuqm korundem)
By Jaroslav Koloc
Physical and Technical Properties of Corundum Bits,
Design of Cutters and Holders, Instruction for Machi-
ning with Sintered Corundum.
64 pages, 48 illustrations, 5 tables. Ks 2,50
.0,?????????
Materials ? Control
Standardization ? Organization
THE ECONOMIST OF THE MECHANICAL
WORKSHOP DIVISION
(Manual for Economists of Industrial Works)
(Ekonom strojirenskeho cechu ? Pomficka pro ekonomy
cechfi v prOmyslov9ch podnicfch)
By Zdenelc Benggek and Zdenek Gitrt/er
Work of the Plant Division Economist, his Participation
in the Preparation of the Draft Production and Financial
Plan, Selection of Divisional Indexes, Keeping of Per-
sonal Economy Accounts and in the Scheme of Tech-
nical and Organisatory Arrangements
180 pages, 11 illustrations, 52 tables. Ks 8,89
54
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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
GAUGING OF TESTING EQUIPMENT
(Symposium of Papers)
(Cejchovfini zkuiebnich strop ? Sbornik referfitfi)
Symposium of Papers dealing with Mechanical Testing
of Metals and Building Materials. Equipment for Gau-
ging Tensile Strength Testing Machines, Gauging of
Tensile Strength Testing Apparatusses and Presses,
Gauging of Hardness Testers, Gauging of Impact Test
Hammers.
72 pages, 46 illustrations, 2 tables. Ks 3,77
MACHINE TOOL PRECISION TESTS
(Kontrola pfesnosti obrabecfch strojii)
By Karel Erazim,
Measuring Device's and Methods of Checking the Exact-
ness of ready made Machine Tools used in the Metal
Industry, Permissible Errors.
340 pages, 646 illustrations, 4 tables. Ks 21,50
X-RAY AND GAMMA-RAY EXAMINATION OF
MATERIALS
(Zkougeni materifilit a vS7roblcit?feiT'i genov9mi paprsky
a paprsky gama)
By Vladimir Hajdovsk9
Properties and Application of X-rays and Gamma-rays
for testing Materials, Methods of registering the X-ray
. and Gamma-ray Picture, its Valuation and Condition
of Defect Recognition.
404 pages, 271 illustrations, 45 tables. Ks 25,80
TOOL ECONOMY IN ENGINEERING WORKS
(Hospodatent nfiiadim ye strojirenskjrch zavodech)
By Even Hirschfeld and Vilem Suchft
Standardization of Tools, Technical and Economic
Standards, Planning, Maintenance and Records of Tools,
Increase of Performance and Utilization of Tools. De-
signing and Equipping Stores, Expedition and Grin-
ding Shops.
252 pages, 101 illustrations, 32 tables. Ka 19,-
55
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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF A SO-
CIALIST ENGINEERING PLANT
(Organisace Izeni socialistick? strojirenskeho
podniku)
By Milan liubr
Main Tasks and Principles of Organization and Ma-
nagement of Socialist Industrial Production. Principal
Technical and Productional Characteristic Properties
of Engineering Works affecting Forms of Organization
and Methods of Management. Complex Survey of the
Progressive Management Organization of a Socialist
Engineering Works, Characteristic of Functions of indi-
vidual Sections of Management and Departments.
224 pages, 14 illustrations. Ks 14,50
STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION AND QUANTITY
MEASUREMENT OF INFLAMMABLE FLUIDS
(Skladovanl, pieprava a mefen1 nmoistv1 hoilavych
kapalin)
By Jan Neumann
Safe Handling of Inflammable Fluids, especially their
Storage, Means of Transportation, Measuring Instru-
ms.nts, Flow Measurement, Description of Methods for
Calculating Storage Tanks and Piping, Possibilities of
echanization and Automation, Examples of Storos
of Inflammable Fluids and Safety Regulations.
339 pages, 204 illustrations, 39 tables. Ks 21,15
OPERATIVE PLANNING OF SUPPLIES IN EN-
GINEERING WORKS
(Operativni planovanI zasobovani ye strojirenskYch
podnictch)
Principles of Operative Planning of Material Supply
in Engineering -Works, Operational Dispatching Service
in Material Supply Departments, Planning of Con-
sumption of Materials, Relations among Material
Supp'y Departments, Economic Indexes.
180 pages, 10 illustrations, Ks 12,50
INSPECTION OF TOOTH GEAR AND INTRODUC-
TION TO ITS GEOMETRICAL CALCULATION
(Xontrola ozubenych kol s rivodem do geometrickeho
vypoe'tu ozuben0
By Vticlav RiMi6lca
Fundamentals of Tooth Gear Theory, Standardized
56
- 'gr. IP IF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Terminology of Tooth Gear, Basic Calculations of Com-
mon Gear Types, Principles of Gear Fitting, Measu-
ring Instruments used in Workshops.
408 pages. 169 illustrations, 40 tables, 21 appen-
dixes. Ices 28,?
SYMPOSIUM ON THE ORGANIZATION OF MA-
NAGEMENT OF ENGINEERING WORKS
(Sbornik o organisaci fizeni strojirenskych podnikit)
By an Editorial Staff lead by J. J. Camra
Papers and Resolutions from the Conference on the
Organization of Management of Engineering Works
held at Liblice in January 1954. Supplementary Publi-
cation to the Standard Rules of Organisation.
178 pages, 2 illustrations. K'es 16,50
STORES AND STORE ECONOMY
(Sklady a skladni hospoddistvi)
By Vlastimil Sedlci6ek
Basic Principles of Storage Economy, Arrangement of
Stores, Safety Problems in Stores, Acceptance of Ma-
terials, Storage, Packing Materials, Preparing and
Issuing Materials for Consumption, Stock Taking,
Tasks and Responsibilities of Store Personnel.
224 pages, 62 illustrations. KEs 15,10
INSTRUCTIONS FOR STATISTICAL EXAMINA-
TION OF QUALITY AND CONTROL OF PRO-
DUCTION PROCESSES
(Snfernice pro statistickou kontrolu jakosti a regulaci
vyrobnlch pochodit)
Basic Methods of Statistical Inspection of Quality and
Instructions for their Use especially in Engineering.
Individual chapters contain Descriptions of Control
Methods, which are the most efficient means of In-
spection Departements in their Struggle for better
Quality Different Methods of Acceptance of Products
and Precision Analysis of the Production Process.
172 pages, 40 illustrations, 30 tables, 7 nomograms,
8 printed forms Kes
WORKING DAY RECORDS IN ENGINEERING
(Snimky pracovniho dne ye strojirenstvi)
Working Day Records of Individuals, Groups and
????
57
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11
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Sections, Working Day Records of Individuals Servi-
cing Several Machines.
48 pages, 24 tables. Ks 5,?
MECHANICAL WAGE RECORDING
IN ENGINEERING WORKS I
(Use of Calculating, Accounting and Invoicing Ma-
chines)
(Mechanisovana evidence mezd strojirenskeho podniku I
? Pouliti paitacich, tretovacich a fakturovacich stro0)
By Karel Stetka and lifiloslav Kuba
Methods of Analyzing Administrative Operations and
Principles of correct Selection of Office Machines.
Wage Recording on Basic Printed Forms, Possibilities
of Use and economic Utilization of various small and
medium Means of Mechanization.
176 pages, 80 illustrations, 10 tables. Ks 14,05
TECHNICAL MEASUREMENTS
IN THE ENGINEERING INDUSTRY
(Measurement of Quantity and Output)
(Technicka mefeni ve strojnictvi Meieni mnoistvl
a vjrkonnosti)
By Vladimir Teyssler
Technical Measuring Methods and Instruments used
in the Engineering Indwtry for Measuring Quantity
and Output. Measurement of Volume, Measurement
of Quantity from Mean Velocity and the Compound
Measuring Method Cross-section Measuring Instru-
ments, Brakes and Indicators
University Textbook.
212 pages. 356 illustrations. Ks 27,?
TECHNICAL MEASUREMENTS IN THE ENGINE-
ERING INDUSTRY
(Pressure, Temperature, Heat and Humidity)
(Technicka mIen1 ye strojnictvi ? Tlak, teplota, teplo
a vlhkost)
By Vladimir Teyssler
Explanation of Measuring Methods and Description
of Instruments used for Measurements of Pressure,
58
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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Temperature, Heat and Ilumidity in the Engineering
Practice.
Text-book for University Students.
4th Edition: 320 pages, 393 illustrations. Ks 26,?
STANDARD RULES OF ORGANIZATION OF EN-
GINEERING WORKS
(Typovjr organisaat fad strojirenskjrch podnika)
By An Editorial Staff led by J. J. Oamra
The Book contains the Standard Rules of Organization
Of Engineering Works valid for Large Size Engineering
Works operated on Mass Production Scale of Medium
Grade Techno:ogical Complicacy.
300 pages, Ks 16,50
Miscellaneous Subjects
ENGINEERING DRAWING
(Technicke kresleni)
By Josef Eoeliman
Methods of Engineering Drawing. Production Drawings,
Special Methods of drawing Machine Parts and En-
gineering Drafts Engineering Drawing in the USSR.
Textbook for Students of Technical Colleges.
3rd edition: 372 pages, 312 il:ustrations, 23 tables,
2 appendixes, Ks 25,?
FUSED BASALT AND ITS PRACTICAL
APPLICATION
(Tavenjr CediC a jeho prakticke pouiiti)
By Frantigelc Konkal
Production of Fused Basalt, its Mechanical and Che-
mical Properties, Practical Utilisation of Basalt in va-
rious Branches of Industry (Basalt Piping, Troughs,
Tiles and other Products).
180 pages, 120 illustrations, 17 tables KEs 7,85
59
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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SPATIAL REPRESENTATION IN ENGINEERING
DRAWING
(Prostorove zobrazovfini ve strojnictvl)
By Artur Salner
Methods used in Technical Practice of Spatial Repre-
sentation of Objects, Devices and Instruments, Advan-
tages and Comparison of different Methods of Repre-
sentation.
134 pages, 226 illustrations. IC'es 18,-
60
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Power Stations and Transmission
of Power
INSTALLATION, OPERATION AND MAINTENAN-
CE OF TRANSFORMERS
By Vladimir Hrbelc
Transportation, Installation, Mounting, Starting, Ope-
ration and Maintenance of Transformers, most fre-
quent Defects, their Detection and Repair.
88 pages, 27 illustrations, 12 tables. Ks 2,50
POWER ENGINEERING
(Elektroenergetika)
By Vladimir Kaandrle
Basic Conceptions of Electrical Engineering, Laws of
Origin, Transmission and Consumption of Electric
Energy, Instructions for solving Problems of Trans-
mission and Consumption of Electric Energy in In-
dust-LT-from TrTe poirrof viar-uf its Ex-
--
ploitation.
2nd edition. 524 pages, 402 illustrations, 75 tables.
ICEs 37,?
MECHANICS OF CTVERHEAD TRANSMISSION
LINES
(Mechanika venkovnIch vedeni)
By Vladimir List and Karel Pochop
Theory of Calculation of Stresses in Conductors, Insu-
lators and Poles, Examples of Design, Calculation,
Erection and Mounting of Overhead Transmission Li-
nes, especially of very High Voltage.
464 pages, 588 illustrations. Ks 38,60
CONSTRUCTION OF HIGH AND VERY HIGH
VOLTAGE OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES
(Stavba venkovnIch vedeni vn a vvn)
By Bohumir SichrovsW and Collaborators
The Project of Transmission Line, Preparatory Work,
GI
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Execution of the Construction and Finishing Opera-
tions according to the Experience of Czechoslovak Po-
wer Engineering Works.
168 pages, 101 illustrations, 31 appendixes.
Kt's 15,50
TECHNOLOGY OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION
LINES
(Technologie venkovnich vedeni)
By Karel Tesl
Materials used for the Construction of Overland Trans
mission Lines, Description of Poles and their Founda-
tions, Conductors and Grounding Lines, Equipment
and their Design. A Survey of Mounting Operations
and Calcu:ations.
360 pages, 399 illustrations. Ks 32,70
DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS I
(Fundamentals of Projection and Fault Conditions)
(Navrhovani prEmysloqch transformoven a elektraren I
? Zaklady projektovini a poruchove stavy)
By Jif I Tilska and Collaborators
Projects of Power Stations and Transforming Stations,
IJEffirtion of Machinery, Connecting and Protecting
Instruments, Fault Conditions in Networks.
416 pages, 368 illustrations, 109 tables. KEs 37,50
DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS
(Methods of controlling and protecting Alternators
Measurements, Synchronization and Phase Compen-
sation, Design of Trarrformers)
(Navrhovani primsys!ovjrch transformoven a elektraren
II. ? Zpifsoby Ezeni a ochrany alternatora. Wien%
synchronisovant a fazovani ? Navrhovani transfor-
moven)
By Jiff Tfiska and Collaborators
Fault Protection of Generators and Voltage Regulation,
Measuring Instruments and Measuring Methods of in-
dividual Values, Synchronization of Alternators and
Network, Pha-e Comprnsation, Control and Interloc-
king in Substantions. Preliminary Drafting of Trans-
forming Stations, Selection of Size of Transformers and
Location of Transforming Station, its Equipment and
62
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
internal Arrangement. Examples of Equipment and
Lay-out of Transforming Stations.
492 pages, 410 illustrations, 52 tables. KEs 43,50
DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS III
(Compressed Air in Electrical Equipment Selection of
Generators and their Drives. heat Economy. Industrial
Power Stations. Control Rooms. Building Construction
for housing Electrical Equipment)
(Navrhovanl prilmys!ov9ch transformoven a elektraren
III. ? StlaEenjr vzduch v elektriclqrch zafizenich.
Volba generiltorit a jcjich pohonit. Tepelne
hospod?
st'ii. Pramyslove elektrarny. Dozorny Stavebni prove-
dent e1ektric4ch zai:zeni)
By Jill Tilska and Collaborators
Design of Works' Power Stations in various Branches
of Industry. Detailed Description and Instruktions for
the Design of Control Rooms and Construction of In-
dustrial Power Stations and Transforming Stations.
252 pages, 272 illustrations, 14 tables KE's 26,50
EARTH AND NEUTRAL CONNECTION IN POWER
STATIONS AND TRANSFORMING STATIONS
(Zemneni a nulovani v elektrarnach a transformovnach)
By JiII Tilska
Instruction how to design, maintain and fit Reliable
Protection by Earth Connection in Power Stations and
Transforming Stations Short Survey of useable Pro-
tecting Devices, Simple Earth Connection and Connec-
tion combined with Disconnection of the faulty Part.
Clearly arranged Tables, Illustrations and Examples
of Calculations proved in Practice.
128 pages, 44 illustrations, 14 tables. Ke's 4,10
GENERATION AND SUPPLY OF POWER
(Elektroenergetika)
By Oldfich Weisser and Ferdinand Schulz
Systems and Voltages used in the Distribution and
Transmission of Electric Energy by Transmission Li-
nes, Cables and Lines installed on Buildings, Construc-
tion of Transmission Lines, their Operation and Main.
63
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
tenance, Construction and Operation of Sub-stantions.
Transforming Stations and Power Stations.
Textbook for Students of Electrotechnical Colleges.
2-nd edition: 256 pages, 201 illustrations. Ks 19,20
Power Current Circuits
and Machinery
FUNDAMENTALS OF PRODUCTION OF ELECTRIC
MACHINES
(Zaklady technologic vyroby elektrickYch strojit)
By Rudolf Bouda and Jan DubsI4
Machining, Processing of Stampings, Production 3f
Commutators and Windings, Brazing and Welding,
Impregnation Technique, Balancing and Assembling
2-nd revised and enlarged edition.
232 pages, 231 illustrations, 3 tables. Ks 24,40
ELECTRICAL CONNECTING, PROTECTIVE 11.4141.?
CONTROL INSTRUMENTS
(Elektricke pHstroje spinac1, ochranne a fId1c1)
By Ladislav Ciganek
Theory, Function, Calculation and Design of Switches.
Current Limiters, Automatic Disconnecting Switches,
Overvoltage Releases, Rheostats and Magnets.
University Textbook..
3rd edition: 392 pages, 494 illustrations, 4 tables,
Ks 41,50
ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND INSTRUMENTS
(Elektricke stroje a pfistroje)
By Ladislav Ciganek and Miroslav Bauer
Fundamentals of Theory and Instructions for the De-
sign, Calculation and Construction of Circuit Breakers,
Electromagnets, Transformers and Reactance Coils,
Induction Machines, Synchronous Machines, Direct-
current Machines, Alternating-current Machines with
Commutators and Rectifiers. Textbook of Construction
64
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
of Electrical Machines and Instruments for Students
of Electrotechnical Colleges.
636 pages, 625 illustrations, 7 tables. Ks 33,?
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING II ? ELECTRICAL
MACHINES I
(Elektrotechnika II ? Elektrotechnicke strojeI)
Theory, Construction, Operation, Calculation and De-
sign of Direct-current and Synchronous Machines, Tur-
bo-Alternators, Turbo Motors and Conver:ors War-
ming and Cooling of Rotating Machines, Calculation
and Design of Mechanical Parts of Electrical Machines.
554 pages, 719 illustrations, 27 tables. Ks 50,?
SYSTEMS OF DIRECT-CURRENT WINDINGS
(Systematika stejnosmemych vinut1)
By Josef Hari
Correct Execution of Windings of all Types of Direct-
current Machines including Compensating Windings.
84 pages, 15 illustrations, 33 tables. Ks 9,50
THE MERCURY-ARC RECTIFIER IN OPERATION
(Rtu(ovY usme'rnova v provozu)
By Jiff Hcakovec
Fundamental Conceptions, Physical Principles and
Operation of Mercury arc Rectifiers, their Construc-
tion, Operation, Inspection and Maintenance, Grid
Control and most frequent Connections of these Rec-
tifiers.
132 pages, 87 illustrations, 1 table. Ks 4,?
PROTECTION OF ELECTRIC CIRCUIT-BREAKERS
(Zabezpaen1 elektrickych spinacfch pilstrojCt)
By Ota Beissiger
Causes of Defects in Electrical Distribution Equipment,
Fault reducing Methods by improving Protective and
Safety Equipment. Description of all known Methods of
Interlocking.
92 pages, 37 illustrations, 1 table. Ks 3,38
65
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
SURGE PHENOMENAE IN ELECTRICAL
MACHINES
(Razove jevy v elektrickych strojich)
By Bedfich Heller and Antonin Veverka
Comprehensive Treatment of Surge Phenomanae in Elec-
trical Installations with Special Regard to Electrical
Machines, especially Transformers and Rotating Ma-
chines. Co ordination of Insulations, Surge Measuring
Methods and Equipment
320 pages, 295 illustrations, 22 tables. Ks 36,?
PROTECTION AGAINST DANGEROUS CONTACTS
(Ochrana pied nebezpeinym dotykem)
By Frantitek Linflica
Defects in Secondary Networks and Electrical Energy
Consuming Equipment, their Manifestation, Effects
and Consequences, Description of Precautions against
the harmful Effects of Failures.
184 pages, 71 illustrations, 8 tables. Ka 8,10
ELECTRICAL DRIVE OF MINING MACHINERY
(ElektrickY pohon teinych stroja)
By JiIII Hruta
Comprehensive Treatment of the Electrical and Mecha-
nical Aspects of Alternating-current and Direct-current
Drive of Mining Machinery. Induction and Direct-cur-
rent Driving Motors, their Control and Braking, Acce-
ssories of Driving Gears e.g Travel-switch Control,
Brakes and other Instruments and their Functions.
328 pages, 231 illustrations, 12 tables. Ks 24,30
DIESEL-ELECTRIC TRACTION VEHICLES II
(Electrical Equipment of independent Propulsion Ve-
hicles with Electric Traction)
(Dieselelektricka vozba II ? EleIctricka virzbroj hna-
cich vozidel nezavislych s elektrickou trakci)
By Frantgek. Jansa
Calculation, Construction, Production, Testing and
Operation of Diesel-electric Locomotives and Motor
Cars.
620 pages, 316 illustrations, 8 appendixes, Ks 57,-
66
? 7,0. marfl mob.: r-A11 1,4ka
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
CABLES AND CONDUCTORS
(Kabely a vodiEe)
Methods of Development, Design, Production, Testing
and Mounting of Conductors and Cables. Types of
Cables, Materials used in their Production.
524 pages, 389 illustrations, 36 tables. Ks 45,40
VERY HIGH VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS AND
THEIR MAINTENANCE
(Vypinaie vehni vytokeho nal:4H a jejich tidriba)
By Rudolf Kalinovsku
Description of Circuit-Breakers for 100 000 and 200 000
V used in Czechoslovakia, their Maintenance and Ins-
pection, Faults and Repairs.
264 pages, 261 illustrations, 9 Appendixes.
KC's 24.25
FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
IN PROBLEMS
(Zaklady elektrotechniky v piikladech)
By Vdclav Klepl
Phenomenae of Electrostatics, Electric Current and
Electromagnetics and their Physical and Chemical Ef-
fects are explained in the Form of Solutions of 714
Problems.
Manual for Students of Technical Colleges.
388 pages, 277 illustrations, 17 tables. Ks 23,50
TESTING OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES I
(Zkoukat elektrickych stroja I)
By Vojtech Kulda Sen. and Vojtech Kulda Jun.
Concise Survey of Testing Methods of Electrical Ma-
chines applied in Works' Testing Stations and during
Installations.
220 pages, 95 illustrations, 12 tables. Ks 4,91
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS IN HAZARDOUS
LOCATION
(Elektricka zaifzeni ye vybugnent prostiedi)
By Alois Madera and Otakar Vejdelek
Establishing the Class of Hazard in Hazardous Occu-
pancies or Parts of Buildings, Description of Building
vrerr?ram r.r.r.rr rGrrrrocurmr, errs :raw r
67
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Adaptions for the Location of Electrical Equipment in
Hazardous Surroundings.
132 pages, 41 illustrations, 8 tables. Ks 4,?
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS IN DWELLING
HOUSES
(DomovnI elektricke instalace)
By Cyril Machdeek
Designing, Execution and Inspection of Power Current
Instalations in Dwelling Houses. Explanation of the
ESC Rules.
3-rd edition: 264 pages, 140 il:ustrations. Ks 17,?
SELENIUM RECTIFIERS
(Selenove usmernovaae)
By Georg Mierdel and Julius liroczelc
Physical Fundamentals, Construction of Building Ele-
ments of Selenium Rectifiers, Calculation of Rectifying
Circuits, Transducers, Determination of Circuits, Use
of Selenium Rectifiers and Examples of their Calcu-
lations.
464 pages, 343 illustrations, 41 tables. Ks 41,?
???????????
TRANSFORMER CALCULATIONS
(14poaty transformatora)
By Prantigek Pacik
Instructions for the Caleu'ation of Three-phase Trans-
formers and Reactance Coils with and without Iron
Cores.
3-rd edition: 224 pages, 90 illustrations, 28 tables.
Ks 15,50
PROTECTIVE, CONTROL AND SIGNALLING
INSTRUMENTS IN ELECTRIC SYSTEMS
(Relays, Regulators and Phase Controllers for Gene-
rators and Transformers)
(Ochranne, fidicl a sdalovael pilstroje v elektrisaanich
soustavach I ? Rele, regulatory a ffizovaae pro gene-
ratory a transfonnatory)
By Ladislav Postler
Most frequent Faults in Generators and Transformers,
68
ca .van ava.max.
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
- - ?
Function, Maintenance and Attendance of Protective
Devices.
460 pages, 525 illustrations. Kas 46,50
EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS AND CIRCLE DIAGRAM
OF INDUCTION MOTORS
(Nahradnf schemata a kruhovjr diagram indukantho
motoru)
By Zaboj So puck
Theory of Equivalent Circuits and the Circle Diagram
of Induction Motors, new Method of Designing the
Exact Diagram.
172 pages, 87 illustrations, Kas 12,70
HIGH VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS
(Vypinaae na vysoke napati)
By Vladislav Zajic
Selection, Design, Construction and Testing of High
Voltage Alternating-current Circuit Breakers Basic Con-
cepts of Circuit Breakers, their Development. Analysis
of the Electric System from the point of view of Cir-
cuit Breaking, Short Circuit Currents, Recovery Vol-
tage, Special Cases of Connections. Construction of
Circuit Breakers, especially of Insulating Parts and
Arc Extinguishing Devices. Testing of Circuit Breakers.
348 pages, 280 illustrations, 13 tables. Kas 20,50
Electronics and Communication
Engineering
SURVEY OF ELECTRON TUBES
(Piehled elektronek)
By Zden4c Brudna and Josef Poustka
An alphabetic List containing 20 000 Types of Electron
Tubes clearly arranged and showing Manufacturers.
Application, Grid Current and Voltage, Tables of Cha-
racteristics arranged according to Characteristics, Appli-
69
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
cation and Grid Current. Comparative Tables and
Substituting new Types for old ones.
List of Manufacturers and Suppliers.
1112 pages, 1774 illustrations, Ks 85,?
ANTENNAS
(Anteny)
By 'Muffler Caha and Miroslav Prochazka
Theoretical Fundamentals of Transmitter and Receiver
Antennas, Antenna Systems, Antenna Types treated
with regard to Design, Calculation and Measurement.
University Textbook
464 pages, 463 illustrations, 21 tables KU 44,?
FEEDBACK
(Zpetna vazba)
By Bohdan Cando/
Rules and Effects of Feedback Couplings, Designing
Methods of Electronic Amplifiers with regard to their
Stability.
176 pages, 154 illustrations. KEs 10,?
ca.CULATION OF PRINCIPAL HIGH
FREQUENCY CIRCUITS"
(VSrpoEet zakladnf.ch vysokofrekvenEnIch obvod6)
By Josef Cajka
Properties of Principal High Frequency Circuits (Simple
(ircuit and Coupled Circuits) and Methods of their
Calculation. Properties of Electric Circuits build of
L, C, R Units, Basic Properties of Series and Parallel
Oscillatory Circuits, Basic Concepts and Theory of
Coupled Circuits.
University Textbook.
188 pages, 108 illustrations. Ks 23,?
TELEVISION RECEIVER ANTENNAS
(Televisni pfijimacI anteny)
By Milan Oeslqj
Function of Antennas for Television Receiving, De-
scription of Design and Construction, Instructions for
their correct Adjustment
2nd edition: 152 pages, 106 illustrations, 15 tables.
Ka 4,-
70
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ELECTRICAL ENG1NER1NC
FERRITIC FERROCHROMIUM FUSED IN GLASS
USED IN TIIE VACUUM TECHNIQUE
(Ferriticke chromielezo pro zatavy do skla ve vakuovel
technice)
By Werner Espe
Composition, Properties, Production and Processing of
Ferritic Ferrochrcmium Alloys
40 pages, 28 illustrations, 11 tables. KEs 3,40
KOVAR, A USEFUL MATERIAL FOR VACUUM
TECHNIQUE AND INSTRUMENT CONSTRUCTION
(Kovar, uiiteEnje material pro vakuovou techniku a
stavbu pEstrojet)
By Werner Espe
Composition, Physical and Chemical Properties, Pro-
duction and App ication.
72 pages, 43 illustrations, 9 tables. Ke's 7,?
LUMINESCENT SUBSTANCES IN ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
(LuminiscenEni latky v elektrotechnicc)
By Werner Espe
Properties and Preparation of Anorganic Luminescent
Substances for the Production of Television Screens,
Fluorescent Screens and Lamps, Tubes, etc. Methods
of Application of Organic Luminescent Substances,
especially for Measuring Instruments ill Nuclear Phy-
sics.
256 pages, 80 illustrations, 52 tables. KEs 17,?
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
(Vlastnosti hmot)
By Werner Espe
Definitions of Mechanical, Thermal,
Magnetic and Optical Properties of
tant Materials Numerical Values
presented in numerous Tables.
672 pagcs, 180 illustrations, 131
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
RELAYS AND BASIC UNITS OF COMMUNICA-
TION EQUIPMENT
(Reid a zakladni schematicke prvky slaboproud9ch
zafizeni)
By Jan Fleissig
Fundamental Circuits of Automatic Telephon Equip-
ment, their Valuation and possible Application in the
Design of new Circuits, Instructions for the Design of
Relay Circuits.
356 pages, 419 illustrations, Ks 23,50
TELEVISION TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUE
(Technika televisniho pfenosu)
By Miloslav Frk
Methods of Transmitting Television Signals, Equipment
used for Television Transmission. Construction and De-
sign of Television Transmitters and Antennas, Mea-
suring Methods in Television Engineering, Colour-tele-
vision Broadcasting Equipment
476 pages, 406 illustrations, 31 tables Ks 40,90
MAGNETIC AMPLIFIERS
(Magneticke zesilovaee)
By Milo g Gabler, J Hano.vcc.&reE0.en,
Tornanek
Basic Functions of Magnetic Amplifiers, their Connec-
tions and Characteristics in Ideal and Real Condi-
tions, Calculations of Magnetic Amplifiers, Selection
of suitable Magnetic Material and Accessories, Examp-
les of practical Applications of Magnetic Amplifiers.
252 pages, 291 illustrations, 3 tables Ks 17,25
TELEVISION
(Televise)
By Jif? Havelka
Concepts of Television and General Fundamentals of
Television Transmission, Development of Television
Technique, Evaluation of different Television Systems
from the technical and economic point of view. Expla-
nation of Physical Phenomenae forming the Basis of
Black and White and Colour Television, Description
of Principles of Noctovision, Possible Applications of
72
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?
Al
?
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Television in Industry and Science. Detailed Descrip-
tion of the Czechoslovak Television Receiver.
360 pages, 321 illustrations, Ks 34,?
OSCILLOGRAPIIIC POLAROGRAPHY
(Alternating-current Polarography, its Theory and
Application)
(Oscilograficka polarografie ? Polarografie stfldavm
proudem, jell theorie a potaiti)
By Jaroslav Heyrovskg and Altai...irk Forejt
Oscillographic Measuring Methods used in Polaro-
graphy, Experimental Results and practical Exploita-
tion in Organic and Anorganic Chemistry.
154 pages, 115 illustrations. Ks 16,60
THEORETICAL ELECTRONICS
(Theoreticka elektronika)
By Jan Hlavka
Fundamentals of Classic Electrodynamics, Electrodyna-
mics of the Point Charge, Structure of Matter, Proper-
ties of Substances, Electric Discharges, Electronic
Instruments.
226 pages, 141 illustrations. Ks 24,?
ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS
(EleIctronicke mefeni)
By Jowl Hordk,
Methods of Design, Development and practical Solu-
tion of Electronic Measuring Instruments, Description
of the principal Types of Electronic Measuring Instru-
ments from the point of view of their Construction,
Function, Properties, Application and Measuring Me-
thods.
360 pages, 439 illustrations Ks 25,?
THE AUTOMATIC TELEPHONE SYSTEM P 51
(Automatickjr teleforuif system P 51)
By Otakar Klilca
Analysis of Operation, Description of Construction and
Calculation of the Automatic Telephone Exchange Sys-
tem P51.
338 pages, 148 illustrations, 47 tables. Ks 23,50
AA-
73
Or A
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Li I
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
MEASURING INSTRUMENTS IN TELECOMMUNI-
CATION ENGINEERING
(MEficl pflstroje pro da:kovou scligovaci elektrotechniku)
By Vdclav Ilockinck
Measuring Instruments and Methods for the Production
and Operation of Telecommunication Equipment. Pro-
perties and Construction of Mechanical and Electrical
Parts of Instruments, Types of Instruments, Interre-
lation between Individual Instruments, Combining
Equipment for definite Measurement Tasks, Rules for
Maintenance and Recording.
232 pages, 184 illustrations, 2 tables. Ks 10,85
MEASUREMENTS OF RECEIVING ELECTRON
TUBES
(Meieni pfijimacich elektronek)
By Jaroslav Kraut&
Comprehensive Treatment of the characteristic Pro-
perties of Receiving Electron Tubes, Measuring Me-
thods, Testing and Inspection of Electron Tubes in
Mass Production
276 pages, 196 Clustrations, 16 tables. Ks 19,50
PRODUCTION OF ELECTRON TUBES AND
FLUORESCENT TUBES
(Vj,roba elektrongk a aziutvek)
By Vladimir Kratochvil
Detailed Description of Production Methods used in
Mass Production of Electron Tubes and Fluorescent
Tubes, Properties of Materials, Formulas, Charts.
280 pages, 136 illustrations, 74 tables. Ks 18,50
TIIEORETICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF MICRO-
WAVE TECHNIQUE
(Theoreticke zaklady techniky centimetrovj,ch yin)
By Bohumil Evasil
Basic Theory of the Technique of Microwaves, Trans-
mission Lines for Decimeter and Centimeter Waves,
Cavity Resonators, Exciting of Wave Guides and Cavity
Resonators, Discontinuities in Wave Guides, Equiva-
lent Circuits, Radiation of Electromagneic Waves from
Wave Guides and Diffraction of Electromagnetic Wa-
ves from simple, perfectly conducting Bodies. Special
74
-claw...1,-; ? ea?????nrew.le:
'arm. ? ?
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Mathematical Treatment and Explanation of certain
Physical Concepts.
304 pages, 162 illustrations, 5 tables. KEs 36,30
SHORT-WAVE COMMUNICATION RECEIVERS
(Kratkovinne salovaci pfijimaea)
By Rudolf Major
Principles of Function, Basic Methods and some pe-
culiarities of the electrical Design, Types of Construc-
tion, Construction and Servicing of Short-wave Commu-
nication Receivers, Conditions of successful Receiving
based upon the Propagation of Radio Waves, Types
of Defects and their Removal. Equipment for typical
Categories of Communication Receivers, Transient Re-
ceiver Types between Communication Receivers and
Receivers for Public Purposes. Valuation of some ty-
pical Receivers of Czechoslovak and Foreign Make,
Trends of Future Development of Communication Re-
ceivers.
308 pages, 175 illustrations, (2 Insertions), 6 tables
Ks 20,25
CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING OF ELECTRONIC
INSTRUMENTS IN MASS PRODUCTION
(Konstrulcce a zkougeni elektronickjrch pfistrojil
v seriov6 vjgobe")
By Jaroslav Matys
Construction of Electronic Instruments, Standardized
Testing Shop, Organization of Technical Inspection,
Tracing of Defects and their Removal, Measuring and
Testing Equipment and Methods.
176 pages, 48 illustrations, 10 tables. 1(6's 9,50
THE LORENZ T36 TELEPRINTER
(Dalnopisq pfistroj Lorenz T 36)
By Karel Moravec
Design and Function of the Instrument, Methods of
Setting and Instruction for Servicing, Cleaning and
Lubrication Survey of Principal Parts and their
Illustrations.
264 pages, 189 illustrations, 5 tables. Kas 42,95
75
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OITAN
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
COMPLEMENTING EQUIPMENT OF TELEPRIN-
TERS
(Dopliilcova zaEfzeni dalnopisnych pilstroje)
By Karel Moravec
Internal Construction, Function, Maintenance, Adjust-
ment and Repair of Complemeting Equipment of Tele-
printers
404 pages, 394 illustrations, 11 tables. Ks 32,?
THE ELECTRONIC OSCILLOGRAPH
(Elektrcinkov9 oscilograf)
By Morton Nadler
Construction and Function of the Electronic Oscillo-
graph and its auxiliary Equipment, Testing, Gauging.
Maintenance and Repair.
216 pages, 218 illustrations. Res 16,50
COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTS FOR POWER
STATIONS
(SdelovacI pilstroje pro elektrarny)
By Ladislav Postler
Comprehensive Work dealing with the Design and
Operation of Communication Equipment in Power
Stations.
440 pages, 444 illustrations, 3 tables Ks 33,50
SUBSCRIBERS' TELEPHONE APPARATUSSES
(t)Eastnicke telefonni pfistroje)
By Emanuel Prayer
Telephone Apparatusses of recent Czechoslovak Pro-
duction, their Tran:mitting Properties, InFpection and
Maintenance, Survey of principal Defects and their
Removal.
100 pages, 37 illustrations, 1 table. ICEs 3,?
THYRATRONS
(Thyratrony)
By Julius Strnad
Comprehensive Information on the Function, Construc-
tion, Operation and Control of Thyratrons, the im-
portant Component of Modern Electronic Control
76
;
?
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Equipment. Practical Applications of Thyratrons. Tables
of common Types of Czechoslovak and Foreign Thy-
ratrons, their Operational Values and Characteristics.
234 pages, 256 illustrations. ICEs 21,?
ACCELERATORS OF IONS AND ELECTRONS
(Urychlovae ionte a elektrone)
By CestmJr Sinuine
Principles of Function, important Calculations and De-
tails of Construction of Linear and Circular Accek-
rators of Ions and Electrons. Practical Application of
Accelerators.
184 pages, 109 illustrations. Ices 14,80
SERVOMECHANISMS
(Servomechanismy)
By Zdenek Trnka
Fundamentals of Theory, Construction and Experimen-
tal Investigation of Servomechanicms used in Automa
tic Control Systems, Solution of Electrical and Mecha-
nical Linear Circuits, Operator Method of Solving mo-
re complicated Systems, Solution and Synthesis of
Servomechanisms and their Experimental Study
University Textbook
372 pages, 275 illustrations, 5 tables. Itics
TUNING OF SUPERHETS
(Sladovani superheat)
By Zdenek Tudek
Electrical Coordination of the tuned Circuits in the
Superhet, Measuring Methods of Electrical Properties
of Superhets during Production and Repair
520 pages, 300 illustrations, 2 appendixes.
ICEs 46,40
ELECTRONIC IMAGE CHANGERS
(Elektronicke obrazove meniEe)
By Antonin Vako
Present Situation in the Development of Electronic
Image Changers and their Application in various
Branches of Science and Technology.
128 pages, 78 illustrations, ICEs 4,50
77
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I 4
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT
IN MINES
(Bezdrritova sddlovaci zafizenf pro doly)
By Jarmila Vydrova.-aVondlcova
Geological Surroundings, Physical Principles and Theory
of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Mines, Concise
Survey of practically used Wireless Communication
Equipment in Mines.
92 pages, 40 illustrations, 19 tables. Ks 3,?
FUNDAMENTALS OF VACUUM TECIINIQUE
(Zaklady vakuove techniky)
By Ladislav Zobao
Design, Production and Operation of Various Vaccum
Equipment in Shop and Laboratory
316 pages, 270 illustrations, 29 tables. KCs 20,50
General Electricity
INTRODTTETION TO SYMMETRICAL COMPO-
NENTS
(Ovod do soumemkch sloiek)
By Emil Dvo'faeck
Basic Concepts of the Theory of Symmetrical Compo-
nents, Explanation of Division of Asymmetrical Vector
Systems into Symmetric Systems, Rotation of Time
Vectors, Graphical and Numerical Additions of Sym-
metric Systems.
100 pages, 59 illustrations, 2 tables Ke's 3,41
SEMICONDUCTORS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
(Polovodide v theorii a praxi)
By Helmar Prank
Fundamentals of Modern Semiconductor Theory, Tech-
nological Methods, Measuring Methods, Technical
Application of Semiconductors.
338 pages, 203 illustrations, 34 tables. Kds 36,-
78
......????1111???
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTROTECHNICS I
(Zaklady elektrotechniky I)
By 'Vladimir List
Direct-current, Electrostatics, Magnetostatics, Electra-
magnetics and Electronics.
288 pages, 291 illustrations, Kds 22,?
APPLICATION OF MATRICES AND TENSORS IN
THEORETICAL ELECTROTECHNICS
(Potditl matric a tensorti v theoreticke elektrotechnice)
By Miroslav Promberger
Application of the Matrix and Tensor Calculus to Treat-
ment and Solution of Electric and Electronic Circuits,
to the Theory and Establishing of Characteristics of
Rotating Machines and Theory of the Electromagnetic
Field.
168 pages, 51 illustrations. KE's 23,50
MATRIX CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATION IN
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
(Maticovk podet a jeho pouiit1 v elektrotechnice)
By Josef Schmidtmayer
Fundamentals of Matrix Algebra, Application of Matrix
Calculus to th 5iutiir of Linear Electric Circuit
244 pages, 97 illustrations, 5 appendixes.
Re's 23,?
THEORETICAL ELECTROTECHNICS I
(Introduction to Theoretical Electrotechnics)
(Theoreticka elektrotechnilca I ? tivod do theoreticke
elektrotechnilcy)
By Zdeitek Tritica
Physical Fundamentals of Electrostatics, Magnetostatics
and Electromagnetism, Treatment of Stabilized Currents.
transient Phenomenae, Alternating Currents and So-
lution of Electric Circuits
University Textbook.
3rd edition: 244 pages, 208 illustrations, Ires 26,30
79
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11 r
CIVIL ENGINEERING
General and Structural Engineering
ELASTICITY AND STRENGTH
(Naukr, o pruinosti a pevnosti)
By Zden6k Ba.fant, Antonin Nedoma and Ka:
re/ Spdla
Simp!e and Combined Cases of Elasticity of Straight
Bars; Deformation Work, Dynamic Effects and Stability
of Plain Systems; Curved Bars; Springs; Shells of Ves?
sels; Strength of Plates and Rotating Discs; Elastic
Half-space; Spheres and Small Cylinders; Plasticity.
5th revised edition 574 pages. 438 illustrations.
Ks 42,50
STATICS OF STRUCTURES
(Statilat stavebn:ch konstrukci)
By Zdenek Ba.iant. Pranti?elc Elohner and Kon-
rad rtruban
Data on Loads, Tension, Compression and Bending;
Beams and Statically Determinate and Indeterminate
Trusses, Beams, Continuous and Mu:ti-Sorey Frames,
Combined Girders, Vaults and Abutments, Space Fra-
meworks, Retaining Walls and Dams, Chimneys, Foun-
dations, Domes and Thin Shell Vaults.
620 pages, 570 illustrations, KEs 70,?
CONCRETE ARCFI BRIDGES
(Betonove mosty obloukove)
By Stanislav Bechyne
Description of Construction, Static Solution and nu-
merous Examples, Special Purpose Bridges, Scaffolding,
Centering and Equipment of Bridges.
2nd edition: 648 pages, 702 illustrations, 97 tables,
9 appendixes. Ks 40,50
80
CIVIL ENGINEERING
CONCRETE GIRDER AND FRAME BRIDGES
(BetonovE mosty tnimove a ramovd)
By Stanislav Becliya
Construction and Static Solution. Slab Constructions,
Girder Ribs Constructions, Cooperation of Girders,
Slabs between Girders, Mixed Bridges, Cantilever
Beams, Continuous Beams, Simple and Continuous Fra-
mes, Multi-Storey Bridges, Skew Bridges, Arch Brid-
ges, Special Girder Systems.
500 pages, 349 illustrations. Ices 33,50
CONCRETE ENGINEERING I ? TECIINOLOGY
OF CONCRETE. BOOK 1: CONCRETE
AGGREGATES
(Betonove stavitelstvi I ? Technologic betonu sv. 1
Sloiky betonu)
By Stanislav Bechyne
Analysis of Properties of Stone, Sand, Cement, Water
and Special Additives. Production, Composition, Pro-
perties and Applications of Cement, Significance of
Concrete in the Building Industry, it Advantages
and Shortcomings.
624 pages. 464 illustrations, 56 tables Ks 52,5e
CONCRETE ENGINEERING III ? VOL 1
(Calculation of Cross Sections of Reinforced Concrete
Structures, Structures Subjected to Compression and
Bending)
(Betonove stavitelstvi III, sv. I ? V9poEty prtifeza
ielezobetonovkch konstrukci, konstruce namaiane tla-
kern a ohybem)
By Stanislav Beclzynd
Compression in the Symmetry Plane, Curved and Po-
lygonal Bars subjected to Compound Bending, acen-
tric Compression in Bars of variable Cross-section,
Shrinkage and Creep of Concrete, Combined Effect of
Excentric Compression and Shear, Tangential Stresses
in Bars of variable Cross-section
464 pages, 321 illustrations, 25 tables. Ks 61,40
v... ??????r
81
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giE
CIVIL ENGINEERING
CONCRETE ENGINEERING III ? VOL. 2
(Secondary Effects. Solution with regard to the Ducti-
lity of Concrete. Excentric Compression and Shear)
(Betonove stavitelstvI III, sv. 2 ? VedlePI (lanky.
peihliiejici k tvfirnosti betonu Mimostiednk
tlak na smyk)
By Stanislav Bechyne
Effect of Concrete Shrinkage upon Stresses in Bars
subjected to Excentric Compression. Effect of Creep
upon Parts subjected to Excentric Compression. Simul-
tanous Effect of Shrinkage and Creep upon Parts
subjected to Excentric Compression, Solution with re-
gard to the Plasticity of Concrete. Excentric Compres-
sion and Shear.
296 pages, 471 illustrations. Kes 43,80
GEODESY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICE
(Geodesie ye stavebni praxi)
By Vlastimil ?Mak
Description of Surveying Instruments and Accessories,
Solution of Marking-out Problems, Location Measuring
1:
with regard to Measuring Elevation and Tachymetry.
I Measuring of Dam Deformations, Measuring of Under-
,' ground Sparer Photogrammetric Surveying.
.ti 460 pages, 414 illustrations. Kes 27, ?
STEEL CONSTRUCTIONS ? STRUCTURE UNITS
(Ocelove stavby ? KonstrukenI prvky)
By JiPI Fuchs, Josef Novotn2), Miloslay Rec
and Otakar Sick
Manual of the Design of Steel Constructions. Dimen-
sions and Static Values of Joining Elements of simple
and combined Cross-section, such as Angles, Round
Steel, Rails, Piles, etc.
612 pages, 626 illustrations. Kes 82,30
GEOMETRY IN TECHNOLOGY AND ART
(Symposium celebrating the Seventieth Anniversary of
Professor- Doctor Frantigek Kaddavek)
(Geometric v technica a umeni ? Sbornik k sedm-
desiqrm narozeninam prof. ing. dr. Franti5ka Kade-
favka)
A Symposium of Papers dealing with the Application
?
I;
!
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82
1
CIVIL ENGINEERING
of Geometry in Structural Engineering and Architec-
ture.
146 pages, 82 illustrations, 4 appendixes
Kes 35,30
TWO STUDIES IN SOIL MECIIANICS
(Dye studie z mechaniky zemin)
By Josef Haylila and Josef Francek
Stability of Slopes and Embankments Influence of
Lime Extraction from Manly Soils upon the Permeabi-
lity of Dykes of Water Reservoirs.
48 pages, 22 illustrations, 7 appendixes. Kes 5,70
OPERATIONAL ECONOMY OF COMPLEX
MACHINE SETS
(Hospodarnost provozu komplexnich strojnich sestav)
Practical Examples of Organization and Planning of
Working Methods. Long-term Planning of Operations
of important Machinery with regard to its Annual
Average of Exploitation, Data on Con-ump'ion of Fuel
and Auxiliary Materials. Economic Criteria of Ope-
rations of Machines and Complex Machine Sets with
regard to ithe Volume of Work
196 pages. 33 illustrations, 44 tables, 74 charts
Ks 11,?
DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES ACCOR-
DING TO FACTORS OF SAFETY
(Navrhovanf betonovj,ch konstrukci podle stupne
bezpeenosti)
By Konrdd Hruban
True Stress Relations in Reinforced Concrete Struc-
tures and Principles of their Design according to Cze-
choslovak Standards. Tables for Dimensioning accor-
ding to Standard CSN 1090-1948.
3rd edition 218 pages, 72 illustrations. 2 appen-
dixes. Kes 20,70
CONCRETE ARCH BRIDGES WITH INCLINED
SUSPENDERS
(Obloukove betonove mosty se 'Sikn4rni zavesy)
By Lubor Janda
Design and Static Calculation of Two hinged and Three-
83
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CIVIL ENGINEERING
hinged Reinforced Concrete Arch Bridges with Road-
ways suspended by Inclined Suspenders, especially
for Railway Loads. Suitable Constructional Arrange-
ments of these Bridges for Spans of 40-60 metres.
Comparison of these Constructions with Three-hinged
Arch Bridges with Roadways suspended by Vertical
Suspenders. Outline of suitable Building Methods for
various Types of Constructions
108 pages, 41 illustrations, Ks 15,50
PRACTICAL TECHNOLOGY OF CONCRETE
(Prakticka technologic betonu)
By Ladislav Jelen
Complex Treatment of Modern Concrete Technology
Properties, Preparation and Testing of individual Con-
crete Aggregates. Properties, Production and Transpor-
tation of the Concrete Mix, Description of Concrete
Masonry Operations. Special Types of Concrete, Tes-
ting, Application in Wintertime. Fundamentals of Sta-
tistical Mathematics in Concrete Engineering.
[q,ITU
408 pages, 164 illustrations, 104 tables. lies 25,80
HYDROSTATIC WEIRS AND AUTOMATIC WEIRS
WITH COUNTERWEIGHTS
?
tla
(Jczy bydrostaticke a jezy automaticke s vyvaienim)
1 '
By FranMek Jermcif
II.
Different Types of Weir Constructions (Hinged Leaves,
Segments, Sections, Drums). Description of their Func-
tion and Application, Construction and Design.
256 pages, 216 illustrations. Kes 25,?
ric
IR!
STATICS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
;
t
STRUCTURES
(Statike ielezobe4onoN4ch konstrukci)
By Antonin Jflek
Valuation of Different Calculating Methods, Explana-
tion and Application of the Deformation Method, Floor
?
ti
I
Constructions (Slab, Ribbed, Mushroom) Effect of
Haunch, Secondary Stresses, Frames, Examples.
504 pages, 271 illustrations, 119 tables. Kes 52,-
84
CIVIL ENGINEERING
STANDARDIZED AND MOUNTED CONCRETE
BRIDGES
(Betonove mosty typisovane a montovand)
By Jii;i Klima
Standardization of all Types of Load-carrying Struc-
tures and Individual Units, Application of Stock Steel
Centering, Automatic Hydromecbanization sof Bridge
Pier Foundation Work, Complex Mechanization of
Concrete Masonry Work.
208 pages, 154 illustrations, 53 tables. Ks 13,?
MARKING-OUT TABLES
(VytyCovaci tabulky)
By Ferdinand Klima and Frantikk Loskot
Handbook for Designing, Tracing and Marking-out of
Curvatures in Railroad and Highway Engineering. Six
Place Tables of Main Trigonometrical Functions
596 pages, 58 illustrations. Kes 33,?
STATIC TABLES
(Staticke tabulky)
By Frantigek iflokner
Standards and Rules for Building Materials and Struc-
tures, Weights of all Building Materials, Principal
Structures su,h as Staircasu, Fleers, 11?101% and
Bridges, Foot Bridges, etc their Live Loads and Ser-
vice Loads, Modulus of Resistance, Upper Elastic Li-
mit, Buckling Coefficient and further Tables required
for Static Calculations of Structures.
5th edition. 436 pages, 396 illustrations, 239 tables.
Kes 27,?
DISTRIBUTION OF DEFORMATION ? A NEW
METHOD OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
(Rozvod deformace jako podklad nove poeetni melody I)
By Cciestin Klou6ek
New Method for Calculating Statically Indeterminate
Systems, Practical Examples of Solutions (Continuous
Beams, Continuous Frames, Closed Frames, Multi-Sto-
rey Frames).
352 pages, 271 illustrations, 21 tables. Ka's 18,-
85
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CIVIL ENGINEERING
INFLUENCE LINES OF CONTINUOUS BEAMS AND
FRAME SYSTEMS
(Pileinkove easy spojit9ch nosnika a rdmov9ch soustav)
By Vladimir Kola.
Treatment of the Theory and Numerical Solution of
Influence Lines, Formulas and Tables for Continuous
Beams, Sijnple and Continuous Frame, Instructions for
the Use of Tables.
306 pages, 60 illustrations, 184 tables. Ks 32,50
DYNAMICS OF STRUCTURES I
(General Part)
(Dynamika stavebn!ch konstrukci I ? Obecna Eas')
By Vladimir Kolougek
Vibration of Systems with One or More than One
Degree of freedom, Theory of Vibration of Freely
Supported Beams, Analysis of Classical and Modern
Methods for the Solution of Complicated Systems,
Chapters dealing with Secondary Effects and the In-
fluence of Impact Study of Basic Principles of Me-
chanics and their Application to the Solution of Struc-
tures subjected to Vibration.
264 pages, 125 illustrations, 47 tables. Ks 23,?
DYNAMICS OF STRUCTURES II
(Continuous Beams and Frame Systems)
(Dynamika stavebnich konstrulcci II ? Spojite nosniky
a ramove soustavy)
By Vladimir KolonZek
Theory of Dynamically Stressed Continuous Beams and
Frame Systems, Solution of Frame Structures of Buil-
dings with Varying Load, Frame Foundations of Ma-
chines, Bridges with Continuous Girders subjected to
Moving Load, etc.
2nd edition: 260 pages, 59 illustrations, 33 tables.
Kes 23,?
INTRODUCTION TO HARMONIC VIBRATION
(rivod do harmonickeho kmitani)
By Vladimir Holoiaelc and J. Hofej61
Harmonic Vibration of Systems with One Degree of
Freedom; Natural and Constrained, Damped and Per-
sistent Vibration; Composition of Harmonic Oscillato-
4
CIVIL ENGINEERINt.
ry Movements; Resonance; Transformation of Mechani-
cal Energy by Oscillation. Application to Simple Pm-
blems of Civil Engineering.
88 pages, 30 illustrations, 4 tables. Kes 12,10
CONCRETE ROADWAYS
(Betonove vozovky)
By Eduard Kreps, Emil Krupskg, Karel Ku-
eera and Boketoch ula
Geological Survey; Roadbed Construction, Construction
and Dimensioning of Roadways, Techno:ogy of Road-
way Concretes, Construction and Maintenance of Conc-
rete Roadways and Airfield Runways, Testing of Sui-
table Building Materials.
272 pages, 149 illustrations, 30 tables Kes 26,20
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS OF SLUICES AND
BRIDGES
(Hydraulicke v9poety propustIcit a mostit)
By Jill Ktoatatsku
Survey of Hydraulic Solutions of Sluices and Bridges,
Simplified Calculation, Dimensioning Formulas.
48 pages, 28 illustrations, 4 tables. Kes 2,33
DESIGN OF STREETS
(Stavba mests1c9ch ulic)
By Josef Lerch
Principles of Design. and Construction of Town Com-
munications, Detailed Constructional Data and Tech-
nological Methods of Roadway Construction and Sur-
face Making.
264 pages, 181 illustrations, 23 tables. Kes 18,50
SOLUTION OF RECTANGULAR PLANE AND SPA-
TIAL FRAMES
(Regeni pravoith19ch r? rovinn9ch a prostorov9ch)
By Eli?ka Louckd and Karel Lottoky
Theoretical Study of Solutions of Plane and Space
Frame Structures made of Reinforced Concrete with
Rectangular Crossed Rods.
112 pages, 47 illustrations, 25 tables. Ms 7,40
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CIVIL ENGINEERING
EARTHWORK MECHANIZATION
(Mecbanisace na stavbach pozemnich)
Description of Machines Suitable for Excavation, Ho-
rizontal and Vertical Transportation of Earth, New
Working Methods and Numerous Examples.
132 pages, 69 illustrations, 13 tables.
Ks 6,68
PROJECTS OF TOWN COMMUNICATION
(Projelctowini mests4ch komunikacl)
By Jiff Merger
Survey of Traffic in Cities and Suburbs, various Types
of Street Systems, Classification of Streets and Places,
Dimensions and Travelling Speeds of Vehicles, Profiles
and Cross-sections of Streets, Curvatures, Crossings
and Places, Secondary Transport and Communication
Equipment, -Traffic Carrying Capacity of Streets and
Aestetics of Street Traffic.
296 pages. 180 illustrations, 60 tables.
Ks 27,50
PHOTO ELASTICITYM ETRY
(Fotoelasticiraetriel,
By Milo ? Milbmier
????????????????????
Theory and Practical Application of the New Optical
Method of Measuring Internal Stresses on Models or
Structures subjected to Load according to real Con-
ditions Stress Investigations in Structures and Ma-
chine Parts
140 pages, 154 illustrations. Ks 13,?
MODERN STRUCTURES OF MULTI-STOREY
BUILDINGS
(Novodobe konstrukce buclov o mnoha pod.lailch)
By Vilem Mogi?
Statical Calculation of Masonry Structures, Require-
ments on Brick Masonry, Types and Calculation of
Prefabricated Buildings, Connections.
132 pages, 91 illustrations, 13 tables. Ke's 7,50
83
CIVIL ENGINEERING
TABLES FOR DESIGNING AND VALUATION OF
REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
ACCORDING TO FACTORS OF SAFETY
(Tabulky pro navrhovanl a posuzovant ielezobelono-
qch konstrukci podle stupnei bezpanosti)
By Vildm. Mari?
Outline of Numerical Solution of all usual Types of
Compression, Tension and Bending Stresses and their
Combinations, Numerical Tables and Examples.
120 pages, 17 illustrations, 45 tables. Ks 7,81
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
(Stavebna mechanika I)
By Otakar Novak
The Kinematic Method and its Application to the So-
lution of Basic Problems of Structural Mechanics.
Simple Beam subjected to Permanent and Varying
Load and to Indirect and Direct Acting Load. Conti-
nuous Beam of Uniform Cross-section. Influence Li-
nes of Axial Forces in Statically Indeterminate Trusses.
Theory of Arc Ribs. Barrel Vaults Masonry Structures,
etc. University Textbook.
538 pages, 460 illustrations, 29 tables. Ks 50,50
BITUMINOUS ROADWAYS
('Ziviene vozovky)
By Hugo Novak
Material for Building Bituminous Roadways, Techno-
logy of Asphalt and Tar Mixes, their Pror)erties, Com-
position and Testing. Detailed Description of Working
Methods for Building Principal Types of Asphalt and
Tar Roadways.
240 pages, 30 illustrations, 90 tables. Ke's 19,50
REINFORCED CONCRETE IN STRUCTURAL
ENGINEERING I
(ZelezovSr beton v pozemnim stavitelstvi I)
By Jan Paul
Properties of Reinforced Concrete and its Aggregates.
Methods of Designing Cross-section Dimensions of
Individual Structural Units and their Stiffening accor-
ding to the Classical Method and the Safety Factor.
Practical Examples.
89
II
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CIVIL ENGINEERING
Textbook for Technical Colleges.
432 pages, 206 illustrations, 32 tables. Ks 25,20
REINFORCED CONCRETE IN STRUCTURAL
ENGINEERING II
(2elezovjr beton v pozemnim stavitelstvi II)
By Jan Paul
Practical Application of Concrete in Monolithic and
Prefabricated Structures, Various Types of Concrete
Structures and their Arrangement. Description of Pre-
sent and Modern Methods of Building Operations.
Textbook for Technical Colleges.
316 pages, 301 illustrations. Ks 16,90
DAM CONSTRUCTION
(Complex Mechanization of Concrete Operations)
(Stavba pfehrady ? Komplexni mechanisace betonai-
sk9ch pract)
By Gustav Pavlik, Viktor Channi
and Collaborators
Designing Equipment for Mechanization of Concrete
Operations in Constructions of Concrete Dams as well
as of Related Operations (Technology of Concrete,
Tramportation, Stores, Workshops, Water Supply,
Electrical Installation, etc.).
360 pages, 219 illustrations, Ks 31,50
EXCAVATORS IN EARTHWORK AND ROAD
CONSTRUCTION
(Rypaclla na stavbach ploinfth a komunikaenich)
Inscription of Excavators, Transportation on Rails and
Roads, Forming and Compressing Embankments, Cut-
ting Methods, Arranging Machine Sets, Rock Opera-
tions.
178 pages, 89 illustrations, 28 tables, Ks 8,?
PRAGUE OF YESTERDAY AND TOMORROW
(Praha veerepla a zitika)
By Jifi K. ?Wick atefan
and Jiii VanCura
Origin and Development of Prague, Natural Conditions
and Architecture, Specific Characteristics of Prague,
Questions of Future Development.
176 pages, 126 illustrations. Ks 30,70
90
?
CIVIL ENGINEERING
SYMPOSIUM TO THE EIGHTIETH ANNIVERSARY
OF ACADEMICIAN FRANTISEK KLOKNER
(Shona k osmdesfitym narozeninam akademika
Frantlika Kloknera)
Original Scientific Papers on Structural Mechanics and
Theoretical Treatises by Leading Czechoslovak Experts
from the Ranks of University Lecturers and Practical
Engineers.
296 pages, 195 illustrations, 1 appendix. Ks 35,?
The following Works have been published as Special
Reprints from the above Symposium:
TWO STUDIES ON REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES
(Dye studie o ielezobetonovych konstrukcich)
By Stanislav Bcchyne and Bcdfich Hacar
1 Compensation of Secondary Effects in Statically
Indetermineci Reinforced Concrete Structures
2. Railway Platform Roofings with Single Support
32 pages, 27 illustrations, Kes 2,90
.....11,10?111111??????
