THE PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR VARIOUS CONSTITUENTS IN SURVIVAL RATIONS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP81-01043R003700230001-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 195
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 4, 2014
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: May 1, 1955
• Content Type: REPORT

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STAT
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CIA-RDP81-01043R003700230001-1
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PART II
VOLUME I
THE
?
THE PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR VARIOUS CONSTITUENTS
.. ? IN SURVIVAL RATIONS
Part II. The Efficiercy of Young Men Under Conditions of Mc,deratc Cold
71-{E PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR VARIOUS CONSTITUENTS
IN SURVIVAL RATIONS .
Part /I. The Efficiency of Young Men Uraltr Conditions of Moderate Cold
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AfAY 1955
MAY /955
\VI11(.11T ..,11{ DE\ El OPM .E`
WhIGHT AIR DEVELOPMENT CENTER
All RESEAECH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMAND
UNITED STATES AIR FORCE
WRIClIT-l'ATTERSON AIR FORCE BASE, 01110
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FOREW:RD
:2N
The investigations described in this report were carried out in three
principal phases. A detailed protocol for a wirter field test was designed
in November and December of 1953. A 42-dey metabolic investigation was made
under field conditions at Chanute AFB, Illinois, and Camp McCoy, Visconein,
in the months of February, March, and April 1954. The biological specimens
collected and the clinical observations made were analyzed in the laboratcries
of the Health Service Research Unit, McKinley University Hospital, and the
Department of Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, between April and
December 1954. The research was supported by Contract No. AF 18(600)-80, with
Aero Medical Laboratory, Directorate of Research, WDC, Project No. 7156,
"Flight and Survival Foods, Feading Methods, and Nutritional Requirements,"
Task No. 71805, "Nutritional Physiology of Men Under Air Force Operating Con-
ditions and Emergency Sitmotions," (formerly RDO No. 698-81, "Survival Ration
Requirements"). The Contract Monitor was Dr. H. C. Dyme, Chief, Nutrition
Section, the Project Scientist, Lt. Col. A. A. Taylor, USAF (VC), and the
Task Engineer, Dr. R. F. Kline, also Of the Nutrition Section, Aero Medical
Laboratcry, WADC. Lt. Col. Foy W. Otto, Chanute AFB, served throughout as the
Project Officer. Th19 report constitutes the results of the joint efforts of
the reoporeible invehtigaters, R. E. Johnson, F. Sargent, II, and S. G. Stolpe,
and a teen of civillen and mIlitary associates to whom most of the credit
nhould go for the success of these studies. A team roster is included in
cection VII': Acknowledgements.
This !nventigation would not have been possible without the generous co-
operetion Jf the University Health Service, especially in making space available
le laboratories of the Health Service Research Unit at McKinley University
t:ospi*el, Univarsiti of Illinois.
We wish to acknowledge the generous cooperation received from Air Re-
search and Development Commend, Air Training Command, Fifth Army, and the
Purchesing Department of the University of Illinois. To Mrs. Norma Templin
we extend our thank, for assistance in editing this report. To Mr. Jamal
Samiany we are indebted for the quantitative charts.
-ea
a
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ABSTRACT. .
From Februiry 22,-.195h, throdgh Aptil h, 195h; 87 volunteer airmen and
12. Volunteer non-commissioned officers served as subjects in-a study of sur-
vival rations in moderate cold.at Chanute AF9 and in the field at Camp McCoy,
Wisconsin. The base laboratory was at McKinley Hospital, University of
Illinois, Urbana. To establish physiological, biochemical, nutritional, and
clinical judgments on the relative effects of work, water, calories, and
protein/Carbohydrate/fat ratio in all-ourpose survival rations, numerous
observations were made in two-week periods of .adequate, restricted, and re-
covery diets, with luxus amounts of vitamins at all times. Starvation and a
3000-Calorie adequate ration represented the worst and best regimens. Twenty
nutrient combinations could be rank-ordered, by 21 different 'tests, with
respect to effects on organ function and body efficiency. Clinical findings
could also be rated, below the 3000-Calorie control ration, the highest score
was attained both in hard work and in light wor4 by a combination supplying
unlimited water, 2000 Calories per day, and a distribution of calories of 15%
protein, 52% carbohydrate, and 331 fat. Limitation of water, decrease of
calories, or marked deviations in protein/carbohydrate/Tat; *ratios resulted in
measurable clinical or functional deterioration.
PUBLICATION REV.IEW
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This report has been reviewed and is approved.
iii
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TLE OF CONTEWS.
. .
(Each Section Is Preceded by a Detailed Table of Contents) ''' ?
