SURFACE-TO-AIR MISSILE ACTIVITY SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

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• Collection: NGA Records (Formerly NIMA)
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP81T00034R000100580001-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 29
• Document Creation Date: December 28, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 23, 2010
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: January 1, 1981
• Content Type: REPORT

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imagery aaalyala report
Surface-to-Air Missile Activity
Sub-Saharan Africa (S)
Secret
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SURFACE-TO-AIR MISSILE ACTIVITY, SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA (S)
1. (S/D) Surface-to-air missile (SAM) activity has been identified on satellite imagery with
the military forces of 11 countries in sub-Saharan Africa has been identified on satellite imagery.
This report summarizes the current status and recent activity of these SAM systems and provides
location maps, tabular listings of SAM-associated facilities, and photographs of representative
facilities. Information contained in this report is current as of
2. (SAD) The Soviet Union has been the major supplier of SAM equipment to Sub-Saharan
Africa, and ten of the 11 countries with SAM systems possess Soviet-built systems (Table 1 and
Figure I). While the first observation of SAM equipment in Sub-Saharan Africa was in April 1971,
most of the countries have received these systems since 1976. Before 1976, only Sudan and Somalia
possessed SAM equipment.
3. (SAD) The Soviets have exported four SAM systems to this region-the SA-2, SA-3, SA-6,
and SA-7. The SA-2, amedium-altitude SAM, is presently deployed to three countries-Ethiopia,
Somalia, and Sudan. This was the first SAM system of any type to be delivered to sub-Saharan
Africa, having been initially identified in Sudan in April 1971. The SA-3 is glow-altitude SAM
that is currently deployed to seven countries in this region-Angola, Ethiopia, Mali, Mozambique,
Somalia, Tanzania, and Zambia. The SA-3 system was first observed in Sub-Saharan Africa in
October 1976 when sites were identified in Tanzania. The SA-6 is glow-altitude mobile SAM that
has been deployed with the military forces of one country in this region-Tanzania. The SA-6 was
first identified in Tanzania in January 1979. Additional detail on the deployment of the SA-2, SA-
3, and SA-6 systems is given in this report in the sections describing the SAM deployment within
each country.
4. (S/D) The SA-7 is the most widely deployed Soviet SAM system in Sub-Saharan Africa.
This low-altitude, portable SAM has been identified in eight countries in the region-Angola,
Chad, Congo, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Sudan, Tanzania, and Zambia. The SA-7 is a man-trans-
portable system that can be fired from completely unprepared launch positions. However, revetted
firing sites have been identified with this system and can be used to confirm on satellite imagery
the presence of the SA-7 within a particular country. These revetted firing sites are usually ob-
served in an area where the SA-7 forms part of the air defense network for a permanent installa-
tion such as an airfield or barracks area. Revetted sites have also been identified for use in training
personnel on SA-7 firing procedures. Figure 2 shows personnel undergoing training on the SA-7
system at a training site near Nacala Airfield in Mozambique. Support towers for
a probable moving target silhouette are adjacent to this training site. Because of -the small size of
the SA-7 and the fact that a prepared launch site is not required, satellite imagery cannot provide a
complete picture of SA-7 deployment. Therefore, this report does not describe SA-7 deployment
patterns in detail. Table 1 indicates where SA-7 firing sites have been identified.
5. (SAD) In addition to the four Soviet systems, two Western-produced SAM systems have
been identified in Sub-Saharan Africa. The French Crotale, a mobile low-altitude SAM system,
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has been observed in South Africa since March 1976. In South Africa this system is referred to as
the Cactus system. The British Tigercat, also a mobile, low-altitude SAM system, has been identi-
fied in two countries in the region-South Africa and Zambia. The Tigercat system was initially
identified in Sub-Saharan Africa in April 1976 when it was observed in South Africa. Additional
detail on the deployment of the Crotale (Cactus) and Tigercat systems is contained in this report in
the sections describing the SAM deployment within each country.