SEISMIC INVESTIGATION OF FOUNDATION SOIL
(Seitmicky vjakum ittkladove pady)
By Arnot Dnotak
28 pages, 34 illustrations. Kes 3,50
STABILITY OF BENT BARS SUBJECTED TO BUCK-
LING STRESS
(Stabilita lomet4ch prutii narnahanjrch na vzper)
STABILITY OF MULTIPLE-BAY FRAME CORNERS
(Stabilita piihradovYch ramovych rolni)
By Franti.?ck Faltus
24 pages, 22 illustrations. Kes 2,20
HIGH FACTORY CHIMNEYS
(Vysoke tovarni kominy)
By Konrad Hruban
28 pages, 21 illustrations Kes 2,40
?
91
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CIVIL ENGINEERING
TWO STUDIES IN STATICS OF STRUCTURES
(Dye studie ze statilcy stavebnich konstrukci)
By Anton.Pnlek and Otakar Novak
1. Widening of the Deformation Method to Curved
Bars
2. Significance of Rigidity in Continuous Structures.
44 pages. 10 illustrations Ks 4,20
F-XCENTRICALLY STRESSED CROSS-SECTIONS
(Pritiezy excentricky namahane)
By atepdn Jeh
36 pages, 8 illustrations Ks 4,60
SOLUTION OF SPATIAL FRAMES IN MACHINE
FOUNDATIONS
(Reieni prostorov9ch r? v zaldadech stroja)
By Vladimir Irolougek
20 pages, 8 illustrations. Ks 2,40
STRING TENSOMETERS
(Strunove tensometry)
By Milo & Pcti fie
36 pages, 19 illustrations. Kes 3,40
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF A SPECIAL CASE - ?
STRESS OF A QUADRATIC PLATE
(E.xperimentalnl rozbor zvlaitnlho plipadu napjatosti
etvercove desky)
By Vdclav Tesaf
20 pages, 14 illustrations. Kes 2,20
NEW TYPES OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES
(Nov 9 druh konstrukcI z piedpjateho betonu)
By Karel Waitzmann
24 pages, 12 illustrations. Ices 2,50
GALLERIES AND TUNNELS
(gtoly a tunely)
By Jaroslav Pcd1d6c1c
Driving, Excavation, Timbering and Masonry Lining
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CIVIL ENGINEERINC
of Galleries, Shafts, Tunnels and other Underground
Passages. Properties of Stone and Rock, Technology
of Building Materials, Preparatory Work, Planning of
Working Methods, Mechanical Equipment, Haulage
of the Excavated Material. Conventional Tunneling
and New Working Methods (Rapid Driving, Shield-
tunneling).
272 pages, 252 illustrations, 27 tables. Kes 16,?
MASONRY OF GALLERIES AND TUNNELS
(Zdivo gtol a tunela)
By Jaroslav Sedkiock
Working Methods in Lining Galleries, Tunnels and
Shafts and other Underground Passages, Description
of Building Materials used, Machines and Tools.
244 pages, 236 illustrations, 12 tables. Ks 17,50
LIMIT EQUILIBRIUM STATES OF EARTH AND
OTHER COHESIVE MATERIALS
(Meant stavy rovnovahy zemin a jin9ch souvisl9ch
hmot)
By Zdendk Sobotka
Calculation of Bearing Capacity of Foundation Soil, Com-
puting Limit Ileights and Inclination of Slopes and
Embankments, Stability of Layer Slopes and Embank-
Deva-ge--1 Expla41-2.-Calculating Earth Pres-
sure upon Retaining Walls of different Types, Timbe-
ring of Shafts and Cuttings. Investigation of Pit Bot-
toms for Safety. Concise Instructions for Calculating
Bearing Capacity and Stability Calculation of Earth
Pressure at Dynamic Stresses
380 pages, 98 illustrations, 15 tables. Kes 36,90
INFLUENCE LINES OF CONTINUOUS BEAMS
WITH CONSTANT STIFFNESS
(Pileinkove Cary spojit9ch nosnike stale tuhosti)
By Josef 81carpigek
12 Tables containing the Calculated Values of Influen-
ce Lines of Moments, Shearing Forces and Reactions
of Continuous Beams with Constant Stiffness, Two to
Four Spans, Unequal Spans and Varying Cross-sections.
However, the Beams comply with the Condition, that
the Ratio of Moments of Inertia to the Respective
Span Lengths remains almost Constant The Tables
93
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CIVIL ENGINEERING
are supplemented with an Introduction by the Author
and with an Addendum by J. Hoitejil.
44 pages, 7 illustrations, 12 tables. Ks 3,20
TABLES OF STATIC VALUES OF ROLLED
SECTIONS
(Tabulky statickjrch hodnot valcovanfth prafezet)
By Karel Tomck
Moments of Inertia of Webs, Flanges and Angles with
Equal and Unequal Legs. All Values are calculated
for Sections up to 400 mm Height.
384 pages. Ks 47,?
TRACTORS IN EARTHWORK AND ROAD
CONSTRUCTION
(Traktorove stroje na stavbach ploInjrch a komunikae-
nIch)
Description and Characteristics of Machines (Graders,
Dredgers. Scrapers), Working Methods, Examples of
Application, Combinations of Machine Sets.
136 pages, 126 illustrations, 8 tables. Ks 6,?
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AIRFIELDS
(Projektovtinf a stavba. letiitnIch ploch)
By Jan Valaclb, Josef Jara and Jan Voldk
Design of Airfields and Site Equipment, Description
of Earthwork and Machinery, Stabilization of Base.
Surface Concrete Work, Maintenance of Concrete
Surfaces.
224 pages, 96 illustrations. Ks 15,50
ACCELERATED SETTING AND HARDENING OF
PLAIN CONCRETE
(Urychlovan1 tuhnuti a tvrdnuti betonu)
By Franti?elc Vavfin
Effect of Water Component, Compacting, Plasticizers.
Accelerators, Steaming, Effect of Gases, Activation of
Binders.
132 pages, 64 illustrations, 19 tables Ms 11,50
94
?
CIVIL ENGINEERING
OBLIQUE FLEXURE
(Nomograms of Reinforcement Design According to
Safety Factor)
(Silunjr ohyb ? Nomogramy pro ntivrh vjrztuie podle
stupntl bezpeenosti)
By Jill Velden
Instruction for Dimensioning Reinforced Concrete Cross-
sections subjected to Oblique Flexure Stress with
Axial Force.
36 pages, 20 illustrations, 9 nomograms. Ms 2,?
ESTABLISI1ING MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
CONCRETE IN ERECTED STRUCTURES
(Zjii(avanf mechanickkch vlastnostl betonu v hotovjrch
konstrukcich)
By Karel Waitzmann
Determining Strength of Concrete, Modulus of Elasti-
city, Modulus of Compressibi:ity in Relation to Hard-
ness established by the Poldi Hammer adapted for
Testing Concrete Structures and Testing Samples
without their Disruption Description of Instrument,
Instructions for Use and Computing Tables
76 pages, 29 illustrations, 11 tables. Ks 7,?
STATIC SOLUTION OF STRUCTURES WITH HIN-
GED AND HINGELESS ARCHS
(Staticke feienl obloukovjrch konstrukc1 s klouby
i bez nich)
By Ladislav Zarttba
SoIution of Two hinged Archs, Yielding of Tie-rods,
Can:ilever Arch, Continuous Archs (Example of Double-
span Bridge), Torque in Built-in Beams, Closed Fra-
me, Calculation of Bed Stones, Pendulum Posts and
Hinges
232 pages, 95 illustrations, 10 tables. Ke's 13,50
a.< s. ',Use l,VJGOISA. wr. ? viz +^.
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;
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Building Trades Manuals
EXPLOSIVES MANUAL
(Pidru6ka pro stielmistry)
By Ladislav Hauptman
Basic Concepts of Geology, Types and Properties of
Rocks, Technology of Explosives, Blasting Technique,
Directing Blasting Operations; Transportation, Issue
and Storage of Explosives, Safety Regulations.
208 pages, 68 illustrations, 7 tables Ks 8,50
ASPHALTER'S MANUAL
(Pilrubla pro asfaltery)
By Antonin HeiCinall
Materials, Tools and Hand-tools, Description of Indi-
vidual Operations, Failures and Repairs, Assessment
of Work, Safety Regulations.
112 pages, 21 illustrations, 15 tables. Ks 4,?
WOODEN FLOORS
(Dfevene podlahy)
By Jaromir Houdek
Properties of Wood iilfluencing Quality, Durability and
Application of Wooden Floors, Description of Econo-
mic Working Methods for Laying and Maintenance of
Wooden Floors (Carpenter, Deck, Tile, Parquet, Cork,
Pressed Fibre and other Types).
180 pages, 100 illustrations, 26 tables. Ks 8,?
PLASTERS
(Onaltky)
By Frantgek Chroust, Rctsija
and Ilia Kvasnieka
Outline of Development, Description of Materials, Tools,
Auxiliary and Preparatory Work, Various Types of
Outer and Inner Plastering Work, Special Plasters,
Plastering in Cold Weather, Machine Plastering, Failu-
res of Plasterings, Reconstructions, Plastering from the
Artistic point of view.
184 pages, 163 illustrations. KEs 8,95
96
CIVIL ENGINCERINI.
DROP-HAMMER PILEDRIVERS
(Beranidla)
By Miloslav John
All Types of Drop--hammer Piledrivers used in Cze-
choslovakia, Removal of Piles, Design, Combinations,
Servicing, Repair, Transportation and Conditions for
Selecting best Type of Drop-hammer Piledriver.
220 pages, 169 illustrations, 36 tables lUs 10,30
THE CARPENTER
(Tesai.)
By Karel Kydlidek and Richard Schafer
Basic Information on Technology of Wood, Carpenter's
Instruments and Tools, Carpenter's Joints Types of
Wooden Structures, Stresses and Securing Structures,
Standards, Safety Precautions Outline of Mathematics.
292 pages, 256 illustrations, 14 tables. KEs 15,?
PAVEMENT-LAYER'S MANUAL
(PifruEka pro dlaidiEe)
By Josef Lerch
Preparing, Measuring and Executing Paving Work on
Roadways and Pavements.
256 pages, 244 illustrations, 6 'tatilis717.crIE..su
STOVE-MAKING
(KamnaistvI)
By Vdclav Moravek
Construction, Repair and Cleaning of all Types of Tile
and Iron Stoves, Heating Appliances for Special Pur-
poses, Economical Heating, Faults of Stoves and Chim-
neys and their Repair.
2nd edition: 140 pages, 50 illustrations Kas 6,?
TYPES AND THEIR DESIGN
(Pismo a jeho konstrukce)
By Richard Pipca
Origin and Historical Development of Types, Survey
of Letter Types, Practical Instructions for Drawing
Letters and Correct Composition of Texts in Planes
97
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'
Si
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Building Trades Manuals
EXPLOSIVES MANUAL
(Pfiruaka pro stfelmistry)
By Ladislav Hauptman
Basic Concepts of Geology, Types and Properties of
Rocks, Technology of Explosives, Blasting Technique,
Directing Blasting Operations; Transportation, Issue
and Storage of Explosives, Safety Regulations.
208 pages, 68 illustrations, 7 tables Ks 8,50
ASPHALTER'S MANUAL
(PffruEka pro asfaltery)
By Antonin Fick-man
Materials, Tools and Hand-tools, Description of Indi-
vidual Operations, Failures and Repairs, Assessment
of Work, Safety Regulations.
112 pages, 21 illustrations, 15 tables. Kas 4,?
WOODEN FLOORS
(DfevEne podlahy)
By Jaromir Houdek
Properties of Wood influencing Quality, Durability and
Application of Wooden Floors, Description of Econo-
mic Working Methods for Laying and Maintenance of
Wooden Floors (Carpenter, Deck, Tile, Paiquet, Cork,
Pressed Fibre and other Types).
180 pages, 100 illustrations, 26 tables. KEs 8,?
PLASTERS
(0mItky)
By Frantikk Chroust, Rasija
and Ilja KvasniOlca
Outline of Development, Description of Materials, Tools,
Auxiliary and Preparatory Work, Various Types of
Outer and Inner Plastering Work, Special Plasters.
Plastering in Cold Weather, Machine Plastering, Failu-
res of Plasterings, Reconstructions, Plastering from the
Artistic point of view
184 pages, 163 illustrations. KEs 8,95
96
Y.
1. , ?avit naa:I=FM014.1117-12rVIMOC,./.7."4: V.7-1.4 4,9,,-1,0,
I Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @
CIVIL ENGINEERING
DROP-HAMMER PILEDRIVERS
(Beranidla)
By Miloslav John
All Types of Drop--hammer Piledrivers used in Cze-
choslovakia, Removal of Piles, Design, Combinations,
Servicing, Repair, Transportation and Conditions for
Selecting best Type of Drop-hammer Pilethiver.
220 pages, 169 illustrations, 36 tables. Ka's 10,30
THE CARPENTER
(Tesaf)
By Karel Kydlieek and Richard Schafer
Basic Information on Technology of Wood, Carpenter's
Instruments and Tools, Carpenter's Joints. Types of
Wooden Structures, Stresses and Securing Structures,
Standards, Safety Precautions. Outline of Mathematics.
292 pates, 256 illustrations, 14 tables. Kiis 15,?
PAVEMENT-LAYER'S MANUAL
(Pfirtfeka pro dlaidiEe)
By Josef Lerch
Preparing, Measuring and Executing Paving Work on
Roadways and Pavements
256 pages, 244 illustrations, 6 tables. Ks 11,50
STOVE-MAKING
(Camnfif stv1)
By Vadat) Morava
Construction, Repair and Cleaning of all Types of Tile
and Iron Stoves, Heating Appliances for Special Pur-
poses, Economical Heating, Faults of Stoves and Chim-
neys and their Repair.
2nd edition- 140 pages, 50 illustrations. Kas 6,?
TYPES AND TIIEIR DESIGN
(Pismo a jeho konstrukce)
By Richard Pipet
Origin and Historical Development of Types, Survey
of Letter Types, Practical Instructions for Drawing
Letters and Correct Composition of Texts in Planes.
97
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CIVIL ENGINEERING
Tables of Sample Types Construed and Drawn (Free-
hand).
2nd edition. 24 pages, 51 sample tables, 112 illu-
strations. Ks 19,?
COATINGS OF STRUCTURES OF INDUSTRIAL
AND RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
(Natery stavebnich konstrukcI pramyslovjrch
a bytovcrch staveb)
By Ferdinand Pritga
Tools, Implements and other Auxiliary Equipment.
Technique of Work (Brush-work, Spraying, Ornamen-
tal, Cementing, Grinding, Polishing, Removal of oid
Paint, Coating of Wood, Metals, Plaster, etc.), Orga-
nization of Work, Safety Precautions
208 pages, 60 illustrations. Ks 13,20
LAYING OF XYLOLITE (PETRIFIED WOOD)
(Kladeni xylolitu)
By Oldfich Svoboda
Beds for Xylolite, Raw materials, Composition of Mix,
Preparing the Site, Working Methods, Tools and Imple-
ments, Maintenance and Repair.
80 pages, 26 illustrations, 7 tables. Ks 3,67
HANDBOOK OF MURAL PAINTING
(PfirueIca pro nastEnne malitstv1)
By Vladimir Svrkek
Technique of Mural Painting. Preparing Groundwork
for Paintings, Preparation of Materials, Technical
Execution of Paintings and Wall Coatings, Cleaning of
Paintings, Materials and Tools used for Painting. Mea-
surement of Finished Work.
2nd edition: 140 pages, 48 illustrations, 1 table.
Ks 4,50
FARM BUILDINGS
(Zemedelske stavby)
By Vadat, Tajovs14
Preparation of Sites, Building Materials and Structures
of Farm Buildings, Design of Cattle, Sheep, Pig and
Poultry Housing, Stable Accesories. Repair and Adapta-
98 ?
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CIVIL ENGINEERING
tions of Farm Housing Description of Mechanization
of Stable Work.
240 pages, 179 illustrations. Ks 11,30
Building Materials and Ceramics
IIEAT ECONOMY IN BRICK PRODUCTION
(Tepelne hospodaistvi v cihlalske vSfrobe)
By Bedfich Helan
Thermal Processes in Brick Production, their Influence
on Producing Equipment and Output, Instructions for
Drying and Burning, Increase of Quantity of Burnt
Products, Proper Exploitation of Equipment, etc.
304 pages, 72 illustrations, 21 tables. Ka 23,?
FUNDAMENTALS OF CEMENT PRODUCTION
(Zaklady vkroby cementu)
By Josef Hradsk3)
Detailed Deszttnion of md Working Processes,
Equipment for Mining and Treatment of Raw-materials,
Burning in Shaft and Rotary Kilns, Milling, Storage
and Packing of Cement, Properties of Cement, Tech-
nological Checking of Operation, Data on Unit Con-
sumption of Raw-materials, Energy, etc.
208 pages, 53 illustrations, 19 tables. Ka 8,?
REGULATIONS ON QUALITY OF MINERAL RAW-
MATER IALS
(Piedpisy pro jakost nerudnfth surovin)
By Viktor Jadrni6e1G
Summary Set of Regulations concerning Quality of
Mineral Raw-materials used in the Production of
Bricks, Ceramics, Glass, Mortars and in Metallurgical
Works, Foundries and other Branches of Industry (Li-
mestone, Caolins and Clays, Silicuous Raw-materials,
Gravels, Sands, Stones and other Raw-materials, such
. 4.- 1 ?.? :
99
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f III
1di
1
CIVIL ENGINEERING
as Feldspar, Gypsum, Bauxite, Asbestos, Mica, Gra-
phite, etc.).
132 pages, 66 tables. Ks 7,95
CERAMIC TILES
(Keramicke obkladaaky)
By Frantitelc Kubdt
Properties and Production of Tiles, Description of
Equipment, Marking, Packing, Storage and Application
of Tiles, Technical Inspection
124 pages, 29 illustrations. Ks 5,50
PRODUCTS OF THE STONE INDUSTRY
(1/Srrobky prilmyslu kamene)
By Frantigek Kuhn
Complex Outline of Stone Types and Properties, Se-
lection and Economic Application of Stone, Processing
and Fitting of Products.
146 pages, 91 illustrations, 24 tables. Ks 6,50
RAW-MATERIAL ANALYSIS IN THE SILICATE
INDUSTRY
(Rozbor surovin pro silikatoq pramysl)
By VladinOr Lach and Collaborators
Methods and Instruments for Laboratory Testing of
Raw-materials for the Ceramic, Glass, Cement, Lime,
Metallurgical, etc. Industry. Chemical Analyses of Si-
licates, Carbonates and some Sulphates as Principal
Components of Silicate Raw-materials, Technological
Testing Methods.
216 pages, 75 illustrations, 6 tables.. Ks 17,?
DETERMINATION OF MINERALS IN TECHNICAL
MATERIALS
(Klie k uraovani mineralit v techniclqrch hmotach)
By FrantMek Nemec
Working Methods for Determining Minerals occuring
in Artificial Technical Materials.
210 pages, 100 illustrations, 1 appendix. Ks
SYMPOSIUM OF SILICATE TECHNOLOGY I
(Sbornik praci z technologie silikatit I)
Symposium of Original Scientific Papers on Research
100
CIVIL ENGINEERING
of Ceramic Raw materials; Physical, Chemica:, Micro-
scdpical and Technological Testing Methods; Research
of Mortars and Glass.
236 pages, 223 illustrations, 53 tables. Ks 31,50
TUNNEL KILNS
(Tunelove pece)
By Frantigek Slavik
Principles, Development, Division and Firing Methods
of Tunnel Kilns, Design, Transporting Equipment,
Mounting, Operation and Inspection of there Kilns.
Application of Tunnel Kilns in Individual Branches
of Industry.
232 pages, 148 illustrations, 43 tables Kas 15.90
BRICK PRODUCTION
(Cihlfifska vStroba)
By Antonin Soucha
Raw-materials, Mining and Treatment of Raw-mate-
rials, Newest Technological Production Processes, Ty-
pes, Properties and Standards of Brick Industry Pro-
ducts; Maintenance and Producing Equipment; Safety
of Operation.
344 pages, 185 illustrations, 23 tables. Kes 22,?
STONE IN ARCHITECTURE AND ITS SURFACE
TREATMENT
(Kamen v architektuie a jeho povrchove tipravy)
By Bohuslav Syrov1)
Survey of Czechoslovak Builder's Stones and their
practical Significance. Stone-cutter's Treatment of Sur-
face required for the planned Architectural Composition,
Relation between Workability and Composition of Sto-
ne, Importance of joints, Effect of Illumination, Wor-
king Methods. Operational and Urbanistic Problems,
Effects of Weather, Repairs of Stone.
208 pages, 278 illustrations. Kes 32,?
TECHNOLOGY OF SILICATES
(Technologie silikata)
New Testing Methods and Production Processes. Enlar-
gement of Raw-material Base, Utilization of Waste
and Slags as Raw-materials for the Silicate Industry.
288 pages, 229 illustrations, 87 tables. Ke's 32,-
101
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CIVIL ENGINEERING
REFRACTORY LININGS
(2dro-Vz.dome vyzdivky)
By Eugen Viktora
Refrictory and Insulating Materials used for Furnace
and Steam Boiler Linings, Methods of Lining Indivi-
dual Units and Parts of Refractory Structures.
162 pages, 197 illustrations, 54 tables. lcds 7,50
102
????????????
HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
HYDROLOGY OF SEWER SYSTEMS
(1-lydrologie stokovych slit)
By Pavel Mek
Hydrologic Calculation. Determination of Quantity of
Sewage. Planning and Design of Sewer Systems.
152 pages, 88 illustrations, 12 tables. Ks 5,50
WATER SUPPLY PIPING AND RESERVOIRS
(Vodovodni potrubi a vodojemy)
By Antonin Dolej61 and Lev Zavjalov
Design, Construction, Operation and Maintenance of
Water Supply Piping and Reservoirs, Instructions fer
Determining Demand of Potable and Industrial Water
in Industry and Dwel:ing Areas.
220 pages, 158 illustrations, 30 tables. Ks 12,9C
FILLING AND EMPTYING LOCKS
(PInenf a prrinineni plavebnich komor)
By Prantigek Jernidit
Modern Design of Lock Gates for Direct Filling and
Emptying of Locks
108 pages, 111 illustrations. Ke's 5,?
NAVIGATION FLOWS AND CANALS
(Splavnent tokil ? Priiplavy)
By Franti.?ek Jernulf
Waterways in Czechoslovakia and USSR. Water Flows
and Canals with regard to Water Economy and Con-
struction. River Regulation, Construction of Dams,
Locks, Canals, Ports and Harbors, Description of Wa-
terways in Czechoslovakia and the USSR.
152 pages, 146 illustrations. Ks 10,50
- A
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HYDRAILIC ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL SETTLING AND COAGULATION
OF WATER
(Mechanicke usazovani a koagulace vod)
By Jiff Nechvdtal and Jiff gebesta
Design and Function of Settling Tanks, Theory of
Settling, Experiments in Laboratory and Pilot Plant,
Examples of Calculations of Settling and Purifying
Tanks.
108 pages, 85 illustrations, 6 tables, 4 appendixes
Ka 5,50
WATER SANITATION III
(Nee o eistotu vod III)
Original Papers of Experts on Water Supply to Re-
sidential Areas, Water Treatment and Purification of
Waste Water.
252 pages, 46 illustrations, 23 tables. Kes 18,?
WATER SANITATION IV
(Nee o eistotu vod IV)
Valuation of Quality of Water, New Concepts in the
Technique of Treatment Fighting Corrosion of Water
Supply Pipes, Purification of Waste Water, Data on
Purifying Stations of Large Towns and Experience
in Operation.
312 pages, 50 illustrations, 20 tables. Kes 20,?
WATER SANITATION V
(Peee o eistotu vod V)
Symposium of Original Theoretical and Laboratory
Works carried out in Research Institutes, Experience
gained from Projects and Operation of Sanitation
Works, especially of Purification Works, The Papers
are divided into four sections: Water Supply ? Sewa-
ge Systems, Graphical Elaboration of Results, Effect
upon Recipients ? Research and Analysis ? Biology
of Fillers and Experience with Purification Works.
256 pages, 103 illustrations, 34 tables Ks 24,45
104
HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
SOURCES AND TREATMENT OF WATER FOR
PUBLIC SUPPLY
(Zdroje a Uprava vody pro vefeine zasobovani)
By C'enek Pans
Physical and Chemical Properties of Water, Bacteriolo-
gical and Biological Analysis of Water; Instructions
for Sampling Potable Water; Intakes; Deep Boring:
Treatment of Water by Sedimentation, Coagulation and
Filtration; Arrangement of Treatment Stations.
256 pages, 200 illustrations, 1 appendix. 'Us 13,30
WATER SUPPLY I
(Water Consumption ? Pipes and Piping Systems)
(Voclarenstvi I ? Spotfeba vody; Potrubi a trubni site)
By Jaroslav Roth
Consumption of Water; Material of Pipes; Calculation
and Design of Pipes; Planning, Construction and Fitting
of Piping Systems. Outline of Equipment, Operation
and Maintenance of Systems. Measurements of Flow,
2nd edition: 336 pages, 222 illustrations, 46 tables.
Kes 26,30
WATER SUPPLY III
(Water Intakes)
(Voclarenstvi III ? Jimanl vodnich zdroje)
By Jaroslav Roth
Collection of Grotwd Water, Spring, Rainfall and Sur-
face Water, Artificial Increase of Natural Stores of
Ground Water and their Protection. Tubular, Bored
and Shaft Wells, Cuts and Galleries,
312 pages, 246 illustrations, 28 tables. Ks 21,?
FUNDAMENTALS OF SANITARY ENGINEERING
(Zaklady zdravotniho inien5,rstv1)
By Jaroslav Roth
Water Supply, Sewage, Purification and Utilization
of Waste Water. Collection, Removal and Utilization
of Refuse. Public Bath Organization. University Text-
book.
2nd edition: 560 pages, 341 illustrations. Kes 38,50
105
Ii
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HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
WATER ECONOMY
(VodnI hospoddistvI)
By Karel Rfafeka
Significance of Water, Water Balance, Supply of Water
to Populatron and Industry, Purity of Flows and Na-
vigation, Hydroenergetics, Dams and Utilization of
Water in Agriculture and Fisheries, Reshaping Nature,
World Problems of Water Economy, Basic Problems
of Water Economy, Economical Outlook of Water
Economy.
248 pages, 20 illustrations, 26 tables Ks 17,05
TABLES FOR CALCULATING SEWERS ACCOR-
DING TO THE EQUATION OF ACADEMICIAN
N. N. PAVLOVSKIJ
(Tabulky pro qpoEet stok podle rovnice akademika
N. N. Pavlovskeho)
By LadleZan Rialai= and Lev Zavjalov
Numerical Tables for Hydraulic Calculations of Con-
crete, Reinforced Concrete, Vitrified Clay and Brick
Sewers of a Circular (Profi:e 0.05 to 200m), Egg or
Horse-shoe Shape and Standardized at a Bottum Slut4?."--
of from 0 10 to 150 O,ito. Auxiliary Tables (for partial
Filling and Varying Roughness of Walls), Graphical
Appendixes.
124 pages. Ka 7,50
PURIFICATION AND UTILIZATION OF TOWN
AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER
(Ciiteni a vyuiiti odpadnich vod mests4ch a prii-
myslovkch)
By Frantaek Trojan
Construction, Equipment and Operation of Small, Me-
dium and Large Purification Works of Town Sewage,
Purification of Waste Water from Industrial Works
of all Categories. Technical College Textbook.
304 pages, 173 illustrations, 13 tables. Ks 18,60
106
???
HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
ALIGNMENT CHARTS FOR GRAPHICAL SOLU-
TION OF HYDRAULIC EQUATIONS AND EQUA-
TIONS EXPRESSING THE OXYGEN CONTENT OF
WATER
(Spojnicove nomogramy pro graficke den1 hydraulic-
kjrch ramie a rovnic pro obsah kyslIku ye yodel
By Karel Vftek
Implement for an Exact and Rapid Solution of Pro-
blems, which otherwise require complicated Calculations.
32 pages, 24 charts. KEs 7,?
????111110011.".
?
sort.
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CHEMISTRY
SILICONS
(Organosilicon Compounds, Their Preparation, Proper-
ties and Use)
(Silikony ? Organoldemielte sloue'eniny, jejich pit-
prava, vlastnosti a pouilti)
By Vladimir Bafant, Vdelav Chvalovsku
and Jiii Rathousky
Complex Explanation of Organic Compounds of Silicon,
Terminology, Preparation on Laboratory and Industrial
Scale, Chemical Properties and Reactions of Siliccn
and its Compounds, Analytical Methods, Physical Che-
mistry and Research of Silicons Principal Types of
Organosilicon Polymer. and Methods of their Prepa-
ration. Practical Applications of Organosilicon Mono-
mers and Polymers as Water-repellent and Protective
Coatings, Silicon Fluids, Insulating Lacquers, Moulding
Resins, Silicon Rubber, etc.
314 pages, 34 illustrations, 36 tables Ks 30,50
PHENOLS AND BASES FROM COAL
(Fenoly a zfisady z uhli)
By Alfred Die-ricks and Rudolf Kubieka
Technology of Winning Phenol, Organic Bases and
some other Substances from Phenolic Waters and Coal
Tars.
448 pages, 82 illustrations, 105 tables. Ks 45,20
LETTERS OF D. I. MENDELEJEV TO THE CZECH
CHEMIST B. BRAUNER
(Dopisy Dimitrije I Mendelejeva eeskemu chemiku
Bohuslavu Braunerovi)
Photographic Copies and Translations of Letters ex-
changed between two Great Slavonic Scientists A his-
108
CHEN1STRY
torical Document proving close Scientific Collaboration
and true Friendship.
128 pages, 2 appendixes. Ks 6,50
ORGANIC CIIEMISTRY IN PROBLEMS
(Organicka chemie v Alohfich)
By Ivan Ernest
Collection of Problems for Basic Courses of Organic
Chemistry at Universities.
2nd edition. 464 pages, 3 illustrations, 2 tab:es.
Ks 33,?
ORGANIC TECHNOLOGY I
(Organicki technologie I)
By Viktor Ettel
Production of Hydrocarbons, Ethers, Aldehyds, Ketons
and Quinones. University Textbook.
492 pages, 168 illustrations, 38 tables. Ks 47,50
ORGANIC TECHNOLOGY II
(Organicka technologie II)
By Viktor Ettel
Production of Carboxylic and Sulfonic Acids and tgir?
Derivatives, Production of lIeterocyclic Compounds
and Organic Compounds of Silicon, Arsenic, Mercury
and Lead. University Textbook.
520 pages, 122 illustrations. Ms 52,50
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL WATERS
(Chemick5r rozbor prtimyslovjrch vod)
By Vladimir Fahnrich
Modern Methods of Analysis of Industrial Waters,
'especially Operational Testing of Waters in Power
Stations.
352 pages, 82 illustrations. Ks 26,50
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY TABLES I
(Fysiktilne chemick6 tabulky 1)
Data on Properties of Substances, Important Constants,
Calculations, etc. Units Properties of Atoms, Density,
Viscosity and Mechanical Properties of Substances.
109
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CHEMISTRY
Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Heterogenous
Systems.
692 pages. Ks 49,?
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY TABLES II
(Fysikfilne chemicice tabulky II)
Calorific and Thermodynamical Data of Substances,
Electrochemical and Magnetic Properties. Kinetics of
Reactions, Optical Properties, X-Rays and Structure
of Matter.
558 pages. Ks 42,50
RUBBER TECHNOLOGY I
(Caoutchouc and Raw-materials)
(Gumarenskti technologie I ? KauEuk a suroviny)
By Ivan Franta; and Collaborators
Properties of Rubber, Preparation of Rubber Mixes,
Production and Processing of Caoutchouc, its Physical
and Chemical Properties, Reclaimed Rubber, Analyses
of Latex and Rubber, Rubber Additives.
224 pages, 36 illustrations. Ks 11,50
RUBBER TECHNOLOGY II
(Processing of Caoutchouc and Properties of Rubber)
(Gumarenska technologie II)
(Zpracovant kaue'uku a vlastnosti pryie)
By Ivan Franta and Collaborators
Processing of Caoutchouc prior to Vu:canization, Vulca-
nization, Thermal Technique and Dielectric Heating
in the Rubber Industry.
592 pages, 295 illustrations, 112 tables Ks 36,50
RUBBER TECHNOLOGY III
(Tire Manufacture)
(Gumarenskii technologie III ? 14roba pneumatic4ch
obrua)
By Miroslav St?pdat
Materials used in Tire Manufacture, Preparation of
Rubber Mixes, Methods used irt the Production of Tires
and Tubes.
412 pages, 168 illustrations, 15 tables, 4 appendi-
xes. Ks 25,80
110
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY OF NITROGEN
(Chemie dusiku)
By Karel Hradslcu
Chemical and Techno:ogical Relation between Nitro-
gen Fixing and Development of Production of Fertili-
zers, Explosives, Paints, Plastics and other Nitrogen
Compounds.
224 pages, 42 illustrations KEs 15,?
UNIT PROCESSES IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
(Metody preparativni organicke chemie)
By Milo ? Hudlickt)
Most important Unit Processes: Reduction, Oxidation,
Halogenation, Nitration, Treatment with Nitrous Acids,
Sulfonation, Esterification, Hydrolysis, Synthesis with
Organometalic Compounds, Friedel-Crafts Reaction, Al-
dolisation and Molecular Transposition
384 pages, 32 tables. Kes 34,30
NEW METHODS OF FUEL GASIFICATION
BY OXYGEN
(M zplynovani pally kyslikem)
By Jaromir Jnek
Technology of Gasification of Lump and Pulverized
Coal, especially Brown Coal, by Oxygen and Steam
under Pressure, Description of Methods to increase
the Calorific Value of the Gases
428 pages, 339 illustrations, 91 tables. Ks 34,50
LOW TEMPERATURE CARBONIZATION AND
HEAT TREATMENT OF BROWN COAL
(Nlzkotepelnd karbonisace a tepelne zpracovani
hnEcleho uhli)
By Jaromfr Aelc
Description of Carbonizing Ovens, Technological Pro-
cesses in Carbonization .of Brown Coal and Brown
Coal Briquets; Enriching of Coal prior to Carbonization.
Production of Lump Semicoke and Coke of Low Ash
Content.
488 pages, 385 illustrations, 156 tables. KC's 38,?
Ill
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CHEMISTRY
MINERAL RAW MATERIALS
(Nerostne suroviny)
By Jan Hagpar and Vladisltav Plistoupil
Principal Home and Foreign Mineral Raw Materials
and their Eiploitation in the Chemical Industry; Ba-
sic Physical and Chemical Properties of Elements,
their Geochemistry, Location of Minerals, Working o:
Beds, Treatment and Use of Elements and Compounds
Uruversity Textbook.
552 pages, 75 illustrations. Ks 57,?
SYNTHETIC FIBRES FROM POLYAMIDES
(SyntheticIcA vliikna z polvamidCt)
By Hermann Mare
Detailed Description of the Chemical Nature, Produc-
tibn Technology and Textile Processing of Synthetic
Fibres from Polyamides, especially on Caprolactam Ba-
sis, Properties of Polyamide Fibres, Servicing of Pro-
cessing Equipment.
248 pages, 60 illustrations, 44 diagrams, 15 tables
Ks 18,40
PLATINUM IN LABORATORY AND TECHNOLO-
GICAL PRACTICE
v laboratoii a technicke prmd)
By Jan Horeekli and Otakar Belohldvek
Platinum, its Occurence, Production and Properties,
Production and Application of Platinum Tools in La-
boratory, Industry and Medicine
152 pages, 31 illustrations, 11 tables. Ks 5,26
FUNDAMENTALS OF COKE PRODUCTION
(Zaklady koksarenstvi)
By Antonin EOZilla and Miroslav 141?a
Equipment and Production Methods in Coking Plants,
Chemical Processing of Coking Products.
2nd edition: 256 pages, 78 illustrations, 11 tables.
Ks 16,?
QUALITATIVE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS AND COM-
PARATIVE TABLES
(Kvalitativni spektralni analysa a srovnavacl tabulky)
By Josef Huba and Miloslav Dvofdk
Principles of Spectrum Analysis, Spectroscopic Appara-
112
CHEMISTRY
tusses, Wave-lengths Tables of Principal Analytic Ele-
ments, Enlarged Images of Spark and Arc Spectra. of
Iron pith marked Principal Lines of Individual Ele-
ments.
124 pages, 14 illustrations, 66 tables, 28 appen-
dixes. Ka 7,50
FUELS AND THEIR USE
(Paliva a jejich pouiitI)
By Stanislav Lancia
Main Types of Solid, Liquid and Gaseous Fuels and
Fundamentals of their Technology. Use of Fuels for
Heating Chemical and other Purposes. University Text-
book for Students of Chemical Technology.
2nd edition: 364 pages, 266 illustrations. Ks 35,90
QUALITY ,IND TREATMENT OF WATER
(Jakcsi a 1prava vod)
By Stanislav Lancia and Frantigek Sams
Technology of Drinking Water, Industrial Water (with
special regard to Boiler Feed Water) and Waste
Water from Industry and Towns. Water Supply, Purifi-
cation and Treatment, Problems of Construction and
Material Protection.
220 pages, 184 illustrations, 8 tables. Ks 26,?
ANALYSES IN PHOTOGRAPHIC INDUSTRY
(Rozbory ye fotografickem pramyslu)
By Jan Lan schmann
Testing of Photographic Materials in Laboratory and
Operation.
2nd revised edition: 224 pages, 27 illustrations.
Ks 17,?
HYDROCHEMICAL TABLES
(Hydrochemicke tabulky)
By Oldfich Lhotsk3)
Tables required for Calculations in the Chemical Ana-
.... lysis of Potable and Surface Water, Values required
in Operation of Water Treatment Stations. Manual for
the Health, Sanitary and Technical Practice.
88 page's, 30 tables. KZs 7,?
a,
113
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CHEMISTRY
FUNDAMENTALS OF PREPARATIVE ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
(Zaklady preparativni organicke chemie)
By Rudolf Luke& Oto 'Materle, Frantiaelc
Petra and Milo? Hudnag
Description of Basic Laboratory Equipment and Unit
Operations in Organic Chemistry. Detailed and proved
Directions for the Preparation of Organic Compounds.
University Textbook.
2nd edition. 268 pages, 188 illustrations. Kes 26,?
TECHNOLOGY OF SAPONATES
(Technologie sapona tit)
By Karel Metal, Michal Mem?
and Collaborators
Production of Detergents, Wetting Agents, Foaming
Agents, Emulsifiers and Dispergators. Production of
Intermediates and Auxiliary Materials.
428 pages, 90 illustrations, 80 tables Ices 48,25
ION EXCHANGERS, THEIR PROPERTIES AND
APPLICATION
(Meniee ionti, jejich vlastnosti a pouiiti)
By Jaromir gedd and Collaborators
Basic Properties of Ion Exchangers, their Preparation
and Laboratory Technique, their Operation and Appli-
cation, especially in Power Engineering, in the Food
and Pharmaceutical Industry, Organic Chemistry,
Analytic Chemistry, Radio Chemistry, etc.
632 pages, 295 illustrations, 37 tables. KU 54,?
GAS-PRODUCING INDUSTRY II
(Plynarenstvi II)
By Franti?ek Perna and Rudolf Riad'
Equipment for the Production of Synthesis Gas, Pro-
duction of Synthesis Gas, Technical Hydrogen Gas and
Gases of Low Calorific Value. Purification, Drying and
Storage of Town Gas. Production of Fuels by Hydro-
genation, Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis of Hydrocarbons
and Fuels from Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen. Co-
king and Coke Production from Brown Coal, Purifica-
tion of Phenolic Waste Water.
520 pages, 280 illustrations, 86 tables. Ires 52,-
114
3
CHEMISTRY
LINEAR DEPENDANCES IN CHEMICAL ENGINE-
ERING CALCULATIONS
(Linearni zavislosti v chemicko-inienStrs4ch vjtpoEtech)
By Antonin Pilaf
Basic Chemical Engineering Constants (Heat of Eva-
poration, Surface Tension, Viscosity, Properties of
Azeotropic System, etc) established by Graphical Me-
thods. Examples of Calculation Problems normally en-
countered in Chemical Industry
160 pages, 124 illustrations, 34 tables, 1 appe-
dix. Ks 8,30
FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
(Ztiklady chemickeho inienSrrstv1)
By Antonin Pilaf and Vladimir Pecho6
Simple Treatment of the Basic Function Theory of the
Principal Producing Equipment in Chemical Processes
and Description of Typical Equipment. Calculation
Examples of Chemical Producing Equipment.
380 pages, 313 illustrations, 24 tables. Kes 23,45
COMPLEXOMETRIC TITRATION
(Komplexometricke titrace)
By Rudolf Piribil
Directions and Rules for the Execution of best known
Complexometric Titrations.
76 pages. Kes 3,50
ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESSES IN ANORGANIC
INDUSTRY
(Elektrochemieke pochody v anorganickem priimyslu)
By Albert Regner
Theoretical Treatment of Atomic Structu. , Concise
Outline of Electrochemical Processes and Explanation
of the General Application of Thermodynamic Laws
to Chemical Reactions. Detailed Description of Pro-
duction Processes of Anorganic Substances. University
Textbook.
354 pages, 149 illustrations, 18 tables Ke's 35,50
115
1
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4.04..3..
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CHEMISTRY
ANALYSES OF FERRO-ALLOYS, SPECIAL ALLOYS
AND STEEL ADDITIVES
(Rozbory ferroslitin, specifilnlch slitin a pilsadnich
hmot ocelarenskych)
By a Group of Metallurgists in SONP Kladao
Various Methods and detailed Processes used in the
Analysis of Ferro-alloys, Special High Alloy Steels,
especially Steels used at High Temperatures or Steels
with High Chemical and Mechanical Resistance, sore
Non-metallic Additives and products used for the Pro-
duction of Alloyed Steel. Analyses of Copper, Nickel,
Aluminium and Cobalt.
396 pages, 50 illustrations, 23 tables. Ks 24,50
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
(Fysikalnl chemie)
By Horst Sackmann
Short Introduction to Physical Chemistry, Structure
of Matter, Atoms, Molecules and States of Matter
Chemical Reactions. Reaction Kinetics and the Law
of Active Mass Actitm. Thermochemistry, Electroche-
mistry, Photechemistry and Radioactivity.
284 pages, 109 illustrations, 27 tables. Ks 15,70
???????Was
NEW SYNTHETIC FIBRES
(Nova syntheticka vlikna)
By Artur Stoy and Antonin Novot10
Production of new fully Synthetic Fibres, especially
from Polyamides, Aromatic Polyesters and Vinyl Poly-
mers.
404 pages, 79 illustrations Ks 50,?
DESIGN OF CONTROLS IN CHEMISTRY AND
OTHER BRANCHES OF INDUSTRY
(Navrhy regulacl v chemii a jinych oborech)
By Vladimir Strejc
Basic Theoretical Concepts of Automatic Control in
Chemical Industry and Related Branches. Comprehen-
sive Selection of widely used and proved Units of
Control Sys"tems.
440 pages, 334 illustrations, 51 tables (1 insertion),
3 appendixes Ices 33,50
116
..r2r3S- -"J"AnG_ts.a.-,nC
CHEMISTRY
MANUAL OF TABLES FOR CHEMISTS
(Pflruanl tabulky pro chemiky)
By Velem) Sukora and Vladimir Zdtica
Basic Data for the Analytical and Preparative Practice.
General Tables of Atomic and Molecular Masses and
their Multiples are followed by Tables for Measure-
ments and Weighing in Analysis, Density Tables of
Solutions of Acids, Bases and Salts, Solubility of so-
me Anorganic Substances in Water, etc. The Book is
concluded by Concise Explanations concerning Data
and Tables.
204 pages. Ks 13,50
TABLES AND DIAGRAMS OF FUELS I
(Tabulky a diagramy z oboru pally I)
Tables, Diagrams and important Formulas concerning
Solid, Liquid and Gaseous Fuels. Individual Chapters:
General Data, Solid Fuels, Combustion and Gasifica-
tion, By-products in Coal Carbonization, Gases and
Transportation, Measurement and Storage of Gases,
Heat Distribution (by Steam and Hot Water).
600 pages, 162 illustrations. Ks 43,80
LIQUID FUELS .--
(Kapalna paliva)
By Vadat) Vesel3)
Economic Importance of Liquid Fuels, Relations bet-
ween their Physical and Chemical Properties, Production
from Liquid, Solid and Gaseous Raw materials, Usage
of Liquid Fuels and Exploitation of Energy contained
in them.
216 pages, 42 illustrations, 76 tables. Ks 10,50
POLYREACTIONS
(Polyreakce)
By Harel Vesel
Explanation of Polyreactions as the Origin or Decom-
position of Macromolecular Substances, especially from
the point of view of Reaction Mechanisms and Ki-
netics.
228 pages, 75 illustrations, 52 tables. Ks 21,50
117
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FOOD INDUSTRY
MICROSCOPY OF MEAT AND RAW-MATERIALS
OF ANIMAL ORIGIN
(Mikroskopie masa a surovin iivoaigneho pilvodu)
By Rudolf Bohm and Vladimir Pleva
Microscopic Structure of Raw-materials and Products
of the Meat Industry, Changes occuring during Tecn-
nological Treatment.
176 pages, 226 illustrations, 16 tables Ka! 15,?
THE ART OF TASTING
(Urani kol'terske)
By Franti,?ek R. Ceba
Organoleptic Analyses of Wines, Instructions for Trai-
ning Wine-tasters, Special Dictionary of Expressions
used by Wine-tasters for Assessment and Valuation
of Quality of Wines.
1201?Wer?21 illustrations ' RT S71
FUNDAMENTALS OF SUGAR INDUSTRY I
(Production of Sugar in the Field)
(Ziklady cukrovarnictvi I ? Vyroba cukru v poli)
By Miroslava Drachovska, Vdclav Stehlilc
and Karel Sandcra
Growing of Sugar Beet, Protection during the Vege-
tation Period and in Storage, Fundamentals of Sugar
Technology, Principal Physical and Chemical Concepts
of Technological Processes.
244 pages, 113 illustrations, Ks 28,50
PRESERVATION OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLES
(Introduction to Technology)
(Konservace ovoce a zeleniny ? livod do technologic)
By Vlastimil Jech
Properties of Raw-materials used, Auxiliary and Con-
118
FOOD INDUSTRY
serving Substances and Packing Materials. Principles
of Preservation and Technological Methods used in the
Production of various Fruit and Vegetable Intermedia
tes and Sterilized Ready-made Food.
228 pages, 46 illustrations, 11 tables, Ks 11,30
PURE DAIRY CULTURES AND THEIR APPLICA-
TION IN THE DAIRY INDUSTRY
(Ciste mlekaiske kultury a jejich pouiiti v mlekaren-
:kern prinnyslu)
By Vdclav Knez and Collaborators
Conditions and Technique of Growing Pure Dairy
Cultures, their Application in the Production of Dairy
Products, Defects and. Quality Inspection during
Acceptance. Results of Culture Drying Methods and
other Methods of Increasing their Durability.
224 pages, 34 illustrations. Kas 14,05
PRODUCTION OF CHEESE
(Vyroba sYrii)
By Vdclav Knez
Production of Individual Cheese Types from Milk
Treatment to Cheese Curing and Packing. Inspection
and Mechanization of Production, Erection and Equip-
ment of Cheese Factories, Power Economy and Utili-
zation of By-products.
284 pages, 74 illustrations, 56 inTs. Ka's 18,40
FOOD PRESERVATION
(Konservace potravin)
By Vladinar Kyzlink
Complex Outline of Principles and Methods of Long-
term Preservation of Gardening Products and Meat.
Raw materials for the Conservation Industry, their
Composition, Microbial Factors of Changes and Food
Decomposition and Protection.
408 pages, 127 illustrations, 45 tables, 3 Appen-
dixes. Ka's 38,?
TECHNICAL INSPECTION OF MALT AND BEER
PRODUCTION
(Technicka kontrola sladaiske a pivovarske vyroby)
By Alois Lhotskg
Chemical, Technological and Biological Inspection of
119
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FOOD INDUSTRY
Raw-materials and most important Auxiliary Materials
used in the Production of Malt and Beer. Assessment
of Quality of the Finished Product ? Beer, especially
with regard to its Physical, Chemical and Sensuous
Properties. Inspection of Technological Processes of
Malt and Beer Production. Investigation of Sources
of Infection, etc.
356 pages, 51 illustrations, 14 tables. Ks 22,40
MICROBIOLOGY OF EGGS AND EGG PRODUCTS
(Mikrobiologie vajec a vajeEncrch v9roblcii)
By Franalek ftusil
Cause and Course of Microbial Decay of Eggs, Egg
Content and Dried Egg Content. Sanitary Precautions
for Preventing Egg Decay.
68 pages, 31 illustrations, 14 tables. Re's 3,12
TECHNOLOGY OF MALT AND BEER I
(Technologie sladu a piva I)
Raw-materials and Auxiliary Materials, their Compo-
sition and Properties. Production of Malt. Mechanical
Equipment of Malt Factories.
256 pages, 22 illustrations. Ks 23,55
TECHNOLOGY OF MALT AND BEER II
(Techno!ogle sladu a piva II)
Technological Methods in Beer Production, Auxiliary
Operations. Mechanical Equipment of Breweries
424 pages, 122 illustrations. Ks 26,-
120
GLASS AND FINE CERAMICS
GLASS PIPES FOR WATER SUPPLY
(Sklenen6 vodovodni potrubi)
By Vojtech Balcar
Properties, Possibilities of Application, Fitting and
Technological Rules for Glass Pipes in Water Supply
Systems.
66 pages, 42 illustrations, 4 appendixes. Ks 4,35
MELTING OF SIIEET GLASS IN TANK FURNACES
(Taveni tabuloveho skla ve vanov9ch peach)
By Julius Broul
Raw-materials, Preparation of Fusion Compound, Mel-
ting Processes, Design, Operation and Servicing cf
the Tank Furnace. Technical Inspection and Faults
of Glass Metal. Removal of Faults.
172 pages, 47 illustrations, 11 tables. Kas 8,?
PHASE EQUILIBRIUM DIAGRAMS IN GLASS
PRODUCTION
(Diagramy fazoqch rovnovAh pro sklaistvi)
By Milota Fanderlik
Practical Aid for Glass Technicians for the Solution
of new Glass Compositions and for Determining Wor-
king Temperatures.
228 pages, 229 illustrations. Kds 13,50
PRODUCTION INSPECTION IN THE GLASS AND
FINE CERAMICS INDUSTRY
(Kontrola v9roby v prilmyslu sklaiskem a jemne
keramiky)
By Dagmar Janougkovd and Josef Kuilera
Organization of Technical Inspection in the Glass and
Fine Ceramics Industry. Methods of Inspection for
121
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l(jak atriti= rylskl.k pk,szb61.Ns t1:14)
By Frantaa: :LAW
Outline of Ploauctian Wastt \N-VkIlikkA ,PK\htit.
lion and ProcessinS of Drawn nal Malls
Inve.stigation and Checking of Wastes
132 pages, 29 illustrations, 24 tabim 1.3
HAND-PRODUCTION OF IIOLLOW (1LASSWARV
(RuEnI vyroba duteho skin)
. By tir?..,1Prfi
Glass Raw-materials, Furnaces and Unites, Measttfing
Instruments, Refractory Material, Nouts,ttott of Ulm?
122
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/02/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R002900190005-1
GLASS AND FINE CERAMICS
TECHNICAL GLASS IN INDUSTRY, LABORATORY,
ELECTROTECHNICS AND SANITARY
INSTITUTIONS
(Technicka skla v priimyslu, laboratoii, elektroteclunee
a zdravotniotvi)
By M. B. Volt
Physical and Chemical Properties and Practical Appli-
cation of Technical Glass. Chemical, Heat-resistant,
Instrument, Fusion and Vacuum Glass. Glass for Dis-
charge and Combustion Tubes. Joining, Hard and
Eutectic Glass and some Special Types of Glass.
260 pages, 67 illustrations. Ks 17,?
PLANNED PREVENTIVE REPAIRS AND PLANT
MAINTENANCE IN THE GLASS AND FINE
CERAMICS INDUSTRY
(Planovand preventivni opravy a ildriba v pritmyslu
skla a jemne keramiky)
By Via(lim3r Vondra?, Artur Foil
and Josef Duba
Organization and Methods of Maintenance and Repair
of Machinery and Equipment in the Glass and Fine
Ceramics Industry New Investments and Scrapping
of Equipment.
124 pages, 8 illustrations, 24 tablcb. Kes 6,-
124
1
PAPER INDUSTRY
MAINTENANCE OF PAPER MILL MACHINERY
(13driba pap:renskSrch strop)
By Jaroslav Gave161k
Treatise on Maintenance; Small, Medium and Gene-
ral Repairs; Lubrication Technique; Correct Selection
of Lubricants for Individual Machine Parts. Description
of Individual Aggregates and Parts of Paper Making
Machinery. Planning of Repairs.
248 pages, 128 illustrations, 1 table. KEs 17,30
HIDDEN RESERVES IN PAPER AND CELLULOSE
MANUFACTURE
(Skryte reservy v papirnach a celuloskfich)
Bu Vladimir Haasz
Causes of Raw-material Losses and Unsufficient Ex-
ploitationchinery, Instruction for Economic
ploitation of Wood, Steam, Electric Energy and Machi-
nery
208 pages, 131 illustrations, 37 tables KEs 11,?
REFINED PAPERS
(Zuilechtene paplry)
By Ivar Hillcen
Production of Coated, Impregnated, Copying, Carbon,
Indigo, Abrasive, Emery, Blue-Print, Adhesive and
other Special Types of Paper. Quality Testing of Raw
and Refined Paper.
346 pages, 109 illustrations, 33 tables. Ks 21,50
MICROSCOPIC ANALYSES OF PAPER
(Mikroskopicke rozbory paplru)
By Radovan Konop
Morphology of Paper Fibres, Fundamentals of Micro-
scopy, Microscopic Methods applied to Paper Samples,
125
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PAPER INDUSTRY
Colouring of Fibres, their Indentification and Micro-
scopic Measuring.
132 pages, 99 illustrations, 12 tables. Ks 8,?
HEMICELLULOSE PRODUCTION
(Vyroba po:obuniEin)
By Ivan Bitty'lc, Vladimir Rube&
and Vladimir Cigoj
Structure and Chemical Composition of Wood, Most
Important Methods in the Production of Hemicellulose,
especially from Hardwood, Annuals and Saw Dust.
Description of Equipment.
188 pages, 53 illustrations, 28 tables KU 14,50
PRODUCTION OF SULPHITE WOOD PULP
(Vyroba sulfatove buniEiny)
By Vladimir Topinka and Vladimir Rube&
Theory and Practice of the Chemical and Mechanical
Production Technology of Sulphite Wood Pulp. Chemi-
cal Concept of the Boi:ing Process and Continuous
Boiling Systems. Chart of Continuous Production Cycles,
Oxidation of Black Liquor, Precautions against Harm-
ful and Poisonous Gases.
35.:1zages 118 illustrations, 21 tables 22,50
OPERATION OF PAPER-MAKING MACHINERY
(Prace na papIrensItem stroji)
By Josef Wetzler
Organization of Work in Paper Production, Servicing
of Paper-making Machinery. Increase of Productivity.
216 pages, 164 illustrations, 13 tables. Ks 11,60
126
WOODWORKING INDUSTRY
AUXILIARY MATERIALS FOR THE WOODWOR-
KING INDUSTRY
(Nauka o pomocnych materialech pro dievopramysl)
By Karel Havrdnek and Jan Ryba
Description of Individual Materials, Adhesives and
Glues, Joining Agents, Insulating Materials, Textile
Products and Finishing Substances Required for Inte-
rior Furnishing Textbook for Technical Colleges
212 pages, 62 illustrations Kees 13,20
ATTENDING WOOD IN STORES
(Oietfeni dieva na sk:adech)
By Rudolf Me Karel Pelalca
Methods of Protecting and Attending Wood from Fel-
ling to Processing. protective Spraying of Logs,.,
Lion
-
tion of Logs from Winter and Summer Felling. Faults
and Diseases of Wood and Protection against them
224 pages, 120 illustrations, 24 tables Ks 15,50
PRODUCTION OF WOOD FLOUR
AND WOOD WOOL
(1/Yroba dievene mottely a dievene viny)
By Josef Kozdk
Technological Methods, Servicing and Maintenance of
Machinery used in the Production of Wood Flour and ?
Wood Wool. Standards of Raw-material and Power
Consumption. Minimum Output Figures, Fineness Ana-
lysis of Wood Flour.
196 pages, 91 illustrations, 22 tables Ks 4,94
TECHNOLOGY OF WOOD
(Nauka o dieve)
By Pranti.?elc Lys?) and Pavel Jirit
Principal Conceptions on Anatomic, Formal, Physical,
127
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WOODWORKING INDUSTRY
Chemical and Mechanical Properties of Wood, Faults
and Applications, The Technique of Felling and Pro-
cessing in Forest Operations, Production Methods in
Sawmills, Refining of Wood and Processing of Waste
Textbook for Technical Colleges.
760 pages, 342 illustrations, 3 tables. KU 42.?
SORTING, CLASSIFICATION AND MEASURING
OF WOOD
(DruhovanI, tHdeni a m'efeni zpracovaneho &HA)
By FialaMelt Lysg
Manipulation in Forest Stores and in Sawmills, Sort-
ments of Wood, Assessment of Cubic Volume of Logs
and Lumber and its Measurement according to various
Methods. Textbook for Students of Technical Collegea.
360 pages, 121 illustrations, 44 tables Ks 20,-
128
TEXTILE INDUSTRY
TEXTILE CHEMISTRY III
(Bleaching Technique)
(Chemicka technologic textilni III ? BC'Hasty?
By Vaclav ?Felix
Bleaching of all kinds of Textile Materials, Bleaching
Agents, Technological Processes.
354 pages, 68 illustrations, 55 tables, ICEs 29,?
TEXTILE CHEMISTRY IV/1
(Dyeing of Cotton and Cellulose Rayon)
(Chemicka technologie textilnl IV/1 ? Barvent baviny
a bunielnove stHie)
By Vaclay. Felix
Theoretical Fundamentals and Technological Methods
in Dyeing Cotton and Cellulose Rayon by Substantive,
Basic, Sulphur, Mordant and Mineral Dyes, Chemicals,
Dyes, Preparates. Home-made Dyes as Substitutes for
Imported Dyes.
204 pages, 68 illustrations. ICE's 16,90
TEXTILE CHEMISTRY IV/2
(Dyeing of Cotton and Cellulose Rayon)
(Chemicka technologie textilnl IV/2 ? Barveni baviny
a bunianove
By Vadat, Felix
Dyeing with Acid Dyes, Indigorols, Non-soluble Azo?
dyes, Aniline Black and other Oxidizing Dyes. Dyeing
of Linen and other Vegetable Fibres. Successful Techno-
logical Methods applied in Czechoslovak and Foreign
Dye-houses.
248 pages, 29 illustrations, 21 tables. Ks 17,90
129
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TEXTILE INDUSTRY
-DIRECTIVE TECHNOLOGICAL METHODS FOR
COTTON SPINNING
(Smerne technologicke postupy pro pffidelny baviny)
By Josef Havlraek
Rules for Unification and Improvement of Technologi-
cal Methods as Means for Improving Quality of Pro-
ducts
128 pages, 7 tables, 5 Appendixes. Ks 4,50
ORGANIZATION OF PRODUCTION
IN THE CLOTHING INDUSTRY
(Organisace vjtroby v dilnach odevnfho pramyslu)
By Miroslav JanOik and Karel Petrktelka
Analysis of old Production Methods, Detailed Instruc-
tions for Introducing Mass-Production in the Clothing
Industry.
132 pages, 27 illustrations, 15 tables. Ks 7,?
CLASSIFICATION OF COTTON ACCORDING TO
RIPENESS AND LENGTH OF FIBRE
(Klasifikace baviny podle zralosti a delky v16kna)
By Frantitek Kymr, Antonin Pirkl
and Josef Va?dtko
Properties of Cotton and Methods of their Determi-
nation. Objective Testing Methods. Instruments used
in Cotton Testing.
188 pages, 6 illustrations, 50 tables. Ks 11.?
FILM PRINTING IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY
(Filmov5+ tisk v textilnim prilmyslu)
By Jan Milceb
Patterns and Pattern Design, Production of Stencils.
Mechanization and Automation of Printing Machines,
Description of Technological Methods. Lacquers, Co-
lours and Thickeners, Steaming and Curing.
360 pages, 194 illustrations, 24 tables, 14 diagrams
Ks 23,-
130
TEXTILE INDUSTRY
WATER IN THE CONSUMING INDUSTRY
(Voda ye spotiebnfm prtimyslu ? Prilmysl textilnf,
sklafs4 a ko1ed61q)
(Textile, Glass and Leather Industry)
By Jaromfr Nosek and Collaborators
Present State of Water Economy in Consuming Indus-
tries, Methods for Determining Water Recpirements
from Technological Data in Individual Branches of
Industry, Requirements on Quality of Water and Va-
luation of Waste Water. Present State of Waste Water
Purification and Development Trends of Purifying
Technique.