' ? Page
Section I: General Introduction b 1
Section II: Methods . ? 0 :3
A. Administrative Aspects oT Field Trial .5
,
B. The Subjecte ? ? A ? . e .... ... ... .; ? 4. .8
? . . ? -
C. Protocol of Complqe Study., . .. .; ? .... . . . . .18
D. Nutrient%Mixtures and Dietetic Methods .? : ? 2h..
. .. .
.. . ... .. .
. .
E. Collection 'and preservation of Specimen ? 52
:
F. Nutrient and Other Balances ..'
G. Clinical%Pathologr: . ... : ??',:. : .,..' ... e . " . . ? 6.3 *.
. ,
. .?? ? , .
H. Respiratory Function and Resting Metabolism. .: ? . 71 ?
I. Cardiovascular Function '' .. . ?? .... v . .73 ?
J. Central Nervous 'System ? 7b
?
. .
K. Body ComPosition -' .fli
--.... L. Physical FitneSs ' . . 1 ? ? .. 01 ? I .? ?? ? . 1, 81,
. ,
H. Combined' Tests .. . . .: . ... ..... A . , * .. . . : .: 87
:. ? : . ? ?
?.. ? . . .
. .
O. Statistical Methdds'. ? , f 92
. .
?
Section III: Results ....I. .,. : 96..
A. Introducqqn 27
.. ... .
B. Body- ComPosition. ? . . A .9.6 ' .
? 2 .o
C. Renol.TUnatiun and Osmotic Regulativn . . 1 : .. ... lib . ?
.. t
? . .-
... , .
TABLE OF'ONTENTS (cnnt.),
? ?..
? ? ? ? Page.
D. Function of Endocrine Glands . ?... . .? . .... 17h
. . .
E. Other Organs and'SysteM Functibis ' ? : ?
F. Balances and Intskes ??260
, ?
3. Physical Fitness' ?.323
H. Clinical Evaluation of flutrient COMoinations
Section IV: Discussion ' . ? ? . 330.
A. Introduction ???130. ..
B. The Optimal Nutrient Combination for Survival in the Cold... 330
C. Theoretical Implications of Present Study ? . . 311
D. Important Unsolved Practical'Problems 350
Section V: Summary 31
Section VI: Bibliography 356
Section VII: Acknowledgements . 362
Appendix I: Methods
Appendix II: Experimental Data
Appendix III: Dietetics
Appendix IV: Clinical Observations
Appendix V. Meteorological Data
Appendix VI: Forme
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LIST OF FIGURES
14eber and. Title. ? . .
? . . ? ? .
. .
Page ?
- II. 1 CfganizatiOnal Chart.: Winter 195h 7.: ?
II. 2 Flight 2 Marches to Headquarers ??
. II. 3 Field Phase Orgaidiation: Winter 1954
, .11; 11. Conventional Military BarraCks Used by Subjects,
Chantte.AFB . ?? ? ;
II. 5. Encamimeht'of F1ieit 2 at Camp McCoy ?
II: 6 Lean-to Shelteryith?Personne/of?Flight-2%Githered
?
about Open Fire
?.
A/3C Rance:Bringing in Wood to Shelter'Area?at
Encampment of Flight 1
II. 8. 'Clothing and Accessories Issued to Subjects for Use at
? 11. :9
11. lo
Camp McCoy - ? "
Components of?EXperimental Regimens - Starvation
: ? : ? .
? .
.Components of Experimental Regimens - High
17
19 ?
.?
?
20 .
? ?
20.
20
20 .
'22*
?
32
Carbohydrate '(Code A) . . u ? 12.
U. 11 .Components of Experimental Regimens - High Fat, Loy
-.
Carbohydrate, .Low Protein (Code C) . 32
Components of Experimental Regimens High Protein,.
High Fat, Loy Carbohydrate (Code B)
. ?
Components of Experimental Regimens - 15/52/33.(Code D,
. .
"Normal Mixture") ? ?
.Components of Experiiental Regimens - Water
(Code U and L) ?
The:Preparation of Individual Portions, Chanute AFB,
Winter 1954
'Crimping of Aluminum -Containers, Chanute Att..'
'Winter 1954 / ? ?
. ' ? .
Prepiliation of Individual Portionaof Experimental
Regimens, Camp McCoy, Wisconsin,-Wintet 195h
,
?
??
? ?
,
,
32
32 .
32
38
38 ?
?38 ?
Ni)
--4
??
??
*LIST OF FIGURES (cont.)
?
. .
,II. 18 Preparation of Meat' Bar, damp McCoy, Wisconsin,
.
Winter 195k
? ?
. ?
? II. 19 -Tray Check, Chanute AFS, Winter 195b
? ? : ? . . . .
'II. -20. Typical Tray of Pre-Periods and Recovery, Week 1,
? ?
Chanute. AFB, Winter 1951 .
?
? ? .
, . ?