BASIC DESCRIPTION
Angola
6. (S/D) Two SAM systems have been observed in Angola-the SA-3 and the SA-7 (Table 2 '
and Figure 3). The first indicator of SA-3 deployment in Angola was the identification of SA-3-
related construction in the vicinity of Lubango (Sa Da Bandeira) in early May 1979. Three launch
sites and one support facility were observed under construction in this area at that time. The first '
identification of SA-3 equipment took place in July 1979, when SA-3 canisters and canister trans-
porters were on a train at Sa Da Bandeira Railroad Yards and Shops South In 25X1
April 1980, SA-3 equipment was initially identified in the Mocamedes area and in June 1980, SA-3
equipment was observed for the first time in the Matala area. Presently, one launch site and one
SAM support facility have been identified in the Mocamedes area, and three launch sites (only two
occupied) have been identified in the Matala area.
Ethiopia
7. (SAD) Three SAM systems-the SA-2, SA-3, and SA-7-have been delivered to Ethiopia
by the Soviets since early 1978 (Table 3 and Figure 4). The SA-3 was the first s stem to be seen in
country, with site construction identified for the first time near the cit of Aseb on SA- 25X1
3 equipment was observed six days later at Aseb Port Facilities ,where missile canisters 25X1
and canister transporters were identified. Since then a total of five SA-3 related facilities have been
identified in Ethiopia-three launch sites and one support facility near Aseb and one launch site at
Diredawa.
8. (SAD) The first indicator of the export of the SA-2 system to Ethiopia was the sighting of
SA-2 sustainer canisters in the hold of a Soviet Sosnogorsk-class merchant ship at Aseb Port
Facilites on On ~~ the first SA-2 launch site was observed south of Addis 25X1
. Since then a total of five SA-2-related facilities 25)(1
have been identified in Ethiopia-one launch site at Harar Meda, two launch sites at Jijiga, and '
one launch site and one support facility near Addis Ababa. Figure 5 shows one of the two launch
sites at Jijiga.
9. (SAD) The only country in West Africa to which SAM equipment has been deployed is
Mali, which has received the Soviet SA-3 system (Figure 6). SA-3 equipment was identified in
Guinea at Conakry Port Facilities from December 1977 through February 1978.
It was observed in a transshipment area an was probably the same equipment that was later
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identified in Mali at Bamako/Ville Airfield a
training site had been set up adjacent to a ar Ong apron on the west side of the airfield. This site,
Bamako SA-3 SAM Site Figure 7), is field deployed and consists of three four-
rail launchers and a LOW BLOW tracking and guidance radar. Support equipment-including
SA-3 missile canisters, canister transporters, and missile transporters-is frequently observed on
the adjacent parking apron. This is the only location in Mali where the SA-3 has been identified.
Mozambique
10. (S/D) Two SAM systems, the SA-3 and SA-7, have been observed in Mozambique
(Table 4 and Figure 8). The first indicator of impending SA-3 deployment was the identification of an
SA-3 site under construction near Maputo on OSA-3 equipment was observed in country for
1}tP first limo ..., a? _ .. ~ .- . _ _ _. _
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facility-have been identified in Mozambique. All of these installations are near Maputo. For addi-
tional information on the deployment of the SA-3 to Mozambique, refer to the related document
referenced in this report.
Somalia
11. (S/D) Somalia possesses the most extensive SAM network in sub-Saharan Africa. This
network is made up of 13 active facilities and employs the Soviet SA-2 5~8o SECRET
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Table 1.
Countries with SAM System, Sub-Saharan Africa
(Keyed to Figure 1)
phis ~ahlc' in ils eiuirett' i.r cla.c.ciJieci Sh.Y'RET/Vi~NINTF.L
French
Crotale British
Initial
deployment
Apr 71
Initial Initial Yes
deployment deployment
Oct 76 Jan 79
Initial
deployment
Jul 80
1-?Ol I S~~YO
Initial
deployment
Apr 79
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FIGURE 1. SAM DEPLOYMENT, SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
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11). The observation of SA-2 equipment near Port Sudan on (marked the first time a 25X1
Soviet SAM system was identified in Sub-Saharan Africa. SA-2 activity has been observed at four
facilities in the vicinity of Port Sudan-three launch sites and one support facility.