400 pages, 116 illustrations, 154 tables. Ks 27,?
NATURAL SILK PROPERTIES, ACCEPTANCE,
TESTING AND STORAGE
By Prantaek Ondrak
Origin, Properties, Production and Processing of Na-
tural Silk, Silk Export Trade, Acceptance and Testing
of Silk.
168 pages. 37 illustrations, 42 tables. Ks 8,?
DRAWING-IN EQUIPMENT OF TEXTILE
MACHINES
(Prittairth zaifzenf na texalnIch strojfch)
By Miroslav Pdvelc
Arrangement, Function, Advantages, Shortcomings and
Future Development of Drawing-in Equipment of Wool
and Cotton Machines.
156 pages, 142 illustrations, Ks 7,80
SYNTHETIC FIBRES, PROCESSING AND APPLICA-
TION IN INDUSTRY I
(Syntheticka vlakna, zpracovanf a poul'iti v pramyslu I)
By Bohumil Piller and Zdenek TnivniZek
Development, Production and Processing of Synthetic
Fibres, Theory of Origin and Structure Division of
Synthetic Fibres into Individual Groups, their Proper-
ties with regard to Processing and Application.
396 pages, 94 illustrations, 48 tables. Ks 26,80
131
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TEXTILE INDUSTRY
SYNTHETIC FIBRES, PROCESSING AND APPLI
CATION IN INDUSTRY II
(Syntheticka vlakna, zpracoviinf a pouiitf v priimyslu II)
By Bohunzil Piller and Zdenelc Tratzzadelc
Electrostatic Charge on Textile Fibres and its Remo-
val. Fixation of Synthetic Fibres. Principal Properties
of Synthetic Fibres with regard to Preparation of Ma-
terial
244 pages, 59 illustrations, 64 tables. Ks 16,70
FAULTS IN TEXTILES MADE OF ARTIFICIAL
SILK AND CELLULOSE RAYON
(Chyby v textili:ch z umeleho hedvabf a bunieinove
stific)
By Karel Schwertassek
Causes of Common Faults occuring in the Production
of Artificial Fibres and in Processing Articifial Silk
and Celluiose Rayon to Woven and Knitted Goods
Practical Instructions for Preventing and Repairing
Faults.
168 pages, 106 illustrations, 3 tables Kes 9,50
EXPERT CALCULATIONS IN WEAVING
(Odborne qpoi:tv v licalcovblvi)
By Karel Sinttinek
Manual for Technicians, Foremen, Weavers and Text-
book for Textile Colleges containing all necessary Cal-
culations.
266 pages, 55 illustrations, 25 tables. Kes 19,?
SCIENCE AND RESEARCH IN TEXTILE
INDUSTRY I
(Symposium of Research Work in Textile Industry)
(Veda a vkzkum v pramyslu textilnfm ? Sbornik v;7?
zkumnfth praci v priltuyslu textilnim)
Scientific Papers by eight Authors concerning Special
Problems of the Textile Industry. Some Important Tes-
ting Methods of Classical and Synthetic Materials,
Actual Problems of Spinning, Weaving and Printing
Textile Materials.
168 pages Kes 21,60
132
TEXTILE INDUSTAY
SCIENCE AND RESEARCII IN TEXTILE
INDUSTRY II
(Symposium of Research Work in Textile Industry)
(Veda a Aq?zkum v priimyslu textilnfm II ? Shornik
vkzkumnSrch praci v pramyslu textilnfm)
Papers dealing with Problems of Testing and Labora-
tory Methods. Problems of Treatment and Refining
Textile Materials.
112 pages. Kes 12,60
cc.
133
+a. itat V
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t,14
&
1
LEATHER INDUSTRY
TECHNIQUE AND ORGANIZATION IN LEATHER
AND FANCY GOODS MANUFACTURE
(Technologic a organi ace v brainiliskem a galanter-
nIm pramyslu)
By Jiiii Donda and Collaborators
PrOduction of various Types of Products of Leather
and Fancy Goods Manufacture. Organization of Mani-
pulation, Preparation and Manufacturing Shops. Mate-
rials used, Sewing Machines, their Servicing and
Maintenance
368 pages, 201 illustrations, 12 tables Ks 22,?
FUR-SK1t1 TAN.N111.G PNURJlNG
(Vydelavani a barveni koii?in)
By Liboslav Masner
Practical Manual of Fur Manufacturing Technique
Structure of Furs, Chemistry, Leather, Raw-material in
Fur Manufacture, Principles of Tanning and Dyeing
Furs.
480 pages, 151 illustrations, 84 tables. Ka 30,?
SURFACE TREATMENT OF II1DES AND LEATHER
PRODUCTS
(Povrchova dprava usnI a koienStch vStrobkii)
By Vladimir Pektor and Jaroslav Ondreieek
-Various Types of Surface Treatment of Hides and their
Effect upon the Quanty of Finished Products. Correct
Care, Renewal and Conservation of Leather Products
92 pages, 8 tables. Ks 3,03
134
LEATHER INDUSTRY
INSPECTION IN PRODUCTION OF CHROMITE,
UPPER, CLOTIIING AND GLOVE HIDES
(Provozni kontrola vjtroby chromiqtch, svrikovSrch, odEv-
nick5tch a rukaviEluifsk9ch susni)
By Vladingr Pektor and Jaroslav Ondrdoek
Proper Chemical and Shop Inspection in Individual
Stages of the Production of Various Types of IIides.
De-tailed Instruction for Keeping Inspection Records,
Identification of Causes of Faults and their Removal.
176 pages, 41 illustrations, 15 tables. K6 12,50
TECIINOLOGY OF MECIIANICAL SHOE
PRODUCTION I
(Technologic mechanicke v5,roby obuvi I)
By Frantigek gnaidr
Origin and Development of Shoes, Composition and
Processing, Shoe-maker's Measures, Sizing and Marking
of Shoes, Division of Shoes according to Pattern-Sha-
pes, Methods of Manufacture and Use. Auxiliary
Equipment in Mechanical Shoe Production.
208 pages, 109 illustrations, 21 tables KEs 15,50
TECHNOLOGY OF MECHANICAL SHOE
PRODUCTION II
?(Technologie. mechanicke v9roby obuvi_II)
By Frantigek gnaidr
Principal Materials used in all Stages of Shoe Manu-
facture. New and Substitute Materials. Auxiliary Ma-
terials. General Properties of Materials and their Faults
Chemical, Physical and Mechanical Properties of Hi-
des, Properties of Woven and Knitted Fabrics, Felt
and Yarn. Information on Adhesives, Stiffeners, Polis-
hing Material and Dyes.
244 pages, 86 illustrations, 25 tables. Ke's 16,?
TEXTBOOK OF TANNING
(UEebnice koieluistvi)
By Miroslay Tomf?ek
Properties and Chemical Composition of Raw Skins
and their Processing to Hides. Treatment of Hides
for further Use. Textbook for Tanning and Leather
Colleges.
436 pages, 155 illustrations, 27 tables. KEs 23,20
135
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LEATHER INDUSTRY
MODEL-MAKING IN GLOVE MANUFACTURE
(Modelaistvi v rukavieldfstvf)
By Miroslav Vesclu
Planning Design and ModbIs of Gloves, Organization
of Work in Model Shops, Tasks of Model Shops in
Glove Manufacture.
208 pages, 127 illustrations, Ks 13,?
SCIENCE AND RESEARCH IN LEATHER
INDUSTRY
(Symposium of Research Work in Leather Industry ?
Volume 1-1956)
(Veda a qrzkum v pretmyslu koiedelnem ? Sbornik
vjakumnjrch praci v prilmyslu koiedelnem.
Rada 1-1956)
Eight Scientific Studies by Experts of the Leather
Research Institute in Otrokovice dealing with Pro-
blems of Certain Tanning Agents, their Production and
App:ication, Other Partial Problems, e. g. Biological
Final Purification of Waste Water from Tanneries.
140 pages. Ks 10,95
136
1
?
PRINTING INDUSTRY
PHOTOTYPOGRAPI IY
(A New Printing Technique)
(Fototypografie)
By Richard Bldha
Photo-setting Machines and Automatic Production of
Stereotypes. Description of Individual Photo-setting
Machines and Structurally Related Machines, Automa-
tic Production of Stereotypes, New Rapid-Engraving
Methods, Electrolytic Etching, Electronic Engraving of
Stereotypes.
84 pages, 28 illustrations, ICC's 2,89
PREPARATION OF PLATES FOR LITHOPRINTING
(Pflprava desek pro tisk s plochy)
By Josef Bra
Maiiiiar,?nrolomechanicat?Tad Galvanic -Pes-e-ur?Aisr
of Printing Plates. Manual for Graphical Colleges.
104 pages, 82 illustrations, Ks 7,60
TECHNOLOGY OF COMPOSITION I
(Technologic rani sazby
By Josef Dy7ztar and Collaborators
Equipment of Compositor's Shop, Implements of Com-
positors, Typographic System, Typesetting Materials and
Letterings, Rules of Plain Composition, Mixed and
Foreign Language Composition. Proofs and Rules of
Correction. Manual for Students of Graphical Colleges.
270 pages, 230 illustrations, KU 14,?
AIR CoNDITIONING IN PRINTING INDUSTRY
(Klimatisace v ti:kafskem prilmyslu)
By Jaroslav Saida
Basic Concepts on Properties of Air, their Measure-
137
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LII
PRINTING INDUSTRY
ment and Checking. Partial Changing of Individual
Properties of Air. Air Conditioning as the Basis of
Automatic Control of the Atmosphere with special re-
gard to the Requirements of the Printing Industry.
200 pages, 99 illustrations, 11 tables. Ks 16,?
PRINTING MATERIALS I
(Paper ? Cardboard ? Pasteboard)
(Nauka o materialech pouilvanfth v polygraf II I
Papir, karton, lepenka)
By Jaroslav Saida
Production, Treatment and Refining of Paper, Card-
board and Pasteboard. Their Properties with regard
to Printing, Faults and their Removal.
Manual for Graphical Colleges.
288 pages, 128 illustrations, Ks 16,?
PRINTING MATERIALS II
(Printing Inks, Materials and Chemicals for Photo-Li-
tography)
(Nauka o materialech pouiivanjrch v polygrafii II ?
Tiskove barvy, materialy a chemikalie pro reprodukEni
fotografii)
By St. Lankag, K. Cermin, E. Bureg
and R. Gilbert
Coinurs, Binders Production,
Types and Properties of Printing Inks. Black and
White Photographic Materials, Production, Measure-
ments, Filters, Chemistry of Photographic Processes.
Colour Photography. Chemicals for Photo-Litography
by the Wet and Dry Collodion Process, Filter Colours,
etc. Manual for Graphical Colleges.
376 pages, 67 illustrations. Ms 19,30
SETTING OF TABLES AND FORMULAS ON MO-
NOTYPE MACHINES
(Sazba tabulek a vzorcit na stroji Monotype)
By Antonin Rambettsek
Various Methods of Filling-in on Monotype Keyboards.
Setting Methods of Tables, Mathematical and Chemical
Formulas and Equations. New Working Methods on
Monotypes.
120 pages, 18 illustrations, 8 tables. Ms 3,83
138
TRANSPORTATION
ALIGNMENT OF THE INNER RAIL IN RAIL-
ROAD CURVES
(Sled .kolejnic ye vnitinim kolejnicovem piisu ielez-
nftich obloukft)
By Viktor Brulater
Methods of Calculating Shortenings of Inner Rail in
Railroad Curves. Tables for Determining Alignment.
380 pages, 23 illustrations. KEs 14,?
TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC PLANNING OF
AUTOMOBIL TRANSPORTATION
(Technicko-hospodaiskjr plan automobilove dopravy)
By Zdenek Lagtovka
Methods of Drafting Technical and Economic Plans
of Automobile Transport Companies. Plans of Trans-
portation, Car Park, Output Standards, Maideizaance
and Repairs, Technical Development, Organisatory and
Technical Precautions, Work and Wages, Material
Supplies. Total Prime Cost, Investments and Plan of
Financing. Practical Examples of Drafting Complex
Plans and Standards.
208 pages, 23 tables. Ke's 14,50
SHAPE STABILITY OF PARTS OF RAILROAD
VEHICLES
(Tvarova pevnost &1sti kolejoqch vozidel)
By Jaroslav Nemec
Analyses of Fractures of Parts of Railroad Vehicles
with regard to Stress, Theory of Oscillatory Strength,
Examples of Shape Stability of Parts, Basic Methods
of Measuring Forces and Deformations.
144 pages, 147 illustrations, 8 tables. KEs 17,?
139
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TRANSPORTATION
SERVICING AND MAINTENANCE OF RAILROAD
MOTOR CARS
(Obsluha a fidriba kolejovjrch motorovcrch vozii)
By Emanuel Rost
Design of Railroad Motor Cars, their Steering, Servi-
cing and Operational Maintenance. Defects of Railroad
Motor Cars and their Removal.
184 pages, 134 illustrations, 6 appendixes.
Ks 10,50
??? ??? ?????????????? ..?????????? yr.. v...
FOREIGN LANGUAGE
DICTIONARIES
RUSSIAN-CZECH AND ENGLISH-CZECH
DICTIONARY OF FOUNDRY TERMS
(Sievarensky slovnik rusko-CeskS, a anglicko-Cesky)
By JiiI Brabec and Bedfich Heimann
Technical terminology covering tbe field of founding.
technology of materials and fundamental metallurgi-
cal terms.
156 pages. Ka 11,?
RUSSIAN-CZECH DICTIONARY OF CHEMICAL
TECHNOLOGY
(Rusko-eesk9 chemicko-technologicky slovnik)
By Vdclav Hovorka
'ThistliCiiniarrrd.: ntaim---..bout 55.000 ie-sn,.oL. orgalik_
and anorganic chemistry and covers all branches of
theoretical and practical chemistry. The dictionary is
complemented by principal terms of physics and ma-
thematics.
978 pages. Ks 62,80
RUSSIAN AND CZECH TERMINOLOGY
OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
(Ruske a Ceske nazvoslovi ze strojirenske technologie)
By Stanislav Iloboutek
Russian and Czech Terminology covering the fields
of metal machining and mounting of machinery. Names
of machine tools, tools and gauges complemented by
illustrations and definitions.
172 pages, 644 illustrations. Ks 15,50
141
tikarkia
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FOREIGN LANGUAGE DICTIONARIES
FIVE LANGUAGE DICTIONARY
(Paints, Lacquers, Surface Treatment, Corrosion)
(P6tijazyenk slovnik ? Barvy, laky, povrchova tiprava,
korose)
By Robert Santholzer and Jan Irofinskfi
The dictionary contains 2880 Czech terms of the above
branches and the corresponding equivalents in Russian,
German, English and French.
436 pages, Wes 20,20
GERMAN-CZECH AND CZECII-GERMAN DICTIO-
NARY OF MECIIANICAL TECHNOLOGY
(Nemecko-Eeskk a Eesko-nemeckS, slovnik z mechanick6
technologie)
By Prantack Soukup
47,000 entries from the branches of: technical rhaterials,
founding, forging, pressing, rolling, drawing, machining
and hand working, welding and soldering, heat treat-
ment, finishing operations and surface protection, moun-
ting and fitting operations, planning and preparatory
work.
764 pages, Ks 52,10
142
.=.3201111ME.-
??????????1???
I.
MISCELLANEOUS
SYMPOSIUM OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF
TECHNOLOGY ? VOLUME 2
(Sborn:k Nfirodniho technickeho musea ? svazek 2)
Presents the history of Czech Engineering and life of
InventorA and prominent scientific workers, brings infor-
mation on recent literature of technological history,
technical deve:opment and the activities of the National
Museum of Technology. New working methods and
scientific activities of Staff members of the National
Museum of Technology.
232 pages, 47 illustrations. ICEs 22,40
143
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TECHNICAL JOURNALS
THE AUTOMOBILE
(Automobil)
New monthly for those interested in progressive motor
car design, production of motoi cars, motor cycles and
tractors. Brings information on the development of
Czechoslovak motor car industry, problems of organi-
zation and production, research results at home and
abroad. Technical reports on international motor car
exhibitons, testing motor vehicles, etc.
Monthly 36 pages. Annual subscription Ks 48,?
WOOD
(Dfevo)
The only Czechoslovak technical journal for the wood-
working industry. Brings technical articles and news
concerning inland and. foreign sawmills, impregnation,
structural joinery, manufacture of furniture and va-
rious wood products. Special attention is paid to wood
as raw-rnatPrinl its economie_gxnloitatiori and produc-
tion of new materials from wood
Monthly 32 pages. Annual subscription ICEs 30,?
ELECTROTECHNICAL REVIEW
(Elektrotechnickjr obzor)
Scientific and technical monthly for power current
electrotechnics. Treats scientific problems of elecrical
technology, measuring, control and remote control instru-
ments and equipment, electrification of railways, electro-
metallurgical processes in metallurgy, electrolytical pro-
cesses in chemical industry, design of nuclear reactors
and power stations, technique of autcmation and instru-
mentation. Brings news on standardization and...2racti-
cal data for the work of computers, designers and
electrotechnicians in general.
Monthly 68 pages. Annual subscription ICEs 72,-
144
6.
41.
TECHNICAL JOURNALS
THE ELECTROTECIINICIAN
(Elektrotechnik)
Technical monthly for those engaged in power current
electrotechnics. Deals with questions of electrotechnical
practice related to production, technology, maintenance,
operation, design and projects of electrical machines,
instruments and equipment. Brings articles on electri-
cal constructions, drives, automation, application of
electricity in engineering, agriculture, construction, ml-
nes and other branches of industry. Covers the field
of accident prevention, standardization and informa-
tion on new electroteclinical products.
Monthly 36 pages. Annual subscription Ms 36,-
POWER SUPPLY
(Energetika)
Monthly intended for the technical staff of power and
distribution systems and power engineers of industrial
works. Deals with present day problems of Czechoslovak
power supply with regard to operation (faults, repairs.
preventive maintenance and economy in operating
electrical equipment) and consumption (organization
of power take-off, etc.) as well as with new construc-
tions of power systems.
Monthly 56 pages and 16 pages of supplement.
Annual subscription Ka 60,?
GEODETICAL AND CARTOGRAPHICAL REVIEW
(Geodetickjr a kartografickjr obzor)
Monthly intended for college and university grade en-
gineers engaged in geodesy and cartography, all bran-
ches of economic life and schools. Covers practical and
higher geodesy and topography, photogrammetry, geo-
detical astronomy, gravimetry, geophysics and carto-
graphy Deals especially with new technique, intro-
duction of new working methods in all sections of geo-
detical, topographical and cartographical operations
carried out in the institutes of the Central Directoraw?
of Geodesy and Cartography as well as in authorized
surveying offices and Government Departments.
Monthly 24 pages. Annual subscription Ks 48,-
145
=AO":
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'CY
TECHNICAL JOURNALS
ECONOMY AND COST ACCOUNTING IN EN-
GINEERING INDUSTRY
(Hospodarnost a chozrasEot ye strojirenstvI)
Technical monthly dealing with problems of economic
Improvements of engineering production and introduc-
tion of cost accousting methods. Brings information cn
results archieved in leading industrial undertakings,
especial'y in new cost accounting, increase of producti-
vity, reduction of prime-cost charges. Theoretical artiees
on economic problems, relations between technological
and economical operations, wage component in prices
of finished products, etc.
Monthly 24 pages. Annual subscription Ks 30,?
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
(Inienkrske stavby)
Monthly intended for university and top grade en-
gineers engaged in construction engineering and de-
signing institutions. Brings articles on statical compu-
tations. projects and construction of bridges, hydraulic,
underground and tunnel, steel, timber, and industrial
structures as well as on earthwork, roadway and air-
field constructions made of reinforced and prestressed
concrete, steel and other metals.
Monthly 56 pages. Annual subscription ICE's 72,?
METALLURGICAL JOURNAL
(Hutnicke listy)
_ - __
__?
acientific monthly covering all branches of metallurgy
Covers the field of metal production in general, tech-
nological processes applied in the production of iron,
steel and non-ferrous metals. Discusses present day
problems of steel products manufacture (rolled sections.
wire, tubes, etc.) and tome special aspects of metallur-
gical production such as transportation, illumination,
maintenance, repairs, etc. Brings information on stan-
dardization and metallurgical exhibitions at home and
abroad, literature, conferences, etc
Monthly 96 pages. Annual subscription Ka 84,?
THE METALLURGIST
(Hutnik)
Technical monthly for technical workers engaged in
metallurgical production. Covers the field of working
methods, blast-furnace technology, ore dressing, pig pro-
146
TECHNICAL JOURNALS
duction, rolling-mill operation, steel production, forging,
heat treatment, metallurgy of steel products, manufac-
ture and metallurgy of non-ferrous metals.
Monthly 36 pages. Annual subscription Ke's 36,?
CIIEMICAL INDUSTRY
(Chemickk prilmysl)
Technical and scientific monthly intended for che-
mical engineers engaged in industry and research, uni-
versities and technical colleges Brings original trea-
tises on problems of anorganic chemistry, petroche-
mistry, chemical engineering, economy in chemical
industry, operation of works and research laboratories.
The journal is published with regular supplement ?Mac-
romolecular Substances" which deals with plastic ma-
terials, coating substances, synthetic fibres and syn-
thetic rubbers.
Monthly 60 pages, Annual subscription Kas 60,?
NUCLEAR ENERGY
(Jadern:e energie)
Scientific and technical monthly intended for technical
workers engaged in industry, research and design insti-
tutes and universtities Deals with the construction of
nuclear power stations and works manufacturing pro-
ducts of nuclear chemistry, application of isotopes in
all branches of science,. teehnoloz_y ?
411(1 ture.
Monthly 40 pages. Annual subeription KEs 72,?
FINE MECHANICS AND OPTICS
(Jemnd mechanika a optika)
Technical journal for college and university grade
workers in fine mechanics and optics. Deals with de-
sign, production technology, increase of quality and
durability of products, application of fine mechanics
and :optics in technical practice, design and technical
practice in horology and measurements. Discusses pro-
blems of economy, standardization, patents, etc.
Bimonthly 36 pages. Annual subscription ICEs 36,--
LEATHER INDUSTRY
(KoiaEstv1)
Technical monthly for college and university grade
technical workers engaged in leather industry, shoe
147
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TECHNICAL JOURNALS
and rubber footwear manufacture, research workers
and students of technical colleges. Deals with new
production methods, exchange of experience, problems
of organization and economy.
Monthly 32 pages. Annual subscription Ks 42,?
FERMENTATION INDUSTRY
(Kvasnc, prilmysl)
Technical monthly intended for college and university
grade technical workers engaged in breweries, malt
production, distillation works, wine industry, yeast and
vinegar industry and production of organic acids and
solvents. Deals with problems of productivity, impro-
vement of technology, introduction of mechanization,
improvement of working methods, organization, cost
accounting and technical inspection. Brings information
on technical novelties, home and foreign literature.
Monthly 28 pages. Annual subscription Ks 60,?
JOURNAL OF SUGAR MANUFACTURE
(Listy culcrovarnicke)
Monthly intended for technical workers engaged in su-
gar industry and manufacture of confectionery. Deals
with biology of beet root, its protection, agronomy,
processing in sugar mills. Follows all production sta-
ges, technological qiiattfr as?tseet root, analytical gri.7:?""'
duction inspection and economy of beet root farming
and sugar manufacture. Covers all problems of con-
fectionery manufacture from raw-materials to finished
goods Brings original articles of research workers,
university lecturers and practical technicians. Informa-
tion on home and foreign literature.
Monthly 28 pages. Annual subscription Ke's 60,?
MECHANIZATION
(Mechanisace)
Journal for popularization and development of mecha-
nization in all branches of civil engineering, distribu-
tion and valuation of experience with new machines
and mechanized production methods. Economy in ope-
rating mechanization equipment, research and develop-
ment of mechanization.
Monthly 40 pages. Annual subscription Ks 72,-
148
TECHNICAL JOURNALS
MASTERS OF COLLIERY WORK
hornicke prace)
Technical monthly intended for miners and foremen
in collieries. aings articles dealing with new working
methods and new mining machinery. Deals with pro-
blems of organization and safety precautions. Reports
on experience of distinguished workers and teams.
Monthly 24 pages. Annual subscription Ks 24,?
STANDARDIZATION
(Normalisace)
Monthly intended for technical workers in industry,
government departments and institutions. Decals with
problems of standardization in all branches of industry.
Brings information on international standardization.
foreign standards, introduction of Soviet Standards
into Czecho-lovak economy, new standards and their
alteration and supplements. Analysis of actual pro-
blems covered by new Czechoslovak standards.
Monthly 32 pages. Annual subscription Ks 45,60
NEW TECHNIQUE
(Nova technika)
Joint publication of all Scientific and Technological
Societes of the Czechos'ovak Academy of Science.
Brings articles dealing with the economic a-;---1
seriouT se-fent-111E and technical problems, common pro-
blems of Czechoslovak industrial research and develop-
ment, education of technical workers and history of
Czechoslovak technology. Reports on foreign technical
publications dealing with new trends in industriJI
research and development, introduction of new wor-
king methods into production and establishment of
new industries.
Monthly 32 pages. Annual subscription Ke's 38,40
FUELS
(Pal bra)
Technical monthly for technicians and engineers wor-
king in gas-works, coking plants, chemical works and
other industrial undertakings. Brings articles dealing
with production and processing of solid, liquid and
gaseous fuels and discussing problems of raw-materials
and fuel combustion.
Monthly 36 pages. Annual subscription Ks 60,-
149
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TECHNICAL JOURNALS
PAPER AND CELLULOSE
(Papir a celulosa)
Monthly intended for technicians engaged in paper
and pulp mills. Latest concepts of research and pro-
duction of cellulose and paper at home and abroad.
Translations from foreign technical literature and infor-
mation on processing of cellulose and paper.
Monthly 24 pages. Annual subscription Ks 28,80
WORKS ORGANIZATION
(Podnikovii organisace)
Technical and economical monthly for college and uni-
versity grade staff in industrial works and their su-
perior organizations. Covets organisatory problems and
economy of engineering production, technical and eco-
nomical planning, operational planning, management
ad records, organization of preparatory work and ser-
vicing, economic valuation of technical development.
Brings articles dealing with organization of shops
and production, working standards, care for personnel.
productivity, wage problems, material supplies, methods
of management and technique of organization.
Monthly 32 pages. Annual subscription Ks 36,?
CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING
(Pozemni stavby)
h_lor?,thly for- ce6c--au.-1---anivel-s;Tr?gtritre?tiEriffial---
workers engaged in the fields of building, publics
works, industrial and agricultural constructions. Brings
articles dealing with problems of construction with
regard to technology, structures, economy and plan-
ning, mechanization and special operations. Numerous
columns covering the most interesting branches of ci-
vil engineering.
Monthly 44 pages. Annual subscription Ks 72,?
FOOD INDUSTRY
(Pritmysl potravin)
Monthly dealing with technical and economical pro-
blems of industrial food production intended for col-
lege and university grade workers in the food industry.
Special attention is paid to new working methods.
mechanization and automation. Brings original papers
by prominent experts in industry, research institut'ons
and universities. Provides for exchange of informations,
150
41 ?
TECHNICAL JOURNALS
reports on technical progress abroad, and home and
foreign literature.
Monthly 56 pages, Annual subscription Ks 84,--
SUMMARY OF TECHNICAL AND ECONOMICAL
LITERATURE
(Pfehled technicke a hospodfifske literatury)
Abstracts publication of the Central Technical Library
of Czechoslovakia. Brings abstracts of significant
articles published in inland and foreign technical jour-
nals and technical literature. Indispensable source of
references for technical libraries in industry, scientific
and research institutes, universities and government
departments. Covers the following branches of industry
POWER SUPPLY AND ELECTROTECHNICS
(Energetika a elektrotechnika)
Monthly 44 pages. Annual sub:cription KEs 108,?
MINING INDUSTRY
( I lornictvi)
Monthly 24 pages Annual subscription Kas 60,?
METALLURGY AND ENGINEERING
(Hutnictvi a stroyzenstvi)
Monti-1ir-6T page7.?A?nnual subscription Ices 180,--
CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
(Chemie a chemicka techno!ogie)
Monthly 44 pages. Annual subscription Ke's 108,?
CIVIL ENGINEERING
(Stavebnictvi)
Monthly 44 pages. Annual subscription Ke's 108,--
SUPPLEMENTS OF TECHNICAL 'LITERATURE IN
SCIENTIFIC LIBRARIES IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA
(Pfirtistky tecluticke literatury ve vedee4ch knihovnich
v CSR)
Informative journal for departments of studies and
technical libraries in industry, research institutions and
universities and for the use of large public libraries.
Brings notes on important foreign technical publica-
...,......:40.,16.,...MISMAR,ON.N.,?,???? ? SI'
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151
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TECHNICAL JOURNALS
tions inserted into the collections of Czechoslovak
scientific libraries.
Eight issues annually each containing 32 pages.
Annual subscription Ks 24,?
ORES
(Rudy)
Technical monthly of ore mining. Brings articles on
new working methods and mining in underground and
surface mines, news on new mining machinery, mecha-
nization ,and electrification of mines, organization and
safety of operations, geological survey and establishing
mineral deposits, technology of ore dressing, new equip-
ment and new methods of treatment
Monthly 36 pages. Annually 8 supplements contai-
ning original papers by research workers. Annual sub-
scription Ks 48,?
COLLECTION OF TRADE MARKS AND PROTEC-
TED SAMPLES
(Sbirka ochrannS,di znamek a chranenSrch vzora)
Journal published for national, communal, cooperative
and foreign trade enterprises as well as for inventors.
progressive workers and creative artists. Inform on all
entries in registers of trade marks and protected samp-
les. Deals with basic problems of protection of indu-
strial ownership. Czechoslovak and Foreign Regulations
according to the Bill 8/1952 Sb. Trade Marks and
Protected Samples and the Convention of the Paris
Union of March 20th 1883 on industrial ownership.
Bimonthly 40 pages. Annual subscription Ks 60,?
COLLECTION OF INVENTIONS
(Sbirka vynalezti)
Monthly intended for investors, innovators, technicians,
technologists, etc. Brings technical articles of home
and foreign authors on newest inventions in all bran-
ches of industry, new trends in production technique,
home and foreign patent literature, includes columns
of technical and legal advice, etc.
Monthly 32 pages Annual subscription Ks 48,?
COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING
(Sdalovaci technika)
Monthly for development and practice of communica-
152
1
TECHNICAL JOURNALS
Lions electrotechnics intended for wide circles of tech-
nical readers. Covers the following fields: radiotechnics,
technique of very short waves, transmission lines, va-
cuum technique, technology, electroacoustics, measu-
ring technique, industrial electronics, electrotechnical
physics. Considerable part of the volume is devoted
to reports from foreign technical journals, data on radio
receivers and other products of communications en-
gineering industry, practical nomograms, characteristics
of electronic tubes, etc.
Monthly 36 pages. Annual subscription Ks 48,?
GLASS AND CERAMICS WORKER
(Skid a keramik)
Technical monthly for college and university grade
staff in glass and fine ceramics industry, research wor-
kers and students in technical colleges. Presents new
methods applied in most successful works, brings actual
article on solved research problems, informs on new
technical perfections, rationalization and new shapes
in glass and ceramics.
Monthly 32 pages Annual subscription Ks 42,?
ELECTRONICS
AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS REVIEW
(Slaboprou4 obzor)
Technical and scientific monthly for scientific and top
grade technical workers in electronics and communica-
tions. Brings scientific papers covering the fields of
communication engineering, radiotechnics, electronics.
electroacoustics and related branches; summary articles
dealing with present state of world technology, ab-
stracts from foreign literature, discussions and critical
valuation of foreign technical books. Appendixes are
devoted to control and measurement, basic production
problems, questions of technology, economy and organi-
zation, standardization, patents and news concerning
important novelties of home and foreign production.
Monthly 72 pages. Annual subscription Ks 72,?
FOUNDRY INDUSTRY
(Slevarenstvi)
Technical monthly for workers of foundry industry and
research. Informations concerning progressive concepts
153
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TECHNICAL JOURNALS
of home and foreign science, deals with actual problems
of foundry operation and popularizes the widest appli-
cation of progressive working methods which lead to
increased productivity, recuded waste and improvement
of working conditions.
Monthly 42 pages. Annual subscription Ks 60,?
BUILDING MATERIAL
(S tavivo)
Technical monthly intended for workers engaged in
production and research of building materials. Brings
articles concerning brick production, mortars, production
of prefabricated parts, asbestos concrete, refractories,
building ceramics, stone, gravel and sand, insulating
materials and geological survey. Columns containing
information on foreign technology and production of
building materials
Monthly 42 pages. Annual subicription Ks 69,60
ENGINEERING PRODUCTION
(Strojfrensksi vS,roba)
Technical monthly intended for workers, foremen and
technicians in engineering works. Informs on technolo-
gical problems of machining, shaping, heat treatment,
surface treatment and welding. Valuates methods of
innovators and significant improvizment propoals.
Brings news concerning new production methods, new
machines and tools, technical literature, etc.
Monthly 56 pages. Annual subscription Ks 42,?
ENGINEERING
(S trojIrenstvf)
Monthly for engineers and technicians engaged in heavy
engineering works, precision engineering, motor car
engineering and agricultural machinery production
Brings articles on new calculating methods, results of
research and development work concerning develop-
ment and design carried out by experts in engineering
works and research institutes. Attention is paid to pro-
blems concerning materials, economy, organization,
planning and standardization Contains an appendix
?Tables for .Designers".
Monthly 84 pages. Annual subscription Ks 84,-
154
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TECHNICAL JOURNALS
TEXTILES
(Textil)
Technical monthly for college and university grade
technical workers in the textile industry, research In-
stitutes and students in technical colleges. Brings re-
gular information on novelties in technical development,
mechanical and chemical technology, pattern creation
and testing methods, standardization, new dyes and
patterns, significant improvement proposals and patents.
Monthly 40 pages. Annual subscription KEs 42,?
ACCOUNTING
(DeetnI evidence)
Monthly intended for accountants engaged in all bran-
ches of national economy and government departments.
Deals with all problems of accounting methods and tech-
nique, controlling function of Chief Accountants, analy-
ses and reports on cost accounting, calculations, final
balancing, progressive organization of accounting opera-
tions according to time schedules, stock taking, various
economical problems, improvement of qualification of
accountancy staff, socialist competition, mechanization
of administrative work, etc.
Monthly 36 pages. Annual subscription Ks 36,?
COAL
(Uhli)
Technical and economical monthly intended for tech-
nicians and engineers in coal industry and scientific
workers in research, lecturers and students in univer-
sities and technical colleges. Deals especially with pro-
blems of survey and establishment of coal deposits,
projects and construction of coal mines, mechanization
of underground and surface working and transportation,
winning methods, coal treatment and economical pro-
blems of collieries.
Monthly 36 pages. Annual subscription Ks 48,?
WATER
(Voda)
Technical monthly treating problems of sanitary en-
gineering, e. g. especially water supply, sewage, treat-
ment of potable and indu-trial water, purification and
utilization of town and industrial waste water, health
155
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TECHNICAL JOURNALS
resorts and springs, planning, research and development
in the field of sanitary engineering, operation and
maintenance of public water supply and sewage systems.
Monthly 32 pages. Annual subscription Ks 60,
WATER ECONOMY
(Vodni hospolifstyl)
Technical monthly for planning of water economy, ba-
lancing of water supplies, hydrology, hydraulic construc-
tions, fisheries, utilization of water in industry, navi-
gation, building construction, agriculture ahd forestry
Monthly 32 pages. Annual subscription Res 60,?
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It-
A STRAIGHT PATH
STAT
TO EXACT INFORMATION
TO DESIRED CCM! ERCIA L CONNECTIONS
ro coyrixous DE\ 1.:1.0PNIENT
OF COMMERCIAL RELATIONS
wrr I CZECHOSLOVAKIA
THE CHAMBER
OF COMMERCE
OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA
?
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CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA
PRAHA I, UL. 28. fk.UNA 13
PHONES: 220652, 220128, 228417, 228868, 230230
CABLES: OBKOMOR.A. PRAHA
TELEPRINTER: No 142
CODE: UNICODE
?Y
OMR
Vir
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The Chamber of Commerce of Czechoslovakia originat-
ed as an institution whose principal task is to assist
foreign trade. The members of the Chamber of Com-
merce of Czechoslovakia in this country are chiefly
all the Czechoslovak foreign trade corporations.
To foster and develop Czechoslovak foreign trade in
all respects the Chamber of Commerce of Czechoslo-
vakia maintains contact with the Chambers of Com-
merce of foreign countries and similar institutions.
Apart from this, the Chamber of Commerce of Czecho-
slovakia contributes to the establishment and widen-
ing of commercial relations between the Czechoslovak
foreign trade corporations and the rest of the com-
mercial world.
This activity of the Chamber of Commerce of Czecho-
slovakia manifests itself chiefly in an extensive infor-
mation service, in commercial as well as legal affairs
and in its broad service to customers and partners
having relations with Czechoslovakia.
We have endeavoured to include concisely the chief
branches of these activities in the following paragraphs
of the brochure which you arc perusing at this mo-
ment We hope that with its assistance you will obtain
a good idea as to how to utilize the services and co-
operation of the Chamber of Commerce of Czecho-
slovakia
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'THE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA
serves:
To ensure good service to its foreign and home
partners the Chamber of Commerce of Czechoslovakia
has built up the following departments:
FOREIGN RELATION DEPARTMENT
through which the Chamber of Commerce of Czecho-
slovakia establishes commercial relations with foreign
partners, answers enquiries and affords all kinds of
information. The department deals with offers and
demands between home and foreign firms, as well as
complaints and carries out interventions.
A DEPARTMENT OF LICENCES, PATENTS AND
TRADE MARKS
which consists of several sections, and manages all
conneet41,1x;th the issuing of activetand pas-
sive licences serving for utilization of foreign patents
in Czechoslovakia and Czechoslovak patents abroad.
The section dealing with patents procures from the
respective foreign authorities the protection of Czecho-
slovak patents. Another section of this department
,occepts from Czechoslovak manufactures orders for
the registration of trade-marks abroad.
A CERTIFICATE DEPARTMENT
which certifies all documents of the Czechoslovak
foreign trade corporations accompanying consignments
of goods of Czechoslovak origin abroad. In the case of
import to Czechoslovakia it attests debit notes (dif-
ferences in weights and prices), or certificates of origin.
A PUBLICITY DEPARTMENT
which plans and realizes publicity activities of general
character fostering the development of foreign trade.
N ?????
Ma !Mb
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THE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA
organizes:
OFFICIAL PARTICIPATIONS
OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA IN FOREIGN FAIRS
.ND EX III BITIONS
Th, majority or Czechoslovak foreign trade corpora-
tions take part rollectively every year in 25-30 of
the4,e great international manifestations.
vs.
VISITS OF FOREIGN CUSTOMERS TO VARIOUS
EVENTS IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA
The thubt-irrirk..ta..t. eventg-al-' r.,cent years have been, _
for example, the c-:hibitions of the Czechoslovak en-
gineering industry held in Brno, the renewed Czecho-
slovak glass, costume jeweller), and textile fairs held
at Liberec and a series of important exhibitions por-
traying the economic, scientific and cultural life of
Czechoslovakia.
RELATIONS AND CONNECTIONS WITH THE
WIDEST CIRCLE OF INSTITUTIONS
AND BUSINESSMEN
Such relations and connections are fostered through
similar institutions in all countries of the world for
the development of international trade.
?Mal
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THE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA
informs you by means of its
PUBLICATIONS
The chamber of Commerce of Czechoslovakia publishes
at present 5 periodical publications for foreign custo-
mers.
"CZECHOSLOVAK FOREIGN TRADE"
This magazine is concerned with the widest general
information about Czechoslovak export goods. The
magazine is richly illustrated and is published six
times a year in English, French, German, Russian, and
Spanish.
"CZECHOSLOVAK HEAVY INDUSTRY"
This pula_noion contains information about tIm_pro-
ducts of the Czechoslovak heavy engineering industry.
Its articles of technical and scientific character have
gained for it access even into circles of specialized
technicians. It is published 12 times a year in English,
French, German, Russian, and Spanish.
"KOVOEXPORT"
This magazine contains information about products ill
the sphere of line mechanics, weak current electrical
engineering, optics, measuring apparatuses, textile ma-
chines, etc. It is published 12 times a year in English
and German with enclosures printed in Russian and
Spanish.
"CZECHOSLOVAK MOTOR REVIEW"
This magazine contains information about products of
the Czechoslovak automobile and motor-cycle industries.
.1a
It publishes news from the world of sport, travel
sketches, etc. It is published 12 times a year in
English, French, German, and Spanish.
"CZECHOSLOVAK GLASS REVIEW"
The great tradition of Czechoslovak glass and ceramics
is reflected in this specialized magazine which is
imblished 12 times a year in English, French, German,
and Spanish.
PRESS SERVICE
Every month the editor of the Press Service of the
Chamber of Commerce of Czechoslovakia supplies
foreign press with a number of articles on Czechoslo-
vak national economy and latest novelties of Czecho-
slovak products and foreign trade.
FILM
The Chamber of Commerce of Czechoslovakia pro-
duces short films on international fairs and exhibitions
? ?
as well as on outstanding home events of commercial
character. These films together with others showing
the most interesting branches of the Czechoslovak in-
dustry are projected and lent for projection on all
suitable occasions.
SERVICE
The services of employees of the Chamber of Com?
merce of Czechoslovakia are available at the Czecho-
slovak expositions at international fairs and exhibi-
tions.
PUBLICITY ACTIVITIES
On the occasion of various international manifesta-
tions at home and abroad publicity activities of a com-
mercial character arc organized and coordinated by
the Chamber of Commerce of Czechoslovakia.
? *ma- - um. t r r- a a ar...?.-naa r. Ear .
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THE CHAMBER OF COMNIERCE
OF CZECIIOSLOVAKIA
presents
the Czechoslovak foreign trade corporations which are
entrusted with the sole export and import of Ihe
indicated goods:
D;1 1:0
A II T I A
Exporters-Importers of Cultural Commodities
30, Smei?ky, Praha 2
Cables: Artie Praha - Telephone: 246266
CENTROTEX
Foreign Trade Corporation for Import and Export of
Textiles and Leather Goods
17, t. Dukelskj,ch hrdintl, Praha 7, C2echoslovakia
Cables: Centrotex Praha - Teleprinter: 130 -
Tel epltone : 78641 ? 9
CHEMAPOL
Foreign Trade Corporation for Import and Export
Chemical Products and Raw Materials
9, Pansloi, Praha 3, Czechoslovakia
Cables: Chemapol Praha - Teleprinter: 2S6 Chemapol
Praha - Telephone: [phone]
of
CZECHOSLOVA K CERAMICS
Foreign Trade Corporation for Export and Import
of Ceramic 1tare
1, V Praha 2, Czechoslovakia
Cables: Keramika Praha - Teleprinter: 118 -
Telephone: [phone]
cp[
o
0
C
CZECHOSLOVAK FILMEXPORT
28, Vzielav,W nmm ? Praha 2, Czechoslovakia
Cables: Eximpfihns, Praha - Telephone: 246741
0
FERROMET
Foreign Trade Corporation for Import and Export of
Metallurgical Products
27, Opletalova, Praha 3, Czechoslovakia
P. 0. B. 779 - Telegrams: Ferromet Praha - Tele-
printer: 211 Ferromet Praha - Telephone: [phone]
GLASSEXPOIIT
Foreign Trade Corporation for Export of Glass
Vticlavske mint., Praha 2, Czechoslovakia
Cables: Glassexport Praha - Teleprinter: 176
Telephone: [phone]
't? ?
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JABLONEX
Foreign Trade Corporation for Export of Jab!once
Articles
54, Gottwaldova, Jablonec n/N. - Czechoslovakia
Cables: Jablonex, Jablonee nad Nisou - Teleprinter:
0093 Liberec 33 - Telephone: 2851-4
---a.(3,C2L7L7
KOOSPOL
Foreign Trade Corporation for Import and Export of
Foodstuffs and Agricultural Products
47, tiida Dukels4c11 lirdin, Praha 7, Czechoslovakia
Cables: Koospol Praha - Teleprinter: Praha 127 -
Telephone: 0000, 78640-9
),.us
K 0 V 0
+41001111.110
Foreign Trade Corporation for Import and Export of
Precision Engineering Products
47, aida Dukelskj,ch hrdinu, Praha 7, Czechoslovakia
Cables: KOVO Praha - Teleprinter: 214 Praha -
Telephone: 0000, 78641-9
LIGNA
Foreign Trade Corporation for Export and Import of
Timber and Products of the Woodworking and Paper
Industries
41, Vodiiikova, Praha 2, Czechoslovakia
Cables: Ligna Praha - Teleprinter: 166 Praha
Telephone: 226451
METALIMEX
Foreign Trade Corporation for Import and Export of
Ores, Metals and Solid Fuel
34, Stiiptinskti, Praha 2, Czechoslovakia
Cables: Metalimex Praha - Teleprinter: 188, 205 -
Telephone: 249589, 223551-5
OTOKO V
Foreign Trade Corporation for Import and Export of
174th-it's and Light Engineering Products
47, tiida Dukelskj'eli lirdin?, Praha 7, Czechoslovakia
Cables: Alotokov Praha - Teleprinter: 247 Praha -
Telephone: 0000, 73241-9
-
OAINIPOL LTD
for Export and Import .of Sports and Transport
Aircraft and Sports Arms,
11, Washingtonovu, Praha 3
Cables: OAINIPOL - Teleprinter: 00289 -
Telephone: 0738
PRAGOEXPORT
Foreign Trade Corporation for Export and Import of
Smallware and Outfitting Articles
34, Jungmannova, Praha 2, Czechoslovakia
Cables: Pragoexport Praha - Teleprinter: 197 Praha -
Telephone: [phone]
? ..... ? low
7 dkez.-
t
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ST 110.1 EXPORT
Foreign Trade Corporation for Export of Machines
and Machinery Equipment
56, Wiclavske atm., Praha 2, Czechoslovakia
Cables: Strojexport Praha - Teleprinter: 171 Praha -
Telephone: 245041
Hed
10
STB 0.1 IMPORT
Foreign trade Corporation for Import of Machines and
Inchtstrial Plants,
5, Konviktsliii, Praha 1
Cables: Strojimport Praha - Teleprinter: 053 -
Telephone: [phone]
.????????.1.1111?
rmatmillit
TECIINOEXPORT
Foreign Trade Corporation for Export of Complete
Industrial Plants
56, Vtlelavske neon., Praha 2, Czechoslovakia
Cables: Technoexport Praha - Teleprinter: Praha 182 -
Telephone: 244850, 248851-9
CECHOFRACHT
Czechoslovak. Shipping Corporation
Na piiko0. Praha 1, Czechoslovakia
Cables: Cechofracht Praha - Teleprinter: 00115, 00110
Telephone: [phone]
II
1
1/1
CEDOK
Czechoslovak Travel Bureau
18, Na piikope, Praha 3, Czechoslovakia
Telephone: 223440, 232996
and Bratislava
SedItIrskit 1
CZECHOSLOVAK AIRLINES
8, mint. Republiky Praha 1, Czechoslovakia
Telephone: 65741
M ETR ANS
Czechoslovak International Forwarding Corporation
8, Na piikope, Praha 3, Czechoslovzkio
Cables: Metrans Praha - Teleprinter: 00124, 00125 -
Telephone: [phone]
TUZEX
Foreign Trade Corporation for Retail Sales of Goods
for Foreign Currency
13, Palackeho, Praha 2, Czechoslovakia
Cables: Tuzex Praha - Telephone: 233613, 222307
STATNI PO.TISTOVNA
Marine Insurance Department
16, Spalenti, Praha 2
Cables: Stapoj, Praha - Teleprinter: Stapoj 112 -
Telephone: 2246-41, 2288-51
Nee
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,1
?
uJ 0 00
110 OJEXPORT
Foreign Trade Corporation for Export of Machines
and Machinery Equipment
56, Veclavske dun., Praha 2, Czechoslovakia
Cables: Strojexport Praha - Teleprinter: 171 Praha -
Telephone 245041
c70
STROJIMPORT
Foreign trade ( orporation for Import of Machines and
Industrial Plants,
5, Konviktske, Praha 1
Cables: Strojimport Praha - Teleprinter: 053 -
Telephone: [phone]
TECIINOEXPORT
Foreign Trade Corporation for Export of Complete
Industrial Plants
56, Veiclavske neon., Praha 2, Czechoslovakia
Cables: Technoexport Praha - Teleprinter: Praha 182 -
Telephone ? 244850, 248851-9
CECHOF RA CH T
Czechoslovak. Shipping Corporation
1, Na piiko0, Praha 1, Czechoslovakia
Cables: Cechofracht Praha - Teleprinter: 00115, 00110
Telephone: [phone]
.11baellig
CEDOK
Czechoslovak Travel Bureau
18, Na pilkopti, Praha 3, Czechoslovakia
Telephone: 223440, 232996
and Bratislava
Sedliirske 1
CZECHOSLOVAK AIRLINES
8, aim. Republiky Praha 1, Czechoslovakia
Telephone: 65741
METRANS
Czechoslovak International Forwarding Corporation
8, Na pilkope, Praha 3, Czechoslovakia
Cables: Aletrans Praha - Teleprinter: 00124, 00125 -
Telephone: [phone]
TUZEX
Foreign Trade Corporation for Retail Sales of Goods
for Foreign Currency
13, Palackeho, Praha 2, Czechoslovakia
Cables: Tuzex Praha - Telephone: 233613, 222307
STATNI POJISTOVNA
Marine Insurance Department
16, Spalenti, Praha 2
Cables: Stapoj, Praha - Teleprinter: Stapoj 112 -
Telephone: 2246-41, 2288-51
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002q001qnnn
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ara
INSPECTION SERVICES
in the commercial relations between the Czechoslovak
foreign trade corporations and their foreign partners
are rendered by
IN SPEKTA
This corporation serves Czechoslovak and foreign firms
by effecting a universal inspection of quantity and
quality of goods either before their shipment, after
their arrival or during transit.
Tht, corporation has a staff of experts covering practic-
ally all branches of commercial goods, particularly the
products of the engineering, metallurgical, agricultural,
foodstuffs, chemical, woodworking and other industits.
Within its competence the corporation defends the in-
terest of the ordering party on one hand, arranging
on the other hand for elimination of ascertained de-
fects.
Address: 5, Jindiigskit ulice, Praha 3, Czechoslovakia.
Cable address: Inspekta ?Praha - Teleprinter: 01/12 -
Telephone: 221 621, 221 622, 236 101.
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF ARBITRATION
IN PRAGUE
This institution serves as an impartial organ for the
solving of disputable commercial cases. In the course
of the several years of its existence the Court has
acquired extraordinary authority due to its absolute
impartiality and deep knowledge of the matters in-
volved For this reason its services are sought to an
ever increasing extent by foreign partners even in
disputable commercial cases which have no connection
with Czechoslovakia whatsoever.
The seat of the Court of Arbitration is the building of
the Chamber of Commerce of Czechoslovakia, 12, ul.
28. i'ijna, Praha 1.
???? ????
Good possibilities of establishing commercial relations
with Czechoslovak firms are afforded by:
RAPID
the Czechoslovak Advertising Agency.
This agency ensures all advertising activities of the
Czechoslovak corporations abroad and aids foreign
firms in their advertising campaigns in Czechoslo-
vakia.
Address: 9, Washingtonova, Praha 2- Cables: Publicita,
Praha - Telephone: 227579, 227580, 246438, 224356.
BRNO TRADE FAIRS
General Management: Brno, Exhibition Ground.
Prague Branch Office: 17, Vficlavske nim., Praha 2,
Czechoslovakia.
The corporation is entrusted.-.m"?the organization of
international trade fairs in Brno which are to continue
the tradition of famous B no Engineering Exhibition.
Their size and. tendency will be similar to the former
Prague Samples Fairs and it can be safely assumed
that they will achieve their great popularity as well.
LIBEREC EXHIBITION FAIRS
For several decades the glorious tradition of these
fairs at which the famous Bohemian glass, Jablonec
costume jewellery and textiles are displayed has exist-
ed. These fairs arc held regularly at the beginning
of September, the date of their opening being con-
veniently synchronized on one hand with the Brno
Trade Fairs and, on the other band, with fairs which
are organized about the same time in Leipzig, Vienna
and Zagreb.
?
?
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STAT
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Aim ?
FOLIA BIOLOG.ICA
Tom. IV. (1958) ? Paso. 4.
Cytological Effects of Low Temperatures
K. BENEg
Institute of Biology, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Department of Plant Physiology, Praha
Received September 24, 19,57
In our laboratory, freezing-drying and freezing-substitution techniques are used.
During various processes, particularly when the specimen is transferred from the
freezing bath to the apparatus, there is danger of thawing. It was therefore decided
to study cytomorphological changes caused by freezing and thawing.
Root tips of Vicia faba L. and leaf tips of Triticum vulgare Viii. (var. Stupicka vouska) were cut from
material which had germinated for four days in Petri dishes at 22? C on filter paper moistened with
distilled water, with 12 hours' illumination. The specimens were placed in gauze bags and frozen for three
minutes in liquid nitrogen or for 15 minutes on the surface of crushed CO2 ice. The bags wore then
removed and the specimens were allowed to thaw in the air. After three minutes, when the surface
of the specimens was already moist, the material was fixed in Zonkor's fixing fluid (24 hours' fixation,
24 hours' washing in water), in Helly's fixing fluid (24 hours' fixation, 2-3 days in saturated K.2Cr207
solution, 24 hours' washing in water) or in Zirkle's fixing fluid (48 hours' fixation, 1-2 hours' washing
in water). The controls were fixed directly. The specimens wore then dehydrated with tertiary butanol
in aueotechnicon and embedded in paraffin. Longitudinal sections, 4 it thick, wore cut. These were then
cleared in an ethanol-xylene series or a shortened othanol-isopropanol-xylene series (HfAel 1955). During
removal of the paraffin, the sections which had been fixed in Holly's solution were iodinated.
Regaud's basmatoxylin and Foulgen's nuclear reaction were used for studying the nuclei,
Regaud's haematoxylin and Kull's modification of Altmann's acid fuchsin stain (v. Baker 1951) for the
mitochondria, and Regaud's haematoxylin and Drawert's acid fuchsin (Drawert 1937) ? 30 min.
in 0.1% acid fuchsin S (Lachema) in HCI phosphate buffer at pH 1.2 ? for the chloroplasts.
Results
In Vicia faba the periblem cells in the meristematic zone were observed. As com-
pared with the controls, the cytoplasm was alveolated and strongly contracted,
so that the external surface of the cytoplasm was separated from the cell membrane.
The cytoplasm contained a few granules, probably the residue of the markedly
changed mitochondria. In the controls there were large quantities of normal mito-
chondria, usually rod-like in form (fig. 1 and 2). The nuclei of the experimental
specimens were pyknotic, alveolated or entirely disintegrated, so that the nuclear
matter formed irregular masses. In the frozen Triticum vulgare specimens, the
chloroplasts were destroyed and irregular formations were visible within the cells
(fig. 3 and 4). Th3 results were the same both with nitrogen and with CO2 ice.
Discussion
- ? ?
16.0 au 414 I. a
The effect of low temperatures on organisms have been. stualed 'ealonletrirallg;
by measuring the temperature changes in frozen specimens, by chemical analysis,
244
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STAT
by microscopic study etc. On the basis of the results, various theories
have been elaborated on the cause of frost killing (reviewed by Maximov 1913,
Akerman 1927, Belehradek 1935, Luyet and Gehenio 1940, Levitt 1941, Smith 1954,
Precht et al. 1955, Meryman 1957). The freezing of plant tissue leads to the forma-
tion of ice, dehydration, increased concentration of salts, destruction of colloidal
systems, denaturation of protein, changes in permeability, etc. These occur either
during freezing or during thawing.
From microscopic observations, Goppert (1830) found that plant tissues were not
damaged by ice. Sachs (1860) observed the intracellular formation of ice. Haber-
landt (1876) found alveolation and sticking of chloroplasts in frozen specimens.
Molisch (1897) studied the cytological effects of freezing by direct microsopicc
observation in a cryostat and. found changes in chloroplasts and nuclei. Matruchot
and Molliard (1902) studied the effect of low temperatures by a similar technique
to our own. They found alveolation of the nuclei and contraction and alveolation
of the cytoplasm. Wiega,nd (1906) made a microscopic study of ice formation in
tissues. Many later communications on the physiological effects of low temperatures
are also supported by microscopic observations (e. g. Schaffnit 1910, Chambers and
Hale 1932, lljin 1934, Simonowitch and Scarth 1938). Recently, Geneves (1955)
published an exhaustive paper on the effects of freezing, using cytological techniques
--Wird cultivation h r vitro - ? The results obtained in the present experiments are in agreement with the
observations of earlier and contemporary authors. Further work will be directed
to a more detailed analysis of the effects of freezing and thawing. It has been found,
for example, that the fixation of frozen, unthawed specimens by alcoholic fixing
fluids at different temperatures produces different results. At low temperatures
the cell structures are not destroyed.
The material used for cytological observations was also used for biochemical study.
Respiration in the frozen-thawed specimens was only about 15% of that in the
controls (Ulrychova-Zelinkovo,, personal communication 1957); this is probably
related to destruction of the mitochondria. Witter and Cottone (1956) showed
that isolated mitochondria in suspension were destroyed by freezing and thawing.
Roberts (1951) found that frozen tissue was capable of reducing triphenyltetrazolium
chloride. Data of this type are still very rare. In our opinion, co-operation between
biochemists and cytologists in this field would do much to increase our knowledge
of the relationships between the structure and function of the cell parts.
el`
Summary
Root tips of Vida faba L. and leaf tips of Triticum vulgare Vill. var. Stupicka
vouska, were frozen by placing in liquid nitrogen, or on the surface of crushed
CO2 ice. They were then thawed, fixed and treated by cytological techniques.
The cytoplasm was found to be alveolated and contracted, changes occurred in the
mitochondria, the nuclei were pyknotic, alveolated or disintegrated and the chloro-
plasts were destroyed.
(Plate XX II)
??? ??? 41. oft. ?????
MM.
245
limr?
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References
Ake r ma n, A.: Studien Ober den Kaltetod und die Kfilteresistenz der Pflanzen. Lund 1927.
B ak e r, J. R.: Cytological Technique. London 1951.
B 6 Iehrade k, J.: Temperature and Living Matter. Berlin 1935.
C Ii a in b e r s, R., fl a I e, H. P.: The Formation of Ice in Protoplasm. Proc. Roy. Soc.
London B. 110 : 336, 1932.
D r a w e r 1, H.: Das Verhalten der einzelnen Zellbestandteile fixiertar pflanzlicher Gewebe
gegen satire und basische Farbstoffe bei veischiedener Wasserstoffkonzentration. Flora
132 : 91, 1937.
G?ves. L.: Recherches sur les Wets cytologiques du froid. Rev. cytol. biol. veg. 16 :1,
1955.
G?p per t, R. H.: Ober die Warmeentwicklung in den Pflanzen, deren Gefrieren und Schulz-
mina' gegen dasselbe. Breslau 1830.
H abe r 1 an d I, G.. Char den Einfluss des Frostes auf die Chlorophyllkorner. Oster. Bot.
Zschr. 26 : 249, 1876.
Hrge 1, I.: Double Staining with Acid Stains in Plant Tissue. Fol. biol. (Praha) 1: 62, 1955.
ji n, W. S.: Ober den Kaltetod der Pflanzen und seine Ursachen. ProLoplasina 20 :105,
1934.
Levi It, J.: Frost Killing and Hardiness of Plants. Minneapolis 1941.
Luye t, J. B., G e Ii e n i o, P. M.: Life and Death at Low Temperatures. Missouri 1940.
ucho t, L., Molliar d, M.: Modifications produiles par le gel dans la structure
de,s eellules vOgetales. Rev G.6n. Bot. 14 : 401. 463. 522, 1902.
Mo 1 isc h, H.: Untersuchungen tibei rias Erfrieren der Pflanzen. -Jena 1897.
Mery ma n, H. T.: Tissue Freezing and Local Cold Injury. Physiol. Rev. 37 233, 1957.
P rec h 1, H., Christ op hers o n, J., H ens e 1, H.. Temperature und ',obeli. Ber-
lin 1955.
R ober 1 s, L. W.: A Survey of Factors Responsible for the Reduction of 2, 3, 5-triphenyl-
tetrazolium chloride in Plant Meristems. Science 113 : 692, 1951.
S a ch s, J.: Kristallbildung bei dem Gefrieren mid Veranderung der Zellhaute bei dem Ad-
Lauen saftiger Pflanzenteiie. Leipzig, Berichte 12 : 1, 1860.
S c h a f fni t, E.: Studien Ober den Einfluss niederer Temperaturen auf die pflanzliche Zelle.