11..21 'Members of Flight 1 (Fdreground) Eating. a Meal
. .
in Pre-Period; Chanute 'AFB; Winter 1954
II. 22 Flight Leaders :Supervising SecSnds of Members of
? ?Flight h, 'Chanute AFB;yinter 1954
Page
38
112
la
42
II: 23 Meighbacks After a Meal, Chanute Alt, Winter 1954 bh
25 Issuing'Food to Subjects of-Flight 3 in. Experimental
? .. Period) Camp.McCoy, Wisconsin) Winter 195h hh
..11. 26 'Meal Time During aperlmental Period, Camp McCoy,
Wisconsin:, Winter 1954'. bh
27 ?A/3C Fcrd and A/3C J. H. 'A.?mstrang Delivering 24-Hour
Specimens to the Clinicaltalloratory
? ? ? ? . ?
U.
28 Carrying Caseafor Transport of 2h-Hcur Specimens 5h
?
114 29 Leading the B45 at?LaCrosde, Wisconsin 5h
. ? ? . . .
II. 2h. Recording Water Residuum.in Canteen
.11. 30' Dr. Ira Lichton Prepiring Pooled Specimens from
? 24-Hour Urinary Specimens
. ?
?
II. 31 ?Homogenizei, - Mixer fox Food and FeCee
II. 32 Respiratory Metabolic Apparatus'
. . ? ?
II. 33 Respiratory Metabolic Apparatus in Use
?
5h
58
73
7h
34 Weighing Subjects, 04 McCoy, Wisconsin, Winter 1951i ? ? 76
U. 35 D?abinciF cs.f Pliyht 1 RecV_ving: Deuterium Oxioe for Body
- Water Test, Camp'McC:oy) Wisconsin,'Wiheer 19511
II: 36 Wan, CampMcCoy, Wisconsin, Winter 195b 85
8?
? ? ?
. ? .
. vii
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? LIST .OF FIGURES.(cont.)
?
? 11.-37 .Counting fulse"Afteryalf-Mile RUn,.Camia McCoy,
Page
Wisconsin, Winter 195h 86
Clfnicil Testing Area., Camp McCoy; Wisconsin; Winter 1954. 89
III.. 1 ..Dally Maximum and Minimum Temperature, i'ficter '195h 99
iII. 2 Body Composition: Weight Lo?s0Hard.Werk, Winter .195h) . .
III. 3 Body Compositiont Weight Loss (Light Work; Winter 195h). .
h .864y Water I. D20 Space (Liiers, Hard Work, Winter 195h).
Body Water 020 Space' (Liters, 'Light Work.,
Winter .1951i)
III. 6 'Body Water 020 Space (% Body Weight, *Hard Work,
- Winter 1954) .
III. 7. Body Water IV. 020 Space (% Body Weight, .Light Work,
Winter 1954) ***** ? ?
? ?
101
. 102
. llh
.1114
.116
116
it
8. Water Diuresis (Hard Woi:k,swinter 1954)
118
9 Water Diure!is (Light Work, Winter 1954)
118
10. Water Diuresis. Test Vs. Change 'in Water.
13.9'
?
.? ? . Body
III. 11 Water Diuresis, Test Vs: Serum Osmotio Pressure . ?
Winter 1954) . . . , . . , ........
120
III. 12 .45.Body Water Vs. t Osmotic Exeretion (Winter 1954)
120
:7p1.?
. III. 13 Subjects of Flight 2 Before and After .Experimental
Periods'. (Starvation and 1000 Calories, Limited Water,
Hard Work)
126
. ? . ?
Subjects of.F1'ight 2 Before and After'EXpermental
Periods (2000 an ")00 Calories, limited Water,
Nord Work) ?
128 ?
?
. III; 25 Subjects of Flight Before and After Experimental-
Periods .(Starvatio3 and 1000 Calories, Unlimited Water,
? - Light.Work) '
330
`1"
??
. ..
. hi.. 16- Snbects of Flight 3 itfore.and.After EXperimental
.. ? .
Periods (2000 and 3000 Calories, Unlimited -Water',
.
Light .Work) '' . ' ? ? 132
: :14T. 17 Frequency'DitribUtion 4:4 MinuteUrins Volume 138
. .
III. 16. Otic Urine/SeruM?Ratio (Merl Wdrk)% 157
z
? ?Iii. 19 ..0siotip Urine/SeruM Ratio.1Ligiit Work) ? 158
:
III. 20 .Osmotic U/S Ratio /s. Urine.Volume (Pre and Ret) 159
III. 21 Osmotic'BIS?Ratie Vs.. Wine 'Volume.
.(Experimental Period) ?
OF*.FIGT: (cont.) ?
, . ?
?
. %
'page
159
22. Obligatory and 'Isosmotic Volume Ve,.0smotit .Load ? 160
'III. 23'. Renal Function:.' Creatinine Clearance.