15. (SAD) Tanzania has three SAM systems-the SA-3, SA-6, and the SA-7 (Table 6 and Figure
12). The first identification of both the SA-3 and the SA-6 in Sub-Saharan Africa took place when these
two systems were observed in Tanzania. SA-3 equipment was in the vicinity of Dar es Salaam on ^ 25X1
The SA-3 system in Tanzania presently consists of six launch sites and one support 25X1
facility. Four of the launch sites and the support facility are in the Dar es Salaam area and two
additional launch sites are on Zanzibar Island.
16. (S/D) The SA-6 system was initially identified in Tanzania in January 1979, when a
regiment-sized SA-6 deployment (five batteries) was observed near Dar es Salaam. By late Febru-
ary, most of this equipment had been moved to the northwestern portion of the country to support
the Tanzanian invasion of Uganda. Four SA-6 batteries-one at Mwanza, two at Bukoba, and one
at Kammengo in Uganda-were identified in this area between March and July. However, by
November the SA-6 batteries had departed the northwestern portion of Tanzania and were con-
centrated in the vicinity of Dodoma where one deployed SA-6 site and three additional batteries of
SA-6 equipment have been identified (Figure 13). In addition, SA-6 su port equipment has been
identified in the vicinity of Mtwara Port Facilities indicating that the fifth 25X1
Tanzanian SA-6 battery may be deployed near this southern port city.
Uganda
17. (S D) No SAM systems have been identified with Ugandan military forces. However, on
an SA-6 site was identified in southwestern Uganda just north of Kammengo (Figure 25X1
14). This site contained three SA-6 transporter-erector-launchers and was part of the Tanzanian
military force that was advancing on the city of Kampala at that time.
18. (S/D) Three SAM systems-the Soviet SA-3 and SA-7 and the British Tigercat-have
been identified in Zambia. Two Tigercat sites, each consisting of one launcher and one guidance '
radar, were deployed in the vicinity of Lusaka International Airfield Figures 15 25X1
and 16) from April 1979 through February 1980. No Tigercat sites were observed on ~ 25X1
coverage of Lusaka International Airfield, and the present location of the Tigercat system within '
Zambia is not known. On ~ SA-3 equipment was identified for the first time in country 25X1
at Lusaka International Airfield. This equipment had been removed by 0 The present 25X1
deployment of the SA-3 system within Zambia is also not known.
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Table 2.
SAM Facilities, Angola
(Keyed to Figure 3)
This IaMe iii irs nrtlirerr is cla.c.ci~ed SECRET/W,vl,N7~EL
1 tem
Number
Installation Name
BE Number
Sa Da Bandeira SA-3 SAM Site SSE
, a a an eira - SAM Site NE
Support Facility
Mocamedes SA-3
SAM Site
Sunnort Facility
Matala SA-3 SAM
Site West
Matala SA-3 SAM
Site East-northeast
Matala AW Radar"
Facility West
First observed uco
First observed occ
First observed ucon
First observed occu
First observed ucon
First observed occu
First observed ucon
First observed occu
Field-deployed site
observed adjacent
to runway
and occupied
and active
and occupied
First observed
First observed
ucon
occupied
SA-3 launch battery
observed here
Operational;
3 four-rail SA-3 launchers
Operatiunal;
3 four-rail SA-3 launchers
Operational;
3 four-rail SA-3 launchers
Active;
supports three
SA-3 sites in area
Operational;
3 four-rail SA-3 launchers
Operational;
3 four-rail SA-3 launchers
Operational;
3 four-rail SA-3 launchers
Unoccupied;
still under construction
AW radar facility: nu
SA-3 equipment prc,ent
25X1
25X1
25X1
25X1
L ~J~"I
Z~X1
25X1
L~X1
25X1
25X1
L~X1
25X1
25X1
25X1
L ~J~"I
25X1
~ox-i
25X1
25X1
L~/~ I
25X11
"Tempuriry deployment area for SA-3 launch battery presently at SA-3 SAM site (item b).
**Temporary deployment area for SA-3 launch battery presently at SA-3 SAM site west (item 9).
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FIGURE 3. SAM DEPLOYMENT, ANGOLA
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Table 3.