Mitt. K. W. Inst. Landw. Bromberg 3 : 93, 1910.
Sim o n owi tc h, D., Scar!, 11, W. G.: A Study of the Mechanism of Frost Injury
to Plants. Canad. J. Res. 16 . 467, 1938.
Smi t Ii, A. U.: in a rri s, R. J. C.: Biological Applications of Freezing and Drying.
New York 1954.
Wieg a n d, K. M.: The Occurrence of Ice in Plant Tissue. Plant World 9 : 25, 1906.
Wi t t e r, R. F., Cot Lon e, M. A.: A Study of Some Factors Involved in the Swelling
of Isolated Mitochondria. Bloch. Bioph. Acta 22 : 365, 1956.
M a is c ii M o a, H. A. Haffpanbie paffoTbi no aacyxoycToiltunlocTn it 311MOCTOilliOCTI1 pacTenuti.
II. 31INIOCTOIIROCTb pacTenuff. Mocraia 1952. 0 ummepaanini a xono:tocTcrliuocTii pacTennti.
Han. CII6 ,TIecnoro nucTuTra 25 : 1, 1913.
A?110 a. OM *era
246
? ??????111
????
Mir. GM, /O. ???6 MIR MEL .111P NO I./ I
dev,
3
K. Bend. Cytological Effects of Low Temperatures.
Plate XXII.
Fig. 1. Root tip of Victa Alba after freezing with liquid N2 and thawing. Fixed with Zirkle's solution.
Stained with Regaud's haematoxylm. Cytoplasm alveolated and contracted; granular residual fragments
of mitochondria.
Fig. 2. Non-frozen control.
???????F? ? now
Len_f tip of Triticum vulgare frozen with liquid N2, thawed and fixed with Holly's solution.
Stained with buffered acid fuelisin: hl m;ithia
Non-frozen control.
MOT ?.? ? ???? ??? Mr
-
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SONDERDRUCK AUS
DIE
NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN
SPRINGER-VERLAG / BERLIN ? GOTTINGEN ? HEIDELBERG
1958
HEFT 1, S.22/23
45. JAHRGANG
Die Wirkung von D-Chloramphenicol auf die zytoplasmatischen Struk-
turen meristematischer Zellen
Bei Applikation von D-Chloramphenicol in bestimmten
Konzentrationen kommt es belcanntlich bci keimenden Pflan-
zen zu einer Wachstumshemmung ihrer oberirdischen Teile und
Wurzein sowie zu cinigen Stoffwechseistorungen im Pflanzen-
korper1), 9,3). Die durch D-Chloramphenicol hervorgerufenen
morphologischen und biochemischen Veranderungen sind
reversibel Sic erreichen, vie festgestellt wurde, ihr Maximum
ungefahr am vierten Tage nach Keimungsbeginn und ver-
schwinden dann allmahlich. Diese hemmende Eigenschaft der
D-Chloramphenicolwirkung nutztcn wir beim Studium der
Entwicklung cytrtigosmatischer Strukt-useir--in kaimenden
Weizenpflanzen aus. Dabei haben wir uns gleichzeitig davon
iiberzeugt, inwieweit eventuelle strukturelle Veranderungen
die in der Pflanze ablaufenden biochemischen Prozesse beein-
flussen.
Material und Methoden. Der ais Versuchspflanze gewahlte
Frilhjahrsweizen Triticum vulgare (Sorte Niva) wurde 10 Tage
lang bei einer Durchschnittstemperatur von 24? C in Petri-
Schalen im D-Chloramphenicolmedium (gonzentrationen
10, 30, 50 und 10011g/m1), die Kontrollpflanzen in destilliertem
Wasser und in Knoppscher Nahrlosung geziichtet. Das far die
zytologischen Untersuchungen taglich entnommene Material
wurde mit Zirkle-Formol fixiert4). Die 7 t.t dicken Langs-
schnitte wurden mit Regaudschem Hamatoxylin und nach
AIILOVIDOV (Starck-Nachweis) gefarbt 9. Die quantitative
Chlorophylibestimmung erfolgte wahrend des Keimungs-
verlaufes kolorimetrisch mit dem Langeschen Photometer 9.
Die Eichkurve erhielten wir durch entsprechende Verdiinnung
des aus den Kontrollpflanzen gewonnenen Extralctes. Die
Aktivitat der Cytochromoxydase wurde mit der manometri-
schen Methode4) im Warburgschen Gerat und gleichfalls
wahrend der Keimung untersucht.
Versuchsergebnisse und Diskuss ion. Die morphologischen
Veranderungen der Versuchspflanzen stimmten mit den An-
gaben in der Literatur tibereini), 2) Ebenso konnte auch ihre
Reversibilitat festgestellt werden. Die zytologischen Unter-
suchungen ergaben, daB D-Chloramphenicol wahrend der
Chloroplastenentwicklung in den Blattern strukturelle Ver-
anderungen hervorruft, die sich erst am dritten Tag nach dem
Keimungsbeginn bemerkbar machen. In den Zellen des
Vegetationspunktes und in den jiingsten Zellen des ersten bis
dritten Blattes fehlen im Gegensatz zu den Kontrollen (Fig.1 a)
Icleine punkt- bis stnchformige Mitocliondrien, und es sind nur
einige graBere mitochondrialc Strukturen zu beobachten
'1.1. On. 011?F ???
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a
Fig.la?f. Blattzellen von Triticum vulgare, vier Tage nach Kei-
mungsbeginn. a, b, c In destilliertem Wasser geztichtete Pflanzen.
d, e, f In D-Chloramplienicol (50 ng/inl dest. Wasser) gezfichtete
Pflanzen
(Fig. I d). Im Vcrlauf der wciteren Zellentwicklung vergrollern
sich die Mitochondrien im dritten Blatt der Kontrollpflanzen
(Fig. .1 b), wahrend bei den Ver-
suchspflanzen schlei fenartige
Gebilde erscheinen (Fig. i e)
Bei den Kontrollpflanzen ver-
wandeln sich die mitochon-
drialen Strukturen zu Pro-
plastiden (Fig c), bei den Ver-
suchspflanzen sind dagegen 90
charakteristische, vakuolisierte 4
mitochondriale Strukturen zu
beobachten (Fig. II). Die wei-
tcre Entwicklung der Plastiden
unterscheidet sich bei den Kon-
troll- und Versuchspflanzen nur
unwesentlich. Die hier beschrie-
benen Veranderungen sind am
besten am vierten Tage sicht-
bar, werden spater undeutlich
und sind nach dem achten Tage
nicht mehr erkennbar. Da die
Chloroplasten nicht beschadigt
sind, diirfte es sich urn eine Inhibition der Biosynthese des
Chlorophylls handeln7). Die Hemmung (in %, 4miOrimf4Ft.
_
. -
80-
60
20
III!! t
? 6 line 8
2
Fig. 2. Hemmung (in %, be-
zogen auf Gesamtstickstoff) in
Abhangigkeit vom Alter der
Keimlinge (in Tagcn)
VON NEN
^ Mr.
? 3 ?
Erroositgetc3=14') betragt beim
Alter dcr Keimlinge (Tage)
auf Frischgewieht bezogen .
auf Trockengewicht bezogen
3
4
5
6
7
8
89
85,5
61
38
24
18
86
79
48
35
20
15
Alle bisher beobachteten Veranderungen traten im Vcrlauf der
ersten Keimungstage cin und blieben dann allmahlich aus. Die
Behandlung achttagiger Pflanzen mit D-Chloramphenicol in
ciner Konzentration von 50 pg/ml fiihrte auch nach sieben-
tagiger Applikation zu keiner der angefiihrten Verlinderungen
Im weiteren Verlauf untersuchten wir das Cytochrom-Cyto-
chromoxydase-System, also die terminale Oxydase in den
erstcn Entwicklungsphasen des Weizens. Wir wollten gleich-
zeitig fcststellen, ob die strukturellen Veranderungen der Mito-
chondrien die Aktivitat der in ihnen lokalisiertcn Cyto-
chromoxydase beeinflussen (Fig. 2). Wir fanden eine Herab-
setzung der Cytochromoxydaseaktivitat bei den Versuchs-
pflanzen mit ciDem InhiIit onsijiaxjupi_am ..yen Tage.
Die Versuchsergebnisse zeigten, daB bei den keimenden
Pflanzen von Triticum vulgarc offenbar eine Korrelation
zwischen den durch D-Chloramphenicol ausgelosten Formen-
veranderungen der mitochondrialen Strukturen und der
Cytochromoxydascalctivitat besteht.
Biologisches Institut der Tschechoslourakischen A kadenzie der
Wrssenschaften, Praha XIX
V. Sostlov.k und E. HRABgTOV.A.
Eingegangen am 27. September 1957
- ?
OORM, F., M. ZELINKOVA U. Z. SORMOVA: Chem. Listy 48,
910 (1954). ? 2) ZELINKOVA, M., U. F. gORM: Chem. Listy 48, 1277
(1954). ?3) BRIAN, P. W. ? Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 8,413 (1957). ?
1) O'BRIEN, J.A.: Amer. J. Bot. 38, 684 (195t). ? 5) MiLovioov, P.:
Arch. Anat. Microsc. 24, 9 (1928). _8) NItTIEN, G , u. J. LACHARME:
Bull. Soc. Chim. biol. 37, 643 (1955). ?7) FRITZ, G., u. H. BEEVERS?
Plant Physiol. 30, 309 (1955). ? SCHOPFER, W.H., E. GROB,
G. BESSEN U V. KELI.ER. Arch. Sci. (Geneve) 5, 188 (1952).
am,
WM.
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Druck der UniversitAtsdruckerei H. StUrtz AG., Witrzburg
MP, WI& OP PP me ? ? ???
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?19,
Rpanme coo6m,erma
Brief Reports Kurze
f
The Influence of Gibberellic Acid on the Chlorophyll ContenSTATt
of Germinating Lettuce Plants
J. ULLMANN, J. KREKULE
Institute of Biology, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Department of Plant Physiology, Praha
Received Novel ther 16, 1957
One of the characteristic signs of the bakanse disease, which is caused in rice by
the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi, is overgrowth and chlorosis of the affected plants.
Similar features were encountered by a number of authors (Brian 1954, Kato 1951,
Marth 1956 and others) when studying the effect of new growth substances of the
gibberellin type. The majority of authors contented themselves with the finding of
a difference in the coloration of experimental plants. Yabuta (1951), who made
a quantitative determination of the concentration of chlorophyll in rice following the
application of gibberellin, found that a decrease occurred.
During our experiments with gibberellic acid (GA), we found that the colour
change in the leaves following the application of GA was most marked in lettuce
Plants. Since fresh weight, dry weight and the length of the plants were obviously
stimulated, we were interested in determining whether the decrease in the chlorophyll
content of chlorotic plants was real, i. e. whether chlorophyll formation was actually
inhibited, or whether the phenomenon could be explained simply as "chlorophyll
dilution", i. e. as a relative decrease in the concentration of chlorophyll, owing to
the marked increase in fresh weight (with no change in the amount of ctilorophyll
per unit dry weight). We therefore determined the chlorophyll content in a series of
germinating lettuce plants following the application of GA.
Methods
Lettuce plants of the variety StupickS, kamentio were grown in Petri dishes under glass covers at
it constant temperature (temperature 20 ? 3?C, light 2,000 luxes, at the level of the Petri dishes, illumin-
ation 12 hours daily). The control plants were grown in Knop's nutrient solution. The experimental
plants were grown in the same nutrient solution, to which GA had been added in a concentration of
10 1i/ml. The solutions were changed every third day. On the tenth day the experiment was stopped and
the material was examined. Fresh weight and dry weight were determined in the usual way. The chloro-
phyll content was determined quantitatively on a Lange colorimeter, using a red filter (RG-2).
Chlorophyll was extracted from 500 mg. fresh material (about 30 plants) and was determined in the
cotyledons and the first pair of leaves, which were removed together with the petiole. Extraction was
carried out with non-aqueous acetone, to which solid, non-aqueous magnesium carbonate was added.
By diluting the acetone extract obtained from the control plants, we obtained 30%, 60%, 40% and 20%
chlorophyll solutions for comparison purposes and plotted a calibration curve from their extinction.
Results
The experiment was repeated four times, one determination being carried out on each occasion. Tho
table below shows the result of two determinations. The results of the others wore similar.
Tho table gives the average of two determinations; the figures in brackets denote the porcentual
- diffeittht.. t-ze rallies. These results show decrease of the chlorophyll content
in germinating lettuce plants following the application of GA, both in reittwoo. iD fh.;4 5.-1d tn dry
weight. Inhibition was also found in single plants selected as comparison umts.
On., if
251
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% of chlorophyll
Fresh weight
of 1 plant (%)
Dry weight
of 1 plant (h, )
1 mg. fresh 1
weight
1 mg. dry
weight
1 plant
Control
GA
100
54.5 (2)
100
68 (0)
100
76 (.11)
100
128.5
100
110
Discussion
The decrease in chlorophyll described in the literature (usually only on the basis
of visual evaluation) was confirmed in our experiments. The degree of decrease
is so high that it cannot be regarded as mere "chlorophyll dilution". This is also
borne out by the fact that significant inhibition was also found on evaluating
a single dry weight unit and even single plants. The results cannot either, however,
be interpreted as specific inhibition of chlorophyll by GA. We assume rather that
the rate of chlorophyll formation is not changed by GA, but that the rate of forma-
tion of the other components is increased (probably chiefly building components,
such as cellulose, etc.). The finding of some authors (Brian 1954, Wittwer and
Bukovae?Mril), that the chlorosis which develops-fe4ewing the application of GA
can be counteracted by increasing nutrition, presents the possibility of another
explanation. Considered from this angle, the above decrease found in the chlorophyll
content would by the outcome of deficient nutrition. It could by assumed that after
the application of GA, certain components of the nutrient medium are utilized in
increased measure within the function of one of the stimulant effects described, and
that even if the concentration of the nutrient medium is normal, starvation occurs.
This is then manifested (among other features) in a decrease in the chlorophyll
content.
Summary
The authors studied the effect of GA on the chlorophyll content of germinating
lettuce plants. The results of their experiment show that the administration of GA in
a concentration of 10 ylml. Knop's nutrient solution reduced the chlorophyll
content per unit dry weight by about 30%, and per unit fresh weight by about 45%.
References
Brian, P. W., Elson, G. W., Flemming, H. G., Radley, M.: The Plant-
growth Promoting Properties of Gibberellic Acid, a Metabolic Product of the Fungus Gibbe-
rella fulikuroi. .1. Sm. Food Agric. 5 : 602, 1954.
K a t o, J.: Physiological Effect of Gibberellin 1. Differential Activity between Gibberellin
and Auxin. Mem. Coll. Sm. Univ. Kyoto, Ser. B 20 ? 189, 1951.
Mart h, P. C., Audi a, W. V., Mitchel 1, J. W.: Effect of Gibberellic Acid on
Growth and Development of Plants of Various Genera and Species. Bot. Gaz. 118 : 106, 1956.
Witt we r, S. H., Bukova c, M. .1 Gibberellin and Higher Plants. V. Promotion of
Growth in Grass at Low Temperatures. Quart. Bull. Mich. Agric. Exp. Sta. 39 (4) 682. 1957.
Yabut a, T.: Chemical Composition of Rice Seedlings Treated with Gibberellin. J Agr.
Chem. Soc. Japan 24 . 396, 1951.
252
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Me
? CASOPIS CESKOSLOVENSKt SPOLECNOSTI ENTOMOLOGICKE
ACTA SOCLETATIS ENTOMOLOGICAE CECHOSLOVENIAE
Rod.55 - 1950 cis. 3
Tom. No.
.?
40???????????
Biologisches Institut CSAV, Entomopathologische Abteilung
EINIGE NEUE ACARIDEN-DEUTONYMPHEN ALS COMMENSALEN
DER INSEKTEN (ACARI)
Nektere deutonymfy acaridoidnich roztoad, vjrznamni komensalove hmyzu (Acari)
KAREL SAMSIRAK
Eingegangen am 6. I. 1953
STAT
?..
Nektefi acaridoidni roztodi ijI v pfime zavislosti na hmyzu a jejich deuto-
nymfy pou2ivaji dospeleho hmyzu k ?ifeni na nova stanovifte. Nachazime mezi
nimi pfisne specialisty na urditY druh hmyzu. Patfi mezi ne napk. Histiostoma
manicae n. sp., popisovand v teto pr?, kterd 2ije vYhradne na horskem druhu
mravence Manica rubida NYL. Jine druhy pou2ivaji ritznYc.h hmyzu, s kterYmi
sdileji stejnY biotop. Podle jejich ndlezu mideme tedy usuzovat na prostfedi,
ye kterem se hostitel vyviji a mide tak 13Srt pfesne urdeni deutonymfy velmi vy-
znamne z hlediska hospoddfskeho.
Krome popisu dvou novy"ch druhe identifikuji i dye deutonymfy, popsane r. 1860
J. MULLEREM. Tento dnes nepravem zapomenutk acarolog i1 pfed sto lety v Brne
a jako jeho povolani se uvadi ?Buchhalter bei Sigmund Bauer". Osobnost MOLLEROVA
mizf ye stinu prof. KOLENATIHO, jeho 2 slavu tento skromnk pfirodovedec znamenite
podpotil, nebot do jeho del nakreslil obrazky roztode, je 2 pkesto, e znadne utrpely
pHli drobnkm reprodukovanim, jsou dnes nejvice cenenou sloikou KOLENATIHO
acarologickeho dila. Z MULLEROV/CH vlastnich praci, v nichi po prve v domaci
literatufe je na pi% pouiivana metricka soustava pii udavani rozmere, je vlastne znama
a citovana jen jedina, ostatni zestaly acarologem neznamy. Z teto prace pak pfe?la
do beinkch pfirudek dye jmena bench roztode. Prvni z nich, Macrocheles glaber, je
velmi hojnk na broucich z rodu Geotrupes, druhSr, dnes nazjrvank Poecilochirus sub-
terraneus, 'Zije na hrobaticich a reznkch masaravjrch broucich Oba druhy bSrvaji
^ popularni literatufe mylne vydavany za deutonymfy rodu Parasitus. U obou je pak
udavano chybne vrodeni. Prace vy?la v raence za rok 1895, jako rok vydani je vjr-
slovne uveden rok 1860. Dye deutonymfy tyroglyfoidnich roztode. o nich2 pojednavam
^ nemecke easti prace, byly popsany tamte2.
MULLER publikoval zasadne v domacich easopisech a sve materialy ukladal
^ brnenskSrch estavech (museum, technika ? dnes jsou zatim jeho sbery nezvestne) na
rozdil od KOLENATIHO, kterk sve typy uloil v Jardin des plantes v Paffii a ostatni
material, na tehdej?i dobu jiste kolosalni, rozdelil dal?im tficeti dvema vefejnkm
i soukromkm sbirkam po cele Evrope.
Caloglyphus crossoceri n. sp.
Deutonympha.
Lange 210-230 p, Breite 150-170 tz. Gestalt oval, Notocephale leicht zugespitzt,
Farbe gelbbraun.
Rtickenseite: Langenverhaltnis der Notocephale zum Notogaster ungefahr 1 : 3.
Die Riickenschilder aussert fein punktiert, der vorderste Teil des Notogasters
quergestrgift7 Die N oTocepliale tragt V1L iage (1? IA) Br_Imter.,/ deren inittltrks
VOIPC. 4:* (.7? es 4- l4.: s.02,ic. 4.4*?. al....rm. '7_
_ _
?
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4.ba,
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Paar gegen dem ausseren wenig zuriick steht. An dem Notogaster befindet sich
die gewohnliehe Zahl der Borsten, die an iiblichen Stellen stehen, aber ausser-
ordentlich lang sind. Am langsten sind die vier Borsten in der Mitte des Scluldes.
Sie messen 26-29 tt. Alle Borsten sind sehr fein gefiedert.
Bauchseite: Die Epimera bilden em n Y-formiges, hinten frei endendes Sternum.
Epimera II sind stark, etwas blattahnlich verbreitet und enden hinten frei. Der
? ?C+010?????
2 1
-
Abb. 1. Caloglyphus crossoceri n. sp. Deutonympha. 1 von oben, 2 von unten, 3 Tarsus I
von oben.
Obr. 1. Ca/og/tiphus crossoceri n. sp. Deutonymfa. 1 shora, 2 zespodu, 3 shora.
Hinterrand des Sternalschildes liegt etwas hinter dem ersten Drittel des Ki5rpers
und ist gerade abgeschnitten. Epimera III sind bogenformig gekriimmt und fiigen
sich in der Rumpfmitte zu einem Ventrum zusammen. Dieses Ventrum endet
frei und ist besonders in seinem hinteren Ende nur schwach angedeutet. An der
Stelle, wo die fast geradlinigen Epimera IV auf das Ventrum anstossen, befindet
sich em n Paar langerer Borsten. Auf den Coxen I und III liegen kleine Haftnapfe.
Die Genitalspalte wird von zwei Borsten und zwei Haftnapfen flankiert. Die
Haftnapfplatte erreicht nicht das Rumpfende. Sie ist etwas quadratisch und tragt
acht Haftnapfe, die in drei Reihen stehen, in Anordnung zu 2, 4, 2. Das mittlere
???? 6
Pair Isr:-das gef-.;6ste raid kr.-Czegenstz zu alien anderen enth* zwei Kerne. Ein
29D
Mae=
- -
yr% mar ?WIlo ? ?
????.
a:
?
hyaliner Saum der Napfplatte ist nicht wahrzunehmen. Auf dem Rumpfende,
deutlich ventral stehen zwei Endhaare fast von doppelter Lange der langsten
Dorsalhaare (45 tz). Am Vorderende des Korpers befindet sich das gewohnliche
Paar der Rostralhaare.
Gnathosoma iiberragt den Vorderrand der Notocephale nur sehr wenig. Sein
Basalteil ist konisch und zweimal so lang, wie an der dicksten Stelle breit. In der
Mitte steht an den Seiten je em n kurzes Haar. Die zwei Haare, die am Ende des
Basalstiickes stehen, sind zweimal so lang, wie die Haare in der Mitte. Das
Vorderende ist seicht gespaltet und a sitzen zwei kolbenformige Glieder an,
deren Enden em n wenig unter der Vorderspitze des Rumples hervorragen. Jedes
von ihnen tragt eine lange Borste.
Alle Beine sind stammig und kurz, Beine III und IV. sogar fast stummelhaft
kurz. Ihre Gliederung ist durchwegs normal. An den Beinen I und II sind die
Glieder ausser den Tarsen und Coxac etwas langer als breit. Femora ilberragen
schon den Seitenrand des Korpers. Die Beine III und IV iiberragen die Randlinie
des Rumples hochstens urn eine Halfte der Tarsen Alle Krallen sind einfach,
massig gebogen und ungestielt. Femora I und II tragen ventral sehr lange Borsten,
die die Enden der Tibien iiberragen. Alle Borsten an den Tarsen sind biegsam, die
Dome, die gewohnlich an den Beinen der Ca/og/yphiden-Deutonymphen vor-
kommen, fehlen hier ganz. Dorsal an den Tibien I und II stehen lange, kraftige
Tasthaare, die die Tarsusspitzen tiberragen. Die Tarsi I und II tragen dorsal an
ihrer Basis Sinneskolben, die zur Spitze angeschwollen sind. Blattartig ver-
breitet sind nur die Haare am Innenende der Tarsen I und II. Gegen ihnen, am
Aussenende der Tarsen I und II befindet sich je em n loffelformiges Klebhaar.
Gefunden von Dr. Z. Boueek an Crossocerus capitosus ? Ruzyne u Prahy,
14. V. 1953. Holotypus und viele Paratypen.
Die Art ist durch die langen Dorsalhaare sehr auffallig. Solche Haare linden wir
nur bei wenigen Arten. An erster Stelle miissen wir von ihnen den sehr haufigen
Acarus siro L. (Tyroglyphus farinae L.) nennen. Dann kommt Acotyledon paradoxa
OUDMS., bei dem an der Saugnapfplatte die Saugnapfe stark reduziert sind, weiter
Acotyledon tetramorii TURK 1957 (Acotyledon tetramorii SAMSINAK 1957), bei dem
die Borsten so lang sind, dass sie den KOrperrand tiberragen und endlich Tyroglyphus
(?) psenuli VITZHUM 1931, der bisher nur einmal an Psen atratus PANZ. gefunden
wurde.
?-?-?,????,? *? ?
Histiostoma manicae n. sp.
Deutonympha.
Lange 190 p, Breite 160 p. Gestalt breit oval, fast rund. Farbe lichtgelblich.
Riickenseite: Die Notocephale deckt fast das ganze erste Drittel der Korpers.
Der die Vorderkante der Notocephale bildende Bogen deutet in der Mitte leicht
eine Spitze an. Ein- oder Ausbuchtungen hat diese Vorderkante nicht. Ober-
flache beider Riickenschilder spiegelglatt, bei manchen Stikken sind am Noto-
gaster lange Linien, eine Struktur, die durch Druck des Deckglases entstand. Von
den Haaren, die sich gewohlich an der Oberseite befinden, land ich auch bei
Benutzung des starksten Objektives keine Spur. Nur am Ende des Korpers
befinden sich die gewohnlichen zwei Haare, die winzig klein sind.
Bauchseite: Die Epimera I vereinigen sich zu einem breiten Y-ahnlichen Ster-
num, bei dem Stamm und Gabelung gleich lang sind. Das Sternum erreicht das
zweite Drittel der Korpers nicht und endet hinten frei. Die Epimera II verlaufen
Bogen u-A-z1 end-an-hint-zr.- cAx.nfalls f.d,Epi-rric.Ta -TIT ni nur kut.7,
We ?
?111* ? ?
0E6
mar.-
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In der Holm der Epimera III beginnt frei in der Mitte des Korpers das Ventrum,
das bis zu dem Vorderrand der Saugnapflatte reicht. Vor der Genitabliffnung ist
das Ventrum gegabelt. Weit vor der Mitte des Ventrums stehen die Epimera IV
mit ihm in Verbindung. Von den Aussenenden der Epimerem IV laufen schrag
nach hinten die Episternen IV. Die Haftnapfe auf den Coxen I und III sind
deutlich sichtbar, aber klein. Die Genitalspalte ist durch zwei Haftnapfe flan-
langeres Haar, das fast die Mitte der Tarsus I erreicht. Der Riechkolben ist leicht
keulenfOrmig, sein Begleithaar ist em n wenig ktirzer als er selbst.
Typus: Mor.: Radho?f (Beskyden). Paratypen: Boh.: Krupka (Graupen), Pro-
stfedni Zleb u Deaina (Mittelgrund bei Tetschen). Immer mehrere Exemplare.
Lebt an Manica rubida NYL. (Hym. Form.), die als typische Bergameise ange-
geben ist. Weitere Fundstadte kann ich leider nicht angeben, weil meine friihere
Materiale dieser Ameisen mir unzuganglich blieben.
Abb. 2. Histiostoma manicae n. sp. Deutonympha. 1 von oben, 2 von unten, 3 Tarsus I
von oben.
Obr. 2. Histiostoma manicae n. sp. Deutonymfa. 1 shora, 2 zespodu, 3 tarsus I shore.
kiert. Die Haftnapfplatte ist breiter als lang und erreicht das Rumpfende nicht.
Die Platte tragt acht Haftnapfe in tiblicher Anordnung, von denen das mittlere
Paar am grossten ist. Die einzelnen Haftnapfe der Platte stehen welt voneinander
entfernt.
Das Hypostom ist ungefiihr doppelt so lang wie breit und vorne in zwei Zapf en
gegabelt die als Sockel ftir je em n langes Endhaar dienen. Bei Dorsal-Ansicht ist
nur em n grosser Teil der Endhaare sichtbar, nicht das Hypostom selbst.
Die Beine sind typisch Anoetus-artig gebaut und werden entsprechend getra-
-gen. Alle-Gliedc:- gut, vonciala.nder geeccRnt. siidi mit
massigen Dornen ausgestattet. Femur I tragt dorsal an seinem apicalen Ende ein
.4 ? /4 ? ? ??
Abb. 3. Histiostoma ovalis (J. MOLLEFt). 1 von oben, 2 von unten.
Obr. 3. Histiostoma ovalis (J. MULLER). 1 shora, 2 zespodu.
Die Art ist dadurch auffallend, dass sie sehr kurze Epimeren III hat, die die K6rper-
mitte nicht erreichen. Dadurch ist sie der Acarinen-Deutonymphen Histiogaster etwas
ahnlich.
Histiostoma ovalis (J. MULLER) 1860.
Syn: 'Uropoda ovalis MOLLER 1860.
Histiostoma g/adiger SCHEUCHER 1957.
Diese Spezies habe ich an vielen Exemplaren von Ips sexdentatus BORN. gefunden,
die in den Sammlungen des Nationalmuseums in Praha deponiert sind. Die Fundorte
der Exemplare sind z. B.: Rila, Bulg., Exp. MARAN-TABORSKI; Vizzavona, Corse,
lgt MACIAN; Vosges, Gallia, lgt V. M. DUCHON" ; Baden b. Wien lgt TREDL; Modling,
lgt SMOLIK; Alpes, Carinthia lgt V. M. DUCHON; Lvov, Galicia, lgt PURKYNE. Die
Deutonymphen sind an den einzelnen Borkenkafern recht haufig, sie sitzen entweder
in der Hohlung am Ende der Fltigeldeckel, oder an den Seiten der Fltigeldecken ober-
halb der Knie der Beine IV.
MOLLER ftihrt in seiner Beschreibung mehrere Kafer als Ubei trager der
Hypopen dieser Art an und es ist hochst wahrscheinlich, dass er mehrere Arten
der Hypopen vor sich hatte. An erster Stelle nennt er aber ?Bostrichus steno-
graphus BUFTSCH." ? heutiger Ips sexdentatus BORN. und auch die Abbildung
^ ?
entspricht derseltren bi SCI-IEUCHEIT.
wow Zi.sr
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Histiostoma ovalis (MULLER) unterscheidet sich von den Arten der ,,Picea..
Gruppe" (im Sinne SCHEUCHER), die auch in Erwagung kommen dadurch, dass
das Gnathosoma hier mit den Enden seines Basalstiickes den Korpervorderrand
Liberragt, was auch MULLER sehr gut aufgezeichnet hat. Dies ist auch em wich-
tiges Merkmal gegen Anoetus gladiger VITZHUM. Es ist ausserdem fraglich, ob
beim Typusexemplar dieser Art die Haare des Notocephale wirklich abgebrochen
sind, oder ob sich hier ? wie
VITZHUM sagt ? nur kurze
Dornen befinden. Weiter nach
den Informationen des Herrn
Prof. Dr. Ing. A. PFEFFER lebt
Ips subelongatus MOTSCH.,
Wirt von A. gladier VITZH., an
Larix, Ips sexdentatus BORN.
an Finns. Alle diese Fragen
konnte nur neues Material der
Mi136ett?aus Ips su berm an t11 S
entscheiden. Ich suchte aber an
diesen Borkenkafern in den
Sammlungen des Nationalmu-
seums vergeblich und auch Herr
Prof. PFEFFER, dem ich f?r
seine Bereitwilligkeit herzlich
danke, konnte in seiner Samm-
lung an den genannten Bor-
kenkafern kein einziges StUck
Abb. 4. Histiostoma ovalis f. mafani n. von oben. von A. gladiger VITZH. fin-
Obr. 4. Histiostoma ovalis f. mafani shora. den.
Histiostoma ovalis f. mafani n. f.
Deutonympha.
Zwischen den sehr vielen Stiicken von typischen Histiostoma ovalis fand ich
em n einziges Stuck, das in alien Einzelheiten mit den typischen Exemplaren tiber-
einstimmte, bis auf die Dicke der Dorsalhaare. Wahrend bei der typischen
H. ovalis die Borsten sehr dick und bandformig sind, hat dieses Stuck die Dorsal-
borsten haarformig. Die Punktierung der Dorsalseite fehlt ganz.
Weil die Dorsalhaare gerade da em n wichtiges Merkmal sind, entschloss ich
mich ? wenn nur auf Grund eines einzigen Stiickes ? diese interessante Form
mit Namen zu bezeichnen.
Typus: Vizzavopa V. 1928 Corse, lgt. Dr. J. MARAN. An einem Ips sexdentatus
BORN., zwischen vielen H. ovalis (J. MULLER).
Schwiebea paralie/a (JUL. MULLER) 1860.
Syn.: Uropoda parallela J. MULLER 1860.
Schwiebea tshernyshevi ZACHVATKIN 1941.
????6
Muller fand seine Art an Feronia picimana DUFTSCH. ? (Pterostichus macer
MARSH.) und Cerylon histeroides FABR. Seine Abbildung stimmt mit der Ab..
94
. . ' ?
?
: )0.,?
-
'
dr.
bildung ZACHVATKINS ganz gut und auch in der Beschreibung finden wir kein
Merkmal, das der Art ZACHVATKINS widerspricht. Es ist aber nicht moglich,
dass dieselbe Art an zwei Wirten lebe, die ganz anderen Lebensgemeinschaften
angehoren. MULLER musste also zwei Arten vor sich haben, davon hat er die aus
Cerylon stammende beschrieben und abgebildet.
Ob Schwiebea tschernyshevi ZACHVATKIN mit Tyroglyphus eurynymphae
OUDEMANS 1910 identisch ist, wie TURK angibt, kann man ohne Kenntnis der
Typen nicht entscheiden.
LITERATURVERZEICHNIS
MULLER, J., 1860: Insectenepizoen der mahrischen Fauna. Jahresheft nat. Sect. k. k.
mahr. schl. Ges. Ackerb. Nat. Landeskunde fiir 1859, Briinn; 157-184, Taf. I?IV.
SCHEUCHER R., 1957: Systematik und Oekologie der deutschen Anoetinen. Beitr.
Syst. Oek. Mitteleurop. Acarina I/1, Leipzig; 233-384.
TURK E. und TURK F., 1957: Systematik und Oekologie der Tyroglyphiden Mittel-
europas. Beitr. Syst. Oek. Mitteleurop, Acarina I/1, Leipzig; 3-231.
ZACHVATKIN A., 1941: Tyroglyphoidea. Fauna SSSR, Arachnoidea VI/1, Moskva-
Leningrad.
_Mr
?110
Adresa autora: Dr. K. Samginak, BOCSAV, Na cvieigti 2, Praha 6.
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295
Par..
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Roenlle. VI (XX)
ZOOLOGI-CK2 LISTY
FOLIA ZOOLOGICA.
1957
STAT
TYROGLYFOIDNI ROZTOCI JAKO gKODCI NASICH SKLADIgt A ZASOB
THporanctionxibie irneum Bicanevree spe,TAwrenett II 811114X mcna,goe H npkinacos
Die tyroglyphoiden Milben. als Vorrats- und Speicherschadlinge
1
K. SAM.IItg-AK
BIologIcky tistav CSAV, pathologle hmyzu, Praha
^ nal domaci zooloqicke literatufe vyskytuje_se-aest tidajti o roztoefel-r,?ek.,
- --"Ten malo jich se 4177 spolehlive ure"ene nalezy. Jednim z klasickgch pfikladO
tohoto stavu je obzor nagich znalosti o r2zto6ich, ijicIch na uskladnenem obili
a zasobach. Nedostatek pfistupnych ureovacich pormicek a nekriticke pfejimani
?dajCi .zapadnich autorti do nagich ueebnic zpsobi1y, e byly nektere druhy ozna-
deny jako druhy obecne rozgifene, ani si pracovnici pfedem ov?i, e tyto
druhy u nas skuteene jsou. Tak na pfiklad vge, co se vyskytovalo na motice, byl
Tyroglyphus farinae, na ovoci Glyciphagus dorgesticus a podobne. Monografie
doe. C. Blattneho zustala celkem nepovgimn.uta. V posledni dobe zaeiname i u rids-
sledovat podrobneji faunu naeich skladigt a diky piistupnosti vylorneho Idide
Zachvatkinova je mono roztoee pfesne ureit. P1 tomto urbOvani se elm dale vice
u.kazuje, ie se tu setkavame Mine s fadou druhti, s nimil se v pracich z dlivejgla
nebo v ueebnicich zoologie vabec nesetkavame. K ilustraci tato skutanosti
bychom chteli pfispet kratkSim wjetem a vyobrazenim druhii roztoeti, ktere jsme
dosud zjistili v rianSich vzorcich uskladrieneho ?bill a zasob, jako i i v bezpro-
sti'edni blizkosti lidsky-ch pilbytkit.
Pi hodnocenf dneen1 -situace mustme plihlednout I k okolnosti, ie se v nas.ch skla-
dietIch zmenily sorty ?bill i ostatnfho zboil proti dobe pfed valkou velmi podstatne. Do
druhe svetove valky se ti nas vedle vlastnlho domacfho obill objevovaly hlavne dodavky
z Mad'arska, z Balkapu (Jugoslavie) a ze zapadu. Dnes se tu vyskytuje vedle nageho obilf
p'tevaine obilf ze Sovetskeho svazu, z Bulharska;Rurhunska nebo Mad'arska, kdelto dovoz
ze zapadu ustal. Men' se I- zrAsob dovozu. ze zamoff. Kde-ito d'elve byli -dovozci vetS'inou
Anglieane nelaci Nernci, dovail na pIk1ad lidova 1na dues sve 'produkty ak' do polskych
take odpada pomgenf nalcaz v pfekladietIch a silech britslcych ostrovCt nebo
severonemecicYch pffstavCt. Je jiste, e obe oblasti obehu zboll mail sve zvlatnosti, pokud
jde o roztoef zvffenu, v nI jako typicke .pro vychodnf oblast je !nano jmenovat Tyropha-
gus nosius a Aleuroglyphus ooatus. Nezname0 to oveem, 2e by tyto druhy na zapade zcela
chybely, jako spfge to, ie se tady nevyskytujI jako pozoruhodnf
U nas jsme dosud zjistili tyto skladth-tni roztoee: Tyroglyphus farinae (L.),
Tyrophagus noxius A. Z., Glyqphagus. domesticus Deg., q!yciphagus destructor
Schr. a Carpoglyphus lactis L.
Tyroglyphus farinae .(L.) n?I k nejvainej?im gkadcam doMaciho ?bill. Vy-
s1.(1.17Wje se 17"pde_v nedostAtpaiiii vy.stK4enem obili a vItipqsti vg.g.i.nei 12 sok qugern?
je mono jej namnait i ye vysugenem ?bill, jakmile jeho vlhkost pig skladovani
cpet-stoupre...r.2.-d hirci 12% r. v., jeho kiido-va staditt-jsou Let** rozgii.eha vSude."
V fade vzorkti jsme roztoee nalezli v zaraiejicim mnoistvi, v `jinSich vzorcich
I.
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se rozmnoill, teprve kdyi se obili v uzavfdne nadobe ponekud zapafilo. Musime
pfedpokladat, e se u nas nenajde skladi?te, v kterem by se tento roztoe nevysky-
toval alespoii ye forme klidovYch hypopO. Rozpozname jej nejsnaze podle sameektl,
ktefi mail prvni par noh rozgifeny a ke konci konicky se ztaujici. Femora tohoto
Obr. 1. Tyroglyphus farinae L. Hypopus zespodu, idiosoma svrchu - Hypopus csmay,
idiosoma csepxy - Hypopus von unten, idiosoma von oben. Pfibram u
paru nesou u sameeka silny sbihavy tub. V zrni siln? tOnto roztoeem napadenem
nalezneme snadno nejen obe pohlavi, a to easto pIi kopulaci, ale take vgechna
vYvojova stadia. Hypopus tohoto druhu neni tnoino zamenit se iddnym jinYm
druhem tyroglyphidit pro etyli dlouhe brvy na propodosomdlnim titu. Tyto brvy
jsou dlouhe asi jako 1/5 a 1/4 celeho idiosomatu..
Tyrophagus noxius A. Z. ndleii mezi novdely nag' fauny. Byl popsan roku
1935 Zachvatkinem jako nejmexisl zastupce roku Tyrophagus Ouds. Dosud je znam
ze SSSR, a to z Leningradu, Moskvy, Novdeerkasska, Arniaviru- a dale z mnoha
mist Azerbajd2anu, Stfedni Asie a Ussurijske oblasti. Synonymika tohoto druhu
je velmi spletita, nebot rOzni autofi spojovali jeho jmeno s nejruznegimi jinYmi
druhy. V pfehledu Hughes o v?1948) byl T. noxius stgen jako synonymum
k yurovhpgus caspellanii Hirst 1912. Laskavosti Dr M. E. Solomona (Pest Infesta-
tion Laboratory, Slough) dostalo s?ard vzorka-ntateriaiTi Tyrophagus casteanii
Hirst a ze srminani nrs-encraairgii5I?eritatiecitu- vgpTsiiratcs; r1t u-tiv;
velmi blizke, ale samostatne formy.
Obe se shoduji delkou brv na tele, tvarem a umistenim brv na nohdch jakoi
284
I tvarem pseudostigmalnich organO, u dd i tvarem penisu jako i i tvarem a umis-
tenim pfissavek na IV. paru tarsO. V podrobnostech tu qdkazuji na prdci Zachvat-
kinovu a Hughesove. I velikosti si navzdjem odpovidaji, aekoliv T. cast ellanii
Hirst se zd?yt girgi a zaoblenejel a jeho telo je silneji chitinisovano. Ureite
rozdily vyplyvaji z pomer0 velikosti jednotlivYch easti nohou. Nae tabulky udd-
vaji prOmery z rozmerti coed kus0 kaideho druhu a pohlavi v p:
L
?????oomaar.
??? ?
Obr. 2. Tyrophagus noxius A. Z. Samieka svrchu - Camica csepxy - Weibchen von
oben. Praha. - Obr. 3: Carpoglyphus lactis L. Sami'dka svrchu - Camxa csepxy
- Weibchen von oben.
Tyrophagus noxius Zachvatkin 1935
noha tarsus
tibia
genu
femur
trochanter
I. 58
26
36,7
40,5
29
55
24,6
31,9
39,1
29
63,8
26
29
34,6
23,2
IV. 66,6
29
31,9
42
20,3
9
I. 63,8
29
31,9
49,2
34,8
63,8
29
31,9
46,4
31,9
72,5
29
31,9
37,6
34,8
IV. 84
31,9
40,5
48,5
34,8
Tyrophagus castellanii Hirst 1912
72,5
31,9
34,7
48,5
41,6*
69,5
29
31,9
49,2
29
HI. 81
31,9
34,7
34,7
31,9
I.87
31,9
31,9
48,5
41,6
aro
??? aa?
ts
84
37,6
37,6
52
43,5
? III. 98,5
37,6
48,5
46,4
46,4
IV. 113
43,5
- 58
60,9
49,2
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Tyrophagus castellgnii Hirst se dale vyznaeuje tim, egtetinky VE jsou zee-
telneji a o neco husteji zpeeene. Nejnapadnejgini znakem, jimi se vgak obe formy
ligi na prvni pohled, jsou peissavky na opistosomatu sameekft. Zatim co tyto
peissavky u T. castellanii jsou okrouhle a od sebe navzajem oddalene, jsou
pii-
ssavky T. noxius protaiene, na pfedni strane gikmo ufate a vytaiene cipovite na
obe strany. Vniteril cipy se na stiedni linii tela doty'kaji. Tvarem tedy peipominajf
tytei fitvary u T. tenuiclavus Zachv., jen i se vgak od naeho druhu ligi eadou
velmi podstatnYch znaka. (Jejich vet je obsaien v praci Zachvatkinove.)
Na zaklade techto rozd116 je nutno uznat T. noxius jako samostatnY druh.
Bylo by ovgem zajlmave srovnat ho s druhy severoamerickymi, zvlagte s druhem
T. lintneri Osb.
a
Obr. 4. Tyrophagus noxius A. Z. (a) Praha, Tyrophagus castellanii (b) Slough. Pfissavky
(S), analni otvor a penis sameeke; IV ? kyele etvrteho p? ? lipdcockm (S), 3aAdenpo-
xoAdoe ardepcme c nonodoti %men cantos; IV ? 6eApo tterdegroct napm ? Marmchen:
Saugnepfe (S), Analeffnung und Pennis (P); IV ? coxae IV.
Tyrophagus noxius A. Z. je mezi ostatnimi k?dci zasob napadny peedevgim
svoji nepatrnou velikosti. Sameekove men' 280-350 p, samieky 350-415 p. Vnejg1
temenni gtetinky (VE) jsou poloieny lateralne u peednich rolni propodosamatalniho
gtitu, jsou dlouhe, zpeeene a obloukovite prohnute. Na konci noh jsou jen ti
ventralni gletinky. Peedni pc%tranni gtetinky hysterosomatu jsou velmi kratke.
DruhY per dorsalnich gtetinek je 2,5 a2 3krat de1i, ne prvni per. Cele telo je
meldce, i okoneiny jsou jen velmi slabe chitinisovane. Vgechny telni brvy jsou jen
nepatrne zpeeene.
Tyrophagus noxius A. Z. dostal se do na?1 laboratde zprvu z neznameho pramene
a projevil se jako ()Wing host at" v chovech mola voskoveho, Galleria mellonella L., kde
se sine pomnail. Pin torn vgak moll se vyvijeli dal pa dlouhou dobu, nejsouce pod-
statne pakozovani ohromnymi masami roztoee. Roztoei se shromdidili i na zbytcich
sucharu; pfeneseni do misky se suchary poeali suchary rozeifrat, ai se suchar za mesic
nebo i kradi dobu promenil v rozplYvavou navlhlou hromedku prachu exuvif a zbytke
mrtvych roztoeu. Po dodani noveho, mime zvlheeneho sucharu, pfestehovali se roztai
na novy objekt a poeali ho rozleptdvat nepravideldymi trhlinami, ai se opet celY rozpadl.
Kde nebyly krabice s chovem, kterY takto vznikl, dobe utesneny, putovali roztoei po,
prostofe chovne mistnosti, do thermostate, pa stolech a regdlech, pronikali do ilmyzich
chove i do Petriho misek s kulturami bakterif, kde svymi stopami znesnadiiovali dfa-
gnostiku. V chovech hmyzu napadali roztoei eerstve uhynule, dosud vlhke jedince, nekdy
...dokence napabli Acipdefy.aiicj_stadia se snlienou odolnosti jako na pi% ktikly hmyzu po
Me. Qperativnich zakrocich a ssdnIm jejich lymfy naponidhalt jejich uhynuti. ?Wane Ict,t.ry
pesobili tito roiroet 1 v ladoiTttalen 5rn..htzta7,4 ?? opet kontami-
novali kultury pllsni a roznageli na svem qtrusy oblenem zadeeksu nakazu poscele plOtne:
Ph torn vgak v naich chovech se ukdzalo, e plisne nejsou pIi jeho pestovani
286
..-4....1011.111?0???????????????mallidir
1I
Kdyi chovne suchary poealy plesnivet dive nei se roztoel rozmohlf ye veafm mnoistvi,
bynuli roztoei. Naopak kdyi' byly suchary dodany do kultury s velikYm nmoistvfm roz-
ton, nikdy !midi() k plesnivenf. Je tedy jejich pomer k plisnim spfge negativnl a i'ljf
s nimi jen kdyi nemaji volby deb? kdyi plesniva !fake je pro ne zvld.ite lalcavd (mrtvolky
hmyzu a podobne).
PH sledovani teplotniho optima roztoee bylo pozorovano, e vgeobecne snagi
Jen obtane teploty blizke 0? C a jl pH +2?C zastavuje vy'voj podobne jako dravY
Cheyletus eruditus. Naproti tomu pravi bYlaravi gkfidci jako Tyroglyphus fart-
nae L. a Glyciphagus destructor Sch. se mnoil, i kdyk' pomalu, jegte v teplotach
u bodu mrazu. Na zaklade teto citlivosti k nlfm teplotain jsme se mohli domni-
vat, ie T. noxius A. Z. je druh bliIcI se zpiisobem 2ivota dravym druinim jako
je Cheyletus. U nich easnY chladovY klid je ochrannym zjevem peed vy6erpanim
potravy. Tato domnenka se potvrdila i pi sledovani fitokt T. noxius na nutve
nem nemocne nougerky'rfruidy moty=v-e-hovech, jako 'iI nalezem spor milcro-
sporidil, ktere postihuji tukove teleso roztoefi, v trusu dosud zdravYch jedincu.
Na rozdil od rodu Cheyletus, ktery- napada peedevgim grid roztoee, vyznaeuje se
Tyrophagus znaenou vgeiravostf, pIi tom le peetlevgim vyhledavanim bilkovinne
potravy. Tuto si beine opateuje jednak poliranim zbytka jedincti vlastniho druhu,
jednak ze zbytkii tel mrtvych skladigtnich gkadcii, hmyzu vgeho druhu nebo ivn?
pCidy v Petriho miskach.
Tyrophagus noxius d?e dobfe pestovat pro pokusne deely. Nejlepe k tomu slotai
Petriho miska nebo vdlec se zabrou?enym vIkem. Na okraj chovne ndcloby zevnitf nebo
zvenel natfeme protriek housenkoveho lepidla, nebo chovnou nadobu postavfme na ti spa-
Ifeky do podstavene nadcbky s olejem. Na dna chovne nadoby se poloil Petriho rniska
dnem vzheru a na talcto vzniklY ostrevek skladame suchary. Suchary (tvrde, vodove)
nejlepe pfed vloienim navlheit vodou. Vedle nich poloilme na dno nadoby I nekolik
zbytke tel hmyzu (?vdby, housenky a pod.). Na suchary pak poloilme napolo yozeiranY
suchar z peedchozlho chovu. Jak vidfme, ie se povrch sychare propadd pod naporem
roztoee (za mesic nebo pozdeji), dodavdme nove suchary, resp. pl'enagIma..chov dotnovych
nadob. Pi zakladani noveho chovu odchytdvame roztoee do nedovfene Petriho misky
s mrtvymi hoysenkami (na pe. bource), kam jsme dali snitku rostliny pro udrieni vlhkosti.
Teprve pa soustfedenf a namnoienf roztoee meieme je pfenest na suchary. Nadoby jsou
dobfe uzavi'eny vikem pro udrieni vlhkosti. Chov se del nejlepe pi 25-27?C.
Skody, ktere je T. noxius schopen pusobit na obili nebo testovinach a peeivu,
jsou citelne, i kdyi se hromadi hlavne kolem tel zaglych kidc? zasob. Muslme
jej proto povaiovat za gkfidce zasob i gloidce,veelstev ve stejnem smyslu jako tu
piisobi Galleria melloneta L.
V roce 1956 doglo k hromadnernu vyskytu roztcide Tyrophagus noxius Zachv. v mnoha
novych bytovych jednotkach. VYskyt se podafilo zachytit v Praze, Moline, Usti n. Lab.
a t aslavi, ale jiste se roztoei objevili temef? vgude tam, kde bylo pouiito t, zv. sopali-
tovych dladic. K vyrobe techto dladic bylo pouiito.vylisovanych sluneenicovYch semen,
spojenych sorelovou maltou. Tato vrstva byla nalisovana na spodek etvercove parkety.
Vylisovand sluneenicova semena se stela iivnou pfulou pro roztoee, ktefi se tu rozmno-
iili do neuvefitelneho mnoistvi a odtud doslova prornofili mfstnosti se sopalitovymi po-
dlahami. Mistnosti, ye kterych bylo pouato normalnich vlysek poloienych na asfaltovou
isolaci, zestaly od teto zdplavy uktfeny, i kdyi byly souedsti tehoi bytu a se zamofenymi
mistnostmi spojeny dveremi. Setfen1 ye vYrobne dladic nedalo uspokojivou odpoved na
otazku, jak se roztoei dostali do hotoyych vYroblcii. Je Iota -mak) pravdepodobne, ie by
vydrieli vgrobni proces. Ale behem sugeni a pf?edepsaneho skladovanf mail velmi mnoho
moinosti hotove vyrobky napadnout. Vgechny pokUsy o likvidaci roztoee byly zatfm ne-
espegne: nebot pouifte prostEedky nepronikriotl pod podlahu do vlastnfho loiska roztoee.
Je samozfejme, e rottoei pFi tak silnem peemnoienf peelezali i na lidf. Nebylo vgak ani
p.s.z3r-:--p4nc cni ilegerte dri4 onemozrAnf teltv.-.1ho d,. aI pra-.Ziti? cb,.?t1c
pc-
mnoen! druhu Tyrophagus castellanii Hirst, debaie byli roztoei nalezeni I na jemne
4)irn1r2.5t C.P.47"..1 7:1YfrIP-.4.1 opOY- -
nenost oddeleni obou druhe.
?
7??
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Tyrophagus tenuiclavus Zachv. 1941. Druh napadny tenkou, k vrcholu se O-
m? pilmodafe zuiujici dichovou palielcou na tarsech I. Zije pravdepodobne ye
vlheich prostorach. Byl zjiLten u nas dosud jen jednou ye yetLim skladu obili
blae Prahy.
Rod Glyciphagus Hering zahrnujt formy napadne dlouhymi, silnymi, huste
zpefenymi brvami, ktere trei paprskovite na v?echny strany Vela. Zastupci rodu
jsou si velmi podobni a jejich pfesne rozligeni je mane jen po adnem projasneni
v mikrogkopickych preparatech. Podrod Lepidoglyphus A. Z., do nehoi patdi nami
zjiLtenY druh L. destructor Schr., je napadnY dlouhou, huste ochlupenou ostruhou,
je kryje pochvovite celY tarsus. Krome toho u neho chybi crista metopica, ktera
je u druhu G. domesticus Deg. yptedu znaene roz?itena a vybiha dozadu v dzkY,
hladkji ksn, dobe patrnY na tedkovanem povrchu tela. Spolu s Carpoglyphus lactis
L. path* tyto druhy.k.: skupiny tyroglypholdnich roztodU, u nichi jsou praetarsi
vytvofeny v podobe blanitych protahlych UtvarO, na jejich i konci, znaene vzdalen
od konce tarsu, sedi drapek, zatim co druhy pfedchazejici maji praetarsus za-
krnelY, take drapky nasedaji thine ptimo na konce tarsu.
Glyciphagus domesticus (Deg.) byl isolovan take ze zasob obili. Jeho yYznam
jako Lkildce je nepatrnY; take obili samo neni jeho nejyyhledavanejLi potravou.
G. domesticus je pUvodem roztoe, kterY se 2ivi zbytky tray, zdrtky, ktere napadaly
do raznYch skulin skladi. Odtud yyleza i na zasoby, ale vetLinou je to roztoe
mak) podetny, ijIci skryte. Jeho naroky na teplotu a vlhkost jsou daleko skrom-
nejLi, ne2 u pfedchoziho. Hojne jej nachazime ye stavebnim materialu ptadich
hnizd (vrabec). Jsou zaznamenany piipady, kdy pfechazeli i na lidi, zamestnane
ye skladech.
Glyciphagus (Lepid,oglyphus) destructor (Schr.) Oud. je uvaden Zachvatkinem
jako jeden z nejbaneygich druhU, ijIcIch v zasobach rostlinneho pilvodu. U nas
jsme ho nalezli dosud jen jednou, a to v Praze v nabytkovych vycpaykach ye
vlhkem byte. Vzhledem k tomu, e si libuje vice v drti rostlinnYch list!' a stonka
nei ye LIcrobnatYch dastech zrn, jsou jim pUsobene Ekody nepatrne.
Carpoglyphus lactis L. je povaiovan za ryze synanthropni druh, davajici pted-
nost mime zkysanYm substratilm. Je mezi ostatnimi v zasobach ijicimi druhy
napadnY tim, e vLechny brvy na povrchu Vela jsou velmi kratke, a na dva pary
dlouhYch brv na konci tela. V SSSR jej nalezli jen velmi zfidka. Nam byl dodan
z Prahy, z domacnosti, jako Llaidce na suLenYch Lvestkach. Tady se namnail
tolik, eLvestky byly pota2eny ilutYm povlakem slohnym z vrstvy t?roztodii.
Uzayteni sklenice Indio za nasledek zvlhnuti Lvestek a boutlivY vzrUst populace.
^ ureitem stupni vLak zmekle Lvestky podaly kvasit a vyvinuty alkohol zahubil
roztode. I na tento druh roztodit jsou stiinosti se strany zdravotnila nebot
pozdeni roztodi pUsobi u citlivYch jedinca take ialudeeni potie. Vajieka a dospeli
roztodi jsou v nekterych zemich velmi b? pi vyLett'ovani stolic na cizopasniky.
? ?koncentraci vajidek dervu Faustovou methodou pomoci ZnSO, soustfedi se
vedle vajleek derva na hladine roztoku i vajiCka roztoeil a jejich odligeni od
vajidek nekterYch derv0 je dosti obtane, proto2e pripominaji na pF. vajfeka Ancy-
lostoma duodenale nebo Trichostrongylidn. OdliLit se daji podle toho, e jejich
rozryhoyani podind na jednom konci, zatim co zbytek vajielca je bez tvarovYch
zmen. Naproti tomu u zqodkii_dervii. se btnika zarodku deli ye dye., ye CtvIi osm.
Lestnact a aiLi burily, Vicly v ceTem rozsahu zaraiku. Zarodlcy roztoeti dostavajf
? se do.,,sti?eva ljis moulsou a pediyem, s ovocem a Orem._
288
? ?
Souhrn
1. V materialu roztodu z nagich skladigl nalezeni dosud roztodi Tyroglyphus
farinae (L.), Tyrophagus noxius A. Z., Glyciphagus domesticus Deg., Glyciphagus
destructor Schr. a Carpoglyphus lactis L.
2. Tyrophagus noxius A. Z., ktery je novy pro naLl faunu, byl v zapadni litera-
tufe povaiovan za synonymum T. castellanii Hirst. Nd zaklade srovnani naLeho
materialu s materialem anglickYm je prokazano, e jde o dva Hand druhy, llici
se f adou znakC, mezi nimi nejnapadnejLi je tvar pi'issavek na opistosomatu
sameekii.
3. U T. noxius prokazdna zoofagie a dravy zpilsob vivy. Jeho teplotni naroky
jsou typicke pro drave druhy.
4. Popisuje se zpiisob pestovani T. noxius v laborator-i.
LITERATURA
BLATTN?, C., 1926: Roztoei syrovi. Praha.
BUSVINE, J. R., 1951: Insects and Hygiene. London.
HUGHES, A. M., 1948: The mites associated with stored food products. Ministry, of Agri-
culture and Fisheries, London.
JONES, W. R. ? LOHRMAN, R., 1954: Contamination of fungus cultures by Tyrophagus-
lintneri. Journ. of Invest. Dermat. 22: 265-266.
RUMJANCEV, P. D., 1940: Ambarnyje vrediteli i mery borby s nimi. Moskva.
SOLOMON, M. E., 1943: Tyroglyphid mites in Stored Products. I. Survey of Published
Information. London. H. M. Stationery Office.
SOLOMON, M. E., 1945: Tyroglyphid mites in Stored Products. Methods for the study of
population density. Ann. of appl. biology 32: 71-75.
SOLOMON, M. E., 1946: Tyroglyphid mites in Stored Products. Ecological studies. Ann. of
appl. biology 33: 82-87.
U8ATINSKAJA, P. S., 1948: Ispolzovanije nizkich temperatur dlja desinsekcii zerna.
VITZHUM, H., 1929: Milben, Acari. Tierw. Mitteleurop. 111/ VI!, Leipzig.
WEIDNER, H., 1954: Die Pseudoskorpione, Weberknechte und Milben der Umgebung von
Hamburg. Ent. Mitt. Zool. Staatsinst. u. Zool. Mus. Hamburg. Nr. 4 :1-54.
ZACHER, F., 1927: Die Vorrats-, Speicher- und Materialschadlinge und ihre Bekampfung.
Berlin.
ZACHVATKIN, A. A, 1941: Tyroglyphoidea. Fauna SSSR V1/1.
PE310ME
floc.nemme Hcc.nejlosaHma cbayma mynabix i.neuei, acTpegaembix B 3epHoimix
cmaxtax Ha Tem:m.1.?pm "c1CP, no1ca3ann, MTO ed cocTaa no cpaaHemno co cTapummn
gaHHI.111114 3HatIIITeabH0 1,13MeHILTICH 12 tiTO B 1-ICP nepecemunicb HeKoTopme BI4b1, xa-
paicTepHermiecicHe socronHoil Esporibt. 3TO 06CTOSITeabCTBO HaX0A14TC11 B TecHoct
CBH314 C InmeneHmem mew,ayHapommix nyTei 3epHosoil Toproanx.
,L(o cxx flop 61,i.nx ycTaHoa.nema caegyiounte B14)Ah1 Tyroglyphus farinae
(L.), Tyrephagus noxius A. Z., Glyciphagus domesticus Deg., Glyciphagus destructor Schr.
Carpoglyphus lactis L.
IlpH nomoum aHr.innlcicoro cpaBHHTe.nbHoro maTepria.na cTa.no BO3MONilibIM 14 pa3-
petueHme CHHOHMMMKII ar4Aoa T. castellanii Hirst H T. noxius A. Z. (cm. Hughes 1951).