SAM Facilities, Ethiopia
(Keyed to Figure 4)
/hi.c !nhle iii it.. rnlireh i.c rlu.csi/ied SECRET/WN/NTEL
Item
Number
Installation Name
BE Number
Aseb SA-3 Site
25X1
25X1
Aseb SA-3 Site North
Operational;
25X1
3 four-rail SA-3 launchers
25X1
Aseb SA-3 Site South
25X1
25X1
Aseb SA-3 Support First observed ucon
Active;
25X1
Facility Alelao First observed occupied
supports the two operational
5X1
SA-3 sites in the area
25X1
Operational;
7X1
six SA-2 launchers
25X1
Jijiga SA-2 SAM Site
(See Figure 5)
Operational;
North and occupie
d
six SA-2 launchers
25X1
25X1
25X1
25X1
First observed com lete
and
Operational;
occupied
six SA-2 launchers
First observed complete
and occupied
Six SA-2 launchers
25X1
Eouinment Park
25X1
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FIGURE 4. SAM DEPLOYMENT, ETHIOPIA
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Table 4.
SAM Facilities, Mozambique
(Keyed to Figure S)
Thic mbfe u~uc enriretr a rlarsiJied SECRET/ l4',V Lh'TEL
Item Installation Name
Number BE Number
3 Maputo SA-3 SAM
Site West
Operational;
3 four-rail SA-3
launchers
Field-deployed SA-3 launch
battery with 3 four-rail SA-3
launchers adjacent to this site;
Field-deployed SA-3 launch
battery with 3 four-rail SA-3
launchers adjacent to this site;
4 Maputo SA-3 SAM
Site SW
First observed complete Operational;
and occupied 2 four-rail SA-3
Active;
supports the three
operational SA-) sites
in the area
FIGURE 8. SAM DEPLOYMENT, MOZAMBIQUE
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25X1
25X1
LORI
25X1
7FY~
25X1
25X1
25X1
~~n-i
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Table 5,
SAM Facilities, Somalia
(Keyed to Figure 9)
lhi~ Ia61e in ila enriren' is ~la~siJied SFCRF]] N'11,1'7EL
Item Installation Name
Number BE Number
er era . - A
Site
Berbera SA-2 SAM
Support Facility
Hargeisa SA-2 Site
Hargeisa SAM Site
Uanle Uen SA-3 Site
Uanle Uen SA-3 Site
0
Uanle Uen SA-2 Sile
Uanle Uen SAM
Support Facility
Uanle Uen SA-2 SAM
Site
Operational;
six SA-? launchers
Active:
supports two SA-2 sites
in the area
Item
Installation Name History
Present Status
Number
BE Number
13 Mogadiscio SA-2 SAM First observed ucon
Operational;
Site 6 ~
six SA-2 launchers
First observed occupied
14 Mogadiscio SA-2 SAM First observed ucon
Operational;
Site 7 0
six SA-2 launchers
0 First observed occupied
D
IS Mogadiscio SA-2 SAM First observed ucon
Operational;
Site 5 ~
3 four-rail SA-3
~~ First observed occupied
launchers
First observed occupied
0
First observed ucon
Operational;
3 four-rail SA-3
launchers
Operational;
six SA-2 launchers
Active:
supports SA-2 and
SA-3 sites in area
Temporary deployment area for
SA-2 launch battery presently at
SA-2 Site (item 10)
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Mogadiscio SA-2 SAM
Site 2
Active;
supports SA-2 and
SA-3 sites in
area
Mogadiscio SA-2 SAM
Site 4
abandoned
first observed ucon
abandone
SA-2 launch battery probably
redeployed to Uanle Uen SA-2
SAM Sile (item 12)
Temporary deployment area for
SA-2 launch battery presently at
SA-2 SAM Site 7 (item 14)
Temporary deployment area for
SA-2 launch battery which
occupied SA-2 SAM Site 5
(item IS)
Temporary deployment area for
SA-2 launch battery presently
at SA-2 SAM Site 6 (item 13)
No SAM equipment ever seen
here