06a BbILIIC ynomsnirrbix alma RBJIMOTC51 pasimimm amAamx c apxo OTJILIYMTe.71bHb114114
sHaxamm, B oco6eHHocTH cbopmoti npmcocox Ha onucTocome camnos.
BOJIbIlle BMIMaH1451 YACJISIJI0Cb Bpe,AxocTI4 T. noxius B Jia6opaTopim, rAe OTOT _BHA
'-tarn:rn Toixd npfianikyri. HeKoTopbie
3amenaHH1 no ero paaae,aetnno, Koropoe mommo nylnue acero npoao,awri, Ha moxpEax
cyxapax B yczoamax .6o.ribulog B.namnocni npn TemnepaType B 25-270 IL
????? Mr &II
289
NIL AI .16* r
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?
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Eine neue Durchforschung der Milbenfauna unserer Getreidelager zeigte, dass sich die
2usammensetzung der Fauna hier gegen alte,Angaben wesentlich ge5ndert hat und dass
.hier Arten eingewandert sind, die fOr den osteurop5ischen Raum charakteristisch sind. Dies
hUngt mit der Aenderung der Wege des internatiorialen Getreideverkehres zusammen.
Bisher sind folgende Arten gefunden worden: Tyroglyphus farinae (L.), Tyrophagus
noxius A. Z., Glyciphagus domesticus Deg., Glycipliagus destructor Schr. und Carpoglyphus
lactis L..
Auf Grund englischen Milbenmaterials, der uns dank der Liebenswilriligkeit von Dr
Solomon zugegangen 1st, konnte die Frage der Synonymik des T. castellanii FIirst und T.
noxius A. Z. gelost werden (siehe dazu Hughes 1951). Beide sind verschiedene Arten, die
besonders durch die Form der Saugnopfe des Opistosoma bei Mannchen gut zu unter-
scheiden sind..
Niihere Aufmericsamkeit wird der Schadlichkeit des T. noxius im Laboratorium ge-
-widmet, wo es mit Vorliebe bakteriologische Kulturen verung2W.V.:. Es werden such Bemer-
kungen zu seiner Zilchtung gegeben, die auf Wasserkeks bei grosser Feuchtigkeit und
.25-27?C Wtirme gut durchfiihrbar ist.
..11 1?11.
290
WV' 11MM eds.,
-^qt-
111..
2, .1. ? ? ?? i4Ok
ZOOLOGICKE LIST?
TAB XV
1-2 licntaminace sterilni agarove plotny
roztoeem Tyrophagus noxius A. Z. 1. Cel-
kovy pohled (foto Lysenko). 2. detail (foto
Kubec). ? Koirrammaumn cTepm.mbnoro
araponoro n.nacTa Knetuom. ? Kontamina-
tion der Agarplatte durch Tyrophagus no-
zius A. Z.
K. SAM.8ISIAK: Tyroglyfoidni roztobl jako k?dci naich skladi?f a zasob. ? Die tyro-
glyphoide Milben als Vorrats- und Speichersch5dlinge.
111P OMR ???? .0. a. On Ow ????,,s,
?????? 111.
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.ZPRAVY KNIZNI
Roeenka Ceskoslovenske spoleenostl Entomologicke. _Acta socIetatis entomologicae e-
ehosloveniae, LII ? 1955. Ceskoslovenskd akademie ved ? Stadia a pranzeny. Sekce
logicka. Stran 228. Cena broi. Kes 23.80.
Tato nova roeenka Ceskoslovenska spoleenosti entomologicke, vydand. Ceskoslovenskou
akademiI ved za vedecke redakce Dr VI. Lan dy a redakeni rady v eele prof. Dr A.
Pfeffrem obsahuje zprdvy a referaty z celostatniho sjezdu eeskoslovenskYch entomo-
log0 v Praze we dnech 8.-10. iljna 1954. Tento sjezd, konany za velike deasti elenstva
na paest padesatileteho trvinf Ceskoslovenske spoleenosti entomologicke, je mo2no totti.?
oznaeiti za didelity meznik v rozvoji na:s1 entomologickd vedy. Byla tu nejen bohate doku-
mentovana vyspelost naI entomologie, ale i vytyeen smer prdce a Ctkol0 do budoucna
tak, aby vysledky entomologickeho studia co nejintensIvneji pfispivaly jak vedeckomu
pckroku, tak I hospodleskym, zdravotnickYm a kulturnlm potlebdm nageho stdtu. PH tom
je pflmo navazovdno na pokrokove tradice na?i entomoloctie. jak vysvita z eldnkft Dr L.
Heyro vs k ?o ?0 vzniku a vYvoji Ceskoslovenske spoleenosti entomologicke, a Dr B.
osick e h o 0 vYvoji na?1 medicinske a veterindrai arachnoentomologie?. Zdkladnim
zavainym theoretickYm otazkdm jsou venovdny prace VI. Nova ka (o promene hmyzu),
J. Kom Arka (fylogenese Tracheat), J. Mafana (o pojmu druhu v entomologli).
Z?
kladnimu vyzkumu zamefenemu k praxi jsou venovany prace J. W dIse r a (nemoci hmy-
7u), Ant. Ffeffra (biocenosa jedle). DOleiitou otdzkou peenosu virus hmyzem se za-
byvaji prdce Ct. Blattneho, J. Br e aka a Al. Pint er y. Rada daThich praci je veno-
Oita vYsledkOm faunistickeho vslzkumu v na?em stdtu, ekologii a systematice na'SI limyzi
zvieeny. Jsou to prace R. Perut ilk a (Odonata Moravy), J. Roubala (Heteroptera
Cech),P. tyse (Heteroptera), A.Smdtany (Coleoptera ? Staphylinidiae), J. Streje-
ka (Coteoptera), D.Povo1ndho a J. Mouchy (Lepidoptera ? rod Psodos ? kde je
? tekna i otdzka vzniku druhu v horskych oblastech), K. Tr oaidka (Lepidoptera polnich
biotopit), 0. Komd r.k a (Bionomie druhu Calligena miniata), VI. Balt ha sara (Hy-
menoptera ? popis noveho druhu z rodu Cerceris), VI. T e.y ro vsk dho (Faunistika
a ekologie vodniho hm'yzu). Dari strdnky roeenky jsou ye/lova/1y bibliografii za rok 1933
(0.Smetana).
Ji olzah elankit ukazuje tedy, 2'e smery a dkoly vytydene sjezdem jsou pine dodtio-
vdny. \Mack& &oven elank0 je znaene vysoka a bude representovati dobfe nasi entomo-
logii i na siietovem foru. Oprava roeenky je vyho,vujigi. Datum vyddni je uvedeno bohuiel
jen rokem 1956, take bude posuzomdna, e vysla 31. XII. 1956, Okay ye skutednosti
viSla znaene drive. Tim mi.& byti ohroiena priorita nekterych piivodnich popis0.., Tato
chyba bude ostatne napravena Um, e opet vychazi Casopis Ceskoslovenske spolecnosti
entomologicke, kde vLak i na tutc vec niusi byti pamatovano u kai'deho cisla.
.T. kafan.
1
1.
ZPRAVY Z KONFERENCI
aropaa pecny6anKancican Rombepeinnin napamiTonorons3ricpanucKoii CCP.
C 17 no 22 Acica6pH 1956 roAa H r. KHate npoxop,Haa coaaaHHaa 1411CTI4TyTOM 300J10-
rim AxaAemvu4 Hayx YCCP YxpanHomm o6inecTnom napa3mTonoron BTopaR pecay-
6.nxxaHcxan xonotepeHnnsi yxpauHcxnx napa3uTo.no-ron.
B pa6oTe KoHcbepeHnnu npuHfum'ynacTne 315 xteaeraTon ? yttemax, pa6oTalouwx
B pawarcumax o6.nacTsx napa3nTonornn, cneLtnanncToB 1 pa6om4icos pHAa ytipeHme-
mtil muntcrepersa cenbcxoro X03BrICTBB 14 mmin4cTepcTna 3npaH00xpaHem1$I. Kpome
napaanTonoron Yxpamma B pa6oTe xoHltepeinnot npviHn.nx axwmHoe ymacTme ytieHme
jleHmHrpan.a 14 pfill Apyrinc ropo,gon PoccHcxxoct cIaextepattim 14 141ThIX 6pwr-
-
mum cosercicHx pecnyatainc.
Kondpepetumn npouma Ha macoxom Harmo-TeopeTutiecKom yponne. Kai no co-
cTany ytiacTumos, 'rai g no npoAenaHHog pa6oTe; xontepem.n4H nepepoc.na pamxx
xoHtepeHnum 14 cbawrHttectcH SIB14.11aCb neptamm csea,gom napaawronoroa Yirpanabt.
3a Hpema_pa6oTbt Ko1 epdstua4 6m.no uposeAeHo 4 nneHapnbtx 12 21 CeK141,40H4OB
-aacakatixe-, Ha xo'fbilf.lx irbunnacJijr-tuacTik 14 tiotlYKECeili,i 135-itaranTiR noxnanSa. Pae- ?
umpeHHble Te314CIA.ricex gox.na,r(oH 6bI:112 ony6ap4KosaHbt B cnegmambHo 113ABH1OM K Ha-
any xoHcipepem.km c6opmme.
?
291
%Elk
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2
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-
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Ai:MUMMA, 3acnytuaimbie Ha KoHcliepeHtutti, npeAcratinanH 3HatitiTenbabI1
-14 npaxTutiecicliti HHTepec n BbI3b1Ba.1114 011041.3JleHHOe OCICVKACHne. OCO6CHHO 6OJIM.L1011
=Tepee timpani( AomnaAbi: aKaA. AH YCC? Mapxe a i i a A. H. ACocropH(te zx na-
,Aatix napa3HTonormiecicHx, Hcc.neAorsaHHil Ha Yitpaime:, aKaA. AH Ka3axcKoti CCP
H. rs. rany3o *Hariiniie HccnegotiaHma B o5nacrx npapoiioi otiaropoctit 6one3Heit
B pecny6nHitax CpeAHeri A31414, B Ka3axcTaHe 14 3anagilo1i CH5npn B VI. naTinterxe*,
nporp. g. H. 3acyx3'iHa vOCHOBHbIe sieptta pa3B14T1411 Me1141.114HCKO11 napa3uranormit
B Hauler' cTpaHeic, npocb. A. A. napaMOH013a K cPnnoreHHH cin(ToHemarogx, npot.
A. A. Y C T1413 0 a a X. COCTOMille 14 3aAati1 Harnibix Hoene/opal-net B o5PacTH cliHro-
reaLapiHronorlm B YKpaiiHcitori CCPc, npocp. T. C. M a p K o 13 a *HeKoTopm nonpocial
(1)143140J10T1114 renami(Hrop }calm. Me/. Hayit K. IL C e t vi BaHo 13 a DCO CT OREM e
3a5opepaemocru maappmeti x reabmnirro3amx HaceneHup Yitpaiiticitofi CCP (I 3a7atim
no 5opb6e c wimp( Ha 6nmicatliume roAbi (1956-1960 rr.)d, npocti. A. B. ryge B H q a
pO xomapax 3anaAHt1x o5.nacTeti nipanabi 1114 BO3N10)1{1101.1 3Hanei13'1Ii Kaic nepeHoc-
maims icomaplmoro 9HgeoliaanTaa x Ap. ?
Ha KoHcPepemum pa6ora11'! 6 ceicipei: 1) o5u(eti napa3HTonornm, Hmemuan ? 3ace-
Aain4h 14 3acpymatiman 37 AcacnaAott, 2) meAngiiiicicoft napa3uTo1orm (3 3aceAaH1451,
14 AoicaaAors), 3) pereprniapHori napa3HTonorint (3 3aceAam4p, 25 AoKaatioti), 4) meAn-
ginicKoR BerepimapHoti napa3wronornx (3 3acenam4ti, 17 AomnaAcm), 5) otirroHemaTo-
Acnormil (3 3acegar=7-13 AoKnaAos) rpsi3yHam (3-awiaAai-nin, 17 Ao-
icnaAoti). ?
KopcPepeHmin noAPena HTorm napanrro.norpitiecKvix HccneAopamiri Ha YKpaHHe aa
10 Per, npoineAunix nocne co3bma I pecny6nnicamicoil icomPepeinulit napantTanorop,
TI HameTuna nepcneicrilphi Aa.11bHeiluieri pa6orbt yicpaimcitux napado.noroB. B pe-
Poniogim II. KoHcPepeHunii ormetiaerca, t1TO 3a HcTeKunie 10 per copeTcKan napa3Hro-
morl4n BHCCJIa 3FiallITTC.11bHbIti BKJIBA B ACJI0 oxpatim 3,40p0Bbfl papoAa, C111411{CHMI 313"
60.7,1eBaeMOCT14 Aomauttnix 14 11130Mg1CJIOBbIX 31C14BOTII131X, a Taime 3BL1(14TbI KyabTypHmx
pacTemiri. fipx(im npmuepom 3T14x AocTkincemiti 1113.11/1CTCH pe3Koe cumiceinie 3a5ane-
Baemocrx MajzapHei B ConercKom Colo3e 14 nom% nonHan .inuctulAatiiia 3Toro 3a60ne-
Balitlif 13 YKpal4HCKOti CCP.
Ha 3aKinommtenhHom nneHapHom 3aceAaHH14 KoHcbepempin 5tana o5cyptikeHa Ha-
ygHan npo6Aeman1ta B o5nacTH napa3Hronorim B YCCP Ha VI. namnericy 34 ponpocm
rioAroroincii KaApos 1Iapa3HToporop Ha ncpaspie.
B Katiecrpe ocHopHoil npo5nembi Ha VI. nnTHnericy PametieHo 3'i3ytte3'nie napa3HTo-
.norwiecicoi/ cwryagim Ha TeppHropm YKpamicKori CCP pa3pa5oTica Kolinnexcimix
lieT0,40B 60pb6b1 C rnaptiefinu4M3'4 napa3Hro3amii ppiimeiniTepbHo H KOHKpeT11131M np14-
p0mibmi OCO6eHHOCT3nM Toro 14.1114 inioro paficnia.
KoHcbepeamin 3'I35pa.na npapneme Yitpaiiiicitoro o5utectaa napa3i4Toporop .13 co-
cTatie 13 ne.notieK. HpeAceAaTenem npatinemin eAHHorpacHo H36pati immaxligHtipn co-
riercpmik napa3wropor, axaneminc AKaAemilii Hayic YCCP A. H. MapKemol.
sineHamx 05(gecTin eAHHor.nacHo H35paHbi aKaAemiut E. H. HapnoticKiet
H aKaAemilic K. 14. Cicpp5HH.
OnepeAtiyio III. KoHcliepepqmo yicpaimcKiix napa33'lro.norop Hametieno "co3AaTb
H 1960 Fogy.
Hpap.netime pecny6ni4caHcicoro 06u(ecTua napa3Hronorop opraHmotta.no 5 cimpHairoa
Onana. ? C. Cnenme it ne-
enema Anew Menzbieria cholcographi, flatly 450 X, 430TO Ry6en.
Ta6n. 2. L). gne nacria Menzbieria B naliane cnopynnuuni cTpCJIltil nooaabinalor cno6ogiu00
rpo(lioaourbi, 1500, Heidenhain no Bouin-y, (Dom Ry6eo. ? E. iinacbromni
nepnoll cxnaoromin (cnepxy) ii Tonboo tyro noaminume rpoupoaoirrhi cmiaorpera-
piflibi c raapoo6paaumm ocrarnoraat re.nom (=ay) cepue =piton ? aro 6enitorale
orampeunii nepeg aaoyominainiem B }1{11p0130M rene nplicyrarnymume,1500,Bogutiin
(Dom Ry6en. F ? Cnena aurora c gennuiumuca ngpamn, cnpana paanue craii
paanimin cnopo6nacron n uncrax.Orpenua nooaahmaer Tporpou,nr. 13ouln, Heiden-
hein , 1500 x, iboro Ry6eu.
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/02/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R002900190005-1
ZUSAABIENFASSUNG
1. EH wurdon woitere Borkenkitfor aus der Umgebung von Hort My Tyn (StIdbolimen) 377 Stuck
mid au.s dor Slowakei (Koryttirska?Tal, Slatiny) 200 Stuck untersucht. Die Resultato sind in
der TabeIle wiedergeben.
2. In don Borkenkafern aus der Umgebung von Hci-Aftv Tyn wurde eine noua Mikrosporidio
Nosema typographi n. sp. gefunden, mit ovalen 42 x 3 ;t grosson Sporen. Sio befiillt den Fett,
!carper des Wirtes.
3. In Borken aus dem Korytarska-Tal warden ausser Ip3 typograpltus ouch Pityogenes chat-
cographus gefundon. In 111 untersuchwn Puppen und Klifern wurden in 0 Pilllen Xe-
matodenlarven gefunden, in 3 Fallen eine Infoktion mit Schizogregarinen.
4. Die Schizogregarino Menzbieria chalcographi n. sp. entwickelt Bich in zwei morphologisch
vomehiedenen Schizogonion, besitzt wurmartige Trophozoite, einkernige Gamotozyten bildon
zusammen Zygoten, von denen sit& eine Zysto mit moist 32 Sporen entwickelt. Die Zysto hat in
der Mitte omen Restkiirpor. Die Zysten mosson 20-40 1.1., die Sporen 12 x 8 v..
Abbildungent Abb. 1 Nosemo typographi, reife Sperm (oben), Sporoblasto (Mitto) und
Schizonte (tmten).
Abb. 2. Menzbieria chalcographi n. sp. A hypothetischer Sporozoit, B, C, Schizonto dor ersten
Schizogonio, D Zerfall in Merozoite, E Trophozoito F es entstehen Schizonto der molten Schizo-
genie, G, J, Plasmodien der molten Sehizogonie, H Zerfall in Morozoite, I, K Merozoito werden
Gametozyten, L zwei Gametozyten in copula, M die linsenartige liGhle zwischen den Kemen, X,
O die Kerne in der Zygote tenon sich, P, R, S Sporoblaste worden allmithlich abgesehntirt und
der Restkorper bleibt, T, mire Zyste nativ, U, V der Pot der Spore, W, X, Y die Tenting der Kerne
im Sporoblast.
--Tabelle 1, A Nepema typogniphi n,sp. Giomsa, 1500 x, Photo Kubec. B Sporen von Men:.
biera chalcographi, natio 1000 x, unti-mtre1A,-Zyoten von Menzbiera chalco.
graphi, nativ 400 x, Photo Kubec.
Tabello 2. D Zwei Zysten von Menzbieria zu Beginn der Sporulation. E Bin Plasmodium dor
ersten Sehizogonie (oben) mid nougebildoto Trophozeite mit kugeligem Restkiirper (unten),
F links eine Zygote mit teilenden Kernen, rechts verschieden reifo Sporoblasten. Altos Bouin,
Heidenhain, 1500 x Photo Kubec.
LITERATURA
BOGOJAVLENSKIJ, N.: Menzbieria hydraclume ii. g. n. sp. Arch. Soc. Russo de protistologie,
I., 10-21, I., 1922,
FUCHS, G.: Die Naturgeschichte der Xematoden mid einiger anderer Parasiten. des Ips typo-
graphus L und Hylobius abietis L. Zool. Jahrbitcher, Syst. 38, 109-222, 1915.
WEISER, J.: Piisp6vek k systematice Schizogregarin, Cs. parasitologie, I., 179-212, 1954.
?Pilspovek znalosti cizopasnikil kiwovce Ips typographus L., I. V6stnik zool. spolermost:
XVIII, 217-244, 1954.
-4!: ?
viit-"%s?zti,74,
co. ?
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t ;
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0.
qTs
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-
tiF4t?
Tabulka 1. A ?Nosema typographi n. sp.. giemsa, 1500 x . Foto Kubec.
B Uvolnen6 spory Monzbicria chakographi, nativ, 1000 x, Foto Fiala.
C?Zrale a nezral6 cysty Menzbicria chalcographi, natty, 450 x. Foto Kubec.
-
MM. ? ? t? ? ? a,.
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Ceskoslovenska parasitologic IV, 1 9 5 7
CIZOPASNiCI NEKTERNrCH DRUHU HMYZU
SSAJiCIHO KREV
Tabulka 2. D?Dvil eysty Men:Lime na p05litkit sporulace, gipky likazuji volne tropliozotty.
1500, Heidenhain po Bouinu. Foto Kubee.
E ? Plasmodium prvni seluzogonie (nahofe) a pray() vznik16 trophozoity sebizo-
gregariny s kulovitYrin zbytkovym t5lesem (dole). 8ed6 kuli*Ctky jsou bilkovizmo
konkroee pfed kuklenim v tukovem telese piltonme. 1500, Bouin, Heidenhain.
Foto Kubee.? -
nevo- zygota s d5lieinii se jo.dry, vpravo ruzna stadia ?,Yvoje sporoblustii
v cyatach. Sipka ukazuje trofozoit. Bouin, Heidenhain, 1500 x. Foto Kubec.
Jaroslav Weiser
(Biologicky t.stav C:SAV, pathologic hmyzu, Praha)
Jako u vgech ostatnich skupin hmyzu, podili se i u druhii ssajicich krev na
pfirozene regulaci poeetnosti jedincfi fada nakaz; setkavame se tu s nemocemi
hmyzu, pfisobenjrmi plisnemi, bakteriemi, Eervy nebo prvoky. Takoveto
nakazy jsou zaznamendvany jen ojedinele. Nevedeli bychom o nakaze gtenic
mikrosporidiemi, kdyby kdysi nebyla tato nakaza zamenena za stadia leishma-
nii. a gtenicc?rebyla proto obviiinvana z pl'enosu leishmanios. Nakaza hmyzu
ssajiciho krcv je celkem vysvetlitelna u druh?, ktcre mail larvalni stadia
2ivici se rilznjrm detritcm hnizd, zbytky krve v trusu dospeljrch nebo dokoncc
zbytky t?zaljrch jedinefi teho druhu, jak to vidime na pi-. u blech. Stejne
snadna jc nakaza larcv u komaril, muchni6ek, Ceratapogonidil. Na drub&
strane jc velmi tako vysvetlitelnjr pfenos nakaz u druh?, ktere od opugteni
vajfekajsou stale odkazany na ssani krve hostitele. Tak v piipade Cocconenza
pediculi Popov a Manuilova,r1925, mikrosporidie cizopasici ve vi lidske, je
skuteene teiko ureit, jak tu o10 k nAkaze.. Poeet nakaz zaznamenarrjrch
u hmyzu, jeho: stadia ndiji ye vode, je pomerne maljr. Chteli bychom proto
kratce sc zminit o nekolika nagich nalczech nakaz mikrosporidiemi u hmyzu
ssajiciho krev.
Z blech byly dosud zaznamenany dva druhy mikrosporidii: Nosema cteno-
cephali (Korke, 1916) Kudo, 1924 a Nosenza pulicis Nailer, 1912, z nich
prvni je patrne formou druhe. Napadd stfevni epithel larvy i dospeljrch blech
Ctenocephalides canis a vyviji se tu do spor gliky 1,5 v.. pulicis podle None-
rova popisu je pomerne dosti 6asta, proto'2e napadala asi 6 % blech Cteno-
cephalides canis v Berline. Vedic sti-eva napadala tato mikrosporidie take
tukove felts?, malpighicke'ilazky a slinne I?. Spory teto mikrosporidie se
hlfl velikosti pfedchozi; meri 2,5-5x 1,5-2 Sledovali jsme v poslednim
roce blechy jeaa, hlavne Archaeopsylla erinacei, kterou je mono z hostitele
pi narkose snadno ziskat. Bylo tak prohlednuto asi 23 jakil z reanjrch lokalit
se 182 blechami. Pouze v jedinern pfipade u jena z Celakovic byla v jedne
ze 7 samic zjigtena nakaza mikrosporidii, ktera napadala tukove teleso.
Nakaza se vyznaavala drobnjrmi vej6itjrmi sporami velikosti 2-2,3x 1-1,5 v.
a byla roztrougena po tukovem telesc blechy. Na rozteru nachazime jen spory
a vejeite a lepe vybarvitelne sporobla,sty s dvou- nebo jednojaderqmi schi-
zonty. Velikosti spor a tvarem stadii naldi zachycenjr druh k N011erovu
druhu Nosenza pulicis, jemui odpovida take lokalisaci v hostiteli. Velikosti
-
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..... ^
..11.1T?10 ???ellift
spor tvoli pfechod mezi obema dfive znamymi druhy a svedei tak pro jejich
identitu. Archeopsylla erinacei je pro danou mikrosporidii novjun hostitelem.
Larvy bodavIch Ceratopogonidii, ijIcIch v horskjrch potocich i ye vlhke
hline pasek a na okrajich vod, jsou ji2 od dfivejKka znamy jako hostitele nakaz
ptisobenjrch prvoky. Leger a Hesse (1922) zaznamenali tu nakazu dvema
velice zajimavymi mikrosporidiemi, Spiroglugea octospora a Toxoglugea vibrio,
prvni s esovite prohnutYmi sporami, druha se sporami rohliekovitymi. Jegte
ped timto nalezem zaznamenal Leger, 1900 u Ceratopogon solsticialis i
n?
kazu schizogregarinou Schizocystis gregarinoides.
C
140 p.
Obr. 1. a) - Nosema pulicis, zrale spory a ponekud vetAi sporoblast. ? b) - ,N. ixodis n. sp.,
spory, c) - vegetativni stadia. ? d) - N. sphaeromiadis n. sp., spory, e) - dva sporoblasty
a uschnutim deformovana spora. (a?e podle Giemsovfrch suchjrch roztera). ? f) - Borelia
sp., razne tvary z Trichodectes melis.
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Ani jedna, ani druha nakaza neni z naich zerni znarna. Zato jsem ziskal
laskavosti akadcmika Jirovce roztery z larvy Sphaeromias sp. (Ceratopogo-
zzidae) chycene v rybnice Velky Palenec u Blatne 30. V. 1954 s nakazou mikro-
sporidii. Tukove telcso napadene larvy je cele vypineno sporami mikrospori-
die, velikymi 5-6x 2,5 pravidelne vej6iteho tvaru. Vedic spor zachycena
te2 stadia sporoblastu, maid 6x 3,5 v. Spory 1eI jednotlive, pansporoblasty
chybeji. Jde o pfislu?nika rodu Nosema. Mikrosporidic tohoto tvaru neni
z larcv pakomarcovitych znama, rovne2 nebyla mikrosporidie teho'i druhu
pozorovana u pfibuznjth larev pakomaril. Povaiujeme proto tuto mikrospo-
ridii za novy druh, pro ktcry navrhujeme jmeno Nosema sphaeromiadis n. sp.
Mikrosporidie u roztoeii jsou dosud jen velmi mai? probadany. Vedle stare
zminky Leydigovy, ktery nalezl ye svalstvu Epeira diadema mikrosporidii
Mae nezafazenou, zname dosud jen nalez Nosema steinhausi z roztoee Tyro-
phagus noxius a v posledni dobe t?lhaveho nalez Thelohania sp. v lym-
focytech sekdee. U parasitickjch roztoea mikrosporidie dosud nalezeny nebyly.
Nag material v teto skupine neni piIi rozsahly. Pies to mUeme zaznamenat
z nymfy kligtete Ixodes ricznus, sebrane s jezevce z Kolodej, nakazu mikro-
sporidii. Sebrana nymfa byla jedinym kli?tetem, nalezenjrm na zminenem
hostiteli. Bohate zastoupene vAenky Trichodectes melis naka'ieny nebyly.
V rozteru kligtete nalezeny nativne spory mikrosporidie ojedinele nebo v men-
gich skupinkach roztrougeny v drti organu. Byly tIh1e vejeite, mladgi zaoblene,
velike 1,6-2,6x 1,2-1,4 v. Uvniff spory se vybarvuje east plasmy a jadro.
Lokalisacc v urEitem organu nebylz-w.--novena, jet? nalez byl pfekvapenim
a fel? k1ft?ji bylo zcela rozcupovano. Spory 1el volne jako u rodu Nosema,
mladgi stadia cizopasnika nebyla zastacna. 0 ceste nakazy si zatim nedove-
deme udelat obraz, pravdepodobne k ni dochazi v obdobi tesne po vylihnuti
larev z vajieek. Pro nalezenou mikrosporidii navrhujeme jrneno .Arosenza
ixodis n. sp.
Jinym nahodiljm nalezem u cizopasneho hmyzu je nalez spirochety u Tri-
chodectes melis. Z vice ne.2 360 vgenek, ktere byly vygetfeny z nejruznelgich
mist eech, byly v rozteru zadeeku jen u dvou jedindi ziskanjch z jezevce,
zastfeleneho u Uhelne Plibrame, zjigteny Giemsovou smesi barvitelne spiro-
chety typu Borelia. Vyskytuji se tvary dlouhe a kratgi, dlouhe m? a 13 v
a mail 12-15 zavitil vysokych skoro 1 v. Meng tvary jsou eastejgi; mei
obvykle 6-7 v delky a maji 6-8 zavitil.
Je mi milou povinnosti podekovati pany F. Horakovi za poskytnuti mate-
rialu ektoparasita, z nichi popisovane nakazy pochazeji.
SOUHRN
Je popisovan nalez mikrosporidie Nosema pulicis se sporami velikosti
2-2,3x 1-1,5 IL u blechy jeth, Archaeopsylla erinacei.
Mikrosporidie Nosema sphacromladzs n. sp. se sporami velikosti 5-6x2,5 v
byla zjigtena v larve Sphaeromias sp., Ceratopogonidae.
Mikrosporidie Nosenza ixodis n. sp. byla nalezena u nymfy kligtete Ixodes
rzcinus z Kolodej u Prahy. Spory mei 1,6-2,6x 1,2-1,4 1.1..
Ve vgence Trichodectes melis nalezena ye dvou piipadech nakaza spiro-
chetou typu Borelia, dlouliou 13, resp. 6 v, s 1 zavitem na 1 u delky.
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Weiser: Cizopasnici nfActerj,ch druliet litnyzu
SCHMAROTZER EINIGER BLUTSAUGENDER INSEKTEN
Zusammenfassung
Es werden cinige Funde der Mikrosporidien als lirankenheitserreger in parasitischen
Insekten registriert. Im Material der Igelfltihe (Archaeopsylla erinacei) aus Celakovice bei
Prag wurde in einem Weibchen die Infektion durch eine Mikrosporidie festgestellt, die mit
der Nose= pulicis Miler 1912 identisch ist. Ihrc Sporen messen 2-2,3 u. x 1-1,5 sincl
oval. und liegen zerstreut im Fettkorper des Wirtcs.
In ciner Larve des Ceratopogoniden Sphaeromias sp. aus dem Teiche Velkj, Palenec bei
Blatna (Behmen) fanden wir im Fettkorper eine Infektion verursacht durch Nosenta sphaero-
miadis n. sp. Die'Sporen dieser Mikrosporidie messen 5-6x 2,5 v, sind Ureic oval, liegen frei
ohne Pansporoblastenhifflen im Fettkorper.
Nosema ixodis n. sp. ist eine neue Mikrosporidie, die in dem KOrper einer Zeckennymphe
von Ixodes ricinus aus der Umgebung von Kolocleje gefunden wurde. Sic bildet gcringe ovale
Sporen von 1,6-2,6 v Lange und 1,2-1,4 Breitc.
Bei Trichodectes melis aus der Umgebung von Uhelna Pfibram (Bohmen) wurdc eine
Spirochate des Borclia-Typus festgestellt, 13 u. lang, mit 12-15 Windungen. Kleine Formen,
die reichlicher vorhanden waren messen etwa 6-7 v.
LITERATURA
Kudo R. R., A Biologic and Taxonomic Study or the Microsporidia, III. Biol. Monographs
IX, 1924.
- Lterh,5tir un noucea1i p i?? a Ts- 1 at:C-s-creliiiiie ie:S. Tisk: -A Cad: Sci Paris 1-3-1,-/2E,- ?
1900.
Microsporidies bacteriformes et essai de systematique du groupe. C. R. Acad. Sci. 174,
327-330, 1922.
Leydig F., Der Parasit in der neuen Krankheit der Seidenraupc noch einmal. Arch. Anat.
Phys. W1SS. Med., 186-191, 1863.
Miller W., "Ober Protozoen einheimischer Nagetiere und ihre Obertragung Bed. kiln. Woch.
49, 524-5, 1912.
Popov P., Manuilov N., Entdeckung von Mikrosporichen sp. nov. bei den Kleiderlausen
(Pediculus vestimenti Nitzsch.). Ruskij 'gum. trop. med., 1926.
8i1havjr B.' osobni salmi, 1956.
Weiser J., KR k uttovani mikrosporidif. Prace Mor. pfir. spol. XVIII, 1 - 64, 1947.
Nosema steinhausi n. sp., nova mikrosporidie z rozto6e Tyrophagus noxius (Acarina,
Tyroglyphidae). Cs. parasitcAogic III. xxx, 1956.
Obr. 2. Nosema ixodis IL sp.; spory roztrougene v roza?ru kli;tte jsou ozna'teny ;ipkami
(Giemsa; foto Fiala).
Obr. 3. Nosema pulicis, spory v roztkru tuko- Obr. 4. Spirocheta z Trichodectes me/is.
Tehuret_...tbiechy A7cttaeupsfrit'a et int ? - - - - -
sa; foto Kubec).
? ....A ?????
"
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/02/25:
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Sondcrdruck aus Z. ang. Entomologic Bd. 40 (1957) 4, S. 509-527
AIlc Rcdste, auch die der Obersctzung, des Nachdrudss und der photorncchanisdien Wardergabc, vorbchaItcn
VERLAG PAUL PAREY ? HAMBURG 1 ? SPITALERSTRASSE 12
Aus dem Laboratorium fi?Insektenpathologie, Biologisches Institut
der Akademie, Praha, CSR
Mikrosporidien des Schwammspinners und Goldafters
Von JAROSLAV WEISER, Prag
STAT
In unseren friiheren Arbeiten iiber Mikrosporidien im weigen Biirenspinner
fandcn wir Beweise, wie vielfiiltig em n Krankheitserreger mit alien Mitglie-
dern der von ihm besiedelten Biocoenose zusammenhiingt und wie falsch es
ist emen Krankheitserreger samt seinem Wirt aus der Biocoenose herauszu-
reigen und selbstandig zu behandeln. Wir miithten am Beispiel einiger Mi-
krosporidien des Schwammspinners und der ihn im Biotop begleitenden
Leptdopteren diese Beziehungen aufzeigen.
Aus den Rau'-44s Schwammspinners, Lym-..1n4,7-ia-e114r L., sind bis
jetzt, neben zahlreichen andercn Schmarotzern, nur zwei Mikrosporidien
beschrieben worden. Die eine ist die von Z\VoLFER (1927) gefundene und be-
schriebene Plistophora Sdnthergi Zwolfer, die sich im Epithel des Mittel-
darmes der Raupe entwickelt und die auf eine Reihe weiterer Wirte Ober-
tragbar ist (Nygmia phaeorrhoea Don., Aporia crataegi L., Malacosoma
neustria L.). Augerdem beschrieb kiirzlich TIMOFJEJEWA (1954) eine Melo-
hania disparis, die im Fettkorper der Raupen gefunden wurde.
Bei Nygmia phaeorrhoea, dem Goldafter, einem haufig vorkommenden
Schadling, wurde bisher nur eine spezifisthe Mikrosporidie aufgefunden. Es
ist die von ZWeLFER (1927) beschriebene Plistophora Schubergi. Uns gi?ckte
ferner die Obertragung von Thelohania hyphantriae auf diesen Wirt.. .
Neben Lymantria und Nygmia finden wir in derselben Biocoenose einige
weitere wichtige Arten, wie Malacosoma neustria, Aporia crataegi und
Hyphantria cunea Drury. Angaben iiber Vorkommen von Mikrosporidien
bei diesen Arten liegen in der alteren Literatur nicht vor. Nur kiinsthche
Infektionen mit P. Schubergi durch ZWoLFER oder Th. hyphantriae durch
WEISER und VEBER (1954, 1955) wurden unternommen. Erst in letzter Zeit
fand VEBER weitere Mikrosporidien in Aporia crataegi (1956). Plistophora
aporiae im Darmepithel und Nosema aporivora in verschiedenen Organcn
der Kdrperhohle.
Schon iiber vier Jahre halten wir alljiihrlichgrogere Mengen von Schwamm-
spinner- und Goldafterraupen zur Beobachtung ihrer Krankheiten im La-
boratorium. Die Proben stammen aus verschiedenen Gebieten der Tschecho-
slowakei. Die ganze Zeit hindurch bis zu diesem Sommer konnten wir keine
Infektion durch Mikrosporidien feststellen. Erst dieses Jahr fanden wir
durch Mikrosporidien verursachte Erkrankungen in zwei Biotopen, nam-
lidi in der Niihe von St. Benedik in der Mittelslowakei und in der Vorstadt
von Bratislava, Dvornik.
Im ersten Falle handelte es sich urn Raupen des 3. Stadiums des Schwamm-
spinners an emer isoliert stehenden Eichengruppe. Aus den zahlreichen Ei-
valln
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510 Weiser
gelegen krochcn so viel Raupen, dag auf jedem Blatt 1 bis 2 Raupen fragcn.
Proben dieser Raupen wurden in das Laboratorium gebracht und in Fiske-
Rahmen weitergeziichtet. Nach einer Woche stieg die Mortalitat an, und eine
nachtragliche Sektion der toten Raupen ergab, dag sic siimtlich von Mikro-
sporidien befallen waren. Die Seidendriise, der Fettkorper, Malpighische
Gefage und die Muscularis des Raupendarmes waren von der Infektion
betroffen. Der Befall einzelner Organe war in allen Fallen unterschiedlith.
Augerdem waren die Sporen, die im Fettkorper und der Seidendriise auf-
gefunden wurden, mehr spindelfOrmig, die in der Muscularis mehr stumpf
und an den Enden abgerundet. Man konnte an einen besondercn Einflug
der verschiedenen Wirtsgewebe auf die Sporenform denken, doch war ein
iihnlicher Fall frither nie beobachtet worden. Erst Infektionsversuche an ver-
schiedenen Wirten zeigten, da g es sich urn zwei verschiedene Mikrosporidien
handelt, die in einer Mischinfektion vorkommen. Bei Infektionen durch
sorgfaltig isolierte Seidendriisen kam es nur zur Erkrankung der Seiden-
driisen und des Fettkorpers. Raupen, die mit zerriebenen infizierten air-
men gefiittert wurden, fanden wir durch eine gemisthte Infektion des Dar-
mes und des Fettkorpers befallen. Nach mehrfacher Wiederholung der Ver-
smile zeigte es sich, (lag _diixne einschiditige_Zotten des Fettkorpers die
Darmwand dicht iiberziehen, die bei der Isolierung des barmes nrcht?ab": ?
getrennt werden konnten, so dag es zu Mischinfektionen kam. Die endgiil-
tige Isolation gelang erst durch weitere Infektionsversuche. Bei Versuchen
mit Hyphantria cunea-Raupen zeigte es sich, dag der neue Wirt nur fiir die
Darmmikrosporidie empfindlich ist, dagegen filr die Mikrosporidie im Fett-
korper nicht. Bei weiteren Versuchen mit diesem Material kam es zu reinen
Infektionen durch die Darmmikrosporidie, wenn der Raupendarm von Spo-
ren der Fettkorpermikrosporidie befreit war. So wurden zwei Mikrospori-
dien isoliert, die Nosema lymantriae und N. muscularis (WErsER, 1957) be-
nannt wurden.
Nosema lymantriae WEISER (1957). Die Mikrosporidie gelangt mit der
Nahrung in den Darm der Schwammspinnerraupe und nachdem sich die
Spore geoffnet hat, entlagt sic den Planonten, der die Darmwand der Raupe
durchbohrt. In der KorperhOhle des Wirtes kommen die rundlichen, etwa
3-4 p. grogen Planonten in den Fettkorper und die Wand der Seidendriise,
wo sic sich ansiedeln und die erste Teilung durchmachen. Die zweikernigen
Stadien teilen sith gleich in einkernige Schizonten. Diese haben rings urn den
mehr kompakten Kern em n intensiv farbbares Plasma. Die Krankheit tritt
zu Beginn nur sporadisch auf und breitet sich von einzelnen Punkten, wo
sich die Schizonten ansiedelten, allmahlich aus. Die zweite Schizogonie un-
terscheidet sich durch ovale Stadien, die schwiicher farbbares Plasma und
blasenartige Kerne mit einem Chromatinklumpen an der Mitte aufweisen.
Diese zweiten Schizonten wachsen mit der Kernteilung in die Lange und
bilden bald bandartige Stadien von etwa 30 Ix Lange bei 2-2,5 p Breite. In
Zellen des Fettkorpers mit frischer Infektion finden wir ganze Bandel sol-
cher Bander, die die ganze Zelle ausfiillen. Am Anfang der zweiten Schizo-
gonie sind die Kerne bandartiger Schizonten in regelmagigen Abstanden
aufgereiht. Spiiter nicken sic zu zweit naher aneinander, wie wir es bei
Mikrosporidien im Stadium der Diplokaryen kennen. Diese reifen Schizon-
- ten teilen sich iii zweikernige Merozoite, aus denen sich zweikernige Sporo-
-
404 II. AMP aie.a ?
? NW
Mikrosporidien des Schwammspinners und Goldafters 511
blasten und Sporen bilden. Es handelt sich also urn eine typische Noserna.
Die Sporoblasten von 7-8 X 3-4 p Groge sind zuerst spindelformig, mit
einer Vakuole rings urn den Kern. Sparer bilden sic stabchenartige junge
Sporen, 6 X 2,51.1 grog. Die zwei Kerne liegen in der Mitte des Stadiums,
und an dem einen Ende bildet sich allmahlich eine Vakuole. Mit dem Er-
harten der Sporenmembran werden die Stadien immer weniger fiirbbar, und
nachher konnen wir die inneren Strukturen erst nach Hydrolyse mit schwa-
cher Salzsaure durch Giemsa anfarben. In dem an die Wiinde gedriicliten
??? -411F.
44.
410.1%,
411g,
Abb. 1. Bandartige Scluzonten von N iymantrure
mit mei. Scheide des koagulicrten Wirtsplasmas umgeben.
Plasma der Spore finden wir beide, nun ganz kleine Kerne und eine An-
deutung eines Stdbchens oder Fadens, der durch die Spore von einem zum
anderen Ende durchlaufl. Die reife Spore ist leicht spindelformig und ver-
jiingt sich an den Enden. Die Sporenenden sind abgerundet. Meistens migt
sic 5-6 X 2-2,5 p., nur vereinzelt finden wir kdrzere Sporen 4,5 p lang unci
1,6 p breit. Nach Formalin-Zugabe finden wir bei einigen Sporen einen Pol-
faden von 125 p Ldnge. Am Ende tragt er em n kleines Kornchen, etwa drei-
mal so breit wie der Faden. Zur Spore bin (die letzten 250 verdickt sich der
Faden allmahlich. Ein kleines Sackchen haflet am verdickten Ende des Fa-
dens (2,5 X 1,511 grog) und am anderen Ende des Sackchens sind zwei kurze
Paden, die von Resten des Sporenplasmas herriihren kOnnen. In anderen
Fallen finden wir nur einen kurzen Faden (etwa 1/2 der Sporenlange) mit
dem erwahnten Endkornthen (Abb. 1).
Die Infektion run im Fettkorper des Wirtes meist keine Abwehrreaktio-
nen hervor. Die Zellen bleiben nach dem Eindringen der Mikrosporidie in
GrOge und Struktur unverandert. Auch der FettkOrper hypertrophiert nicht.
Nur in einem Falle fanden wir Lymphocyten mit phagocytierten Sporen.
Sic waren etwa um das Dreifache vergriftgert (30 ,X 344, der-Kgrn auf?
err
Ma Jam.
???? ???
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/02/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R002900190005-1
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512
Weiser
geblaht. Zuletzt starben die Lymphocyten ab, der Kern zerfiel und die tote
Zelle, voll von Sporen, wurde eine Pseudocyste mit zahlreichen Sporen. In
den meisten Fallen fanden wir in den verschiedenen Stadien der Infektion
die Lymphocyten zerstreut im Fettgewebe und zwischen seinen Zotten, ohne
dag sie Sporen des Parasiten phagocytiert hatten (Abb. 2).
Der Fettkorper der infizierten Raupe ist bei vollem Befall porzellanweig
gefarbt. Beim Praparieren der Raupe zerfallt er nicht, und die Sporen lassen
sich nur teilweise und schwierig aus dem Gewebe Risen. Die Sporenmasse im
Abb 2 Lcukocyten von L. drspar-Raupen mit phagocytierten Sporen von N. lymantriar.
Gewebe ist nicht ganz kompakt, denn beim Austrocknen des infizierten Fett-
korpers bildet der trockene Riickstand etwa 1/2 bis 1/4 des urspriinglichen Vo-
lumens.
In der Seidendriise der Raupe dringen die Schizonten in die peripheren
Teile der sekretorischen Zellen, wo sic sich vermehren. Erst reife Sporen wer-
den in die mittlere Partie abgesondert, von wo sic mit dem Sekret ausgeschie-
den werden. Die normal farblose Driise ist im Laufe der Infektion zuerst
weig gesprenkelt, zuletzt ganz weig und verliert ihre steife, rohrenartige Ge-
stalt, urn von den Seiten zusammengedriickt zu werden. Die Entwicklung der
Parasiten im Wirtsorganismus schreitet nur langsam fort. Erst 11 Tage nach
peroraler Infektion finden wir Herde der Mikrosporidie in der Spinndrilse
und verteilt in den Zotten des Fettkorpers. Nach dem 15. Tag sind etwa
zwei Drittel der Spinndriisenzellen befallen. Die Infektion fiihrt nicht un-
mittelbar zum Tode der Raupen. Manche von ihnen leben noch mehr als 30
Tage und nehmen auch weiter Nahrung auf. Die augeren Symptome der Er-
_ kr_ankung Tarn oirht auffsjle_nd, Fire gmisse Abn_alime der Fraginte_nsjrat
und zogerndere Bewegungen konnten nur nach langerer Beobachtung festge-
stellt werden. Die Raupen magerten nicht ab. In Sommerzuchten trat die
.???ry? w? ?
??? ???? -MEL AN ? IV. ? ..... ?
? V in.
Mikrosporidien des Schwammspinners und Goldaliers 513
Polyedrie des ofteren auf. In Zuchten, die im Winter auf Eichen-Sproglingen
weitergefiihrt wurden, kam die Polyedrie nicht mehr vor, und alle Ausfalle
waren reine Mikrosporidien-Erkrankungen. Die Nosema lymantriae zeigte
sich als nicht infektios fiir die Raupen des Seidenspinners, fur Nygmia pha-
eorrhoea, Malacosoma neustria, Aporia crataegi, Hyphantria cunea und
Eriogaster lanestris. Im Verein mit anderen Infektionen ist es moglich, sic
auf Nygmia phaeorrhoea zu iibertragen, wie spater berichtet wird.
Abb. 3 Darmmuskulatur von H cunea be cincr Erkrankung durch N. muscularts.
Nosema muscularis WEISER (1957). Diese Mikrosporidie nimmt bei pero-
rater Verabreichung ihren Weg in die Darmwand der Schwammspinner-
raupe. Die Planonten dringen in die Langs- und Quermuskeln des Mittel-
darmes em. Durch die standige peristaltische Bewegung der Muskulatur wer-
den sic an den Kernen der Muskelzellen angehauft, und dort beginnt ihre
weitere Entwicklung. Es entstehen Schizonten mit grogem Kern, 2,5 x im
Durchmesser. Diese bilden urn sich eine kleine Vakuole, in der das Stadium
ungestort liegt. Der Schizont wachst auf 4 X 2-3 p. an, und sein Kern teilt
sich. Mit dem weiteren Anwachsen der Schizonten dehnt sich die ausgehohlte
Vakuole auch aus, und es entsteht em n Schlauch, der sich entlang der Muskel-
faser zieht und der durch Sporen ausgefiillt ist. Nach spindel- bis nierenfor-
migen Schizonten finden wir in der zweiten Schizogonie Stadien mit Kernen,
in deren Mitte em n grogeres Chromatinkorn liegt, umgeben mit einer vakuoli-
sierten Zone an der Kernwand. Zwischen beiden Schizogonien finden wir
Stadien der Diplokaryen. Spindelformige, nur etwa 6 X 3 p groge Schizon-
ten der zweiten Schizogonie teilen sich in je zwei Merozoite, aus denen Spo-
????? roblasten- ca-tsteken. aie.-SporobfaseEn sind 2terniich roi, nTessen 7 k 2,5 fl
und sind zweikernig. Aus ihnen werden Sporen gebildet, die bei voller Ent-
wicklung 4,8-6 X 3-4 p. messen. Sic sind breit oval mit stumpf abgerunde-
Z. ang Ent Ed. 40 Heft 4 33
????
???
??? Isar ??
Inn/
???? ?????? ??????
????
^
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514 Weiser
ten Enden und mit einer gut sichtbaren Vakuole an einem Ende. Ein Pol-
faden wurde nicht bcobachtet (Abb. 3).
Fiir die weitere Verfolgung der Entwicklung dieser Art in L. dis par sei
erwahnt, dag bei den Mikrosporidien zwei Voraussetzungen fiir die Syste-
matik gilltig waren: Die Mikrosporidien sind ziemlich art- und gewebespezi-
fisch. Das ist so zu verstehen, dag bestimmte Arten auf einen oder einen Kreis
bestimmter Wirte angepagt sind und augerhalb dieses Kreises (Biotopes)
meist keine passenden Wirte finden. Altere Angaben waren immer geneigt,
neue Arten nach neuen Wirten zu beurteilen. Die Erfahrungen mit Noserna
bomb ycis und P. Schubergi haben diese Auffassung stark erschatert. Die
zweite Voraussetzung, die Gewebespezifitat war und ist immer so verstan-
den wordcn, da g eine Art, die den Fettkorper befallt, immer - in alien
m?g-
lichen Wirten - nur im Fettkorper anzutreffen ist, desgleichen eine Musket-
oder Darmart nur in den Muskeln oder im Darm aufzufinden war. Man
konnte noch beobachten, dag nach volligem Befall eines Organes eine Reihe
anderer befallen wurde. Dabei wurde vorausgesetzt, dag eine Vorliebe des
Parasiten fiir Gewebe gleicher Herkunft - den drei Keimblattern gemag --
vorhanden ist.
?.-la-unserem Falk bei Nosema muscularis sehen wir hingegen einen inter-
essanten Fall. Neben den MuskeTfas-er-n-deTiViutuilfrris chs-Pran-mas-43:-d
keine anderen Muskeln mehr befallen, auch dann nicht, wenn alle Darm-
muskeln vernichtet sind. Wir finden jedoch die Sporen in den Endzellen und
in der Matrix der Tracheen-Strange, die den Darm versorgen. Hier ent-
wickeln sich alle Stadien ?ppig, und zum Schlug sind die Zellen prall mit
Sporen gefiillt. Im weiteren Verlauf der Infektion dringen Mikrosporidien
in die Malpighischen Gefage em. Sic bilden hier zuerst sporadische Herde,
die sich ausbreiten und zuletzt die ganze Wand der Gefiige vernichten. Da-
gegen finden wir keine Stadien der Mikrosporidie in der Mukose der Darm-
wand, keine Sporen im Fettkorper, in den Spinndriisen und im Hypoderm.
Es findet sich keine Erklarung fiir die Affinitat der N. muscularis zu den ein-
zelnen Geweben, weder nach ihrer Funktion noch nach ihrem Ursprung:
Hypodermis einerseits (-) und Matrix der Tracheen andererseits (+), Mus-
kelwand des Darmes einerseits ( +) und die Korpermuskulatur andererseits
(-), Epithel der Malpighischen Gefage einerseits (?) und Epithet des Dar-
mes andererseits (-). Auch bei Infektionen anderer Wirte bleiben diese Af-
finitiiten bestehen, so dag sic durch bestimmte Faktoren fest fixiert sein
miissen.
Der Verlauf der Erkrankung durch N. muscularis ist viel sdmeller als bei
der vorigen Art. Schon nach 5 Tagen sind die ersten Ausfalle zu verzeichnen,
und das Absterben erfolgt - je nach der Dosis der Sporen - in den niithsten
20-25 Tagen. Dies erhartet die Tatsache, da g Organe befallen werden, die
standig funktionieren miissen wie der Darm, die Malpighischen Gefiige und
die Tracheen. Die Symptome der Erkrankung sind bald zu erkennen. Die
Raupen werden mager, nehmen nur wenig Nahrung auf, liegen meist bewe-
gungslos und gekriimmt auf den Nahrpflanzen, zur Bewegung gezwungen,
-kriedlen sic zuckend und s.chwerfallig. Nachdem sic einige Tage in einer S-
oder C-formigen Stellung verharren, sTerben sit ab. Dabei tr-itt Mund-
offnung und After wagrige Fliissigkeit, die die toten Raupen an die Unter-
lage anklebt. Bei der Praparation kranker oder toter Raupen finden wir in
der KOrperhohle fast keinen Fettkorper. Der in normalen Raupen griinlich-
-
?
Mtlerosporithen des Schwammsinnners und Goldaliers 515
gelbe Darm ist hier briiunlich verfarbt, schlaff, ohne Spannung der Gewebe.
Die infizierten Malpighischen Gefiige, sic werden erst am Ende der Krank-
heit befallen, sind weig gesprenkelt. Die Raupen sterben an der Atrophic der
Darmmuskulatur und den damit verbundenen Beschwerden, das Ausbleiben
der Peristaltik und Einstellen der Resorption. Hinzu gesellen sich Atmungs-
beschwerden und gestOrte Ausscheidung der Urate durch die befallenen Mal-
pighischen Gefage.
In Infektionsversuchen zeigte sich N. muscularis als pathogen fiir Ny-
gmia phaeorrhoea und Hypbantria cunea. Auf Bombyx mon i und Aporia
crataegi ist sic nicht iibertragbar. Bei den zwei sekundaren Wirten verlauft
die Infektion mit denselben Symptomen und pathologischen Erscheinungen
wie im ersten Wirt. Nur fehlt die Verbindung mit der Polyedrie. Die Un-
terscheidung dieser Infektion von der durch N lymantriae ist leicht, auf
?A
100 100
50
5 10 Tape
Abb. 4 Stcrblichkcit von L. dtspar bet
Erkrankung durch N muscularis.
50
5 10rage
Abb 5 Sterblichkett von L. dtspar bci curter
MIsthinfcktIon mit N lymantruse, N. muscularts
und Th. sundis.
Grund der fehlenden langen Schizontenketten, der ovalen, nicht spindelfor-
migen Sporen und farberischen Unterschieden beider Sporen. Wiihrend N.
lymantrzae spat, aber stark Haematoxylin speichert und es schlecht differen-
zieren l?, finden wir im Gegensatz hierzu bei N. muscularis leicht farbbare
und differenzierbare Sporen mit stark durchlassiger Membran.
In dem Infektionsherde bei Bratislava-Dvornik fanden wir (bei iilteren
Raupen) auf stark befallenen Obstbaumen eine T belohania im Fettkorper
der Raupen von Nygmia phaeorrhoea. Die Infektion iihnelte gewissermagen
der von uns beschriebenen Thelobanza hyphantriae, bei der achtgliedrige
Pansporoblaste nur sporadisch vorkommen. In diesem Falle waren zu Ende
der Sporulation fast nur achtsporige Pansporoblaste vorhanden. Erwiigun-
gen iiber den Einflug des Wirtes auf den Ausgang der Sporulation zeigten
sich nach Infektionsversuchen als iiberfliissig, denn die neue Art infizierte
ohne weiteres Lymantria dis par, was T. hyphantriae nicht tut. So war der
A rtux terschied bewiesen.
Thelohania simars EisEri( i557fracitireii 3.112 liri Feruktfor - -
von Nygmia phaeorrhoea und entwickelt sich hier, wie wir es bei Theloha-
nien mit kompakten Pansporoblasten (z. B. Th. opacita, Tb. legeri) kennen.
M. ow "" 1101 ow OP we.
33.
411.1111???????
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Weiser
516
Auf kurze, bis zweikernige Schizonten der ersten Schizogonie folgt das Stu-
dium der Diplokaryen und die zweite Schizogonie mit grogen Kernen und
gut unterscheidbaren Chromosomen. In dieser Schizogonie biklet sich an der
Oberflache der Stadien die schon friiher bei Tb. opacita beobachtete Plasma-
Deckschicht. In der Sporogonie bilden sich aus rundlichen Sporonten von 7
bis 8 It Groge Panspo-
roblasten mit acht rund-
lichen Sporoblasten. Sie
messen etwa 20 it im
Durchmesser, die Spo-
roblasten 6-7 it.Bis zur
vollen Ausbildung der
Sporen bleiben sic in
der gemeinsamen Pan-
sporoblastenhalle. Die-
se wird erst durch Aus-
trocknen und nachtriig-
liches Anfeudnen zer-
rissen, und die Sporen
werden frei. Reife Spo-
ren sind oval und mes-
sen 5,2-6,2 X 2-2,5 It.
Die Infektion der
kaupen ist augerlich
weniger auffallig, wie
CS bei Erkrankuneen
des FettkOrpers allge-
mein iiblich ist. Die
Raupen bewegen sich
langsam und ziigernd,
nehmen weniger Nah-
rung auf und sterben
bald. Die ersten an Mi-
krosporidien sterben
den Raupen finden wir
5 Tage nach der Infek-
tion. Die letzten infi-
zierten Raupen sterben nach 30 Tagen, meist aber friiher. Dies hangt wesent-
lich von der Starke der Infektionsdosis und vom Raupenstadium ab (Abb. 4).
In Obertragungsversuchen zeigte es sich, dag Tb. similis auger fiir Ny-
gmia phaeorrhoea auch f?r Lymantria dispar und Stilpnotia salicis infektios
ist. Dagegen waren Malacosoma neustria, Aporia crataegi und Hy phantria
cunea der Infektion gegeniiber resistent. Im Vergleich mit anderen Tbeloba-
men in Lepidopteren sehen wir, clag die von TIMOFJEJEVA aus L. dispar be-
schriebene Th. disparis sich von unserer Art durch die Sporen (7,37-4,4 X
2,36-2,9510 und durch die Organaffinitat unterscheidet, denn die Th. dis-
_paris befallt auch die Seidendriisen und die Haemolymphe, was in unserem
Falle fehlt. Von- der Tb. byphantriae unterscheidet sic sich durch die Mog-
- - ar zu.infizieren und durch Untersdlicac und Form
? der Schrzonten turd trAtspoioblitstell. A.Y.c1.?vav den,Abrigen aus Insekten be:
?
Abb. 6. Pansporoblasten der Th. szmilts.
Mikrosporidien des Schwammspinners und Goldallers 517
schriebenen Thelobanien unterscheidet sic sich durch die Morphologic ihrer
Entwicklungsstadien.
Die Zahl der Mikrosporidien, die in der Biocoenose des Obstbaumes nach
unseren heutigcn Kenntnissen zusammentreffen, miissen wir noch urn Plisto-
phora aporiae VEBER (1956), Nosema aporivora VEBER (1956) und Nosema
minor WEISER ergiinzen. Die erste ist auger fiir Aporia crataegi, wo sic im
Darmepithel lebt, noch fur Lymantria dispar, Nygmia phaeorrhoea und
Malacosoma neustria infektios, dagegen wird Hyphantria cunea nicht an-
gegriffen. N. aporivora lebt auger in Aporia crataegi wahrscheinlich auch
von Nygmia phaeorrhoea in der Muskulatur und im Fettkorper. Nosema
minor ist eine neu an Hypbantria cunea aufgefundene Mikrosporidie, die
augerdem noch f?r Nygmia phaeorrhoea infektios ist und in seinen Wirten
das Darmepithel befallt. F?r Lymantria dispar ist sic harmlos. Diesen In-
fektionen sind ebenfalls im Druck befindliche Arbeiten der Autoren gewid-
met. Wenn wir das gegenseitige Verhaltnis der Wirte und Parasiten zusam-
menstellen, sehen wir folgendes:
vs`
Fettkorper
0
0 Z.'
Darm
Allgem.
Infektion
Lyznantna
&s par
Nygmta
phaeorrhoea
Malacosoma
neustria
Aporza
crataegt
Stzlpnotza
sahas
Hyphantria
cunea
---
Bombyx
mon
? + ? +
+ +
+
+
+ + +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
???
+ +
Zehn Mikrosporidien leben in Raupen, die in der Krone des Obstbaumes
vorkommen. Davon sind 5 Infektionen des Fettkorpers, 3 des Darmes, 2 an-
derer Organe. Keine Mikrosporidie der Gruppe ist nur auf einen Wirt an-
gewiesen, die meisten haben mehr als drei Wirte, zwischen denen die Infek-
tion ausgetauscht wird. Die Tabelle ist nicht in alien Punkten ausgefiillt, da
bei einigen Infektionen Obertragungsversuche nicht durchgefiihrt wurden.
Arten, die fiir einen gewissen Wirt nicht infektiOs sind, durchlaufen den Ver-
dauungstrakt dieser Art meist ohne Schadigung, so dag der Kot resistenter
Raupen-ii ernpfan-gli21y2r.-Raupew die Irtf.r.ictir..0 11cm:4-ruff. Ober die kb? -
?Ir UM
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rer WA.
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- 1?44
518 Weiser
wehrreaktion der Wirte gegeniiber dein Eindringen der Parasitcn haben wir
keine eigene Beobadnungen.
Betrachten wir nun die gegenseitigen Beziehungen der Wirte und Infek-
tionen vom Gesidnspunkte der Epizootologie, so kOnnen wir folgende Un-
terscheidungen in der Biocoenose treffen:
1. Typische Falk: Dies sind meist Wirte, bei denen die Infektion in der Na-
tur aufgefunden wurde. Erst das weitere Studium wird zeigen, welche
Wirte als Hauptwirte, typische Fi1le, zu betrachten sind. Bei ihncn ver-
lauft die Krankheit so, daf3 sich alle Symptome aufkrn und durch Tod und
Obertragung endet. Bei Hauptwirten wird die Krankheit in der Natur
von Generation zu Generation und von Jahr zu Jahr iibertragen.
2. Atypische Falle mochten wir bei Mikrosporidien in solthen Wirten schen,
die zwar experimentell ansteckbar sind, doch in der Natur nur schwierig
die Krankheitskeime far langere Zeit erhalten und sich nur durch Haupt-
wirte von Zeit zu Zeit infizieren.
Von den in der Tabelle angefiihrten Arten zeigte sich z. B. Lymantria dis-
par als Hauptwirt und typischer Fall fiir Nosema lymantriae, Thelobania
disparis, Plistophora Schubergt und Nosema muscularis. Dagegen als Neben-
wirt far Thelobaniaund P. aporiae. Nygmia phaeorrhoea ist Haupt-
wirt von Thelohania ;iriiirirrfnd wahrscheinlich Tb.hyphantriae und Nosema
minor. Dabei ist sie Nebenwirt fiir Th. stilpnotiae, N. muscularis, P. aporiae,
P. Schubergi, ferner f?r Nosema lymantriae, wie noch gezeigt wird. Bei Ma-
lacosoma neustria kennen wir keine typischen Mikrosporidien, doch als Ne-
benwirt ist sie widnig fiir die Erhaltung von Tb. hyphantriae und P. Seim-
bergi. Aporia crataegi hat zwei eigene Mikrosporidien, fiir die sie typischer
Wirt ist: Plistophora aporiae und N. aporivora. Dabei ist es mOglich, daf3
fiir N. aporivora noch em n besserer Hauptwirt gefunden wird (schwache In-
fektionen bei A. crataegi). A. crataegi als Nebenwirt. Hypbantria cunea und
Bombyx mon i gehoren nicht in das Biotop des Obstbaumes von Mitteleuropa
und werden als Immigranten in eine besondere Kategorie gestellt.
3. Latente Erkrankung ist bei Infektionen dutch Mikrosporidien schwer
festzustellen. Zur latenten Infektion kommt es durch geringe Dosen in
wenig aktiven Entwicklungsstadien. Schwac.he Infektionen der Organe,
die nicht mit dem Darm in Verbindung treten, bleiben in den Wirtcn bis
zum Vollkerf erhalten und werden erst frei nach dessen Tode. In diesem
Sinne konnen wir von latenten Erkrankungen reden.
4. Gesunde Trager von Krankheitskeimen liegen dann vor, wenn Sporen
den Darmkanal eines anderen Gliederfalers passieren ohne abgetotet zu
werden. Der zufallige Trager verbreitet durch seinen Kot die Erkrankung
in der Biocoenose. Fiir die Mikrosporidien unserer Gruppe gelten als Tra-
ger Raupen der Arten, die nicht infiziert werden. Aufkrdem verschiedenc
Raubinsekten des Biotops, wie Ameisen, Kafer, Wanzen oder Spinnen.
Dies wurde durch Versuche bewiesen, die mit N. lymantriae, N. muscu-
tarts, Tb. hyphantriae und Th. similis an Ameisen, Kiifern und Milben
durchgefiihrt wurden. Gesunde Trager einer Infektion eigener Art konn-
ten in keinem Falle festgestellt werden.
5. Nicht infizierte immune Wirte sind im Falle der Mikrosporidien bei den
allgemein mangelnden Abwehrerscheinungen nicht festgestellt worden.
6. Als uninfizierte normale Wirte betrachten wir alle noch nicht infizierte
empfindliche Arten.
41.
?I4
? ?=. dm.
Mskrosporsdien des Schwammspinners und Goldaflers 519
Aufkr normalen einfachen Infektionen kommt es auch zu gemischten
komplexen Erkrankungen, von dencn ein typisches Beispiel im Falle der In-
fektion durch N. lymantriae und N. muscularis vorliegt. Ein sehr interessan-
ter Fall wurde bei unserer Wirts- und Parasitengruppe beobachtet. Nosema
lymantriae ist normal fiir Nygmia phaeorrhoea nicht pathogen. Die andere
Infektion, N. muscularis, infiziert N. phaeorrhoea ganz normal. Auch Th.
similis entwickelt sich in Lyinantria dispar normal. Es zeigte sich, wenn alle
drei Infektionen auf Lymantria dis par iibertragen wurden, dag eine Misch-
infektion entsteht, bei der sich N. muscularis in der Muscularis des Darmes,
die iibrigen im.Fettkurper ansiedeln. Wenn wir nun mit dieser Mischung von
Sporen Nygmia phaeorrhoea infizieren, schen wir, clag im neuen Wirt alle
drei Infektionen angehen, daf3 also gemeinsam mit Tbelohania similis No-
sema lymantriae in den KOrper des Goldafters eingedrungen ist. Die Mi-
schung mit Nosema muscularis ohne Thelobania war erfolglos, und im glei-
then Sinne wurde auch Tb. hyphantriae untersucht. Die Mischinfektion, die
erhalten bleibt (Th. similis und N. lymantriae), wird in weiteren Infektions-
versuchen normal auf Nygmia iibertragen.
Wie jede Insektenkrankheit kommt auch die Infektion durch Mikrospo-
ridien in riiumlich begrenzten Herden vor. In deren Mitte ist sie haufig und
nimmt zur Peripherie hin ab. Die Grofk und Eigenschaft der Herde hangt
von der Art der Infektion ab. Bei Darminfektionen breiten sie sich vom
Mittelpunkt langsam aus. Ein starkes Auftreten der Krankheit in der Mitte
fiihrt zu einer erheblichen Mortalitiit und dadurch zu Verringerung der
Population. Da aber die Obertragung der Mikrosporidien em n von der Popu-
lationsdichte abhiingiges Geschehen darstellt, sinkt in der Mitte des Herdes
die Frequenz und steigt ringformig in der Ridnung zur Peripherie an. Der
Ring wird breiter und breiter, bis er durch Unterschiede im Biotop zerrissen
wird und in sekundiire Herde zerfallt, die etwa dieselbe Entwicklung auf-
weisen.
Bei normalen Krankheitsherden von Insekten konnen wir nicht von
?natiirlichen Herden" im Sinne der Lehre von E. N. PAvLovsKij sprechen,
da diese grundsatzlich nur auf die Erscheinungsformen humaner Erkrankun-
gen in der Natur bezogcn werden. Doch eine gewisse Analogie dieser Ver-
haltnisse schen wir bei fremden Eindringlingen in unsere Fauna. So war z. B.
Hy phantria cunea bis 1940 unbekannt in der europaischen Fauna. Er kam
nach Europa ohne Krankheiten und wurde Infektionen ausgesetzt, die in
den ihm passenden Biotopen schon vertreten waren. Sic haben sich fiir den
neuen Wirt als infektios erwiesen und in den 15 Jahren. des Vorkommens
von H. cunea in Europa haben sich drei Mikrosporidien fur ihn als pathogen
erwiesen, T. hyphantriae, N. muscularis und N. minor. In diesem Sinne k?n-
nen wir natiirliche Erkrankungen durch these drei Mikrosperidien in der
Natur als ?natiirliche Herde" der Infektion fur H. cunea betrachten, wenn
Nygmia phaeorrhoea und Lymantria dispar als Reservoire der Krankheit
vorhanden sind. Die Obertragung der Infektion im Herde geschieht meist
direkt dutch die Nahrung, durch Kot der kranken Art, durch Kot der Rau-
bet oder durch Kbrperreste verendeter kranker Individuen. In geringem
Ausmafk beteiligt sich daran die erbliche und die Obertragung durch Para-
siten. Bei den Infektionen unserer Gruppe handelt es sich meistens um
Obertragungen dutch die Nahrung.
44 4 44. 44 ? ? ? 4? .4 444
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Weiser
Zusammenfassung
Im Gebiete der Tschechoslowakei wurden bei Lyman tria dis par L. zwei neue
Mikrosporidien gefunden, die in der Arbeit nHher beschrieben werden. Es
sind Nosema lymantriae und Nosema muscularis.
Bei Nygmia phaeorrhoea wurde eine weitere Mikrosporidie, Thelobania
similis, gefunden.
Der Verlauf der Infektionen und die Obertragung der Mikrosporidien
auf weitere Nebenwirte im selben Biotop zeigten, wie eng der Krankheits-
erreger mit der ganzen Biocoenose zusammenhiingt. Dies zeigt auch die
Tabelle der Wirte und Nebenwirte einzelner Mikrosporidien.
Es zeigte sich, clag zwei oder mehrere Krankheitserreger zusammen
Mischinfektionen verursachen konnen, mit gemeinsamen Symptomen. Die
Mikrosporidien konnen durch Obertragung auf spezialisierte Nebenwirte
in reiner Form isoliert werden.
In einem Falle war es moglich, einen neuen Wirt durch die Mischung
zweier Mikrosporidien zu infizieren, wenn die eine Art in Reinkultur nicht
pathogen war.
Einzeine Ablaufe des epidemisthen Prozesses, wie sie die humane Epi-
demiologic kennt, wurden bei der Infektion durch Mikrosporidien festge-
stellt. Bei Krankheiten eingeschleppter Sthiidlinge, die sic in ihrer neuen
Biocoenosen erworben haben, konnen wir von Naturherden dieser Keime
bei etnheimischen Wirten sprechen, im Sinne der Lehre von PAVLOVSKIJ.
Summary
Two new microsporidians, which are described, were found infesting Ly-
mantria dis par L. in Czechoslovakia. They are Nosema lyinantriae and N.
inuscularis.
A further microsporidian, Thelohania similis, was found in Nygmia
phaeorrhoea.
The course of the disease and the transference of the microsporidians to
further secondary hosts in the same biotope show how closely the organisms
are connected to the whole biozonose. This is also shown by the table of
primary and secondary hosts of the individual microsporidians.
It was found that two or more organisms can cause a mixed infection
with combined symptoms. They can be isolated pure by transference to
specialized secondary hosts.
In one case, it was possible to infect a new host by mixing two micro-
sporidians when one was not pathogenic to it in pure culture.
Individual courses of epidemic processes, as known in human epidemi-
ology, were found in the infection by microsporidians. In diseases of intro-
duced pests, which they obtain in their new biozonoses, we can speak of
natural sources of infection of these 'germs' in indigenous hosts, in the sense
of PAVLOVSKIJ'S theory.
Literatur
FRENZEL, J., 1885: Einiges iiber den Mitteldarm der 1nsekten sowie fiber Epitheiregencra-
don. Arch. Mikr. Anat., 26, 229-306.
OM. 41?? 41. MI Mb
'ea
MION,
??? 401.1. um&
???=1. ? V?
????
Mikrosporidien des Schwammspinners und Goldaflers
521
PAVLOVSKIJ, E. N., 1951: Utschebnsk parasitologn tstheloveka s utschentem o perenost-
sdukach transmissivnych bolcznej. Gas. Izd. Medgtz. 1951.
TtmoFjEjEvA, E. It., 1954: Novyj parasn ncparnogo sthelkoprjada Tezasy dokl. sek. In-
fektionnyje i protozoinyje boleznt nasekomych, Leningrad, 1954.
VEBER, J., 1956: Nosema aportae, cizopasnik b6hiska ovocn6Ito, Aporia crataegt. Csl. para-
sito!ogic, III. 181-185.
VI BER, J., 1956: Phstopbora aportvora n. sp. Wscnik Cs!. zoolog. spoldnosti, XXI.
WEISER, J., VEBER, J., 1954: MO,nosti biologidteho bole s p?astevni&cm ameridcS,m
(Hypbantrta ctmea Drury.). I. Zoolog. a cntomolog. listy III, 55-68, 1954.
WEISER, J , VEBER, J., 1955: Mo:Thosti biologickao bojc S pfAstevniCkem ameridd,m, II.
Csl. parasitologic, II., 191-199.
WusER, J., 1957: Mikrosporidtemi piisobemi onemocani bekyn'e velkohlav6 a zlatotttnC.
Wstnik sI. zool spoldnosti, XXI., 65-82.
WEISER, J., 1957: Monosti Inologickao boje s ptzistcvni6kem americkjrm (H. cunea Drury),
III. Csi. parasttologle, IV.
ZWoLFER, W., 1926: Die Pebrme des Schwammspinners (Portetbrta &spar L.) und Gold-
afters (Nygmia phaeorrhoea Don.), eine ncue wirtschaftlith bedeutungsvolle Infektions-
krankheit. Verh. d. Gcs. Angew Entomol., 6. Mitgitederver, Wien, 1926, 98-109.
??????? ???? ???? 4.14 ????11
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rax.
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A New Classification of the Schizogregarina.
JAROSLAV WEISER
Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biology of the Academy of Science, Praha, Czechoslovakia
SUMMARY. The author proposes a new systematic division of the suborder Schizogregarina on
the basis of the comparative morphology of the different stages of the life-cycle of the different
genera Two families, Dischizae and Monoschizae, arc divided into a total of 6 tribes: The Dischizae
into Ophryocystinae with the genera Ophryocystis, Mattcsia, Menzbicria, Lipocyrtis and Sawayella,
and Machadoellinae with the genera Machadoella and Farinocystis; Monoschizae into the tribe
Caulleryellinae with genera Caulleryella, Tipulocystis and Iterogregarina, the tribe Syncystinae with
the genera Syncystis and Lipotropha, the tribe Schizocystinae with the genera Schizocystis and
Siedleckia and the tribe Selenidiinae with the genera Sdenidium and Merocrienidium
TN 1900 LEGER (23) separated the suborder Schizo-
-1- gregarina from the Eugregarina on the basis of the
occurrence of schizogony in the cycle of development.
Since then some 20 genera have been described as
belonging to this suborder. Notwithstanding the con-
stant interest evidenced in this group since the first
years of its investigation, it has been worked on only
very superficially systematically. In 1908, Leger and
Duboscq (25) divided the suborder Schizogregarina as
follows:
Schizogregarina
1
1 Monosporea Ophryocystidae Ophryocystis
Elcu tero-
schizon
I. Polysporea r Schizocystidac J Schizocystis
1 Siedleckia
1 Selenidiidac Selenidium
I. Aggregatidae Aggregata
The designations Monosporea and Polysporea clearly
define the criterion of the division. In the same year,
but some months later, Fantham (12) attemnted a sys-
tematic division on another basis, that of the location of
schizogony in the host tissue:
I. Homoica (with the whole cycle of development in
one host)
a. Ectoschiza (with extracellular schizogony)
Ophryocystidae (monosporous) Ophryocystis
Elcuteroschizon
Schizocystidae (polysporous) Schizocystis
Sicdleckia
b. Endoschiza (with intracellular schizogony)
Selenidiidae (with longitudinal myonemes in the
whole length of the body)?Scicnidnon
Merogregarinidae (with myonemes in the front
of the body only)?ilicrogrcgarina
II. Heteroica . (with development proceeding through
two hosts)
Aggregatidae (between a crab and a cephalopod)
Aggregate
This division was not accepted, however, the original
division of Leger and Duboscq being maintained under
another form. A few authors(54) replaced it by a
mere enumeration of the genera without any division
into families. In 1953 the excellent Traite de Zoologie,
I(18) appeared with an entirely new classification of
the schizogregarina by Grasse:
STAT
Gregarinomorpha:
I. Archigregarina (with true schizogonies)
Fam. Selenidiidae Brasil 1907
Selenidium Giard
ilicroselcnidiunt Mackinnon & Ray
Solenocystis Dibb
Fam. Merogregarinidae Fantham 1908
II. Eugregarina (without schizogony)
III. Neogregarina (with an accessory schizogony)
Fam. Ophryocystidae Leger & Duboscq 1908
Ophryocystis Schneider
Fam. Schizocystidae Leger & Duboscq 1908
Schizocystis Leger
Machadoella Reichenow
Fam. Caulleryellidae Keilin 1914
Cazdleryclla Keilin
Fain. Syncystidae Grasse 1953
Syncystis Schneider
Fam. Lipotrophidae Grasse 1953
Li potropka Keilin
Alattesia Naville
Li pocystis Grell
Genera of doubtful validity are Menzbieria Bogoyav-
lenskij, Sawayclla Marcus, Coelogregarina Ghelelo-
vitch and Tipn/ocystis KramElf. The genus Siedleckia
Caullery and Mesnil is placed with the Blastogregarina,
Elcuteroschizon(2,3) with the Coccidia. We see that
the new system is loased on the division of the former
Schizogregarina in two parts after an hypothetic
archaic or progressive schizogony and the raising of
some genera to families.
In discussion of the divisions of Leger and Duboscq
we see that an analysis of the characters of the differ-
ent genera and species of Protozoa showed that the
number of spores in one cyst could be decisive to a
considerable extent in the definition of the generic
character, but that it was not justifiable to use this
character when defining the higher systematic cate-
gories. We have similar cases also in the sporozoa,
for example in the Microsporidia and the Myxo-
sporidia. This is true because the number of spores
in the cyst corresponds to the amount of energy which
the gametes bring into the copulation; this is spe-
cific for each species. This energy results in nuclear
Copyright, 1955, by the Society of Protozoologists.
PROTOZOOL., 2, 6-12 (1955)
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CLASSIFICATION OF SCHIZOGREGARINA
divisions in gamogony. Where the amount of energy
which the gamete brings is small, there is only one
division; with an increasing amount of energy there are
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and more divisions. According
to this, we may expect the occurrence of species or
genera with a number of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256
and more spores in the cyst. Of course the greater the
number of divisions the less accurate is the correspond-
ence of these figures and the more the resulting num-
ber differs from the calculated one. Nevertheless when
we compare the number of spores in the cysts of known
species with the calculated possibilities we see a striking
agreement:
1 division 1 spore: 0 phryocystis, Merogre-
Spirocystis., Tipu-
locystis, Siedleckia
Mattesia
Machadoella
Caulleryella
Lipotropha, Meroselenid-
mum, Menzbieria
2 divisions
3 divisions
4 divisions
5 divisions
_ ___6 stiyisicins
2 spores:
4 spores:
8 spores:
16 spores:
,--,,-srpc ?
7 divisions 64 spores:
8 divisions 128 spores:
9 divisions 256 spores:
10-14 divisions
512-8200 spores:
are not found. The two schizogonies in the Schizo-
gregarina are commonly designated as the first and
second, or the micronuclear and macronuclear, (the
latter is sometimes called the pregamogonial) schizo-
gony. In some genera, we find two distinct and mor-
phologically distinguishable schizogonies, in others,
only one or perhaps a repetition of the same schizogony
without any morphological changes. As our first sys-
tematic character, we use therefore a separation ac-
cording to the number of schizogonies. Accordingly,
we recognize:
I. Genera with two schizogonies:
Ophryocystis, Mattesia, Machadoella, Lipocystis,
Farinocystis, Sawayella, Menzbieria.
IT. Genera with one schizogony:
Caulleryella, Tipulocystis, Merogregarina, Li po-
tropha, Selenidium, Meroselenidium, Syncystis,
Spirocystis, Schizocystis, Siedleckia.
The two schizogonies concerned are the agamic and
progamic (?) schizogony of the French author. The
term schizogony connected with the term postgamic
Schizorystis, Fad49,____seems somewhat i?RCOFAT. .""` for stages known in
cystis
Selenidium
Syncystis
Lipocystis
Sawayella
(?)
If we follow the current systematic arrangement we
see that there are many transitions in this respect
alone. Thus Leger(24) mentions in his paper on
0 phryocystis, that two sporoblasts are formed fairly
commonly in the cyst; and in the genera Coelo-
gregarina and Mattesia, recently worked on by the
author (49,51), there is a gradual transition from cysts
with one to those with two spores. Thus the hitherto
accepted system of the Schizogregarina has proved
quite insufficient. Therefore we have carried out an
investigation of the different genera in
other satisfactory systematic characters. Here we
have used the following characters: number and mor-
phology of the schizogonies, morphology of the stages
of gamogony and sporogony, and the shape (organiza-
tion) of the spores.
Studying the different schizogregarina of aquatic
and terrestrial animals we have never found any dif-
ference in the different schizogonies and we have not
found archaic or neologic forms of schizogony._ Only
the, schizogrenrina living in marine hot s have other
differentiations than species in fresh water or in ter-
restrial insects. On the contrary, comparing the
schizogonies of different genera and species we See that
some of the Neogregarina(18) have two distinct
order to find
other cases as stages of sporogony.
With regard to the morphology of the stages, we find
in the Schizogregarina the following basic forms:
First schizogony: Sporozoite morphologically the
same in all species, worm-like; it grows, its nucleus
divides, a large plasmodium is formed with several
hundred nuclei. In the epicellular forms (Fig. 3a)
the plasmodia sit flat on the surface of the cells, do
not form pseudopodia or radiciform attachment organs.
At this stage, the intracellular species are globular
(Fig. 3b-f) or irregularly lobated, their cytoplasm is
compact, without vacuoles. At schizogony, the nuclei
migrate to the surface of the schizont and the mero-
zoites separate. Here the nuclei are always minute,
myonemes are lacking. The merozoites separate as
elongated (in epicellular forms) (Fig. 4d,e,h) or glob-
ular (in intracellular species) (Fig, 4b,c,k) stages
with a somewhat thinner, foamy cytoplasm, the nucleus
gradually grows, until it finally attains almost twice
the size of the nucleus of the first schizogony. In a
number of species, the merozoites show adaptations for
attaching to the substratum, such as pseudopodia or
pseudomerites (Fig. 4a,d).
Second schizogony: This corresponds to the only
schizogony in the genera with but one schizogony
gig, 21.. It is a _marrnmiclpar qrhizogony, ie. one
with stages with strikingly large nuclei. In the epi-
cellular species, it takes place mainly free in the cavity
of the organs affected and here the plasmodia are rela-
tively smaller, with fewer nuclei (Fig. 5). The further
development falls into three types: In the first type
1:4 1,4ic1taidim rncr MiTTV:? the plastiiodiraivide iiito as many merozoites as there
selenidium two morphologically differing schizogonies are nuclei, and the merozoites develop directly into
?
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NI*
CLASSIFICATION OF SCIIIZOGREGARINA
Fig. 1. Life cycle of a dischizous Schizogregarina (Mat-
I esia povolnyi Weiser). I. sch. = first schizogony, II. seli. =-
second sellizogony, g = gamogony, sp = sporogony.
trophozoites and grow gradually into gametocytes. In
the intracellular species, the trophozoites are worm-
Fig. 3. Plasmodia of the first schizogony: a Mattesia
povurnyt OpirTginlislieritv. -81):;*1.) iazrO.yitugOZIJZVill
e Mattesia dispora, d Lipocystis, e Menzbieria, f Macho-
doella. Schematic after drawings hi original descriptions.
Fig. 2. Life cycle of a monoschizous Schizogregarina
(Canileryella pipientis Breslau & Buschkiel). sch = schiz-
ogony, sp = sporogony, g = gamogony. Schematic after
Buschkiel.
like, with active movement by which the parasites
penetrate into new, still unaffected parts of the tissue.
Here they assume a round shape, gametocytes are dil-
ferentiated, copulation occurs, and then a cyst is
formed. In the epicellular representatives of this typt,
we find immobile tropbozoites (gametocytes), the
stage of the gregarinoid trophozoites having occurred
in the first schizogony. As examples of this type, we
may mention the genera Mattesia, Merogregarina,
Sclenidium, Menzbieria, and Li potropha (Fig. 5e,f).
In the second type, which is represented best by the
genus Schizocystis, the trophozoite is fixed by the
pseudomerite to the wall of the cavity in the place
where the second schizogony took place. Its body
increases, while the nuclei are uniformly scattered Ion-
giliidiniiil7'ACtife End' or this stage,--thc ccl+ dit
tegrates with the separation of the individual mero-
zoites into a grapelike cluster (Fig. 5c,d,g,h). Besides
Schizocystis we have in this type -also. Spirocystis,
Cuillp.rvell.a. _Tile _last.
however, is attached to the substratum only at the be-
ginning of the schizogony. In the third type, we meet
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CLASSIFICATION OF SCIIIZOGREGARINA
o
Fig. 4. a-i Gregarinoid trophozoites of different schizo-
gregarines: a Ophryoeystis, b Sawayella, c Farinocystis,
3lattesia povolnyi, o 3fattesia dispora, f 3Ierogregarina,
g Caulleryella, Ii 3Iarhadoella, i Selenidium. j-o Gametocytes
of different species: j Sehizoeystis, k Caulleryella or Oph-
ryoeystis or Mat tesia dispora, I 3fattesia povolnyi, m Mach-
adoella with four nuclei, ii Farinocystis with four nuclei
o Syneystis mirabilis with sexual differentiation of tho
gametocytes. Schematic after drawings in original descrip-
tions.
with a multiplication of the nuclei in the trophozoite
(here a second schizogony takes place), but there is
no disintegration or formation of merozoites. On the
contrary, the trophozoite enters with a whole set of
nuclei into gamogony and two multinuclear stages
copulate here. We find this case in its typical form
in the genus Machadoella with worm-like trophozoites
and in the genus Farinocystis with globular tropho-
zoites (Fig. 7h,m,n).
In addition to the large nuclei, we may mention as
features which characterize the stages of the second
schizogony the myonemes which occur in the gregarin-
oid trophozoites, e.g. in Machadoella, Selenidium or
4.
c.14 4
;,??
"147M.
oct--
`c?W'
Pig. 5. Plasmodia of the second schizogony: a Ophryo-
- rysM7, k ? Ca Or4.1:.,geKa, e Jr- airema jrovoln711,
g, h Sehisoeystis, i iachadoella, j dehizoeystis sipuneuti,
k Merosacaidiunt. Schematic after drawings in original
descriptions.
Meroselenidium. In the gradual change into gameto-
cytes, the structure of the cytoplasm of the tropho-
zoites becomes looser and foamy and stains relatively
weakly.
There are two different types of gamogony. The
usual type is for two uninuclear gamonts to meet, unite
and develop further. In the genera Machadoella and
Farinocystis, however, polynuclear gamonts meet and
develop further together. In the mutual relation of
the gametocytes, we find in some species also indica-
tions of sex differentiation. Thus in the genera
Schizocystis and Siedleckia typical micro- and macro-
gametes are described. Similarly in Farinocystis one
gametocyte surrounds the other with a spherical
mantle. In Syncystis mirabilis, we often find that the
nuclei of one gametocyte are larger. crowded, and that
the gametocyte itself is smaller, whereas its counterpart
with small nuclei occupies a much larger space (Fig.
4a).
From the mononuclear gametocytes develop stages
with two, four up to many hundred nuclei, which re-
main together either during the whole or a large part
of the time in which the development occurs. In some
forms, there is a pfemature fusion and the formation
of a binuclear syzygy. In the genera with one or two
sporoblasts in the cyst, we encounter nuclei of two
types (Fig. lsp). Some belong to gametes and by
fusion form the nuclei of the sporoblast, the other
nuclei with part of the cytoplasm form the vegetative
envelope of the sporoblast, which is preserved for a
certain time in the development of the spore. Finally
the nucleus disintegrates into chromatin granules and
the envelope degenerates. The differentiation of the
nuclei has to be regarded as a type of reduction division
which takes place also in the genera with a greater
number of sporoblasts. In these, however, there is
formed a residual body. In the further development
the envelope of the cyst becomes impermeable to stains,
and fusiform or rounded sporoblasts are formed.
Sporogony. The nucleus of the sporoblast divides
three times, thus giving rise to eight daughter nuclei
around which the sporozoites differentiate. Here we
distinguish two principal types according to the way
the sporozoites separate: in the one, they attach to
both poles of the spore alternately by means of a tiny
stalk or disc (Fig. 6). In the other, all sporozoites
?
tply,?
CI b c d e f g h
"..ifig.Th. gpo7es of triffe?rent schizogregarines: a Mattesza.
b Farinocystis, c Syneystis, d Lipotropha, e Sawayella,
f Caulleryella, g Selenidium, 11 Meroselenidium. Schematic
after drawings in original descriptions.
-
NV.
41. ???
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CLASSIFICATION OF SCIIIZOGREGARINA
attach to one pole, to one residual body, forming a
banana-like cluster. The wall of the spore has a dif-
ferent structure in the different genera. Sometimes we
find two plugs at the poles as in the eggs of Trichoce ft/t-
alus, e.g. in Farinocystis; occasionally, the pole of the
spore tears off as a thinned circle; in other cases, the
globular spore simply bursts. In the genus Syncystis,
we find at each pole of the spore four short tufts. The
spores of the genus Selenidiunt and illeroselenidium are
characterized by anomalies in the number of sporozo-
ites; in the first there are mostly only four, in the latter,
on the contrary, very many. In the genus Meroselenid-
ium the wall of the spore is sculptured by moderately
prominent ribs and is interrupted by a furrow extend-
ing along the longer diameter of the spore. Except in
the genus Sawayella, the sporozoites are worm-shaped,
in the latter genus, they are globular. The sporozoites
are able to move.
On this basis, it is possible to divide the system of
the Schizogregarinae as follows:
1. Family: Dischizae: The cycle of development com-
prises two morphologically distinguishable types
of schizogonies, a micronuclear and a macronu-
clear one; trophozoites vermicular.
I. Tribus: Ophryocystinae: Shapes of the second
schizonts morphologically distinguishable from the
trophozoites; gametocytes uninuclear at the be-
ginning of the copula, spores usually fusiform,
with thickened poles.
Genus: Ophryocystis A. Schneider 1884. Tropho-
zoites and schizonts with pseudopodial proc-
esses, cyst with one spore. References 24, 28,
43, 44, 45, 52.
Genus: Mattesia Naville 1930 emend. Weiser
1954. Trophozoites with an indication of a
pseudomerite, without pseudopodial processes.
Cyst usually with 2 spores, in some cases varia-
tion, e.g. only one spore. References 14, 15, 31,
34, 35, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53.
Genus: Menzbieria Bogojavlenskij 1922. Tro-
phozoites without pseudomerite and pseudo-
podia; cysts with approximately 16-32 sporo-
blasts. References 1, 52.
Genus: Lipocystis Grell 1938. Trophozoites with-
out pseudomerite and pseudopodia, cysts with
200-300 sporoblasts. References 17, 52.
Genus: Sawayella Marcus 1939. Trophozoites
rounded, cysts with more than 500 sporoblasts;
sporozoites rounded. References 32, 52.
II. Tribus: Machadoellinae: The shapes of the
secoiTci"sehrzonts- Cal tiFspolid? to-114r
their nuclei divide; gametocytes multinuclear.
C.7entir" iTlacrianetta-Reichenliw
zoites vermicular, with longitudinal myonemes.
Their nuclei divide, gametocytes quadrinuclear
in the copula. Usually cysts with 4 sporoblasts.
References 29, 41, 42, 52.
Genus: Farinocystis Weiser 1953. Globular tro-
phozoites, without myonemes. With 4 nuclei.
They mature into gametocytes and thus copu-
late. Cyst usually with about 32 sporoblasts.
References 50, 52.
2. Family: Monoschizae: The cycle of development
includes only one morphologically distinguishable
(macronuclear) type of schizogony; trophozoites
gregarinoid, rather broad, lanceolate.
I. Tribus: Caulleryellinae: Trophozoites gregarin-
oid, with pointed pseudomerite, without myo-
nemes. Morphologically distinguishable from the
schizonts. Spores spherical, sporozoites attached
to one pole.
Genus: Caulleryella Keihin 1914. The schizogony
takes place free in the intestinal cavity; cysts
with eight sporoblasts. References 6, 7, 16, 52.
Genus: Tiptdocystis Kramaf 1950. Schizogony
epicellular; cyst with one sporoblast. Refer-
ences 22, 52.
Genus: Merogregarina Porter 1908. Schizont in-
tracellular in the wall of the intestine; cyst with
one sporoblast. References 38, 39, 52.
II. Tribus: Syncystinae: Trophozoites more globu-
lar to oval, without myonemes. Morphologically
distinguishable from schizonts. Spores fusiform,
thin-walled, not thickened at the poles. Sporo-
zoites bipolar.
Genus: Syncystis A. Schneider 1886. Tropho-
zoites oval, merozoites ovoid. Spores fusiform,
with four processes at the poles. Cysts with
approximately 128 sporoblasts. References 45,
46, 52.
Genus: Lipotropha Keilin 1923. Trophozoites
rounded, merozoites vermicular. Spores fusi-
form, thin-walled, without processes. Cysts
with approximately 16 sporoblasts. References
21, 52.
III. Tribus: Schizocystinae: Trophozoites vermicu-
lar to ribbon-like, developing further into schizonts
t)y the division of the nuclei without changes in
the shape of the body. Without myonemes or
pointed pseudomerites, schizonts breaking down
into a morula-like structure, not surrounded by
a membrane of the cyst. Spores, where known,
fusiform.
Genus: Schizocystis Leger 1900. Trophozoites
identical with schizonts are attached to the in-
uqtinalav.a11 ba rounded web, nuclei in. two or
more rows to the width of the schizont, mero-
-
zoiteT pinThed orr as digititorm Rbiections.
Cysts with approximately 32 sporoblasts.
References 11, 20, 23, 24, 52.
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GC -.1 I. Ia. ?
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CLASSIFICATION OF
Genus: Siedleckia Caullery & Mesnil 1898. Tro-
phozoites ribbon-like, nuclei mostly (especially
in male individuals) in one or more rows; disin-
tegration into mononuclear macrogametes and
microgametes, differing in size. Cyst with one
sporoblast, spore with 10-14 sporozoites, sub-
spherical. References 8, 9, 13, 19, 52
IV. Tribus: Selenidiinae: Trophozoites with numer-
ous myonemes, with a pointed or button-shaped
pseudomerite, mostly coiled. Schizogony and
disintegration into merozoites in a cyst envelope.
Spores rounded, sporozoites moderately elongated,
rarely eight in number. Merozoites cuneiform,
sharply pointed, with stainable axial rod.
Genus: Selcnidium Giard 1884. In schizogony,
the trophozoite transforms as one mass into
merozoites. Spores with 4 sporozoites. Refer-
ences 13, 19, 30, 37, 40, 52.
Genus: Meroscicnidiunt Mackinnon & Ray 1933.
In schizogony, the trophozoite disintegrates
first into a series of rounded parts, and from
these the merothites are formed. Sp-Fes witn
16 sporozoites, spore sculptured. References
4, 5, 30, 52.
The genus Exoschizon Hukui 1939, although not
fully described, belongs in the tribe Selenidiinae, and is
perhaps identical with Selcnidium (S. sipunculi Dogiel
1907?). The genus Spirocystis, placed until now
among the schizogregarina, does not fit at all into the
natural system, as male and female trophozoites are
developed producing male and female gamonts. The
spore formed after copulation has only one sporozoite.
The spore has a thick shell with a single pore, without
analogy in the schizogregarines. According to the
known stages, Spirocystis probably does not belong
with the schizogregarina. Eleutcroschizon has been
placed with the coccidia(10,26).
In comparing the system of Grasse with our system
we see some differences. Our system was prepared
without the knowledge of the classification of Grasse,
whose work has just become available to us. For the
genera Menzbieria* and Sawayclla we have valid de-
scriptions with good pictures and we presume that we
cannot designate these genera as invalid ones. The
redescription of the genus Tipzt/ocystis is prepared.
The differences in the morphology of Selenidiunt,
Mcroscicnidittnt, Stedleckia and probably also of
Sawayella originate perhaps in the different conditions
for the morphogenesis in marine and freshwater or
-.1-3Ynzstria-1 ha6tc Anil_ in, this Qce_corne characters
tir-sariv-qge ?-9.,char-
acters in the second group regarded as modern or
progressive. In our system the genus Stedleckia is an
*A new species of this genus was recently found in Pityo-
genes chalcographus and the description is in press.
M
SCIIIZOGREGARINA
ambiguous one, belonging partly in the tribe Schizo-
cystinae (male and female gametes) and in the tribe
Selenidiinae (myonemes, spores with other than normal
number of sporozoites). In the genus Mcrogregarina,
the stages of the schizogony are of the type of Cannery-
ella. The genus Machadoella differs from Schizocystis
by the gametes and by the second schizogony as do also
Lipotropha and Mattesia. Our system seems to be
based more on the solution of practical questions of
the identification of different stays of schizogregarinae
parasitizing insects. In this task it has proved very
useful.
REFERENCES
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sp Arch soc Russe de prolist ologie, 1, 10 21
2 Brasil, L. (1902). Joyeuxella toroides n.g.n.sp sporo-
zoaire parasite de Pepithelium intestinal de Lagis kereni
Altilmgren Arch zoo/ exp et gen., sr , 10, Notes et RCN
5-7
3 Brasil, L (1906) Elettleroscluzwt duboscqui sporozoaire
nouveau parasite de Sco/oplos armiger OFM. Arch zool exp
et ren., ser 4, 4, Notes et Rev 17-22
4 Brasil, L (1907) Recherches sur le cycle evelutif des
Selenidiidae, gregarines parasites d'Annelides polychetes 1 La
schizogonie et la croissance des gametocytes chez Selenhliunt
cant/cry! n.sp Arch Protictenk., 8. 370-397
5 Brasil, L (1909) Documents sur quelques sporozoaires
d'Annelides Arch. Prolistenk., 16, 107-142
6 Buschkiel, M (1921) Cau'leryella pipientis n.sp Zoo!
Jahrb., Anat., 43. 97-148, 4-5
7 Buschkiel, M & Bresslau, M (1919) Die Parasiten der
Slechmilckenlarven Biol Zentr., 39, 325-336
S Caullery, M. & Mesnil, F (1898) Sur un sporozoairc
aberant (Siedlerkia n a) Compt rend sot- bird , 5. 109 ;409 z
9 Chatton, E & Villeneuve, F (1936) La sexualite et le
cycle evolutif des S'edirckia d'apres l'etude de S caulleryi n.sp
Compt rend., 203, 505-508.
10. Chatton, E & Villeneuve, F (1936) Le cycle evolutiv
de l'Eleuteroschizon duboscqui Brasil Com pt rend., 203,
833-836.
11 Dogiel, V (1907). Beitriige zur Kenntnis der Gregarmen
II Schizocystis sibuncuti Arch Protistenk., 8, 203-215
12 Fantham, H. B (1908) The Schizogrcgarines a review
and a new classification. Parasitology, 1, 369-412
13 Faria, G da, Cunha, M. da, & Fonseca, 0 da (1917).
Sobrc os protozoarios parasitos da Polydora socialts Brasil-
med., 31
14 Ghelelovitch, S. (1947) Deux sporozoaires, parasites
d'Ephestia kiihniella Z. Com pt rend., 224, 685-687
15 Ghelelovitch, S (1948) Coelogregarina ephestiar,
cch;zogregarine paraTte d'EPhestia kiihniella Z. (Lepidoptera)
Arch zool exp rt gen.. 85, Notes et Rev 3, 155-168
16 Godoy, A & Pinto, C. (1922) Caulleryella maligna n.sp.,
Schizogregarina pathogenica para Cellia allopha Lutz & Pery-
assu (nota previa) Bracil-nted , 36, 1, 46-47
17 Grell, K G (1938). Untersuchungen an Schizogregari-
nen 1 Lipocystis polyspora n.g.n.sp., eine neue Schizogrega-
rine aus dem Fettkorper von Panorpa C0111111101i5 L. Arch
Protistenk, 91, 526-546
IS. Grasse, P R. (1953) Classe des gregarinomornhes, in
Grasse, Tralle dc zoologie, I, pp. 550-689, (fasc II), Masson,
_1171-ss
.10 Hrsccelmapn. G. (1926) Schizogregarinas parasitas de
Polychetos do Brasil Bol. hist 1Trasit.7ci , iiioi." ? '"
20 Keilin, D (1923) On a new Schizogregarine, Schizo-
cystis legeri n.sp., an intestinal parasite of dipterous larvae
(Systenus). Parasitology, 15, 103-108
21 Keilin, D (1923). The structure and life history of
Lzpotropha n.g., a new type of Scluzogregarinae, parasitic in the
WNW- ?
CLASSIFICATION OF SCIIIZOGREGARINA
fat body of a dipterous larva (Systentts). Proc. Cambridge
Phil. Soc., Biol Series, I, 18-29.
22. Kramiii., J (1930) Parasiti larvy Tipula maxima Poda.
Vest,: k esl. zoolog Spoleinosti, 14, 55-76
23 Leger, L. (1900) Sur un nouveau sporozoaire des larves
de Dipteres (Schizocystis) Com pt. rend acad sci., 131, 722-
724
24 Leger, L (1907), (1910) Les Schizogregarincs des Tra-
cheates, I II. Arch. Protistenk., 8, 159-202, and 18, 83-110.
25. Leger, L & Duboscq, 0. (1908). L'evolution schizo-
gonique d'Aggregata (Eucoccidium) eberthi Abbe. Arch. Pro-
tistenk., 12, 44-108.
26. Leger, L. & Duboscq, 0 (1910) Selenococcidium
Leg. et Dub et la systematique des sporozoaires.
Arch zool. exp. et gen., set. 5, 5, 187-238.
27. Leger, L. & Duboscq, 0. (1911). Spirocystis nidula
n.g.n.sp. Bull Zool., France, 36, 62-63.
23. Leger, L. & Hagenmiiller, P (1900). Sur la morphologic
et l'evolution de l'Ophryocyst schneideri n.sp Arch zool
exp. et gen., ser 3, 8, Notes et Rev 40-45
29 Machado, A (1913) Sabre o ciclo evolutivo de Schizo-
cystis spinigeri n.sp. gregarina do intestino de uma especie de
Spiniger Mem inst. Oszualdo Cruz, 5, 5-15
30. Mackinnon, D. L. & Ray, I-I N. (1933) The life cycle
of two species of "Selenidium" from the Polychete worm
Po:mina renijormis Parasitology, 25, 143-162
31 Mattes, 0 (1927) Parasitiire Krankheiten der Mehl-
mottenlarver. Sttzb Ges Belord Naturwiss., Marburg, 62,
32. Marcus, E. (1939) Sawayella polyzoorum g.nsp.n dos
Schizogregarinaria Argil:v. inst. biol., Sao Paulo, 19, 259-280
33 Minchin, E. A (1903). Sporozoa, in E Ray Lankester,
A treatise on Zoology, I.
34 Musgrave. A. J & Mackinnon, D L. (1938). Infection
of Plinth: tnterpunctella with a Schizogregarina Mattesia dispora
Naville l'roc Roy. Entomol Soc., London, (A) 13, 89-90.
35 Naville, A (1930) Recherches cytologiques sur les
Schizogregarines, 1 Le cycle evolutif de Mattesia dispora
n.g.n.sp Z. Zellforsch u ntikroskop Anat., 11, 375-396
36 Patten, R. (1936) Notes on a new protozoan, Prridium
sociabile, n.g.n.sp. from the foot of Buccnium undatunt
Parasitology, 28, 502-516
37 Pinto, C (1922). Contribucao ao estuclo das Gregarinas
Mem inst Oswaldo Cruz, 15, 84-106
38 Porter, A (1908). A new schizogregarine, Merogregarina
antarouch n.g.n.sp., parasitic in the alimentary tract of the
composite Ascidian Amaroucium sp Arch zool exp et gen.,
ser 4, 9, Notes et Rev 44-48
39 Porter, A. (1909). Alcrogregartna antarouctl n.g.n.sp..
Sporozoan from the digestive tract of the Ascidian Anza-
rottchtm sp. Arch. Protistenk., 15, 227-248.
40. Reed, N. (1933). Sporogony in Selenidium mesnili
Brasil,1,a raoioo,
Sporozoana, parasite2542-409. of Myxicola infundibulum Mont.
41. Reichenow, E. (1935). Machadoella triatomae n.g.n.sp.,
8eir,e4S3c1b4i75gregarine aus Triatonta dimidiata. Arch. Protistcnk.,
42 Reichenow, E & Doflein, F (1953). Lehrbucli der
Protozcenkunde, 6th Ed., T.III, 785-796.
43. Schneider, A (1875) Contributions a Phistoirc des
Gregarines des Invertebres de Paris et de Roscoff. Arch zool.
exp et g?., ser 1, 4, 493-604.
re,41d4 ..,,S6c,h1n3e7id8er, A. (1883). Ophryocystis biitschlii. Camp!.
45 Schneider, A (1884). Ophryocystis biitschlii, sporozoaire
d'un nouveau type Arch zool exp. et gen., ser 2, 2, 111-126.
46 Steopoe, J (1928). Une nouvelle Schizogregarine coelo-
mique chez Nepa cincraca L compt. rend soc. biol., 98,
1365-1366
47 Toumanoff, C (1947) Une epizootic mortelle chez les
chenilles des Fausses teignes des ruches, Achroa grisella Fabr.
et Galleria mellonella L., due a Coelogregarina ephestiae Ghel.
Com pt. rend., 227, 1274-1276
48. Toumanoff, C (1949). Reactions de defense chez les
chenilles des Fausses teignes des ruches, parasitees par un
Sporozoaire (Coelogregarina ephestrae Ghel ). Compt. rend.,
228, 506-SOS
49 Weiser, J (1952). Cizopasnici housenek zavijecc slunee-
nicoveho Honteosoma nebulellzon Hbn se zvlastnim zfetelem
na druli Alattesia povolnyi sp.n Zool, rut lists', 1, 252-264.
50 Weser, J (1954) Schizogregariny 7 limyzu skodiciho
z109
so-2banm mouky, 1 !resin/h. csl zoolog. Spolecnosti., 17,
51 Weiser, J (1954) Schizogregariny z hmyzu skodicilio
zasobam mouky, 2 Mat tesia dispora Naville a Coelogregarina
ephestiae Ghelelovitch. Vestnik csl. zoolog. Spolecnosti., 18,
;-90
52 Weiser, J (1954) Pi- spevek k systematice schizogre-
garin Cs1 Parasitology, 1, 179-211
5; l? ciser, J (19-4) Zur systematischen Stellung der
Schizogregarinen der Mehlmotte, Ephestur kiihniella Arch.
Protistcnk., 100, 127-142
Z4 Wenyon, C M (1926) Protozoology Bailliere, Tindall
& Ccx, London
r',1174.
? - es, omamm:C,,,?
C!'sW
?
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PERlitABILITg TEEM= DES PAROIS DES IrraNS DE
TRANSPORT PRRIORIFIQUES
Thermal Permeability of the Walls of Refrigerated.
Transport Equipment
lag. V.. I b 1
Institut des recherr.hes des machines frigorifiques
at deo machines de l'industrie alimentaire, Prato.
4111.0?????????????????????????????111M
?ft
S TAT
Les experiences avec les premiers morons de transport frigorifiquers
produits en eerie at construits de 1946 1.1947 ant contribue 1. le. verifica-
tion revue influence importan.te d flux de chileur de les surface exterietrre
dans l'espace refrigere de la 1aimse. Cs flux de chaleur cause par la. diffe-
rence ass pressions d'dr L 1"exterieur at 1. l'interieur de la. colas? isolee
set occazianni par Permeabdati de l'air & tiavers l'isolant lui-meme, par
feuds d'etancheite des pe.rois causes pir l'espace vide' entre l'isolant at la.
chexpente de la caisse, eventuellement pai etancheit6, imparfaite des joints
de plaques isolantes, per plasieurs lochanges thermiques am-dedans de l'iso-
lant provoqmes par la circulation de l'air dans las parois de la- mime at
enfin per etanchat6 imparfaite des ouirerturee normales de la mines.
Par consequent; on a execute en Tchecoslovaquie l'i.solation des parois
des moyens de transport des 1948 par le proc6d6 d'isolatiOn combines - compose
des plusieurs couches des feuilles 6tanches & l'air. Les measures diverses de
variation des pressions d'air au dehors et au dedans de la MUse isol6e, me-
sures de permoabiii46 D l'air tra-
_vers..1 es_f as4 meures_djttknchat 6 des...joint s_ du tolage ext 6ri eur at d 6-
tancheite 21. l'air de touto is. caisse des ?moyens de transpo;t-f.rago-rgi-ques-1 -
confirraent la. necessit6 d'eliminer au plus haut degre les defauts d'etancheit6
-----------
_? -
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whati1,14,-
- 2 -
7/2/
de la caisse dans is construction des royens de transport frigorifiques.
On prisente los conclusions'preliminaires rOtratzut des premitres consid6-
rationa et =sures, ee rapportant & co prehltme.
SUMMARY
Xxperience with the first mass-produced refrigerated transport equip-
ment constructed in 1946 - 1947 contributed to ascertain the important effect
of heat flow from the outside eurface into the refrigerated body of the ve-
hicle. This heat flow produced by the difference of air pressures outside
and inside the insulated bat- is due to air permeability through the insulat-
ing material itself, to utrtrghtnees of the walls owing to the empty- space be?
tureen the insulating material. and. the frame of the body, possibly to imper-
fect tightness of the Iodate of the insulating boards, to thermal eccchanges
inside the insulating material used by air circulidion
the body and. finally to imperfect tightness of the normal openings of the
body.
Consequently, the insulation of the walls of refrigerate& vehicles
in Czechoslovakia has been made. since 1948 according to the process of sea-
bined. inaulatioa consisting of several layers of airtight sheets. The vs..-
71011B measurements of air pressure changes outside and. inside the insulated.
body, of thermal permeability of the insulating materials, of air permeabili-
ty through the sheets, the measurements of the tightness of the exterior
sheeting joints and of the air-tightness of the whole body, confirm the ne-
cessity of eliminating as far as possible the defects of tightness of the
body in the construction of refrigerated transport equipment. The prelimi-
nary conclusions following the first studies and measurements cal that pro-
blem are reported.
???? ?????
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air ?????
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Ma,
MM.
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?
STAT
NO01,44 MiTHODE DiESSAIS DES VEHICULES ET CONTAINERS
ISOTHERMS
New Method of Testing Refrigerated Vehicles and Containerg
Dr. Ing. V.gapoiSnikov,Preha
RiSUMt
La methode actuelle la plus favorable pour 1 esaai des vehi-
cules isothermes est la mesure des apports de chaieur totaux it tra-
vers les parole, plafonds et planchers isoles dans des conditions
constante 1-telnaiature elev4e te de liait?dEns la chambre diessai------
et It basae tempdrature ti de liair liinterieur du vehicule. Cette
methode est certainement convenable quqnd ii s Agit de reproduire
les conditions que lion trouve dans un vehicule maintenu liombre.
Cependant, les essai.s doivent Are effectues dans des conditions
le plus possible semblables auk conditions reelles defavorables.
Ces conditions se presqntent glIneralement quqnd le vehicule est 'ea
liarrA et expos?ux effete permanents de la radiation directe du
ssoleii. Dans ce cas, liapport de chaleur totaatteint un maximum.
La nouvelle methode est caractOrisee par la reproduction exacte de
ces conditions. Le vehicule est soumis liessai It haute temperature
te et est en outre expos?ne radiation infra-rouge 41evant la
temperature superficieile du toit, dee parole laterales et peut-
;tre male des parole diextremite une veleur t; soit 800 C. Les
.temperatures t sont me.surees par indication a distance au moyen de
thermocouples;
La nouvelle mdthode exige une chambre diesaai speciale per-
mettant de maintenir la temperature de liair Prescrite t et en
_ -
-oar* di chiuiteur-uniformement par radiation infra-rouge le toit
et les parois du vehicule liessai jusqu a la temp6rature desiree
- IRO OP ??? v. ?
t .>?te.
Am,
a. tots
_
- " -,????
_
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?
- 2 -
SUMMARY:
The present best method of testing refrigerated vehic-
les is by measuring their total heat gains through insulated
walls, ceilings and floors at constant conditions at the high tem-
perature te of air in the test room and at low temperature ti
of air inside the vehicle. This method is certainly correct if
it is the question of imitating the conditions in a vehicle stan-
ding in the shade. The tests must, however, be carried out under
conditions most similar to actual unfavourable conditions. Such
conditions occur generally when the vehicle is at stand-still and
is exposed to permarent effects of direct solar radiation. In that
case the temperature of external vehicle surfaces exposed to solar
iadiation reach the highest values and the total heat gain also
reaches the maximum. The new method of testing is characterized
exactly by imitating such conditions. The vehicle is tested at
high temperature te and, besides, is exposed to infrared radiation
raising the surface temperature of the roof, the side walls and
may be even the end walls to value t, e.g. 800 C. Temperatures t
are measured by remote indication by. means of thermocouples.
The new method requires a special testing room in which
It is possible to maintain the prescribed air temperature te and
besides to heat uniformly by infrared radiation the roof and the
walls of the vehicle tested to the required temperature t'Jite.
.11. 0., ?
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????
MOP
???? OD.
"IL to. ??? =O. .1111. ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ..???
A.. 11... ? 4. 0.?
IMO
????? .mi???
MN! .??? ?
???.6
4.110.
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TENDANCES DE LA CONSTRUCTION DES MOYENS DE TRANSPCRT
FRIGORIFIQUES TCHACOSLOVAQUES
Trends in the construction of. refrigerated transport
equipment in Czechoslovakia
Ing. V. I b 1
Institut de recherche des machines frigorifiques
et des machines de 1 irdustrie alimentaire, Praha
RtSUMg
STAT
Developpement et mode de construction des moyens de transport rou-
tier s tcheco slo*r.que s
Construction des wagons frigorifiques et experiences basees sur leur
exploitation de 9 ans.
Mode et developpement du ramassage et de transport du lait en Tche-
co slovaquie
Evolution des moyens de transport pour le ramassage et le transport
des glandes endocrines et experiences avec les constructions speoiales
developpees pour ce tut.
Le serttce de transfusion de sang tchecoslovaque et ses moyens de
transport frigori fiqlEa spedi aux.
Standardisation des moyens de transport frigorifiques tchecoslovaques
de ces jours.
?????
??????????
4111,
ar. 1.114.
.4???c.
- IMO. 1 OI.O.
????
ar,
O.. OW, ??????.- eimil? Mow ???=,??? ?P OW. ? ? "MOP, .???? - ? Immo,
siM 011:1?3 a-,111 As, - 41r..". ? v. ra?z - ,
Mr%
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WI. ?
- 2 - 7/1
Extrait
L'evolution des =yens de transport tchecoslovaques se developpait
dans sa pi-opre direction imposee par les exigences econamiques specifiques
de l'economie tchecoslovaques
Quelques modes de solution des problemes du transport sous froid
qu ils ont ressorti de ces exigences, sont decrits dans le suivant.
(1) Developpement et mode de construction des vehicules frigorifiques
tchecoslovaques:
1.1 Chassis
1.2 Caisse
1.3 Isolation et le coefficient K
1.4 Groupe frigprifique
1.5 Refroidisseur d'air (frigorifere) et mode de circulation d'air
1.6 Automaticite
(2) Execution dune serie des wagons frigorifiques et experiences tirees
de leur exploitation de 9 ans.
2.1 Arrangement du wagon et de l'unite de transport
2.2 Execution de la boite et de 'son isolation
2.3 Essais des wagons dans le tunmel d'essais ePerov
2.4 Experiences fondees sur l'exploita.tion des wagons
(3) Ramassage et transport du lai't
3.1 Organisation du ramassage et du transport du Iait en Tchecoslovaquie
3.2 Installationd tchecoslovaques pour le ramassage du lait
3.3 Resultats economiques du transport du lait en citernes
(4) Evolution des moyens de transport pour le ramassage et le transport des
glandes endocrines.
4.1 Construction speciale des vehicules pour le transport des matieres
endocrines
4.2 Experiences avec ces vehicules speciaux
(5) Le service de transfusion de sang tchecoslovaque et sea moyens de trans-
port frigorifiques speciaux.
5.1 Exigences ecOnomiques Posees sur le service de transfusion de sang
tchecoslovaque ????
.?????
5.2 3/Ivens de transfUsion pour la prise et le tr'ansport du sang et du
plasma sanguin
. ? -
- -
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?
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a
- 3 -
503 Ganerateur de glace an &mills roulant pour le service de transfusion
de sang
(6) Standardisation des moyena de tranaportfrigorifiquea tchicoslovaques
...... ?.??? ?????? dia=1
SUMMARY
Dexeloment and method of constructiorcof road vehicles in Csechoslo-
vakia.
Conatruction of mechanically refrigerated railway cars and experience
gained from 9 years' operation.
Method and development of milk collection and transport in Czechoslo-
vakia.
Development of transport means for collecting and transporting endo-
orinegands and experiments with, specially designed vehicles.
The czechoslovakian bloodybrenefusion service and its special refri-
gerated transport equipment.
Standardisation .of presently used Czechoslovakian refrigerated trans-
port equipment.
Abstract
The evolution of transport means in Czechoslovakia was due to econo-
mical requirements peculiar to the Czechoslovakian economics.
Some solutions to the problems of refrigerated transport arising from
these requirements are reported.
(I) Development and method, of construction of refrigeratedtranaport vehicles
ezechosioiakia.
. .
102 Body
????? ???? aka ? ? Moe
1.3 Insulation and K coefficient
?????/r., ?? ? ?
1??????=1.1??? ??????-vm?
?? ??? Mir
li?????-
^
?????=mm.
???
??? Ma,
????????????????-$37?74.4
?????????.. ??? ????
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/02/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R002900190005-1
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-4
1.4 Refrigerating equipment
1.5 Air cooler and air circulation
1.6 Automatic control
7/1
(2) Construction of a eerie& of refrigerated railway cars and experience
gained from 9 years' operation.
2.1 Design of the railway car
2.2 Construction of the body and its ineulation
2.3 Tooting of the cars in the test tunnel. at Vierov
2.4 Experience gained from operating the railway cars
(31 Collection and transport of milk
3.3. Organisation of the collection and transport of milk in Czechoslo-
vakia
3.2 Czechoslovakian plants for the collection of milk
33 Economic results of the transport. of milk in tanks
(4) Development of t
? of endocrine g
4.1 Special onstruction of equ ment for the t
ort equipment for
e collection - ? ? transport
4.2
this special t
rt of endocrine
ort equipment
(5) The Czechoslovakian blood transfusion service and its special refri-
gerated transport equipment
5.1 Economic requirements for the Czechoslovakian blood transfusion
service
5.2 Keens of transfusion and transport of blood and blooi plasma
5.3. Mobile chipped ice generator for the blood transfusion service
(6) Standardise.tion of refrigerated transport equipment in. Czechoslovakia
-
amMer
-
.666?6111
mialkii VNet'...5 amiErtner.....tacm.ft. acr, .0.
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-1.1tIrair
EXE1Z2'IENCES WITH REFRIGERATEDT'RANSPORT OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS
Bxpiriencerr avec les divers moyerus de transport frigorifique
pour les glandes endocrine,'
Ing. J. Br o E
Research Institute for Refrigeration and Food Engineering, Praha
Kryl
Orgapol, Praha
1111?711.1?01
Summarr
STAT
The requirements of the technologic freezing process in presorvation of
endocrine glands and its partial similarity (similitude) with the preservation
.of meat by refrigeration are diecuesed_ in thi introduction. The report caatains
some details of the refrigerating equipment as follows :
Because the tissue is being decomposed by action of microbes and by
action of it, own catabolic ferments, it is necessary to choose, from the point
of view of the. disintegration of the tissue and. of the infection, a hygienic
and. short-timed process for taking out the glands of the recently slaughtered
cattle and for the preparation and quick freezing of glands. The frozen glands
are then stored in a aubzero space awaiting the collection and. transport in
special mechanice.11y refrigerated vehicles. The time elapsing from the slaugh-
ter of the cattle to putting the glands into the freezing installation must not
exceed three quarters of an hour. 4ultable temperature of the freezing box is
abt .025?C (-31,70r), storage temperature abt -20?C (-4?F). ?