Adjacent to SA-2 SAM Site
6 & 3 (items 13 & 19)
25X1
25X1
25X1
LJ/~ I
25X1
LJ/~ I
25X1
LJ/~ 11
25X1
25X1
LORI
7FY1
25X1
7GV~
25X1
25X1
2_5X1
~FX1
5X1
25X1
7FY1
25X1
25X1
7FY1
25X1
~~x~i
~FX1
25X1
LORI
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FIGURE 9. SAM DEPLOYMENT, SOMALIA
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FIGURE 10. SAM DEPLOYMENT, SOUTH AFRICA
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P'QFtI'
SUCIAN
suoeN
Miles (approxl
0 100 200
~ 1 ~
lbm taatrnada. Nawte i#kwkry rr
Nam-er eE NarsAer
I BurSudaaSAMSitt Firstnbstrv~Iutor~ OperatonaN,
aSa?2 1 First obssrvad espied-~ eta sA-z Hu,rtchers
2 Bur Sutlan SAM Siit
A17-22
3 Bur Sudan SAMSite
A01.2 3
Firm observed a aM1 Clperetiwwl;
uaoccupi sia SA-2launchers
First obsenied occupied'
First observal com hxt uod Clperatrouai;
unoctuprod six SA?2 lauechera
Fitat abeerved otcup'
First ohservecl oetupied Low kvei otaMiviiy:
0 supports three SA?2 sites in
tAe urea
XPIC T-t>529
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25X1
L~J~ I
LJ/~ I
25X1
25X1
LJ/~ I
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Table 6.
SAM Facilities, Tanzania
(Keyed to Figure 12)
IhI~ ruhlr in (i,~ en~iri~lr i.. rha,ci/ic~l.SE('RE7~/!t'Vl1'TEL
Item
Installation Name
History
Present Status Remarks
Number
BE Number
I Bukoba Suspect SA-6
Two SA-6 batt
eries Abandoned No SA-6 site was observed
Site
present
~
~
near Bukoba
Z w'
3 Uodoma SA-6 Site NW
4 Dodoma SA-6 SAM
Support Facility
Zanzibar SA-3
SAM Site
6 Zanzibar SA-3 SAM
Site South
7 Dar es Salaam SA-3
SAM Site I
R Dur es Salaam SA-3
SAM Site 2
9 Dar es Salaam SA-3
SAM Site 3
10 Dar es Salaam SA-3
SAM Site 4
First observed occupied
FirstFirst o~ cupied
First observed aeon &
partially occupied
Operational;
field deployed
four SA-6 TEL
Active;
supports the SA-6
deployment in
this area
Three SA-6 batteries in
storage
Operational;
3 four-rail SA-3
launchers
SA-6 e ui ment here on
was parked in
travel mode
Operational;
3 four-rail SA-3
launchers
Operational;
3 four-rail SA-3
launchers
Operational;
3 four-rail SA-3
launchers
Operational;
3 four-rail SA-3
launchers
Operational;
3 four-rail SA-3
launchers
Active; SA-6 equipment observed
supports three SA-3 here on U'rst
sites in the area time in Sub-Saharan Africa
25X1
~~x~
25X1
25X1
25X1
25X1
25X1
25X1
L~J~ I
25X1
7FX1
25X1
25X1
L~J~-I
25X1
Z~X1
25X1
L~~ I
25X1
LJ/~ I
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FIGURE 14. SAM DEPLOYMENT, UGANDA
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/08/23 :CIA-RDP81T00034R000100580001-3
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/08/23 :CIA-RDP81T00034R000100580001-3
SECRET
(S/D) All available, applicable satellite imagery acquired from
in the preparation of this report.
[AR-0113/79, Air Defense Activity in Mozambique (S), Dec 79 (TOP SECRET
25X1
25X1
(S) Comments and queries regarding this report are welcom
25X1
Third World Forces Division, Imagery Exploitation Group, NPIC,
~
2X1
1-,'0/ 15/80 SECRET
lAR-0139/80
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/08/23 :CIA-RDP81T00034R000100580001-3
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/08/23 :CIA-RDP81T00034R000100580001-3
Secret
Secret
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/08/23 :CIA-RDP81T00034R000100580001-3