???? dr?
de. ? *W. ? -Sev_e_re,1 types of mechanically refrigerated vehicles have-been develo-pad-
-,,.
for this purpose and employed during the past ten years in Czechoslovakia._ The
4
refrigerating systems employed can be divided into four groups :
71711?1*
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?es.,-?gar
I
-
1. Direct cooling with ceiling or wall-mounted finned evaporators with na-
tural air circulation? The compressor is driven by a petrol engine in
trucks or by an electric motor fed by its awn diesel generating set or
from the main in the refrigerated railway caro
20 Combined cooling : finned tubing with direct evaporation and cold hold-
over cylinders with eutectic solution, mounted under the ceiling. The
condensing unit is connected to the maims, when the vehicle is at rest,
and accumulates the cold by freezing, the eutectic solution ? When the
vehicle its en route, the cooling is provided by loosening the specific
heat of the eutectic solution at the temperature of -22i:it (.=8?Elo
Combined cooling of filmed tubing with forced air circulation and of
cold hold-over plates using, according to a. Czechoslovak pe.tent, the
quick cooling effect of direct evaporation in the duct of the exterior
surfaces of the cold hold-ovea. plates, witTh simultaneous cold hold-over
in the eutectic solution? This design successfully elimine.tes heat pe-
netrating through the we.11s and rrotects the sensitive material of the
endocrine glands from temperature variations?
At standstill condensing unit is connected to the mains and the accesma-
lated cold is sufficient for tours =tending over several hours?
40 Self-contained refrigerating unit driven by a petrol engine with auto-
matic control and starting according to the temperature of the cooled
space. Successful operation of the system in guaranteed by installing
in the cooled space such distributing air ducts as to achieve moderate
and. uniform air circulation around the material.
The above mentioned refrigerating systems are accompanied by dia-
grams, photographs, and technical data. of the mechanically refrigerated
vehicles and cars with concise technical description?
00.
WI* ????. =ff. /No
The conclusion contains service results, technical and economic
4_atar,....snel avylueLtion of mjadtanicallv Lefrigarazted hic1es and care
used far the special and exacting transport of endocrine glands as a mate-
rial for hormone prepe.rations?
AM. ?
.4111111111.--7?.
a????
_
, ??? 41.
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-3-. 7/12
RASUMt
Dans 1 introduction on discute les exigences du proc?
technologique de congelation pour la conservation des glandes
endocrines et sa similitude partielle e la conservation de la
viande par le froid.
Parce que le tissu est decompose dune part par l'action
des microbes et d autre par 1 action de sew propres ferments ca-
taboliqueas ii faut choisir du point de lue de la decomposition
du tissu et de l'infection un proc? hygidnique et d une tres
courte duree des l'enlevement des glandes de l'animsfrecemment
abattu a 1 execution de la preparation et de la congelation ra-
pide. L'intervalle des l'abatage de l'animal e la raise des
glandes dans tine installation de congdiation ne dolt pas de -
passer trois quarts d heure. La temperation de l'armoire de
congelation convient 1 -25 ?C. Lpentreposage et ie transport
se font e -18 ?C.
En Tchecoslovaquies on a d4v4lopp4 quelques types des
moyens de transport frigorifiques dans les dernieres dix annks.
On petit diviser les systemes frigorifiques employes en quatre
groupes :
1. Systems frigorifique e d?nte directe avoc circulation
d air naturelle ou forceeo
2. Systems frigorifique combine : evaporateur en tubes e ai-
lettes e d?nte directe et les accumulateurs de froid
cylindriques standards montds sous le plafonds remplis de
solution eutectique.
3 Systeme frigorifique avec accumulateurs de froid en pla-
.
-ques-utili.sant d apres-le tTevst-tch6coslovaque 1 effet'
frigorifique rapide de la d?nte directe du fluide
(fan; les criihaux des parols late.ales des acmmula--
.
teurs et 1 accumulation de froid simultank dans la solu-
tion eutectiqueo Ce systeme a satisfait le mieus dans la
pratique.
0114
le?????? %mar
?-? ???????
-.77,11.01111.10K
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7/12
4, Groupe frigorifique?ouvert commande par un moteur e essence .
avec reglage automatique. La condition elan emploi conve-
nable en est la distribution d'air par lea canaux e faible
? ? ?
vitesse pour ne pas contribuer a 1 oxydation dc la marchan-
dise.
Les systemes frigorifiques decrites sont illustres par
les images et les donn6es techniques.
En conclusion 16 rapport comprend des experiences, don-
nees techniques et economiques et donne.1, appreciation de l'em-
ploi des moyens de transport frigorifiquea pour le but special
et exigeant du transport des glandes endocrines qui sont les
%
matieres premieres pour la production des preparation d? hormones.
,???- ?
GNI"
?????1111.10.
Mir
s....
.411. w.=
IRON.
OM. ?
.???
- 5
Isperiences with Refrigeratod_ Transport of
Endocrine Glands
7/12
?
The basic procesus in all tissues of animal origin beeing
governed by same laws, the preservation and transport of endo-
crine glands may a great extent make use of the generally known
methods of food preservation. This, however, must not lead to ge-
neral application of these practices and to mere storage of the
glands at reduced temperatures.
On the contrary, it is imperative to have as full as po-
ssible knowledge of the specific properties: and functions of ti-
ssues to the end of exploiting the highest values when making hor-
mone preparations from cold-stored materials. The methods chosen
for the technological, freezing, transporting and storage process
must be such as to obtain a tissue which would keep its basic pro-
perties ensuring successful preservation.
The tissue being decomposed both by the action of microbe
and by the action of its own catabolic ferments, it is necessary
to choose, with regard to not only the decomposition of the tissue,
but abs with regard to infection, a hygienic and very quick pro-
cess from the moment of removing the glands from freshly slaughter-
ed cattle to their treatment, i.e. cleaning preparation for freez-
ing and the quick freezing, itself. The frozen glands are then de-
posited in a subzero chamber for intermediate storage ready for co-
llection and transport in special mechanically refrigerated vehicles.
Although the experimentally chosen times of this process' were very
short, experience has shown that it would be sufficient if the gland
is placed in a freezing chamber having -25 00 within 45 minutes
-after killing-th6 anted:C. Aftbr-rapid7frewzing Vim glailds-c.-an- be--
stored and transported at -18 00, and -12 to -14 00 for short-time
storage.
- ? ? -
...I..., ? .1.0 ? .
.1.8 ? ?Or
In Czechoslovakia, several types of mechanically refriger-
ated vehicles have been developed and operated during the past ten
???????????
?-?
?
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7/12
years& these have been successively improved upon to suit their
specific application. The refrigerating systems employed can be
divided into 4 groups :
1. a) Direct cooling with natural air circulation.
b) Direct cooling with forced air circulation.
The evaporators employed are of the fin type, ceiling or
wall-mounted.
2. Combined cooling : finned evaporators: for direct evaporation
are combined with standard cold hold-ovet cylinders sited
under the ceiling and filled with eutectic solution* When
the vehicle is in the yard the refrigeration unit is plugged
to the main for cooling the vehicle and accumulating the cold
by-freezing the eutectic solution,. On the road, the refrige-
ration unit at rest, cooling is provided by-loosening the cold
from the accumulator utilizing the specific heat of the eutec-
tic- solution. at a temperature of abt. ?C.
3. Cooling by cold hold-over plate coolers for direct evaporation,
with forced air circulation. According to Czechoslovak patent
NO, 85 219 the hold-over plate coolers use quick cooling- effect
of direct evaporation in the ducts of the lateral walls- of the
accumulators, under simultaneous cold hold-over in the eutectic
solution. The arrangement of this cold hold-over cooler differs
from the standard cold accumulatorstin which the solution is
-
cooled by a coil placed in a vessels in that the cooling ducts
are arranged in the lateral double walls of the cold hold-over
veasel. This arrangement is-favourable both for the function
and for the mechanical strength of the walls of the-vessel,
which do not require any-further bracing.
The eutectic solution Of this dbld hold-over cooler ia cooled
by the refrigerant in the evaporator ducts, acting
_
simultaneously as direct air- cooler immediately-the cooling
unit has been put into operation. This enables shortening the
cooling time of the vehicle. The mentioned standard cold hold-
-overs with evaporator coil have the disadvantage in that the
0100/00
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- 7 - 7/12
cooling coil first removes heat from the solution and only after
it has been cooled downs from the vessel wall which then removes
heat from the space refrigerated. This process results in a con-
siderable retardation of the cooling effect after setting the
cooling unit into operation. The main advantage of the cold
hold-over coolers is in that they eliminate the effect of direct
heat flow through the vehicle walls, bringing about a most effect-
ive protection of the external layers of the glands whi,ch are sen-
sitive to temperature fluctuations, in that they not reduce
the loading area, enable easier loading and eliminate dripping,
common to ceiling-mounted accumulators. At the yard the cool-
ing compressor of these systems is driven by an electric motor
plugged to the main and the accumulated cold is sufficient for
collection tours extending over many hours. Technical advan-
tages of this system are in uniform distribution of cold, main-
tenance of steady temperature at -20 0C, moderate air circulation
which does not promote oxidation and other processes and inmainr-
taining high quality of the products transferred.
4. Self-contained refrigeration system driven by a petrol engine
with automatic control according to the temperature in the space
refrigerated. Successful operation of the system is ensured by-
providing such distribution air ducts in the space refrigerated,
as to achieve moderate and uniform air circulation around the ma-
terial in the entire space, The advantage of these systems is
their readiness-, independence from current supplies, and exchange-
ability of the unit without dead time. The disadvantage may be
found in a relatively-intensive air circulation which may -result
in. increased oxidation on the surface of the glands showing un-
favourable effect after long transports*
The expect collection, intermediate storage and transport of
animal glands and organs in Czechoslovakia is in the hands of the
-Pr-agile Is:tat-biz (formerizLO.RGAPQL). _At the beginning the glands
WirTtrailspeitted in insulated centainers with-additional_refrigerat-
ion by dry ice (solid 002) on the railway or in lorries. This system
did not prove successful due to high transport costs on account of a
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high dead weight of the containers and the price of dry ice which
'was in short supply ands last not least, the glands did not retain
first-class quality, especially in their external layers.
The next step was the introduction of mechanically refrige-
rated lorries and railway truck. The first type of a refrigerated
van of Czechoslovak manufacture set into service in 1947, was
equipped with finned Coolers with forced air circulation, the latter
being the cause of unfavourable results. The next type of refrige-
rated vehicle, put into service in 1949, was constructed on the
gkoda 706 RO chassis:, and was equipped with cylindrical cold hold-
-over coolers. The results were more favourable even though the
standard ceiling-mounted accumulators showed certain disadvantages,
such as water dripping into the loading space, etc. This was elimi-
nated by- another type built on the 706 RO chassis, using:cold hold-
-over coolers with moderate forced air' circulation. Owing:to the
satisfactory results achieved with this type it was decided to
instal the same system in several lorries: and after service ex-
tending to severe/ hundred thousands' kilometers the following
experiences have been obtained :
1. The subzero vehicle allows a maximum useful load of 4,2 t,
corresponding to the capacity ofthe gland collection network,
with single rounds extending over several days.
2. The vehiales comply-with service requirements by a. suitable
power and cooling output and by trouble-free operation of, all
mechanisms.. Minor troubles were experienced at the beginning
of operations.
3. Good manoeuvrability of the vehicle which by its length is suit-
able for driving in and out of the premises of the smallest
abattoir; this was not the case with trailers whose size made
backing very difficult, especially-in big towns.
ut z4 pr.^portiagr
vehicle may be seen from these facts :
LOng-distance'cirpular rounds last 5 - 6 working days-With an
average of 1200 km covered and material collected from 18 - 20
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abattoirs. The lorries leave Praha cooled down to -20 ?C. In
the abattoirs the material is loaded at -18 ?C. The quantities
loaded vary between 50 kg to 2000 kg, depending on the extent
of slaughtering. These vehicles enabled faultless transfer and
maintaining first-class quality of the glands under observation
of the following system :
Overnignt the cooling is connected to the main, so that by the
moiming the vehicle has been cooled down and cold accumulated.
Daytime, when loading in the abattoirs the loading space re-
ceives additional cooling in hot weather only, i.e. at +25 0C
ambient, again by plugging the cooling unit into the main. In
the course of the day the temperature rise due to handling will
be from -20 ?C to abto -12 0C. This transient rise is so short
that it can hardly cause any- fluctuations in temperature of' the
material, thus having no unfavourable effect on its quality.
The temperature rise depends an the atmospheric temperature, on
the number of collection outlets and on the quantity and tempe-
rature of the material collected.
It may be concluded that the best method of transporting
such sensitive material as animal glands and organs, is preservation
by freezing and transfer in subzero lorries equipped with cold hold-
-over plate coolers with moderate air circulation.
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/02/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R002900190005-1
HEAT TRANSFER TO ROILING NITROGEN
Transmission de chaleur A'. de l'azote en ebullition
Ingo JiM R A i 6 k a
Institute of Nuclear Physics, Praha
SUMMARY:
The heat transfer from the surfaces of copper pipes; platinum
wires; and copper wires to boiling nitrogen by atmospheric and reduced
pressures was measured. Experimental results are plotted in diagrams
of heat f13.1.-c q2 heat transfer coefficient.?C 9 and temperature differ-
ence At between the temperature of heating surface and that of boil-
ing
and
nitrogen in the' natural convection, nucleate boiling, retastable9
stable film boiling regions.
In natural convection region the relation of from wire sur-
k
GC= 4907 [Y- /37 f
and for 0C from pipe surfaces (rouginess ? 0,5et
;
faces:
4,71,
.a.???
'ram
was found.
Or
ware deni
equation
0c= 1094 [Ocrvoyl4t1
By nucleate boiling from bothtype of surfaces the equations:
y... 51, (g ti t( )3 Li, ( z 747 y ( 26.p (27 -11
Nu = 021.292 Pr K b , i (y L. pfr)'09 '6.
0200701 [
r orik/f- 4.70cs--`6 3. 0-...8 9 of o - 1 6 -730 , .1..i 9. i
ye d0
`-' I' 11
In stable film boiling region by atmospheric pressure
e (xi
0C.,= 5032
w. _
- ?
1???????.- "Mr
1??? ?
.1.111?????
1?0.???
....?/?????????
??? MEP
41
.1.???????????
???? ?ffie
the
_
STAT
' RSUMg:
La transmission de chaleur de surfaces de tuyaux de cuivre,
de fils de platine et de fils de cuivre A l'azote en ebullition a ate
mesuree a la pression atmospherique et pression reduits. Les resul-
ts's experimentaux sont traduits sur des diagrannes portant l'ecoule-
ment de chaleur q, le coefficient de transmission de chaleur.0C, et la
difference de temperature t entre la temperature de la surface chauf-
fants et celle de l'azote bouillant? dans les zones de convection
naturelle d 'ebulliti on nucleaire et d 'ebullition metastable et stable
du film.
determinee
= 49?7L
2 types
Dans la zone de convection naturelle la valeur d:ka ete
5(40 Cp vf t
V
pour les surfaces des fils? et
C'= 10,4 [fiC v(2'F'tAt
3-
pour les surfaces Ls tuyaux (rugo site.S =
Dans le cas de l'ebullition nucleaire en a trouve pour les
de surfaces les equa:tions
Nu = 0,1292 Pr?-vil (gi /1)96:19 ./434:'--7. CP. ?6
ou t 6 frvpr3
e
4ELL ivr -14 tr) 0(0 36.5" O( QJ
C;r4 af vs-6 I. Kr' jiirl?,?71,,Igf
et dans la zone d'ebullftion stable du film a la pression
0(k.= 0,00701[
atmospheriquel l'equation suiirante:
? 0,003-qa A+
GC= 5012
.????
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/02/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R002900190005-1
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ink
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Indi?
IOW .???? ????
?r, C ??????- , IR eV --r - . -
411.11.11
?
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3
2/3.
For calculation and design of heat exchanger elployed in
hydrogen and helium liquefiers and in low temperature industry for
heat transfer of various substances to liquid nitrogen, many data
are missing. Therefore, the investigation of heat transfer rates
between electrically heated copper tubes, copper and 'platinum wires
and eftporatin nitrogen under atmospheric and reduced pressures was
carried out at the Technical University of Prague.
Experimental Apparatus. :
The test elements used in steady heat flow measurements
throughout this investigation were 10, 13, 20 o.d., 8, 13, 16-I.d.,
and 143, 145, and 145,1 mm long copper tubos reapoctivoly. Heating
was accomplished by resistance wire, which was mounted inside of
these tubes. The wire was insulated from the tube by a single layer
of asbegto-imprognated paper, covered by a thin layer of ceramic ce-
ment. The energy supplied to tho heater was regulated by a resis-e
tanco and measured by a procission a.ci wattmeter. To meabure tho
tube surface temporeturoa, three coppor.constantan thermocouples
were soldered into grooves in the outer surface of the tube. These
thermocouples wore s?bed along the length of the test tubas and the
location of each was rotated. 120 degrees from the procoodieg thermo-
couple, providing a good distribution over the entire tube eerface.
The thermocouples were road parallel during the actual teet-eens to
obtain an average surface tomperaturei
AMC
:??? ? A W ? 1.???
The boiling nitrogen temperature was read by two copper-con-,
stenten thermocouples and by 02 gas thermometer. By this arraftgement
the relation q vs At in natural convection and nucleate boiling re-
gion was measurode
In nucleate, metastable, stable film"boiling the relation of
heat flux q versus temperature differenceei t was investigated by
p.m am.".? 411?J AMA ????????
_
? ? ?1 ? ? ?
AAP
MM.
?????? ?-?
? ??
????.... .."=TIIM ? ... ?.?--
.am..., ?
?
-4
immersion of copper tubes of 10, 12, 15, and 20 mm outer diameter
and well thicknens 0,9 and 1 mm in vertical position. Tho surface
temperature of these tubes by immersion and refrigeration wan ma-
nurod by throe thermocoupfes moUnted in tho tub= in ouch a manner
as in tho cam, of steady heat flow meet:lure:um-Le. The relation of
copper-,conntantan thermocouple olootroaotoric force vs. time wan
indicated by onf - time regicter: From this relation the surface
teApereture vs. time was plotted and by mann of that tho relation
of heat flux q and temperature difference 46 t was calculated.
By immersion of a tube the heat energy
dQ = G cp dt
is transforrlid betacen the tube ead the boiling nitIvun4p
G the weight of the tube, kg
c - the specific heat of copper, kcal/kg grad
cit . the eLeeentary refrigeration of the tube, grad
I This heat dQ must be trencferred during the 'came time old-
mont di to boiling nitrogen. Therefore :
d.Q q ? F d
where is :
q - the heat flux, kcal/m2h
F - the aroa of the surface, m2
dT the time element, h
Tho heat flux q follow then from (1) and (2)
a
- cp
cit
? (2)
(3)
_The.2be4liTtrnitirbeen temperature was meeoured by two copper-
_
.conntantan thermocouples and by 02 gas therumeeter.
AM`
MION..
AMB ??? aia.1
4tAN/e-
2/1
Afft
-
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/02/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R002900190005-1
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2/1
The third method of measuring the heat transfer to boiling .
nitrogen was the resistance thormomotry method. PlatinUm and copper
wires of 0,051; 0,099; 0,1; 0,195, and 0,295 mm diameter were usod.
Each of thorn was formod into a coil which was mounted on a frame Made
of two strips of mica joined to form a cross with notches eut into
tho edges of tho strips to hold tho viro in placo4 Thoso wires woro
immorsod in liquid nitrogon and electrically hoatod. The rosistanco
measurements wore mado by a potontiomutor method. Standard resistor
and the hoatod wire wero connootod in sorios with the battory. Licasurments of the potential drops across tho standard rooistor yiold-
od tho current through tho circuit and the potential drop across the
heating vire and the standard resistor yioldod dirootly tha ratio of
tho two resistances. Then tho oloctrical input and tho heat flux wore
doturminatod. By this method tho correlation botvoam q and ?t. in tho
natural convostion and nucloato boiling region to maximum heat flux
was measured.
qv=
Evaluation of Results :
.
Fig. 1 shows the hoat flux q and boat transfer Coefficient
06p1ottod versus temperature difference At in logarithmic coordi.
natos with liquid nitrogen boiling on platinum and copper wires and
on copper tubos under atmosphoric pressure. It is soon that q anda
bot ?roam) slowly with. the tomporaturo difforonco At up to 6t=
= 4 - 4,5 ?C. In this range of q, i.e. q 5,5 00 q and
01:,incroaso more rapidly Up to a maximum, which is qmax = 89.800
kcal/m2h at At = 13,8 ?C and 0.Max = 6840 kca1/12h.0C at At = 12 ?C,
In the range th = 2300 kcal/m?h?C to 6700 kcal/m2h.0C tho incroaso can.
be roprosontod by
cithor of tho oquarions
q = 111,5 4t2P7
(X= 5,735 q(463
t(= 111,5 .4 t1'7
for wire and also for ,tubo surfaces.
or
or
(10)
. This is in tho range of nucleate boiling, vIkArc the analysin
of tho mochanismus of boiling reveals that most of tho heat is first
carried to tho liquid and only then to the vapour bubbles. For this
region of nucloato boiling the relation of dimensionloss nunburs Hu,
Pr, K and Km 2 can bo dorivod. Hero
I N)
Horo is :
dr
tix(sa
xu = 4
represents the nudbor of activated
bubblo nuclei
ane,
reprosonts the spood of bubblo
formation.
spocific vuit;ht cf_th,; liouid, kg/m3;
a,// specific. wui4tf tho saturated vap-ur, kgbd;
xt )
"2- dorivod from bubble diamotor
a = 20 ? ? _2-
r
...
- ?? OW' W
ed. /111???
???
_a
Inecifiori in Part - Sanitized COON/ Approved for Release
?
? 8-
-
surfaco tonsien, kg/m;
() - contact anglo;
re'- latent heat of ovaporation, kcal/kg;
q ? heat flux, kcal/m2h;
V( - thormal conductivity, kcal/m . h
? r.I.
p =
8. 1,./%4 -
10
mochanical oquivalont of heat, kgm/kcal;
Ta -tomporatum of saturation, grad.
? Grad;
The rolation :
has in tho
Nu = f ( Pr, ke 1(i.; )
2/1
case of nuclor,to boiling of nitrogen tho following form :
NU = 0,1292 ? Pi-Q/45 . K0'63 ..K:It-5' (12)
and heat transfer coofficiont 11(
/4 2100701? )(??82 1(15 jr'
. el 0,0365 0,63
NP 5-11/ o,Ac ri7c- ?7171(73-7-"--CM7 kcal/m2h?C.
c 7 ? q
v,1/4i, Ts
Vhon with increasing wattage of the heating coppor and plati-
nUm wiros tho maximum of q was surpassod, tho wires burned through,
By immorsion of copper tubos into the liquid nitrogen the rolations
of thormocouplo omf vs. timo woro rogistratod. Tho typical omf vs.
tiro obtained shows Fig. 3. The heat flux versus tomporaturo diffo-
ronco 4 t is plottod in Fig. 1. The relation q vs t in stablo film
boiling under atmosphoric prosauro can be expressed as follows :
q = 50?2. exp (0,0o798 ? dt )
?
and tho heat transfer coefficiont :
- waft, - ?????
=Wow.
^ OMR/ .11?01.???
-
50-Yr 2014/02/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R002900190005-1
?
(13)
(14).
?dor
Ind
on.
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- 9 -
5012
= -7at. ? axp ( 0,00798 .Zit ).
2/3.
( 1 5 )
The -practical importanco of tho transition from tho nucloato to
film boilinG consists in tho rocounition, that for hoat exchancors it
is dosirable to como close to tho maxima of 04, i.e. at tomporaturo
difforonco 6t = 12 ?C under atmosphoric prossuro.
REFERENCES ':,
-a?
? Elj WEIL L., LACAZE; Com.romeAcad.Sc., 230, 196, 1950
L23 KautiLIN G.N.; izvostija AN SSSR, 0Th, No, 51 701, 1949
????????? ? ins...M.. ??? ???? Pao. ????? .111.1.??? ????
.04 ??? ??? O. gli?
-
IMMURING INSTRUKRWE FOR.LOW AIR VELOCITIES
In4mmammt pour meeurer la circulation eair & faibleviteeme
V.Politk
Research Institute for Refrigeration and.
Food Engineering, Praha
=Pow ?????????????? ???????????
Summar2
STAT
The conventional instruments for the measuring of velocity fields in
refrigerated rooms have many disadvantages. Hot-wire gauges, although quite
suitable, are of a very delicate construction and, therefore, not exactly
suitable for field application, and their sensitivity to the direction of
flow is considerable.
4 new hot-wire gauge with a ball-type sensing element is described
and its specific characteristics are given. In spite of its small diameter
the sensing element is 'resistant to mechanical damage and its direction cha-
racteristic is very favourable.
OliftmwmpoimmeAmmemedmwmollmmIND
The storage conditions in refrigerated warehouses and freezing rooms
as well as the climatic conditions in residential, office and. other coodi-
tioned spaces, are functions of not only temperature but also of the ve-
locity of air-circulation.
The space division of the temperature field is easily ascertainable,
but it ill much more ,difficult to determine the velocity space_fi!ldt
??? .111.
Mk.
?? elr
ins 1111b.??
- . 411.1P1IF&7n?MINE! 1.11.4411!.."...="-*
?
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?
ACIELOP aro..
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- 2 -
The difficultiei encountered are in that the conventional methods of
=assuring the velocity of air circulation, insofar at an applicable for this
purpose, show a considerablerdependence of the instrument reading on the di,.
rection.of flow with regard to the orientation of the sensing element.
. Flow velocities occuring in these cases are relatively low, the course
of flow is irregularly curved, the flow has an unsteady character and the
amount of turbulence cannot be ascretained.
A. great number of points must be measured, in each of which the trans-
mitter must be separately adjusted toward the direction of flow, the correct
setting being manifested by maximum deviation of the measuring instrument.
Errors in the setting may be caused either by the direction of flow being
influenced by the position of the attending person or by wrong orientation
of the sensing element toward flow direction.
, As a result, the use of the Prandtl tube is out of the question.
Measuring by vane anemometers does not give correct results, either.
Best practical use can be made of the hot-wire gauges. Their funds,-
mental design feature is an electrically heated platinum hot mire whose tem-
perature is dropping with the velocity of stream surroundineit.
Velocity in measured by the change of the wire. resistance with the
change. of temperature at constant heating voltage which .will manifest itself'
by the -change of current flowing through the hot wire. The dependence of
wire temperature.ardVelocity is logarithmic and at low velocities sensitiv-
tivity is the highest. The vire resistance being the function of its abso-
lute temperature, it is necessary in this measuring method to take into
account the dependence of the instrument reading on the temperature of the
purrOundings measured, as well.
? -In-this easei-h=every.the fe-ae-trument_reedinz il_not dependent on
the direction of flow only in the plane perpendicular to the center line of -
the wire, ind-Wieri iherivrith-trie eIception-o2-thiyaitglc -zovered by the !IA*.
holder. Circulation at any Other plane will be recorded with an error :
its Magnitude can be neglected only at a deviation of up to 100 from that
plane.
'?????17.-? ?rT.,!-? _____
?Nt.","'"-:?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Cop Approved for Release
-3-.
Good temperature compensation of the surroundings measured will be
attained by measuring the temperature of the hot wire by a thermocouple
shown in Fig. 10
The hot wire in this case is of a material the resistance of which
is least dependent on temperature. In the middle of the wire length one
connection of the thermocouple is arranged measuring the hot-wire temperature,
the second thermocouple connection being also exposed to the flow. The diffe-.
ranee of the thermocouple potentials is measured by a millivoltmetere To
avoid the beating tension affecting the millivoltmeter reeling, the hot wire
is fed by AC !supply. /n this case, as well, the instrument reading is inde-
pendent from*. direction of flow, if the current lies in the plans perpen-
dicular to the wire center-line.
The construction of the sensing elements of both these instruments
is, however, very delicate and subject to mechanical danwiamd.practically
rules out the instruments tote used. in field service.
Three disadvantages are coped with by a new instrument the diagram
of which is show; in Fig. 2. The principle applied. is similar to that of
the instrument described, but the hot wire is indirectly heating a ball
shaped element. This ensures uniform heat removal Whatever the direction
of flow me y be, naturally with the exception of a cone, shaded by the ball
holder. The hot wire being placed in the ball cavity,. sensitivity to flow
direction is avoided and good protection. of the hat wiry against mechanical
damage is attained*
Fig.3 shows the measured dependence of flow velocity on the milli.-
voltmeter readings when flos direction deviates from the centerline of the
ball holder?
One can see that at higher flow velocities the influence of floe
direction manifests itself much more markedly than at lower velocities.
Admitting maxim= deviation of the measured velocity from the actual one
-
?????????
of 410 %, it. is obvious that the int;trument cei be tided tip io a vgIodigY-
_
,,of 2 m/sec. in any direction of flow, which does not deviate from the center-
line of sensing, element by more than 11r;
50-Yr 2014/02/25: CIA-RDP81-0104f1Rnn9Qnniannng
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?4
Comparison of direction characteristics of this instrument with those
of the hot-vire mug. is shown in Figs. 4 and 5. Flow directions' in which the
hotowire gauge can be used are filling a figure forming the part of a ball as
per Fig. 4; flaw directions of the proposed instrument, are filling the part of
a ball as seen in Fig. 5.
It is evident that the 'sensitivity of the proposed instrument. toward
flow direction is substantially lower and for adjusting the sensing element
it 'will "riffles to respect the sense of circulation.
Also other Characteristics of .this instrument are someihat different
from the conventional hot-wire gauges?
? -
The temperature of the wires of hot-wire gauges is usually rather high,
abb. 60a - 800 ?C. The heating of the element by itself is causing natural
circulation of the heated air in upward direction. The velocity of this circu-
lation grows with the body- temperature. Deviation of flow direction in the
vertical plane ,from the direction, in which the instrument was gauged, will
cause a certain measuring'error? Thus, an instrument gauge!. in the horizontal
stream will show the same velocity in the doer:ward direction as a lower one,
with upward direction as a higher one.
Fig. 6 shows the dependence of the velocity of ,natural circulation
created by the heating of. a ball of '6 mrm dia., on the heating tension. One ?
? Can see that influence of temperature on the velocity of the resulting., stream
is considerable. For this reason the bell of the proposed instrument is heat-
ed by only 1,25-T and its rise of .temperature amounts to .e.bto -30 ?do The velo-
city of such a ?flow is 0,03.m/sec. Where measurement-. of a vertical flow is
ievidently ...involved) the' gauge reading can be corrected by adding and/or sub-
attracting this velocity of natural 'circulation caused by the' instrument..
..? Low temperature of the ball combined wAth_ the shininsr surface_
duce the effect of radiation which,., according to the properties of the walls
surrounding the senaiing element during the measuring, may be the source of
_
- t..he eertr?
In order to obtain sufficient resistance of the wire of the hot-wire
gauge in spite of its minimum length, its ,diameter must be small, 0,015 to
, 0,05 only. Its mass and., consequently, its time constant is negligible.
?.4mmoor--
.*
OW
- 5 -
The mass of the ball of the proposed instrument, is substantially bigger
and its .time constant is abt. 1 minute. As a result, the instrument does not
respond to acre frequent changes of velocity and given its mean value only.
It should be pointed out that hot-wire gauges in general being based on
heat transfer, in contrast to vane-type gauges or Prandtl tubes, react to the
amount of stream turbulence. Flow of higher turbulence characterized by an in-
creed: heat transfer coefficient between the circulating matter and. the body,
will. be shown by these instruments as flow of a. higher velocity.
An error is due where quantity of the circulating matter is calculated.
from the velocity of flow. On the other hand, where flow velocity is meaeurei
in connection with the transfer of heat or natter, the resulting error is a.
certain. compensation of the effects of turbulence, which are difficult to ascer-
tain.
This influence of intensity of current turbulence must be taken into
account when gauging the apparatus, as well? The influence of turbulence will
ye mealiest and easily reproducible if the. sensing element is moving in calm
air. Since the long time constant requires a- long period for creating steady
state, it is possible to gauge these instruments only during motion on a. cir-
cular course. The apparatus readings vary very little with the temperature of
the surrounding measured& This variation may be compensated. by changing the
heating tension. Thus, ambient temperature of -40 ?C calls for a reduction. of
heating tension by' 5 %0
The dosing of the transmitter has been solved as follows : the heating.
winding is wound on a steel wire 0,6 dia., which carries the ball 6 ma dia, and,
at the same time, provides for the supply of heating current? The"heating wind-
ing is fixed. in the ball cavity by heat-conductive cement? The.' steel wire is
mounted in a perforated tube sleeve which is also housing the cold connection
of the. thermocouple. The sleeve is proyie...th-e.: cable plugo- All traiismitteris
ar- - e Connected by three-strand. cables with a. box which is housing a. change-over
switch, heating transformer, a. voltmeter for controlling the heating tension. anmi
a. regulation rheostat for adjusting the tension,. Ate. reedsteric.e c-C4-ha-kica.-Wzig -
wires of the individual heating, elements is not. exactly identical, nor is, con-
sequently) the surface temperature. The measuring circuit of each sensing ele-
ment. is provided with a potentiometer' by which the millivoltmeter reacling can
?
????
e...? ?-?(
???"11, ??????????X.INIIIIIM
"??????? ????????? moolooruar.
4
??????.?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/02/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R002900190005-1
/ft
?6...
*I
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adjusted so as to mike the millivoltmeter reading for zere velocity equal for
ill the elements?
The overall arrangement of the instrument may be seen from Fig. 7. It
is portable and can be successfully used for field measurements.
110?????????????????=.??????111?10011.?
Rtsume
.Lea instruarts habituels de-:sure des vitessagSair dans les chambres
froides presentent de nombreux inconvenients. Les jauges a. fil chaud,bien Quo
tout 1. fait adequates sant &pun, construction tees delicate et no conviannent
donc pas exactement aux applications & grand? &hellos de plus, sues sont extre'w
moment sensibles A la direction de 1#6coulement.
On donne la description et les caracteristiques d'une nouvelle jauge
fil chaud avec organe de transmission du type 'boule". Ei. dhpit de son faibla
diametre, l'organe de transmissionest resistant aux^dommages mocaniques at sa
ceracteristique de direction est tills satisfaisante?
???? so ??? ow. ????? ?
747,FALTZ.. -140,111t
????
???????????????
4.- 4a 4444.
440.?
Yens, ?-.11r ,Jps- ?
?

41=01?40?4
44.1.14141.14?4 ,M..144.644
tcfl . --
'ran'
wairowtatia
'Nam,
0,3 mV
.0,1?????
0,35
0,4
???
Oig
0 30 80 90
? ? ?
.41??????
+A... ?
120 150*
??????
OR.
4???
Declassified in Part- Sanitized CopyA provedforRelease ? 50-Yr 2014/02/25: IA- - 0
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/02/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R002900190005-1
49 .Y1 44 OM
`allr'',111111t --211V-4"- 11111.'
ftif
ligicallfallIMONNFre
01111111111111111W?or
IMRE.
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(lo? 0104 0,68 mis
//a eti
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/02/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R002900190005-1
d=1.1111...
.111111111.?
-?????=??
?????
MID
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/02/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R002900190005-1
TSttar24010qt01-7'W7
,
.?
MOM.. /a. ? 1.1.
aliorr
+Mew
am.
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Odor..
pft$A1.1,-.10,
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Mir d?"
MISTIME COLLECTION WIT= THE INSULATION.
OF RIMIDERATED ROONS?
Accumulation. de 11htunidittit dans: l'isolaticl.
dee chimbres froides ?
IDg LStrnadal
Research Institute for Thermal Techniqu.e, Praha-
fihmoo=omoommloommrseeme.ammoakaa?CIO
SUMMARY
STAT
When building up the network of freezing plants in Czechoslovakia.
it was found necessary to solve the problem of moisture collection in the
freezing-room insulations. A. special testing plant has been installs&
permitting both measuring ar diffIasion. resistances of various insule-tion
materials and. offering the possibilities for investigations into the spasm,
of wetting within freezing-room insulations. Two; measuring equipments were
used for the ixirpose. Both were based on. the gravimetric principle, one
working with the difference of partial pressures at room temperature, the
other one permitting adjustment of any temperatures above both surfaces of
sample under test. Permanent partial pressure above the sample surfaces
is attained bit a suitable salt solution or maintaining 100 % relative humi-
dity at constant temperature.
Besides the measurements of diffusion, resistance investigations
-bavie Veeii mide int-o? the -aeCilmul atrai .bf humidity aucirits migratin.
The .?,C.Plt _results have Drnved. the aleready knownrn fact that
in poroua materials humidity moves both in the form of vapours and in. the
liquid form.
?. NW. sms.011111e
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va0/0,
gnaw. .
Ise.16.0
??? ?
1'4
???1101.
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- 2 - 2/4
As a result insulation materials can be divided into groups front the
point of view of the manner of moisture migration that is: predominating. In
the group at materials the ce.vities of which, under the conditions in the ?
free:in-rooms, are filled with water, moisture is caused to more by the
action at ce.pilary forces. The extent of the flooding at the pores of the.
material depends on the amount of partial vapour measures and the amount of
moisture trezusmitted depends on the number of cavities of iztdividual sizes
and -their relations. Depending on circumstances, migrationof moisture by
transarresion may occur even against the partial pressure gradient,'
RiSUKt
.LACCIS de l'elaboration du riaeau einstallations de congelatica en.
Tchecoalovaquie, an a jug6 necessair'e de iesoudre le problime de l'acaumula-
tion d'humidito dans les isolants des chaures de congelationo Th. installer
tion ceessai special. a 6t6 conertruite permettant de mesurer les resistances
& la difftision de different materiaux isolants et oftrant la possibilite do
recharches dans in domain* de 1"hunidification des isolants des chambres de
congelation. Deux appareillageis de mesure ant 6t6 utilises dans ce but.
Iler front bases tous deux aur le principe gravimetrique, l'un foncticnnant
d'apAset la difference de preseions partielles & la temperature ambient.),
l'autre permettant la reglage de tpute temperature au-desalts des de= arc-
fices de l'6chantillon salmis & l'essai. Une pression partial. permanents
exsi-deseus den surfaces de l'echantillon est obtentte am.moyen &suns solution.
saline adequate ou en maintinant tine hum-tete relative de 100 1. tempera-
ture constexite.
Otttre mesures des resistances & in. diffusion des recherches ant
6t6 fatten stir l'accumulation de l'hurldit6 et son deplacement dans les reurrs -
des cheuabres de Congelation. Les resultats des easels cat prouve in - _
in. connu quo dans les isolants" poreux, l'humidite. se deplace esi, la.. Lois sous
forme de vapours .et 9pI tome
Par consequent, les materiaux isolants peuvent.etre divises aa uoupes
du point de vue de in. fOrmeprOdominante SOW lavelle no deplace
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Dans le goupe des materiaux dont les cavites sont remplies d'eau dans les
conditions des chambres de congelation, l'humidite se deplace sous l'action
des forces capillaires. Le degre de submersion des pores du matOriail depend
de la quantite des tensions de vapour partielles et in. quantite d'humidite
transmise depend du nodbre de cavites de differentes tailles et de lours re-
lations. Dans certains can, la penetration d'humidite par transmission peat
se produire mese en surmontant un gradient de .pression partfel 1 ao
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Noieure _ Collection Within the Inaulationa of
R.Lfraterated Room
2/4
Daring recent years the tendency in the construction of freezer
plants in. Czechoslovakia has been toward the full utilization o 9.3.3.. modern.
technical lotowledge both in the plant equipment and. in other cozustracticeial
elements. For insulation material.s other than cork have been. usad preva?-
lently; this fact brought about the necesaitr of solving in a particularly
careful manner the problem of their pretection against moisture penetration
and. accumulation. Previous experience gained from the freezer plant pradtice
shows that the insulation of cooled. spaces looses - after a. certain period. of
time - its original goelity and that the cause at this deterioration. in ths.
mmisture accumulation which occurs in the insulation under oartain. oonditions.
The endeavour was directed toward the theoretical. classification of this phe-
nomenon and toward acquiring possible means for the determination of such var.
lues which would characterize the individual. materials from this standpoint.
eae of the most important properties of freezer- plant insula tions
la their resistance against the penetration of moisture. To enable its deter-
minaticer particularly in various materials of domestic production, the author
has designed. and constructed in the Research Institute of Refrigerating and.
Food Engineering experimental equipment involving two apparatuses&
The first unit is of a simpler conception and enables a relatively
rapid determination of the coefficient of moisture penetration at the room
temperature. The other apparatus is relatively complex and intended for tests
under accurately controlled conditions. Both units are based an the gravime-
tric method. In the first case a sample in the form of a. circular plate is
enclosed in a dish in such a. manner that the plate peripheri is sealed and.
the_poriatu.ve can penetrate only through the faces of the, sample. A. larar at
a deasicative is contained in the bottom of the dish, undernowiti-the-sitigle.
The dish is deposited in a box with constant temperature and relative humidi-
ty: =5..Atzipold.b 111418.Wf of a. water or sa1t-solution level. Due to the pressure
difference on the faces of the sample, the moisture is .1-rezi.epo?rted.lhiraugt LI
sample and is absorbed by the desaicativeo The increase in the weight of the
dish. and the sample is determined at regular' intervals. An arithmetical
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average is taken from a series of such incrementa and converted to unit values.
The measurements are performed at room temperature and the transport of moisture
is isothermic.
Similarly, in the second apparatus the sample is again situated horizont-
ally and a difference in partial vapour pressure is maintained on its faces.
Air of conditioned temperature and. pressure flows with low velocity above the am
sample. The partial vapour pressure underneath the sample is lower' than emote
it and equal to the pressure of saturated. vapours above the level of 'water hav-
ing a definite temperature which can be different - as a rule, lower - than the
room temperature. The air which flows above the sample is conditioned in a,
pecial bulb with controlled temperature 'where the air slowly bubles through
ter. The air is saturated with vapours at a set temperature and. flows into the
apace above the sample where a slightly higher temperature is maintained. The
relative humidity of the air decreases according to the degree of the air heat-
ing.
The low temperature on the bottom face of the sample is stained through
the cooling of the aggh bottom with brine which is pumped. from a- separate tank.
A finer degree of the temperature control on the bottom face of the sample is
obtained by partly paralyzing the effect of the brine coil with electrical
heating.
Due to the difference in the partial vapour pressures the moisture pens
-
trees from one side of the masured maple to the other and. condenses in the
coolest place of the space underneath the sample. Such place is the bottom of
the dish cooled by the brine coil& The amount of moisture transported through
the measured sample within a certain time interval., is determined. from weighing
the dish together with the accumulated condensate after the dish has been with-
drawn from the box and replaced by another. The replacement of the disk is
ce.ztrie-4 -eut-Tery pmpi-dly ith- t pl temining inside _ the .apparatus; thus
the thermal conditions remain practically without change during this manipcp-
lation.
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When the temperature of the bottom side of the sample is much lower
than the room temperature, the weighing dish must - prior to its replacement -
be heated so as to prevent the condensation of vapours from the aztient air at
the removal of the -dish from. the apparatus. 'I! The measuringieludpment is provid-
ed with an appropriate device for rapid heating of the weighing dish.
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The measurement of the coefficients of moisture penetration is very
time-consuming. In order to obtain a large number of readings, the equipment
is constructed in such a manner as to enable simultaneous, but mutually inde-
pendent, measurement- of six different wimples. The control of the measuring
positions is performed from a special control desk. The air is conditioned
separately for each measuring position.
The samples of the insulating materials tested with the apparatus de-
scribed above, are in the form of circular planparallel plates vith.a. diameter
of 170 mm ands. thickness of. 80 mm. The procedure adopted for testing the va-
pour barriers of polyvinylchldride coatings consisted of depositing such coat-
ings on a concrete plate having a diameter of 170 mmand a. thickness of appro-
ximately 20 mm and expressing the resistence of such sample as the ratio of
its resistance and that of a plain, concrete plate of the same thickness*
In addition to measuring the resistances against the penetration of
moisture, tests were performed with the above described equipment which were
aimed at establishing the relation, between. these resistancea and the tempe-
rature, relative humidity, partial vapour pressure difference., and possibly
other factors. The movement of moisture within, a porous material is a. very
complex phenomenon, and it appears that experiments which have hitherto been.
carried out, have not solved all problems pertaining thereto* Nevertheless,
certain conclusions have been reached on the basis of the tests and. will be
discussed further.
The moisture within the insulating walls of cooled spaces moves part-
ly in the form of vapours, partly in the form of liquid. From this standpoint
the insulating materials can be devided in three groups* '
The first group comprises materials through which the moisture moves
only Sy 'tfie-difTiangi-ekvapod-re.7- The=.escond.contains substances within which
the moisture moves only in liquid form. And the third group encompasses mate-
- Tiale throaghrwLizbribc-maisi7wre ia transperted in toth.forms sipultaneously..
This means that the motion of the moisture occurs in both phases, gaseous as
well as liquid*
The first group is formed by materials with tiny closed pores, by
materials whose pores - although connected - are of such dimensions as to
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preclude the condensation of water, by hydrophobic materials and materials
without pores. The moisture passes through these substances only by diffus-
ionand its quantity is expressed by the Fick's law. According to this law
the amount of diffusing moisture depends linearly upon the difference in the
partial vapour pressures.
The second group comprises hygroscopic substances with interconnected,
aufficiently small pores in which' the water condenses even at a. relative humi-
dity lower than 100 %. A. simple transmission, i e. the motion of the moisture
only in the liquid farm can be expecte& only under such conditions when all.
the cavities are filled with water. This phenomenon is rather complex and
special attention was devoted to it daring the above mentioned tests.
In smal1-sized cavities water vapours can condense evenwhen.the partial
pressure is lower than the pressure of saturated vapours. The water level in
the cavity or in the capillary forms a curved. surface. The' surface tension ge=
nerated on every curved livel in the capillary-produces a. resultant force which.
acts upon the water-cat= enclosed within the oapillary-andwhich;is inversely
proportional to the capillary radius. This means that the liquid in smiler
capillaries is affected by larger forces. The difference in the capillary for
cos causes the motion of liquid moisture enolosed within the capillaries. The
amount of liquid flowing through a cylindrical capillary is given by the :Poie.
sseuille's law which states that the amount of' flowing water depends upon; the
fourth. power ofthe capillary radius; thus the water column in large cavities
is affected by samller capillary forces but the amount of moving liquid ilk.>
creases rather rapidly. Mathematical solUtion of both. relations, namely that
for the magnitude of the capillary force and that for the amount of flaring
liquid, yields that the amount of water which passes through the capillary-by
the action of the capillary forces, depends upon the wquare of the capillary
radius. This means that larger- capillaries transmkt substantially larger
amount_of'moisture.
mar
- - -Tira-ekos the ear-114z.----.U.T.: whioh the vtt4r mandenketc srlven
the: partial pressure of ambient vapours. The relation between these two quan-
tities, i.e. between the radius of the capillary and the partial pressures of
vapours is expressed byThompson's law. According to this law, cavities with
larger radius are filled' at a hikher partial vapour pressure. Consequently,
the amount of water carried by the substance, increases rapidly
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A porous material C011t81225 cavities of various. sizes and there is
slave a definite number at cavities of the same size. Thus the total amount
of water transmitted through a. porous 'substance, depende-furthermore up= the
number of such capillaries in which water =Anises at the giveit partial va-
pour pressure, Caurequentlyr, the tilling of the ca.pillaries with water
then: the function at their radius and their number?
When the partial vapour pressures acting on each side at a wall made
at a porcine substance with pores filled with water, differ fruit each other,
the situation can arise, that although on the side of the higher presaure the
capillaries of larger radius, i0e? capillaries where smeller capillary force
is generated, are filled, their number is so large that the total resultant
of the capillary forces is larger than that acting on the side Of the lower
partial pressure? This means that - according, to circumstances - the motion
of the. moisture can occur in the direction opposite to the partial pressure
gradient.? This fact constitutes the basic difference between this group and
the first grotto of porous materials where the moisture moves due. to the diffUs-
ion and only in the, direction corresponding to the gradient of partial vapour
preseures? This conclusion assists in the explanation of the question. why- the
zone at the "wall with the IDEUCIMUM content at moisture is found saeetimes on
the cooler and ether times on the manner side of the insulation, or possibly
why on some 'walls the centent of moisture exiffts only within a. limited ogler,
while other walls are wit, accroa their whole thickness&
The majority of actual insulating. materials belongs to the third
group. Thee* are the substances with a. 8213011 capillary- elevation, substances
whose pores are interconnected only partially and those radius varies within
large limits so that some are filled with hygroscopic water while others are
filled with air. In these substances moisture moves in both forms r ice. in
the form of vapoure as well as in the livid form? Both types or motion
el to each: other but are governed by different lamer? While in
the cave of 4h14. marber of wilier of _different .tid:z-es- is iri;elevant,
it; is decisive in the case of tranamission? The relation between( th-ce-tx7anii,:L ?
ported amount of moisture. and the radius of the capillary is linear for the
diffits ion, but quadratic: for the, transmission?
The comparison of the equations expressing the amount of diffusing
arra 4 u u A. o "r.Z.21.'""Mta-..Z.1":-"Errf7S^:s - .aMIATA4 ':,gaviameir.a-anowsw-
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radius of the capillary? It is the. radius at such capillary which /satisfies
the condition of equality between the amount of liquid. moisture transmitted:
through the capillary when. filled with water, and the amount of moisture in
the vapour phitee, when filled with air, when in. both cases the difference in
partial vapour pressures is the same. The significance of the determinatiou
of the critical radius at the capillary' lies in. the fact: that the capillaries,
having a radius larger than the critical, transport a. larger amount of moisture
through transmission than -when filled with air and when the moisture is. trans-
ported through difilision. The-magnitude of the critical radius depends upon.
the temperature and the phyeicel properties of the material under consideration
and is of the order of 10'5 mu
Thus the size of the individual pores is one of the decisive factors
for the amount of' water passing through the substance. But the. radius at the
capillaries in which water condenses and in which. the moisture moves in liquid.
form onlyr depends upon the level of the partial vapour preseazre? Larger pores. ?
are: filled at higher pressures. Consestently, the amount of transmitted. livid.
moisture is a function of the partial vapour pressure, vir.0 an expmential
function. The amount of transmitted. moisture increases sharply with the increas-
ing partial vapour pressure.
lebr the, substances constituting the third group, the amount of the total
transported moisture depends then upon the level of the partial vapour presstwes
acting on either side of the insulating wall, upon the difference in the partial
vapour pressures and upon the type of material? The dependence upon the partial
pressures varies for the individual materials and' is given by the amount of -
pores of the individual sizes contained in the material and by the extent to
which the substance approximates by its properties the first or the second group.
It may be stated generally that the amount of moving moisture increases sharply
with the increasing mean partial vapour pressure .sw..d with the increasing size
of the material pores.
-
The above considerations 941,30-Aut only a brief suminexi of thiiwork
The author realizes the complexity of the whole problem and does not consider
not explain: all particulars which have enabled. to reach the stated_ conclusions.
the results obtaines as its final solutione, As far as the. accuracy of the re-
,
carried out. Me report offers no proofs of the individual statement-a and roes
sults is concerned it must be borne in mind, that in the present work a. number
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of aseumptions has been used with the intent do divide: the -thole problem of the -
movement of mod.sture in a porous. material into several partial problems and. to
enable certain mathematical calculations. For instance, no definite division
-1 of, substances into three groups is always possible in the case of actual mate-
rials. Firrthermore, the assumption about. the, interconnection of all poree and
that about their cylindrical shape is not fully satisfied. But from the results
of tests carried out on the equipment described above, it nay be inferred that
, the theoretical colusiderations are correct and, the assumptions admissible& As
an example, let us quote some', of the values of the coefficients of the moiature
penetration obtained by our own measurements:
Paper of a weight of 52 g/m2 has, at a temperature of 20 0C and. a. partial
vapour pressure of, 21,1 on the one aide and 9,9 mm of lig on. the other side, a. co-
efficient of moisture penetration of 33,0010"6'mih. ?
lel/it, a material made of impregnated paper foils and. having air space
so that no transmission of moisture can occur* has, at a. temperature of 20 0C.
and. at partial preseures of' 22,5 and. 11,0 an lig, respectively!) a coeffioient
of moisture penetration or 0,;5503:0-6 m/h,-
Pressed felt wood. of a weight, of 238. kg/m3 not impregnated and without
air spaces so' that the moisture passes thratigh the sample' partly in the liquid.
form, a coefficient of moisture penetration. of 2,54.10"6 m/h was found. at 20 ?C
and. partial pressures of 3.6,6 and. 5,9 mar of Hg,"riiiipectively& .And finally; ?
foamed, concrete of a,weight Of 39914/m3 has' cavities very- similar to the cylint-
drical cavities and is considerably bydioscopic so that the moisture =ayes pre-
pondertuitly by transmission. Its coefficient of moisture penetration. is, at ar
teraperature of 20 ?C and at partial pressures of 17,2 mid 11,7 ran of lig, respect-
. -
ively .4,71acr6- m/h: and. at pressures of 13,4 and 10,7 ma: of Hg, respectivelv,
5,19.10'6 aVh.-
The significance of the work performed for the technical practice lies
a in the fact that it enables' the, understanding of the; process of wetness of .the ?
insulation and. proffers data. for the selection of its protection. The results
? of tests permit the evaluation of the Suitability of the 1;Cii;i5:AU Miet e 1.4a1S.
for:trio Iiiirpoii6 of free-Torlii.ent. tcariation.
of moisture penetration and. their dependence upon various parameter enables co-
rrect deSign of dehumidifying systems for the insulating walls and. a. purposeful
employement of vapour barriers&
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MARIA= !SCUMS =air& Dats LA. TECIIIIME maaracrizoz
Tests out Saakiag Capadity'aact Freeing Teets of Insulation
Naterials in the Refrigeration' Technique
Tng.F.Ren&la
Ing.D.ronopkovi.
Institut dee recherohes des machines frigorifiques
ot dee machines de 1?industrie alimentaire, Praha
emammoceemo mom. ow or .104?1 ???????MOsall
Rt SU t
STAT
L'influence nefaste de 1'humidit4 sur la conduatibiliti thermique
de l'isolition et les apports de' chaleur totaux a cours du fanaticemement
qui. in resultant sant un. fait bier. comm. Gotta influence ea manifeste de
Awn trios important* dens les isolations des installations frigorifiques.
La quentiti ehuraidit?ans be isolents ne pout, on general, Are deter-
mines I. l'exalce per suite de l'inefficacite des mesures systemetiques an
count: de konationnement? L'e.ptitude des isolante 1 leur emploi dans les
installations frigorifiquekine pert donc atm determine? lea partir de Ira,-
leurff extekes.
L'une des velours ecctrgmes est la capacite eabsorptioa du. me.teriau
isolent, east 1 dire la quantite maxim= d'huraidite'qu."3.1 pont rertenir.
Leff essaiire.pportes out demand un tarps aisex long atteignant plusieurs
- -gate -pc= Tine ntratrellomethcle4.- ti.c.--at, 6t6
point permettant de determiner be capacite eabsorption en 3. c* ajoars.
0"
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OWED ?mo.
0?1 dEr. OM. V..% s a F.
Cependant, be capacite d'absorption. des materiaux isolents 3:Insist
pas une valour constants. On. a Constate Tarte lorsque 3:isolation
est exposes des temperatures inferieures 0 ?C. Des effets tres nerasteer
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es matiifeertent wand ii. y a do fortes variations de temparature. ,trne mithode
simple a &to. els.boree err vue de determiner les variations do le eapacith d'ab-
sorption. att cours du sus do congaation; on donne les resultats des /as-
sures: effectu6es roar quelques isolarcts. Lee semis ant montri que la. capacite
eabsorption de captains materiaux augment* tree rapidement dans lea easels de
cangelation confirmant anal les rieerltats obtenus avec ass mune matioriaux
Ion: de l'utilisation*
S111E11182
The unfavourable influence of moisture on heat conductivity of i-
lation and the resulting total heat gains in operation, is notorious. This
influence exerts itself to a considerable extent in insulations of refrige-
ration installations. The amount of moisture in insulations cauumally not
be determined in advance..becauselmtonavailability oft:yet:emetic measurement
in:operation* Suitabilitrof ins*ulatioc for refrigeratiOninstal.lations can,
therefore, be determined from :extreme values only.
One of the =tram& velum, is the soaking capacity of insulation mate-
rial, i.e. the INIX1=111 amount or Moisture it can. absorb. The. present tests
required a considerable length' of:time eitending for RiCOMek materials war a.
period of several months.. A new niethod bast', therefor''\ been developed accord-
ing to which soaking ce.pe.dity ean be dirtermined Within; one or two deli's.
soaking capacity !of insulation, materials is, hoiever, not a. constant
value.. It has been ascertained that it Changes when the ,irtaulation is exposed.
to sub-zero temperatures (C).' Itost'unfavourable. effects are found trader
fluctuating temperatures.' A simple' method has: been worked out for determining
soaking capacity variations during the freezing process and. results are given
of measurementa on. some insulation Materials. The teets have shown. that some
materials increase their soaking capacities very rapidLy\dzt freezing tests
and have thus confirmed the experience obtained with therein service.
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Un de plus ipportants essais determinant les proprietes convenables des
materiaux eisolation pour la technique frigorifique est - outre le mesurage
du coefficient de conductibilite thermique - celui de l'imibibition. On
comprend par l'idbibition la quantite maximum de l'humidite qu'un materiau
d'isolation pent absorber. L'essai de l'iMbibition'ent en relation avec
le fait connu que les proprikes isolantes se deteriorent en proportion au
content' de l'humidite et les pertes thermiques s'augmentent. Dans la pratique,
on no trouve'pas woe saturation complete du mateilau d'isolation par de lveau.
Dann la plupart des cast le contenu de l'humidite est inferieur la satuiation
complete, Mdirli est toujours diff=le4ao'd'estimer & 1-6.1rance, dans quern'
mesure l'humidite va penetrer dann le mateilau eisolation pendant le fonctionne-
ment de l'installation. Cola depend de la structure de la matiere isolante,
des conditions du fonctionnement et surtout de l'execution de l'isolant. Si
l'on suppose une execution sbigneuse de l'isolani, il en result que, aux
manes conditions de fonctionnement, l'isolant absorbe la moindre quantite
de l'humidito pendant le fonctionnemeirt de l'inntallation, d'est-Apdire gen
poseae la moindre imbibition. Par consequent; l'imbibition eat un indicatenr
du degre de l'emploi convenable de l'isolant dais la technique frigorifique,
stand mime c'est un indicateur d'ordie inferieur, car le facteur determinant
sera tonjoure, comment la quantite de l'humidite influence la conductibilite
thermique.
Jusqu'l present, on examine l'idbibition dpune maniere simple; on immerge
l'echantillOn de la matiere isolante dans de l'eau distillee 1 la temperature
d'ambiance d'une dhambre. Avant l'essai, on veiifie le volume at le poids de
l'echantillon. Pendant l'essai, on determine dans les intervalles fixes l'accroisse-
ment du poids de l'echantillon at l'on en calcule l'accroissement de l'huladite
en pourcentage du volume. On verifie la soi-disante'courbe d'absorption dont
le maximum presente l'idbibition. Cependant, cette methode simple a beaucoup
einconvenients. Prima, c'est um longue duree de l'essai. Chez les materiaux
-ei.solatton--caractefiri-86-s-joar -ane Bert-alas i'edistirfice L la- pOlet-ralion cie 1 "humi?
dite, l'essai d'imbibition pout s'etendre aux quelques mole, avant que l'oi
etteint'le maximum. Il arrive que'dette duree de l'essai est encore nr21)2n0,,e
AMAA ..... ? ?
par des retards chez quelques matieres (voir fig.2) due awl; bulles d'air enfer-
mees dans les pores au centre de l'edhantillon at entourees de l'eau.qui a
penetre en partie dans 1"echantilldn. Par consequent, on impose eouvent qu'on
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doit immerger seulement UMB partie de l'edhantillon dans le bain pendant ,une
duree limitee et ennuite l'immerger lentement plus profondement. Neanmoins, la
duree de l'essai est toujoars at longue que l'essai MB se pre pas pour la
pratique.
Les courbes d'absorption, verifiees par la maniere induquee dans
l'Institut des recherdhes des machines frigorifiques et des machines de l'inr
dastrie alimentaire Prague, sont tracees a la figure 3 pour quelques mate-
riaux d'isolation. On pout voir Ru diagramo qui reproduit les premiers 90
jours de l'essai que l'on apes atteint le maximum pendant ee'temps chez
quelques miteriaux examines, par ex. chez le beton cellulaire at quelques
aortas de liege. Chez les m al
atieres de me composition at de meine structure
le cours de la courbe d'absorption differe par suite de difference dnr.
site.
2/5
Parc* que le cours des quelques courbes differe on commencement
de l'essai, come il est evident chez les plaques en. feutre de fibres ligneuses
at les plaques en tourbe, il me faut pels se contenter d'essais de courte duree
s'etendant seulement a quelques jours, come il est souvent indique dans les
citaloques des etablissements industriels, parce que les resultats pareils
puissent fausser l'etRt reel.
Parc. que les essais d'imbibition sont instructifs pour la comps,-
raison des differentes matieres isolantes, mais a cause de leur longue duree
non utilisables en pratique, nous avons essaye d'elahorer une methode conve-
nable pour une evaluation rapide Dans notre institut, on de-
termine l'imbibition en se servant de l'appareil represente lasfig.4.
, L'appareil se compose d'un vase de pression de 160 mm de diametre
et de 120 mi de hauteur, dans lequel on met l'edhantillon de la matiere
examinee an debut de l'essai. A l'avance, on Peso l'edhantillon et l'on
fixe son volume.
Puis, on renferme le vase et l'on serre le couvercle par des vis
_a l'e-tanchement. Apres fermeture hermetique da-vase-on OUVie-seileMeni-i6??
sou:papes de la pompe a, vide et du vacuometre, puts-on met en mardhe la
pompe a vide. Pour ce but on emploie une petite pompe- a vide de laboratoire,
AMIE:Lei par laquelle on abaisse la presiTen JUSqura 0,05 at
Mm Mar .
- a. ? MO ? ? ? ? %M.
?
Apres avoir effectue ce vide, an ferme la soupape de la pompe a
vide et onnouvre la soupape d'un recipient auxiliaire rempli d'eau. Le li-
quide s'evapore partiellement'et les vapeurs penetrent dans le S poree
-3.11111C-
? ".?
?
????
????
- 5 -
2/ 5
ouverts de l'Ochantillon. Una difference entre la pression dans les pores et
la pression dans le vase apres evaporation partielle du liquide aide ce pheno-
mene. Cette surpression s accroft pr echauffement du contenu de vase par un
dispositif de ehauffage electrique auxiliaire; la pression dans le vase monte
a 1,95 ata. Apres avoir atteint cette valeur de pression, on arrtte l'appareil
pour une demi-heure et puts on coupe le chauffage electrique. Puis on'abaisse
la pression en ouvrant les soupapes, on devisse le couvercle et l'on pese
l'ochantillon. On calcule de l'accroissement du poids l'imbibition en pourcen-
tage du volume.
On peut employer pour l'essai de lean distillee ou autres liquides de moindre
tension de vapeurs. Dans le premier cas, on_phaisse seulement l ession et
l'on injecte de l'eau distillee. Apres avoir equilibre lg pression, on termine
l'essai et l'on multiplie les valeurs verifiees par le coefficient 1,22. Parmi
les autres liquides, c'est l'alcool qui s'y prelte le mieux; l'essai est fini
apres trois quarts d'heure. faut tenir compte du poids speCifique de l'alcool
dahs le calcul pour determiner correctement l'imbibition. On no peut pas
l'employer avec le materiau qui pourrait Are deteriore pr 1"alcool pendant
l'essai, commie par ex. avec le polystyrene cellulaire. Dane tel cas, Il faut
ekecuter l'essai avec un autre liquide approprie.
Les resultats obtenus par cette methode sont conformes au mesurage par methodes
usuelles. us sont un peu plus eleves qu'on peut expliquer par le fait que, pen-
dant un mesurage simple, il arrive que les capillaires et les pores de l'echan-
tillon deviennent bouches par alteration partielle de sa structure, ce qui est
cause par action dhimique ou par des moisissures pendant une longue periode
d'immersion de l'echantillon.
Les exemples de la capacite d'imbibition verifiee par notre appareil chez quel-
ques materiaux eisolation sont les suivants:
beton cellulaire....densite 480 1 520 kg/m3
50 a 60 % du vol.
???
J:
Iporka
pla.qacs de
Liege impregne a
l'asphalte
verre mousse
IMO
ft
11
11
?
4P.
"IM
12 II 15
l30-. 145-
170 a. 250
a.
170
11
It
Y
11
6,Ctet...taces ..,
4?0 ? . IMO ?
50 a 60 %
_A 35
1 30 %
6 I 8%
I,
-2'
11
It
MOO/
??????..
MONO" ?
-84
AP0m
Chez los plaques en tourbe on a
aux essais de longue duree, car
um.....????????????mkomom-e?
???? mi???
constate l'imbibition jusquia 120 % du volume
l'augmentation du volume fut causee par le
11???????
114.41 MOS
Om% ?
tor? -
...1111reir ?????????
?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/02/25 ? CIA-RDP81-01043R002900190005-1
C
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Co .y Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/02/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R002900190005-1
-6- 2/5
gonflement de l'echantillon. En employant la nouvelle methode on a constate
une moindre imbibition, car il n'y evait pas de gonflement vu uno courte dureo
de l'essal.
L'idbibition vane chez lo male materiau d'apres se densite. On peut citer par
ex. les valeurs mesurees du polystyrene cellulaire indiquees dans le diagramme
a la fig. 5. La valour d'imbibition augmente au fur et a mesure que la densite
diminuo. Comme ?1 ressort du diagramme, l'imbibition du polystyrene cellulaire
est seulement 6 % du volume la densite de 55 kg/m3, mais olle se double la
densite do 20-kg(m3. On a aussi constato ce phenomeno chez les autres matieres
isolantes et c'est une preuve qu'il n'est pas convenable de reduire trop la densito
au-dessous d'une214...^4.te optimum. Il se manifeste toujours une reduction de la
resistance la pression, un accroissement de l'imbibition, ce qui est mains favorable
pour l'emploi de l'isolant dans la technique du froid.
Par verification de l'imbibition & l'aido d'une des methodes decrites on obtiont
un apor9u de l'aptitude des materiaux isolants pour la technique frigorifique.
Mais on a prouve par des experiences clue les essais d'imbibition a la temperature
d'ambiance ne sont pas suffisents pour evaluer l'aptitude d'un isolant au fonc-
tionnemont des entrepOts frigorifiques. Dans la pratique, ii y avait des cas dans
lesquels un materiau eisolation suppose convenable, avec uno capacite d'imbibi-
tion reduite, n'a pas reussi. On peut l'attribuer a l'influance neaste ae Ia
variation des temperatures qui cause la deterioration .de is. structure des matieres
isolantes, surtout I la Chute de la temperature sous 00 C. Pour verifier cette
influence on a execute dans notre inttitut des essais pour determiner les varia-
tions d'imbibition a la congelation des echantillons examines.
Pour ce but, on a choisi un precede simple:
On a plonge les echantillons des isolants dans de l'eau distillee de temperature
de la chambre et l'on les y a laisses pendant 21 heures. Pula, on les a mis dans
une armoire de conaelation a temperature de - 30?C et y laisse pendant 3 heures. La
-dure_a_dc,ce cycle etait 24 heures et pendant ce temps la temperature de l'ednan-
tillon changealt do 500C approxlmaf.vemenf. Ensaite, on-a immerge de nouireaux
d.o- de .tompkrqipre 4:ambiance et l'on a repete
le processus. Avant cheque mise dans l'armoire de congelation on a pese l'echan-
tillon et determine son accroissement de poids. D'abord on a determine l'imbibi-
tion des echantillons & la temperature constante par une des methodes deCrites
preglablement. Plus tard, on a adopte une methode des essais acceleres en suppri-
mant la determination d'imbibition avant l'essai de congelation et l'on a. commen-
venweles.e.
for..
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Co
....mint.44.1 _A 'A
y Approved for Release
????
41.0.?
- 7 -
2/ 5
ce immediatement exec l'essai de congelation. Les resultats de ces essais sont
traces dans le diagram? la fig. 6.
On a constate une augmentation de l'imbibition chez toutes les matieres isolantes
examineou, qui etait beaucoup plus elevee que dans les essais prealables I la
temperaturs d'aMbiance. Il en faut chercher la cause dans les deux tendances :
1) La matAra.premiere est d'une structure poreuse et no comport? pas bien les
variations do is. temperature; ceci provoque une rupture des parois separant les
pores et netramite la penetration d'une quantite additionnelle d'eau dans l'iso-
lent.
2) De l'eau contenue dans les pores congele et la glace ainsi forme? augment?
son volume et occasionne par cette pression une rupture ulterieure des parois
des pores.
On constate an moyen des essais do cette sorte un accroissement important de
l'imbibition dans lea matieree isolantes fragiles avec des pores cls, tandis que
l'accroissement d'imbibition dans les matieres elastiques est d'une valour infe-
rieure. L'exemple typique des isolants de premiere espece est le verre mousse,
dont le cours des essais de congelation est montre a is. fig. 7.
l'imbibition augment? rapidement dej& ors be premie r cycle et elle
'accr approximativement par la maw rapidite dans les cycles sui
e OA vant. Apres
tiois oa quatre cycles on peut observer leffritement de is. surface de l'echanr.
tillon qui continue, de sorts que l'echantillon est completement deeompOse
& is. profondeur de 2 ou 3 am de is. surface apr6 6 ou 8 cycles. La decomposition
complete de l'echantillon est effectuee apres 20 & 25 cycles. L'imbibition
atteint dans Ce stade jusque 95 % du volume.
Si enveloppe l'edhantillon dans de l'asphalte un bas point de fusion, la
capaeito d'imbibition change peu pendant les premiers 20 cycles. Main la couche
d'aeldhalte se brise et at une fente se forme dans un endroit, l'imbibition
aagmente de nouveau rapidement, comme il est evident de la fig. 8.
Le mane phenomena pout etre observe aussi chez le polystyrene cellulaire vent
una plus grande densite. Dans le diagram? la fig. 9 sont illustres les essais
- de la conzelation du polystyrene cellulaire de densite de 27 53 kg/m3. A la
" densite elevee lea paroiLdeajoreasont plus epaisses etImine-elaatiql.ms; de
sorte qu'elles sont moms rosistantes.aux .Variation-rie la ileapSteatitee.-la.
pression. de is. glace forme() dans les pores voisins et c'est pourquoi on observe
une aterioration elevee de la structure et l'accroissement de l'iMbibition de
ce materiau. Au contraire, & la densite inferieure les parois de S pores sont minces
? 411P
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et elastiques, de sorte qu?elles supportent mieux les essais de congelation
et l'accroissement total d'imbibition est beaucoup plus reduit.
Le cours des courbes d'absorption et de congelation est considerablement inr
.fluonce par la grandeur et los dimenhions de l'echantillon examine. Avoc les
echantillons d'uno petite epaisseur on obtiont.les resultats dans un intervene
plus court at be velours mesurees sont plus elevoes qu'avec les echantillons
d'une plus grande epaisseur. Pour cette raison, nous emi.loyons les echantillons
de mimes dimensions pour tous les deux essais, k savoirt 100 x 100 x 80 mm.
On pout tirer la conclusion suivante eune eerie des essais d'imbibition et de
congelation effectues par toutes los methodes decrites:
Chez les matieres isolantes poreuses, surtout celles produitelle.s matieres
plastiques, la canductibilit6 thermiquo diminue au fur et a mosure quo la
densite s'abaisso. L'abaissement de la conductibilite thermique est lent chez
les densites reduites. Au contraire, l'imbibition augmente et la resistance
a la pression s'abaisse. Ii resulte dee essais de congelation quo les parois
minces et elastioues des pores sont avantageuses. Il est incontestable qu'il
existe les conditions les plus favorables assurant l'exploitation convenable
des toutes les qualites du materiau. Cele signifie qu'ily a seulement une
certaine densite convenable pour dhaque espOce des materiaux eisolation po-
reux qu'il faut verifier par des essais detailles. Ii n'est pa e sans impor-
tance quo l'on a reussi a abaisser la densite des quelques matieres plastiques
?
mousses, co qui pout attribuer a 1 amelioration des qualites isolantes, mais
au ditriment d'imbibitien ou de resistance a la pression.
50-Yr 2014/02/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R002900190005-1
?
no.
411. Um.
CU. ??? low
011. ap. s? ? ?
/111 ^ ?????-???11.?
...Y..) ? ???????? ?????
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a.
The Sedlec freezer-plan
The 'plant located. _at Sedlec near Prague is provided with
an coe,ereceer eafrigerating equipment installed
- e ? cempressors are of an all-welded
in three eyeless namely
1/ direct evaeoratioa for two-stage cooling of a frezere
tunnels operating at temperatures down to - 40 006
2/ brine cooling fRr the freezer storage plants cooled dawn
to - 18 to -20' Cos
3/ brine cooling foR cooled rooms at; a temperature of plus
minus zero to e Co
The plant is of a highly flexible design and can accommodate
all commercial types of foodstuffs such as meats poultry
fist: butter whole egeeeemtxtures veaeetabless fruits etce
For transportation and distribution purposes a large number
of cooled and refrigerated vehicles both road and railroads
is used operated under own as well as under external ma-
nagmento
Refrigerated railroad cars of Czechoslovak manufa cture
are used for the transport of large deliveries of goods;
their individual capacity is in the ease of frozen meat and
fish effectively 26 tons s in the case of other food stuff
smaller according to the packing and specific mass of goods?
c'.e eaa 1-e :0.e) a trains having eight cars with
supplying the whole train with the
c;,1, and concentrating the automatic
control and sioaallingo One or two engineers suffice for ser-
vicing the train? Such a train can handle approximately 200
tons of goods* For large long-distance road baulings the
trailer type Tatra has been used since 19480 Its useful ca-
pacity is 12 tons. It is equipped with a methyl-chloride
automatically controlled refrigeratng eouipmentg driven by
a 'petrol engine.
Small deliveriei3 in the city are accomplished by means of a
light delivery vans type 7a0 built on the Praga RND chassiso
This van is equipped with a cold hold-over. Due to their
easy handlings enabled by four to six doors g these vans are
used even today for the transpprt of frozen lee-creams etc.,
at temperatures of around - 18' C. Their useful volume is
approximately 6.8 cubic neterso
Another van of a less recent types intended for city deli-
ehseempe 7 Qmanefactured ip_many_hundreds.of
1.1. gr. 414, Op ?
-w-Ampeuzar-..-
a. ?
???? a. .4. Y ? ? ? ? ? .. 1.0 ?
4???????????.....
?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/02/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R002900190005-1
M. .
GYM,
Non n?????? n..011Mmuslikon..-
? ? ??? ? ??
STAT
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/02/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R002900190005-1
WOW
pieces for expert purpo-es, It is built on the RND
Chassis and has a useful capacity of 105 tons. It is
equipped with four cold hold-oversy so that its crui-
sing radius is large A The ';emperature of the cooled
space is down to - 8" C. At rest, it is cooled by
connecting the equipmene to the electrical mains.
TypeA8L is a retrigeralmd eery built on the AS ?has-
sie 2nd 11:,.vint; !aacity of 2.?1 tons. It is
intended Por -t6JIT;)ert,--,, down to - 18 C.) and e-
".t _Lu hold-overa and an electric and
a petrol 4nt3ines
For large city deliveries? trucks built on chassis
706 RO are used refrigerated trucks operate at a tem-
perature of - 2' C. and have a useful capacity up to
4 tone ? mechart,cally re2gigerated trucks operate at a
temperature doen to - lb' 0,, They are provided with
cold hold-over and can be refrigerated by moans of an
electric motor, connected to the mains, or by an inde-
pendent petrol engine.
In 1957y the ear fleet has been enlarged by a nea trai-
ler, connected to Tatra 137 tractor. Its maximum speed
is up to 80 kilometres per hour with a useful load of
10 tons of frozen goods. The refAgeration is carried
out by means of a Czechoslovak-made Freon block refri-
gerating unity type AI 11, driven by an automatically
started potro3 engint e tepperatures of the refri-
gerated space down ee - 18' Co
For routine purposes, railroad cars, cooled by water
-
ice, are employed. Side-filling is used in our oars p as
preferred from the praclAcal standpointe to the face'
emploed :110M41%:. abroad.
f_3 zo fort,i?:n ? inLeally cooled ears are on
vLeu, procicts of the German Democratic
Republic.
The freemer-piant owns Ln total 18 refrigerated vanso
"kraguep September 12t3 1958.
troStc/To
.1111111011.-
-
alt-s dna.
alMINa
_
111111..... a.-
???? ??? ???? ??? al? ????? IVY ?
???
"' ?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/02/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R002900190005-1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/02/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R002900190005-1
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/02/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R002900190005-1
ATP.,
-
TWO IMPORTANT LANDMARKS:
The dKD Works were established in 1871
The Cooling Department in the tKD Works
was established in 1896,
The first cooling equipment produced in the IKD Works was
intended for breweries and already in 1897 the first deliveries
abroad were efectuated. Soon it was necessary to extend the pro-
duction to other kinds of cooling equipment so that it also included
tie manufacturing plants, refrigerating plants for meat, milk and
other foodstuff and the newly founded line for the chemical in-
dustry. The continuous production was not interrupted even
during the years of World War 1 and thus the production pro-.
gramme of the CKD Works involved already then the production
of all kinds of cooling equipment for direct and Indirect evapo-
ration.
Slaughter-house in the Bulgarian town of Stalin
(Varna),equipped with KD cooling equipment.
Besides the piston compressors which were manufactured from the very beginning, the production
of efficient turbo-compressors was started and their use proved particularly satisfactory in larger
cooling plants. Foreign market deliveries were directed mostly to Bulgaria, Turkey and Sweden.
Since 1945 the production of cooling equipment in the KD Works was specialized for large plants
the required capacity of which reached in some cases up to 19 million kcal/hour. The main consumers
abread at that time were Poland, the USSR, China and Iran.
At present, the IKD Works can supply complete all-purpose cooling equipment for any capacity
required. The production and designing experiences of long years are the best guarantee of a pre-
cise and careful execution of all orders.
Vertical single-acting ammonia compressor,
output 12.000 kcal/hour, 1928 manufacture.
^?????? ?????????????? am-
?
??????????
. ',/ .1.4.:.?,,.7,..,,;.... ''''.1.-a-datz=4.ii
-.-
?,... . ...
.., ... .
,...,,,.?,,, s.m.............-....m............?
._
Equipment for production of prism-shaped ice,
? -
..... ...A..
. --?? --r ??? '?-? re, ?
Pilsner Breweries.
Foodstuff market-hall in Ruse, Bulgaria, with
in 1938.
AT'
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release
? 50-Yr 2014/02/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R002900190005-1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/02/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R002900190005-1
CKD Cooling Equipment
The equipment works accurately and reliably; Its attendance is simple. Different coolants are used in the sys-
tems of direct or indirect evaporation. Its easy adaptability to different requirements of operation guaran-
tees the possibility of manyfold utilization in various branches of production.
Cooling of foodstuffs
Cooling of foodstuffs. Building of floor-type
freezing plant.
Ice making plants
? Ice making plants. Produced prism-shaped ice.
Weight,of iwism 12,5 or 25 kgs.
71.16?-110.0m7- ler.-
,
Air 'conditioning plant
: .
.?
' Air conditioning plant. Engine room of freon
.,
: air-conditionineequipment, output ;.- ---
.1
" 300.000 kcal/hour.
; _ . r
z?-=; -
? ? -
.. , -
Ice - rink
Ice-rink. Part of Ice surface of a winter stadium
Chemical cooling
Chemical cooling. Absorption cooling equipment
In chemical production works.
Production
of medicaments
Production of medicaments. Medicaments pro-
duced with the use of fKD cooling equipment.
?
Laboratories
?
Laboratories. Laboratory of Research Institute
eqUipped with eKD cooling equipment.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/02/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R002900190005-1
- -
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/02/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R002900190005-1
Cooling of foodstuffs
For the preserVation of foodstuffs which deteriorate easily preservation
by freezi?ng and storing at permanent low temperatures is generally considered
?
the most-iultable and the most economical way nowadays. This method
guarantees that the foodstuffs are kept for a very long time in their original
fresh state without changing their biologic value.
THE d.KD WORKS
construct not only cooling plants and refrigerating plants of current
types, but design, supply and erect also complete cooling and refrige-
rating works as well as meat factories and canneries of large storing
capacities.
DESIGNING. In the working out of the project particular attention
is paid to the operation requirements of the refrigerating objects,
especially to keeping of the progressive methods and the technology
- of the freezing of the various kinds of goods. Simultaneously, maximum
economy and reliability is observed.
PRODUCTION: The KD Works produce the complete machinery
equipment for refrigerating plants in accordance with up-to-date
"methods and use specially.selected materials. All pressure vessels are
1
tested by'the authorities and provided with inspection records according
to ,SN. Regulations. The technical,d9cumentation, operation diagram,
directions for attendance and maintenance andAetailed directions for
,
operation are supplied with the equipment.
Vegetables
ERECTION. We carry out the expert erectior0.or the complete machinery equipment of cooling
plants and refrigerating plants in this country and abroad. A Chief Engineer, Chief ,Fitter and the
X \E
required nu ber'ol"r skilled personnel are sent out for erection purposes according to the extent
of the work-aod the-?-ilze of the object. Upon the Client's wish we also offer technical assistance
in the training of 'the attending personnel during the trial run.
?
,Beer
.4 Chocolate
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/02/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R002900190005-1
Cooling of foodstuffs
?
For the p'rese,rvation of foodstuffs which deteriorate easily preservation
' by freezing and storing at permanent low temperatures is generally considered
'
the most-Tiuitable and the most economical way nowadays. This method
z'f,guarantees that the foodstuffs are kept for a very long time in their original
fresh state without changing their biologic value.
THE dKD WORKS
construct not only cooling plants and refrigerating plants of current
types, but design, supply and erect also complete cooling and refrige-
rating works as well as meat factories and canneries of large storing
capacities.
DESIGNING. In the working out of the project particular attention
is paid to the operation requirements of the refrigerating objects,
especially to keeping of the progressive methods and the technology
, of the freezing of the various kinds of goods. Simultaneously, maximum
economy and reliability is observed.
PRODUCTION: The KD Works produce the complete machinery
equipment for refrigerating plants in accordance with up-to-date
methods and Use specially selected materials. All pressure vessels are
tested by the authoritiefand provided with inspection records according
to SN Regulations. The technical documentation, operation diagram,
. ? ,
directions for attendance and. maintenance and detailed directions for
operation are supplied. with the equipment.,
? ?
Si Si
.A
VI I t
?
rolinliZaREN
r! : *.*;? a,- ir
Vegetables
ERECTION. We carry out the expert erection-or the complete machinery equipment of cooling
V
plants and refrigerating plants in this country and abroad. A Chief Engineer, Chief Fitter and the
?
required gurilber of skilled personnel are sent out for erection purposes according-to the extent
of the work-and the size of the object. Upon the Client's wish we also offer 1echnical assistance
in the training o the attending personnel during the trial run.
4TA .
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/02/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R002900190005-1
..0
- VIt
Bilrndens? use
: ?
freezing. plant.
For the freezing of all kindi6em-diiil-,-thdKD_WOrks
deliver completelreezingleqUir.Mehi
?
all the techhological.reqUirernefts*Ik:Client!
? , ?
freezihg tunnels for the fre'eiin't of meat in an air
stream to temperatures corresponding to the re-
ry
?
T $
? .t
quired time 'of scoring,
?
continuous freezing _equipment fdr-loodituffs,
- 1-?. ? ?
contact plate type freezing
? T.,,;?
apparatus for freezing in brine*b*th.;.
all kinds of special freezing equipinent according
to the Client's requirements.
Floor type freezing plant ?
admission and dispatch of
goods.
box typ/condensers for
with a sh age of water.
View of meat factory and cannery producing 50 tons of meat
and meat products per day. These works produce the world-
known Czechoslovak Frankfurter sausages. A freezing plant
of a capacity of 11.300 cu.m. Is joined with the meat factory
and cannery.
2 SN 200
2 SN 200 single-stage, vertical,
ammonia compressor, approved part
of the CKD cooling equipment.
, TECHNICAL DATA:
,
number of cylinders
diameter of cylinders
stroke
2
200 mm
190 mm
*MU ? ? speed 2007600 RPM
? -3t7:"."`"--
1`0,iv:" a 'IA ' ? . Ww?77;\11.-7? ' - - .
'IOW ?61.0 - ? ?
,,v050,!al.
Engine room of floor type freezing plant.
a I 1.11111,001.10- I
Birdesey plate freezing
apparatus.
IJI
rated output at n max., to = ?10? C,
tk = x25? C, t = 15? C
225.000 kcal/hour
max. pressure in delivery and suction
16 at. g.
weight without drive 1.150 kgs
.1.1111??????
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/02/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R002900190005-1
0011$ 00.?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/02/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R002900190005-1
For the keeping of permanent low temperatures
(about ? 20? C) in frozen goods stores, the CKD
Works produce equipment using cooling systems of
smooth or ribbed tubes, or air circulation cooling.
For cooling plants the KD Works deliver all the
usual types of air coolers with a full guarantee for the
cooling performance and for the keeping of the re-
quired humidity of the storing spaces.
Store of new laid eggs.
Frozen vegetables, a pleasant change in the
winter menu.
Storing of eggs in boxes.
In preserving fruit and vegetables by freezing not only the
characteristic flavour properties but also the valuable ititamins
are preserved. The freezing of fruit is carried out either by the
dry method or in the sugar solution or, finally, the fruit is
sugared. Vegetables are partly prepared, sliced when raw and
filled into paper boxes. Mushrooms are also frozen in a similar
way.
.0%...vit.?"---aik -?????,.!
Storing of dried eggs in tins.
The engine rooms are equipped with the most up-to-date,
high-speed compressors of series design or with cylinders
in Vee shape. For cooling with forced circulation of the
coolant the cKD Works deliver block type regulation
stations, the compressors being provided with an automa-
tic regulation upon request. The condensers are delivered
in all current types: Horizontal, boiler type, vertical, tube
nest type, spray type, and counterflow type, with two tubes
or of box type and the remaining apparatus are also supplied
-7-; .1::
Engine room of the brine pumps
of the freezing plant.
Recentiv,. frgzen semi-procqssed foodstuff; and _frozen ?
-
ready made food of widest assortment became popular
with the consumers. Fresh fruit and vegetables are stored ri
for a short time in cooled premises where the tempera-
ture is adjusted according to the requirements of the
particular kind of goods. ti
Fruit and vegetables
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/02/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R002900190005-1
-
Besides,p_asteuriztion, cooling is the most important method
.for treatriVeTilid-:processing of milk. The milk is cooled first
in the ciilldcting,stat,ipp_ko -1- 10? C in the winter or -1- 5? C
in the surpnli'er'inil:iffer:,transportation to the dairy it Is stored
,..-4???t2N`.??-,,,itv....
in a cooling.rrif
oo; ,atlatdmRerature of -1- 10? C.
After the pasteurization, effected by heating
to -1- 85? C milk for general consumption is
cooled indirectly with brine by means of plate
type coolers to a temperature below + 5? C.
The remainder of the milk is treated on separa-
tors and used for the production of butter,
cheese, curd and yogurt. Cooling machinery
equipment with a brine cycle is used for the
cooling of milk and cream as well as for the
cooling of water required for the rinsing of
butter. This equipment works automatically.
In large dairies with a considerable output rate
per hour the overall required caloric capacity
is divided into several cycles, working indepen-
dently for operation reasons. There is usually
one cycle for the cooling of milk and cream, the
others being used for the cooling plants of but-
ter, cheese and cream. KD cooling equipment
uses vertical amonia compressors with automa-
tic regulation and condensers, aftercoolers,
collectors and brine coolers of approved types.
Cleanness of operation and maximum economy
are the main advantages of the dairy cooling
equipment of CKD make.
KD machinery cooling equipment is also useful in the production of sweets and chocolate.The low tem-
perature accelerates the setting of chocolate and keeps the necessary temperature in the stores of raw
materials and semiproducts. An expertly carried out cooling equipment is one of the prerequisites for the
production of first-class sweets and all chocolate goods.
Internal equipment of the dairy,
equipped with dKD cooling
equipment.
-0??
Production of fancy chocolate
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/02/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R002900190005-1
Beer
The production of cooling equipment for breweries needs
particular expert care, because cooling is an important factor
in the production of beer and has considerable influence upon
Its quality.
Czechoslovak breweries, the products of which are
exported all over the world, pay, therefore, particular
attention to cooling. Machinery cooling is used for the
cooling of fermenting rooms to a temperature of about
+ 5? C, of storage (lager) cellars to a temperature
of + 2?C, and of ante-cellar to -I- 7?C. Decanting
plants, yeast growing chambers, hop plants, barn
floors and lager cellars too need a constant tempera-
ture which is kept by cooling. Generally each bre-
wery also has its own production of ice. The t KD
Works with their long years of experience in brewery
cooling, design and supply the most suitable cooling
equipment for breweries of all capacities.
2 SN 300
Brine evaporators of the brewery
cooling equipment.
A SN 300 single-stage vertical ammonia com-
pressor used in all branches of food refrige-
ration.
? +44 1.""'" :rr "--J?Fm????-?-?
???.?
???????,1
TECHNICAL DATA:
number of cylinders
?diameter of cylincrers
stroke
speed mon./max.
2
- 200 mm
265 mm
200/500 RPM
rated output at n max., to ?10? C,
tk + 25? C, tP + 15? C
-
600.000 kcal/hour
max. pressure In delivery and suction 16 at. g.
weight without drive
3.300 kgs
?????
Iii
Production of ice
The KD ice production plants manufacture clear ice of best
quality. Ice is produced in blocks, weighing 12,5 or 25 kgs. One
worker is sufficient for the attendance of the ice freezing tank,
as the manipulation is simple even at a considerable daily
production capacity. The cooling equipment is of double cycle
type with a brine cycle. The electric motor driving the com-
pressor is fed from the line or from the Diesel-electric set
which is delivered simultaneously.
For special purposes the KD Works deliver also the equip-
ment for the production of tube and flake ice.
'Ice freezing tank- capacity 50 t of ice
per day.
Transport of compressor 2 SN 300 dii:
ring the ice making plant construction
in Teheran. ?
:2---7,7,..,,z."4.41.,:??? ? .????
in1111.I1 c. %I%. \ .? ?
" -` ?r*---*4.4.411?A'A f?.7,
?????????-
Tilting of ice prisms on to skid.
. , _
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??????????????????
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/02/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R002900190005-1
Chemical cooling
For all branches of the chemical industry the t KD Works deliver compressor, turbo-compressor, absorption
or ejector cooling equipment, according to the required output I. e. not only individual machines but also
completely equipped engine rooms.
SN 300
.; 4 SN 300 vertical single-stage ammonia
compressor.
Compressor engine room of
chemical works.
TECHNICAL DATA:
number of cylinders
diameter of cylinders
stroke
speed min./max.
.-
neqntuiidth
ccailensr?se,,a_
4
300 mm
265 mm
200/500 RPM
rated output at 'max,' to ? 10? C, tk + 25? C,
t + 15? C
1,200.000 kcal/hour.
max. pressure in delivery and suction 16 at. g.
weight without drive 6.500 kgs
The most widely used type of cooling equipment is that using efficient
compressors of series design or with Vee shaped cylinders. By intercon-
necting several compressors maximum outputs can be reached.
8 VN 320
8 VN 320 single-stage or double-stage ammonia compressor
with cylinders in Vee shape.
TECHNICAL DATA:
of single-stage design:
number of cylinders
diameter of cylinders
stroke
8
320 mm
300 mm
may. 480 RPM
rated output at n max., to ? 10? C,
tk 25? C, t +1S? c
3,030.000 kcal/hour.
max. pressure in delivery and suction 16 at. g
weight without drive 16.550 kgs.
The compressor is manufactured also in the
double-stage design for which other technical
data are valid.
.
,7
ottios: collector combined ;IF
irr:c6Ofer.,
.9
Declassified
in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/02/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R002900190005-1
Cooling tur-b.O2cornpiessor for mixture of
propatie:Ond'prOPieretie.
Os'
:
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/02/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R002900190005-1
?"=.. EMWEMIZSUZadiaMMVSOISCOrCErkPICF6rIrliVikWaRgE47: 2.; 4711
The use of the turbo-compressors in the
cooling technique has many advantages
where larger cooling units are involded.
Assembly or cooling turbo-compressor for
propan of an output or 3,200.000 kcal/hour.
eV")
ei
Kb turbo-compresi" for a, mixture of propane, propylene and freon F 12 are being successfully used
:In many industrial, works. The, turbo-compressor shown here, for the mixture of propane and propylene
x
has,a cooling outputof.3,200.000 kcal/hour, at an evaporation temperature of- 18?C and a condensation 5;'*-
..,..,ktemperature , C Thestprbo-compressors are adapted to the cooling circulation with double thrott-
i4xiVi a8ditiO9ii.drawing-in Of saturated steam extrated at the first throttling at a pressure of the coolant
&.Of6;72at abs.
??? ?
? -
e.-cqqpn:Cplaot turbo compressor for
,
r7eViil*W2..;ii?-. 46,4 ilie" double stage
coolirVequJRT,entAatla49c,a1., output of
.i.tl'700,;:508kea,11h;?,,,,14:1!?_Th:6-: "temperature
the first
CicOflu stage, t tie ?
?:-=-; ,
condensation temperature being + 30?C.
.1-igwri'favdiiiiibitedifiiiiei? blades are
L
".use.&forZtheregulation::ohthe output
ItitiVis
Wiifilritia'-widewran-e5,1m.t.thetfoodstuff in-
ustrictiteseiturk:97'.EorrAirg5.scirs are used
?.-.,,y/ate purificatin; p an ts:
It
aohngp4lantturbo-compressor 4?`(V--' ?
- r
- -?????-? ??????-
01107".
The chem. ical industry engaged in the synthetic production of petrol, rubber, silk, new materials and other
materials requires at certain phases of the production process considerable quantities of coldness. In the
chemical' production works heat sources are very often not utilized and these can be successfully used for
the absorption cooling equipment.
Advantages of CKD absorption cooling:
it contributes to the balance of the boiler room operation, it removes the condensation losses, the cooling
output may be regulated within a wide range, the consumption of the electric power is negligible, the
attendance is simple, the prime costs are low, It utilizes the space of the factory hall as to height.
.Absorption cooling equipment of an
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Cop Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/02/25 CIA-RDP81-01043R002900190005-1
The increasing interest in the physical trai-
ning and the popularity of winter sports
among the general public brings to the
foreground the interest of the public in arti-
ficial ice-rinks and winter stadia.
Total view of the construction of
artificial Ice-rink.
The main advantage of artificial-ice-rinks of KD make
is the successful solution of the uniform feed of all pipes
In the Ice surfaces.a?nd a reliable and economical operation
under the most varied climatic conditions.
4,107M-
s ; ? "' t?-:;A-. L7, g-
Recently the KD Works intro-
duced a new type of artificial ice-
rinks constructed for direct eva-
poration of ammonia.Ammonia Is
driven by pumps from the expan-
sion tank through the distribu-
tors into the header and thence
back into the expansion tank.
This method has considerable
advantages and begins to predo-
minate in world production due
to lower operation costs and
a longer life of the equipment.
The typified project of this ice-
rink is solved so that it enables the
maximum adaptability according
to the local lay-out, climatic an
Suggestion for indoor-sports-hall ? ground-floor.
- - _
generaFly solved so that the founda-
tion is formed by a dens.e.network of smooth steel pipes
grouted into the concrete surface. As the cooling medium
-
brine is usually used. It is coaled in the primary cooling
cycle and is driven b'y means of centrifugal pumps into the
pipe network. Ammonia is 'used as the coolant for the pri-
mary cycle.
:VW ? 11-1,??,- -
_
Arrangement of the brine distribution into the
Tp,te cooling network of the ice-rink. ?
npriaRRifipri in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release
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, r?LT ? ? ?J-7
i
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Heating apixtratus;ang stea.iji ,absorber of the -
freon air- cOnditioning equipment.
Ot?J?tnlr.M.10,14,4- .
y 'it, ,' 9 12,/ ;
Air--conditioning
By the tise of the air-conditioning equip-
ment an agreable and harmless atmos-
phere in dwelling buildings and production
areas of the works Is ensured. In industria
works air-conditioning serves also for the
prevention of material losses and for the
improvement of the quality of the pro-
ducts.
conditioning equipmen must keep th
The air conditiot e required temperature and humidity and rid the air of soot,
, ,
smoke or !oiher impurities, sinlultaneously supplying the air-conditioned spaces with a sufficient quantity
i 1
? ? --/
-- ?of-fresh ?alrd In rpodern industrial production, air-conditioning forms a commonly installed part of the
t 4
equipment of all chemical Works and is currently required also for other works constructed in the hot
I
I 1
climate. The CID air-condiiioning equipment already proved satisfactory in many building and industrial
4 ,
1
works and cap kg supplied for any specific purposes required.
, -
' 7j
?
11
nat.,
VO?be.yarao, ? u?s?-? re0000
.1=1.
loom ot the air-conditioning equipment
of chemical works.
?
Prodtk of ampoules'.
Laborcifoires:-
-
For laboratories of the Research Institutes
and scientific institutions,as well as for
pathological institutes,ap:d?ctematoria the:
KD Works design and deliver special
cocling equipment,_,adapted_ip.
sign and operation to ,the required con-:
ditions.
Production of medicines
For the. Cleanness of operation and reliability the KD equi-
pment Is suitable even for the most exacting branches such
?as the?production of medicines, especially that of penicillin
and streptomycin.
Crematorium building provided with
CKD cooling.
ado. dm. AN.
Production of penicillin with the use
of cooling equipment.
Crematoria
Niam
Li
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/02/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R002900190005-1
?
SOLE FOREIGN SALES CORPORATION
TEC HNOEXPORT
PRAHA - CZECHOSLOVAKIA
????
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/02/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R002900190005-1
?
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PRAHA - CESKOSLOVENSKO
? ?si
OOP,
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/02/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R002900190005-1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/02/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R002900190005-1
KD STALINGRAD, nfirodni podnik, PRAHA- cE SKOSLOVENSKO
L'KD Stalingrad, zavod ministerstva teikeho strojirenstvi je nejvetgim zavodem v Praze, hlavnim mesa esko-
slovenske republiky, a jednim z nejvetgich strojirenskSrch zavodit v t SR. Byl zaloien roku 1896. Pavodne tovarna
na elektricke stroje Kolben a spol., pozdeji po sloueeni se strojirenskS7mi zavody ?Prvni Ceskomoravskou tovarnou
na stroje" a Breitfeld-Danek a spol., byla Casti koncernu eskomoravska-Kolben-Danek, kterS, se hlavne zabSrval
dodavkami kompletnich ce1kii (elektraren a priimyslovfch zavodii).
DNEgNI KD STALINGRAD, NARODNI PODNIK, VYRABI A DODAVA:
pari turbiny pro potieby energetiky a priimyslu, turbokompresorY na vzduch a jina media, turbodmychadla,
elektricke stroje toeive vgech druhii na stiidavf a stejnosmern'Y proud, velke transformatory, elektricke piistroje
na nizke, vysoke a velmi vysoke napeti, rtuiove a rotaeni usmernovaCe, vfzbroje dieselelektrickfch vozidel Zelez-
nienich, poulienich a diilnich drah elektrickfth, elektricke obloukove pece, odlitky ze gede litiny, ocelolitiny a ba-
revOch kovii a ?adu piislugenstvi k uvedenSrm zakladnim strojiim a zalizenim.
Dodavame vgem pramyslovSrm odvetvim, t. j. dolum, hutim, strojirenskfm, energetickfm a chemickfm zavodiim
nejen v tuzemsku, nSrbri do vgech dila sveta.
Pro zajimavost uvadime, kam jsme ji vgude dodali sve vfrobky:
- ISai -
Argentina
Australie
Bulharsko
Iadie _
Dansko Isle of Man
Egypt Italie
Francie Irak
Holandsko Jugoslavie
Korea
Madarsko
Maroko
Nemecko
Polsko
Persie gpanelsko
Rakousko
Rumunsko Turecko
Sovetskf svaz Velka Britannie
gvedsko
Na dalgich strankach Vas chceme seznamit s nekterfmi svfmi vfrobky a iivotem v zavode.
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/02/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R002900190005-1
4H,Q-CTAIIMHITAA HaquonanbHoe npeAnpinTwe rIPArA-11EXOCJIOBAHHR
MKA-Grammrpag, 3am:on MmuicTepcma mamnuocTpoemm, IIBMICTCH cammm 6onbunim aaHogom B Hpare,
cTomme IlexocnoHanxoit Aemoxparnmecxoli pecny6nuxu 11 ogimm 113 cammx 6onbumx mauxnuocTponTenx-
IthIX npegnpuirruil Ilexocnosaxml. 3aBog 6mn ocHosan B 1896-m rogy.
cba6puxa ?Kon63H ii Ko", nponaHoginumax cuanana 3neximitnecxue maumnm, nongnee nocne o6T.egnnemm
C maumnocTpouTenmimmil aasogamn ?HeimaH IlemcxomopaucxaH maumnocTponTenbHasi (1)a6pHxa"
H ?BpeiiT4)enbg-Aanex H Ko" Houma B cocTas xonnepna ?ilemmomopaucxam-Kon63H-ganex ii Ko", xo-
TOpbIll cocpegoTonlincH Ha nponsHogcTue KOMMICKTHOTO o6opygosam1H (anewrpnliecEux cTannuil H npo-
mmumemmx npe)npuHTHii).
B HACT05111.1EE BPEM5I HAHHOHAJIbHOE IIPEAIIPMITHE IIK/A-CTAJIHHTPAA IIPOH3BOAHT
H HOCTABJI5IET :
Hapoxme Typ6mim ;Arm noTpe6HocTeii 3HCFCCTIIKII 11 Up0MbIIIIIICHHOCTII, BOMIIIHbIC K gpyrne Typ6oxom-
npeccopm, poTannounme anexTpuziecxne maunmm nepemelmoro 11 nocTommoro TOES ucex corrou, 6o3jbume
TpaH4opmaTopm, anexTpumecEne yeTpolicTisa BbICOKOF0 11 cHepxamcoxoro Hanpsmemm, pryTHme Hi:Tama-
mumecH Bb111pHMIITeK11) o6opygosam1H iIH All3C31b-3JICKTp0B030B wenennogopownoro 11 ropHonaBoncxoro
nyTHH AHHHH ropogcxoro TpamHaa, gyroHme anexTponom, cranxHoe, gyrynHoe H imeTHoe JIIITbC 11 prig
npunagnemmeTai gam yxanaimmx OCHOBHMX maums II aopygoBannii.
MbI nocTaunmem o6opygosamie mem oTpacimm npommumenHocm, T. C. maxTam, meTannyprimecxilm
H xHmHmecxum npegnpmfrruHm He TO11111(0 Ty3CMHb1M, Ho II nHocTpannbim BO ucex CTAX cueTa, xax 1311A110
113 cnegymmero cnnexa rocygapcTs, KOTOpbIM MM 110CT31331111111 CBOH II3W1111/1:
An6amm
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B Hamem npegnpnarml.
KD-STALING RAD, volkseigener Betrieb, PRAG-TSCHECHOSLOWAKEI
elCD-Stalingrad, em n Betrieb des Maschinenschwerbauministeriums, ist der groBte Betrieb in der Hauptstadt
der Tschechoslowakischen Republik Prag mid eine der groBten Maschinenfabriken in der Tschechoslowakci.
Er wurde im Jahre 1896 gegriindet. Urspriinglich als ?Elektromaschinenfabrik Kolben u. Cie.", spater nach der
Fusion mit dem Maschinenbetriebe ?Erste bohmisch-mahrische Maschinenfabrik" und mit ?Breitfeld-Danek
u. Cie", bildete er einen Tell des Konzerns ?teskomoravska-Kolben-Danek", welcher sich vorwiegend mit Liefe-
rungen von Kraftwerke- und Industriebetriebe-Komplexen befatite.
DER GEGENWARTIGE VOLKSEIGENE BETRIEB STALINGRAD ERZEUGT UND LIEFERT:
Dampfturbinen f?r Energiewirtschaft mid Industrie, Turbokompressoren f?r Luft und andere Gase, Turboge-
blase, elektrische Drehmaschinen aller Art fur Gleich- und Wechselstrom, GroBtransformatoren, elektrische
Apparate fiir Hoch- und Hochstspannungen, Quecksilberdampf- mid Rotationsgleichrichter, Ausrustungen f?r
dieselelektrische Fahrzeuge mid fiir Eisen-, Strassen- u. Grubenbahnen, elektrische Lichtbogenofen, Grauguti-
StahlguB- u. BuntmetallabgiiBe und eine Reihe von Zubehor zu den obenerwahnten grundlegenden Maschinen
und Anlagen. Wir f?hren Lieferungen an alle Industriezweige d. h. Bergwerke, Hiittenwerke, Maschinenbau-
u. ICraftbetriebe und chemische Betriebe nicht nur f?r Innland, sondern auch fiir alle Weltteile aus.
Als eine Wissenswerte Tatsache g iu
_eben wir an. woh all.seits imsere EszgugrIfsce geliefett bairn:
????? 4! ? ????
Albanien
Algerien
Argentinien
Australien
Bulgarien
China GroBbritanien
Dfinemark Holland
Deutschland Indien
Agypten Irak
Frankreich Iran
Isle of Man
Italien
Jugoslavien
Korea
Maroko
osterreich
Polen
Rumanien
Schweden
Spanien
Tasmanien
T?rkei
Ungarn
USSR
Auf den nachstehenden Seiten machen wir Sie mit einigen unseren Erzeugnissen und mit dem Leben in unserem
Betriebe bekannt.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release
413
? 4,4
p
NATIONAL ENTERPRISE tKD-STALINGRAD, PRAGUE-CZECHOSLOVAKIA
UD-Stalingrad, the undertaking of the Ministry of Industry 1st the largest industrial work in Prague, the capital
of Czechoslovakia and one of the most important industrial undertakings in the whole country.
Founded in the year 1896 as Electrotechnical Works Kolben and Co., this undertaking became later on after
amalgamation with First Czecho-Moravian Engineering Works and with Breitfeld, Dann and Co. a part of the
eskomoravska-Kolben-Danek Co., Ltd., that was mostly engaged in supplying complete units, such as power-
stations and industrial works.
THE FOLLOWING PRODUCTS ARE MANUFACTURED AND SUPPLIED BY OUR PRESENT NATIONAL
ENTERPRISE tKD-STALINGRAD:
Steam turbines for power-generating and industrial purposes, turbocompressors for air and other commonly
used gases, electric machines of current and special design to meet all requirements of our customers, high power
transformers, electric devices for A. C. and D. C., low, high and very high voltages, mercury arc rectifiers, most
up-to-date equipment for Dieselelectric railway-cars and locomotives, street motor-cars, electric vehicles for
mines, electric arc furnaces, grey cast-iron, cast-steel, non-ferrous metals castings and a lot of various accessories
and fittings to the quoted basic machines, equipments and devices.
We supply all branches of industry, i. e. mines, metallurgical works, engineering, power-generating and chemical
works all over the country and in many parts of the world as we have exported our products to the following
countries:
Albania
Algiers
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Bulgaria
China
Denmark
Egypt
France
Corea
Germany
Great Britain
Hungary
Holland
India
Italy
Iraq
Isle of Man
Marocco
Rumania
Spain
Sweden
Tasmania
Turkey
U. S. S. R.
Yugoslavia
Poland
Persia
On the following pages we want you to get acquainted with some of our products and with the life
in our works.
L'ENTREPR ISE NATIONALE tKD STALINGRAD, PRAGUE-TCHECOSLOVAQUIE
dKD Stalingrad - entreprise relevant du ressort du Ministere pour les constructions mecaniques - est le plus grand
etablissement de son genre dans la capitale de la Republique Tchecoslovaque.
Fonde en 1896 retablissement s'appelait d'abord ?Ateliers de Construction des machines electriques Kolben
et Cie. Ce n'est qu'apres la fusion avec ?Premi? fabrique bohemo-moravienne des constructions mecaniques?
et avec la maison egalement bien connue de ?Breitfeld-Danek et Cie ? qu'il est devenu partie integrante de l'impor-
tante maison eskomoravska-Kolben-Danek?, colosse industriel qui s'occupait de livraisons des ensembles com-
plets (usines electriques et etablissements industriels).
L'ENTREPRISE NATIONALE t103 STALINGRAD D'AUJOURD'HUI FABRIQUE ET LIVRE:
Turbines a vapeur pour les centrales electriques et etablissements industriels, turbocommesseurs pour air et
autres matieres gazeuses, machines electriques tournante de toutes categories pour courant alternatif et continu,
transformateurs de puissance, appareillage a haute et tres haute tension, redresseurs a vapeur de mercure, con-
vertisseurs, equipement pour vehicules dieselelectriques de traction (chemins de fer, mines, tramways), fours
electriques-i-arc, moulages en fonte grise, en acier, en metaux non-ferreux et une suite des accessoires pour les
machines et les installations susdites.
Nous livrons nos produits a toutes les branches d'industrie, c'est-a-dire aux etablissements miniers, metallurgi-
ques, micaniqes, energetiques et chimiques non seulement a l'interieur du pays, mais egalement a destination des
pays du monde entier. A titre d'exemple nous citons ci-apres les pays, dans lesquels nous avons place nos produits:
L'Albanie
L'Algerie
L'Argentine
L'Australie
La Bulgarie
La Chine
Le Danemark
L'Egypte
La France
La Hollande
Les Indes
Isle of Man
L'Italie
L'Iraque
L'Allemagne
La Yougoslavie
La Coree
La Hongrie
Le Maroc
La Pologne
La Roumanie La Turquie
L'Autriche La Tasmanie
La Suede La Grande
L'USSR Bretagne
L'Espagne
Sur les pages qui suivent nous vous presentons quelques uns de nos pro duits pour vous mettre au courant de
ractivite et de la vie dans notre entreprise et nous vous prions de bien vouloir y preter attention.
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DOLI:JM DODAVAME: Tine motory trojfazove - asynchronni, stejnosmerne, fidici sou-
stroji Leonard. - Elektrickou pfistrojovou slzbroj. Specialni pohony rSpadel a zakladada
zemin. Pojizdne menirny se rtut'ov*mi usmerilovaei. Nevfbu?ne dalni akumulatorove lo-
komotivy, turbokompresory a turbo dmychadla.
PYAHHICANI TIOCTABJIHEM: Anurarenn Ann nog'emnbnc atatunn Tpexclmauble-acint-
xpoinune, nocronnuoro Toxa, ynpaannioutite arperarbi csicreNtin HEOHAPA.
Hpu6opbx onexrpoo6opygonanna. Cneguansuble nplutogin x oxcxanaropam u ornanbuble
mainunbx. Hepeganiicume nogcranguu co pry-min:nu IIMOWIMIITCHRM11. B3p1nno6e3ortac-
nate pyginpume axicymynaropnine onexrponoabt, Typ6oicomnpeccopbt n Typ6o3iccraycrepbx.
AN BERGWERKE LIEFERN WIR: Drehstrom-Fordermotoren, Asynchron-, Gleichstrom-
motoren, Leonard-Maschinensatze. Elektriscbc Ausriistungen von Apparaten. Spezielle
Antriebe von Baggermaschinen und Erdceinlegemaschinen. Fahrbarc Quecksilberdampf-
Gleichrichter-Anlagen, Explosionsgeschiitzte-Gruben-Akkumulatorenlokomotiven, Turbo-
kompressoren und Turbogebliise.
TO THE MINES WE DELIVER: Hoist-machines three-phase Induction-Motors, D. C.
Motors, Control Leonard sets.
Complete electric apparatus equipment. Special power shovels and earthworking-machines
drives. Ambulant substation on the basis of mercury arc rectifiers. Explosionproof storage-
batteries locomotives for mining purposes, turbocompressors and turboblowers.
AUX ETABLISSEMENT MINTERS NOUS LIVRONS: Moteurs asynchroncs triphases,
moteurs a courant continu, groupes Leonard pour la commande des machines d'extraction.
Equipement avec des appareils electriques. Commandcs speciales pour les excavatcurs et
les machines pour &placer les terres. Sous-stations ambulantes munies de redresseurs.
Locomotives a accus en execution non-explosive, turbocompresseurs et turboexhausteurs.
HUTIM DODAVAME: Motory trojfazove-asynchronni, synchronni a stejnosmerne. Regu-
laeni pohony valcovacich stork. Vysokopecni turbodmychadla. Elektricke obloukove pece.
METAHRYPTHIIECKHM 3ABOAANi HOCTABJIHEM: AnnraTenu Tpextbaonble-acun-
xponnbie, cnnicponiune Ii nocronnnoro Toxa. Perynupyemine npnaogin npoxarnbtx cranon.
Typ600lccraycrepal Ansi gostenitinic neqeui. anexrpngecxne gyrosbie newt.
AN HOTTENWERKE LIEFERN WIR: Asynchron-, Synchron-Drehstrommotoren, Gleich-
strommotoren.
Regelantriebe f?r Walzwerkgerfiste. Hochofen-Turbogeblase, clektrische Lichtbogentifen.
TO THE IRON-AND STEELWORKS WE DELIVER: Three-phase Induction Motors,
Synchronous Motors and D. C. Motors. Variable-speed drives for Steel-Rolling Plants.
Blast Furnace Turboblowers. Electric Arc Furnaces.
A L'INDUSTRIE METALLURGIQUE NOUS LIVRONS: Moteurs asynchrones triphases,
moteurs synchrones et moteurs a courant continu. Commandes a vitesse reglable pour les
laminoirs. Turboexhausteurs pour les haut-fourneaux. Fours-I-arc electrique.
ELEKTRARNAM DODAVAME: Alternatory, turboalternatory, transforniatory blokove,
regulaeni a meeici, pfistroje na nizke, vysoke a velmi vysoke napeti. Parni turbiny, turbo-
napajeCky.
3JIEKTPHILECICHNI CTAHIIIIHM TIOCTABJIHEM: Tenepwropbx, Typ6oreneparopm,
rpauc(topmwropm JAJIA pa?OTM B 6noxe c renepwropamn, perynnposonume II 113MCPOTCRII-
nate, annaparia nnnicoro a nincoxoro nanpniKennn, IIVICOKOBOJIbTIMIC aflflapaTM. Tlapoaine
Typ6nnin, porannonnme nurarenbubie nacocbi.
AN ELEKTRIZITATSWERICE LIEFERN WIR: Alternatoren, Turbogeneratorcn, Block-
Transformatoren, Regel-Transformatoren, Mawandler, Apparate f?r Nieder-, Hoch-
u. Hochstspannungen, Dampfturbinen, Turbospeisepumpen.
TaT-PIE-11.0WT.11-S...TATID15 WE.DELIVER; Alternators, Turbogenerators, Block-Trans-
formers. Very high voltage, high voltage and low voltage control andSeasTirilig apparatus
Steam Turbines, Turbo-Feed-Pumps for Boilers.
AUX USINES ELECTRIQUES NOUS LIVRONS: Alternateurs, turboalternateurs, trans-
formateurs de puissance, transformateurs de bloc, de reglage de la tension sous la charge
de mesure, appareils a bass; haute et tres haute tension. Turbines a vapeur, turbo-pompes
d'alimentation des chaudieres.
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DRAHAM A DOPRAVA DODAVAME: Elektrickou vfxbroj poulienich drah, vtzbroj
diesel-elektricktch lokomotiv. 'Opine drahove menirny se rtufovtmi usmeriiovaei, rozva-
deei a rychlovypinaei.
THTOBbIX HOJICTAHIIIHI H TPAHCHOPTA TIOCTABJISIEM: 3nexTpitgecxoe
o6opygonanne glut Tpabtaailabix moropuaronos, o6opygonanne TerIll0B03013 c onexTpit-
mecxoli nepegageil. Robin/tearable :it:geranium ;AIM 311eICIPH necxoil Tara, CO pryrabibut
npaburrenanta pacupegenurenbabibut ugrrabut a 6mcrpoitelicrnyloupokts nbilauoyareiurbut.
AN BAHN- UND BEFORDERUNGSUNTERNEHMUNGEN LIEFERN WIR: Elektrische
Ausriistungen von Strassenbahnen und dieselelektrischen Lokomotiven. Vollausgeriistete
Gleichrichteranlagen samt Quecksilberdampf-Gleichrichtern, Verteilern und Schnell-
schaltern.
TO THE RAILWAY- AND TRANSPORT-CORPORATIONS WE DELIVER: Street Motor-
Cars and Dieselelectric Locomotives equipment. Complete Railway-Substations equipped
with mercury arc rectifiers, switch-gears and high-speed circuit-breakers.
AUX COMPAGNIES DES CHEMINS DE FER ET DES TRANSPORTS NOUS LIVRONS:
Equipements electriques des tramways, des locomotives dieselelectriques. Sous-stations
completes avec des redresseurs I vapeur de mercure, panneaux de distribution et disjonc-
teurs ultra-rapides.
STROJIRENSKf m ZAVODOM DODAVAME: Elektricke stroje, pfistroje a transformatory,
pramyslove elektrarny, parni turbiny.
Odlitky z oceli, ?ede litiny, barevnch a lehktch kova.
MAIIIHHOCTPOHTEJIbHbIM 3ABOIXAM HOCTABHHEM: 3nexrpipiecxne btauniabi,
annaparbx H Tpanabopmaropbx, npombiinnennble oneirrpocramtan, napoable Typ6itabx.
?TAILORS 113 crams, ceporo azyryna, interim= ix nerxitx rarrannon.
AN MASCHINENBETRIEBE LIEFERN WIR: Elektrische Maschinen, Apparate und Trans-
formatoren, Industrie-Elektrizitatswerke, Dampfturbinen. GuBstiicke aus GrauguB, Stahl-
gull, Buntmetallguil und Leichtmetallen.
TO THE MACHINEBUILDINGVMUSTRY WE DELIVER: Electric Machines, Apparatus
and Transformers, Plant Power-Stations, Steam Turbines. Steel-, grey cast-iron-, non-
ferrous metals- and light metals-castings.
AUX ETABLISSE/VIENTS DE CONSTRUCTIONS MECANIQUES NOUS LIVRONS:
Machines electriques, appareils, transformateurs, centrales electriques, turbines it vapeur.
Jets en moule en acier, fonte grise, metaux non-ferreux et alliages legers.
CHEMICKfM ZAVODI:JM DODAVAME: Rtuiove usmeritovaee pro metalurgii. Specifilni
transformatory pecove. Rotaeni usmer,6ovaee na vvn k Mani plyna. Turbokompresory
a turbodmychadla na razne plyny.
XIIMIVIECKHM HPETHIPHHTHSIM TIOCTABJIHEM: Pryrnbie Branpiimarenx gam
merannyprna. Cuomo:11.1mm Tpaitc(liopmaropbx glut oneirrpagecxfix nexielt. BlalCOXOBOOMT
poragnonnbie Ebnipanturenit xlna 04EICTKH ranon. Typ6oxoNtupeccopm H Typ6oaxc-
raycrepbx glut paninax Ta30B.
AN CHEMISCHE BETRIEBE LIEFERN WIR: Quecksilberdampf-Gleichrichter f?r Metall-
urgic. Spezielle Ofentransformatoren. Rotations-Gleichrichter f?r Gasreinigung. Turbo-
kompressoren und Turbogeblase f?r Luft und verschiedene Gase.
TO THE CHEMICAL WORKS WE DELIVER: Mercury Arc Rectifiers for metallurgic
nurpop.E. Especially designed Furnace-Transformers. Rotary Rectifiers for very high
voltage as equipment fol. gas=1:1M fling instaaattons...Turbocompressors and Turboblowers
for various gases. - _
A ',INDUSTRIE CHIMIQUE NOUS LIVRONS: Redresseurs I vapeur de mercure pour la
metallurgic. Transformateurs speciaux pour les fours. Redresseurs rotatifs tres haute
tension pour nettoyage de gaz. Turbocompresseurs et turboexhausteurs pour divers gaz.
,
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/02/25 ? CIA RDP81 010 3 2
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release
PARNi TURBINY. Kondensa6ni, protitlakove, s jednim nebo
vice regulovanSrmi odbery resp. s regulovaqm protitlakem
i odberem, vicetelesove, rychlobeine s ozuberOmi p?evody,
pro nejvyK51 tlaky a piehiati pary. Male turbiny k pohonu na-
pajecich a kondensaenich 5erpadel.
IIAPOBBIE xongencannonnme, c npoTnno-
gannennem, c ognnm MIR 60311311.111M 1111C1101V1 perynnponan-
IIMX oT5opon, 111111 c perynnpyeirimrvi npoTnnogannennem
11 oT5opom, muoroxopnycnwe, 5bicTpcxoguhte c 3y5maToii
nepegameii gna cams= 'mem= gannennii xi neperpena
napa. Manme Typ5nnbt gnn-npnnoga nnTaTenmmxx 11 icon-
gencaTntax nacocon.
DAMPFTURBINEN. Kondensations-, Gegendruckturbinen
mit einer oder mehreren regelbaren Dampfentnahmen, bzw.
mit regelbarem Gegendruck mid Entnahme, Mehrgehause-
turbinen, schnellaufende Turbinen mit Zahnradiibersetzung,
fiir die hochsten Driicke und Dampfiiberhitzung. Kleinturbi-
nen zum Antrieb von Speise- mid Kondensationspumpen.
STEAM-TURBINES. Condensing, Back-Pressure Turbines,
with one or more regulated extractions, respectively with
controlled back-pressure, multistage, high speed turbines
with gear-type elements, for highest pressures and steam-
overheating. Small mechanical drive-types turbines for drive
of boiler feed pumps and condenser pumps.
TURBINES A VAPEUR. Avec condenseur, a contre-pression,
avec une ou plusieun prises de vapeur reglables, respective-
ment a contre-pression reglable de meme qu'a prise de vapeur
reglable, composees de plusieurs unites, a grande vitesse avec
engrenage, pour les plus hautes pressions de vapeur et sur-
chauage. Turbines de moindre puissance pour la commande
des pompes d'alimentation de chaudieres et des pompes du
condenseur.
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