EXPEROENCE WITH FREEZING OUT OF VESSELS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00039R000100100040-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 90
• Document Creation Date: January 4, 2017
• Sequence Number: 40
• Publication Date: January 22, 1951
• Content Type: REPORT

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T~t~.e: ~XP,~,IENC~ tiYTTR F~EZINa OUT OF YES by V. K. Z~u~cov (USSR)
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~~~i So~raes 0 oro~}d, Sudov, Fttbl~ehad by ~ub~i~sin ~ ~~ouse o~ r.~ain
A ntstra log
o ~Nor~h~rn Spa Route, 190 50X1-HUM
~Zusaian book
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8 t arotio wor~ara been aa~ ~ 3
year to y ~
e e of the oauree of the Northern
aoientiflo reeeerob? work on ~
. A; with thi@ it ie neoepaary
g0e Route with 'un~6
oavi tion in the Arotio nerved
to empha~iee that the period when ~
hoe been left behind Tha Aaviet
only eoientifio reaearah
the tempo of reeearoh operations,
Arotio Fleet, while ant lessening
` oblem of the eoonomio development
is ever more end' more solving the pr
of the North
At event maritime ships ere able to oomplete the uieoeee~
r o rations a~ad return to ports in the oent?ra~.
freight end paasenge pe
the oo~arae of the short polar ~vigation
and southern latitulde s in
a few of them remain to winter in the diffio~ult oon-
aeaaon~ On]~?
r;~
ditionA of the Arotio Ooean
rta o! the Arotio increases with
The n~ber of ships viaiti~ng po
the ooaetwise fleet and avxil? floating
e~ah year. Along Stith this ,
and developiag~ This
unite. atta4hed to arotio ports are growing
eamea and arotio port workers Dome to the Arotio ~ ~'or a ti
of new s
t of these it ie neoeeeary to beoome aooueto~d for the fire
on y +
iee of arotio navigation and polar wintering
tune to the pe~,tiliarit
~ h oboe, these people '
~,o~g stable experienoe gained ~ pro
' .
Dom late new working oonc~itione, that ia, fo~.ow the
~:r , moat enoorun?ter p l9
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E~ ta`i
/led their predeoeseors~ here the same mietakee are often j1~
~ path tra've 'b~'
f, ~'Y
,f sad Donee uently the date of the fit~l mastering of the Arotio r
r. repeated, q
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~f~~ ie poetpon�d~
F*:,
~'k~~ one we ooneider it neoeseary to share otur
~'rcen these ooneiderati
~f~
rienoe borrowed from others and verified ~ praatioe ~ in o er o
E~t
r~~,~ to the work of new pereone in the soma profeeeion~
fao~itate and aooelera
c~ended m0aeures oonoern the extraordinaxi~
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f Our o"~eervations ~d reo
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and rep~~ ~'pe ~ k
rta~t aid Qtt@~t~.On 4f preserv~g
iffipo
p~ i a
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~ 3 under arotio
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100100040-6
a r0late t0 thA area 0~ th0 port 0~
The roao~c?oaded measure
~ the Irma, Yana, Indigirka ~ ~ Kolyma
Tika~ and the ~aoutha o
_ _ sae ~a~ar�o aen be applied with uni~'oxm
r~vera~ In our ~
ono wrerq~whoro, that ia,, everY~ero there
success ~ aratia ooAditi
tam ratureo throughout a long w~~r~
are ~4 ~
of 1g36-~,9~7 ~ e !or the drat
~hxri the wintering period
at des and oomplote freeeing-out of the
time the euoaeaat~l attempt A
f t of about ~ ~aeter e ~ An ioe look to a
aahaonor Tempi haQing a
aut ~`or the ship ~ the naturally ~roaen
depth exoeeding 4 Mere was
. th� entire winter ~riod was about
,oundiug ice Meld whioh duri~ag
in '~h� dook pouted ue to replaoe the worn
two meters 'thick Mak g
ed rudder, and to pad of lost
propellor, to repair the twist
f'al,ae keel f
rin riod of 1~~7-193~~ in spite of ~OOOrer
Tn the following wrote g ~
eaond feet of the ioe dook ~,e~,,l,lation
oonditione ~ we were able to rwn a s
�und,erwater part of the hull o~ tha ship
~ i~11, repair of th
s r~aitted ue to avoid sending the ship
by? April These operation pe ,
~ k or Mv~mansk) , a�d tbus w~conditionally
into repair in a port (~Arkhangel s
aohieve large sa~ngs ~ time ~ moneq
the oboe o~ the work of arotio ports
The wide introduotion into p~
ez .out e~r~ the nee�saity of hauling
of winter repair of ships hY fre ~
and this is espeoially important fQr ports
the ships out onto the shore
not a nipped with ship-raising equipment
whioh are q
sued in this period by freezing out and
positive results aohi
n e ice rin "For fishing boats wintering in
oonstruoting a piroteotiv g
ioe-navigation cannel in the region of
tha strip of paok ice in the
i e the uestion of the solution of a not
Bykov Cape permits one to ra s q
blem the protection of ships wintering
less important ~,eohnioal pro ~
_ Unfortwaa'te~~ experienoe in this
ohanee outside of port waters
d therefore we set it forth only' as a
respect is stiff. unique, an
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~
~ ,~enoral, as ie down, the distil ol~ing poou~,iarit~? of
navigating in aratia watora is tho ~ocoaonao o,~ ioo of ~g
thiokne ea aimost tho Soar round. Tho ioo is usu~a~,ly the roaeon
for aooid�nta, oapoaiall~ whoa ships arc foraod to winter in the
open ooa~ Tho greatoat damage, somotimoo o~~on oat~aing loon off'
ahipo, is s'nf ~orod by thoao ahip� which Fall into the raglan of
the so-oa~lod drifting lass, that ia, tho lose which pori~ci~,n+~~-y
~uot
go into motion, finder/such oonditiona wez~ boat, for inotano�, th�
steamship Chelyoakin in 19~1~ and tho ateam~,ip Raboahiy in 1937
In 19~g, the steamships Tovariahoh Stalin and I~,~men~, which
had wintered in drifting ioe in th� 197 navigation season, were
removed fror~ the io� seriously daroag�d
With the experience of the study of ioe accidents, ship building
engineering mint to create a �peoial typo of tra:asport sh~,p capable,
through its durability, if not of active struggle with the iae ~ as an
ioe breaker, than in arty case of resistance to ic� pressures
For operations in the coastal regions of the Arctic it is also
necessary to develop a special type of coastwise and auxiliary s ipe~
The auxiliary ships, evidently, must approximate the type of flatbottomed
rivdr ships having a draft without cargo off' not mor� than onle meter
These ships must be equipped for navigation in broken ioe and through
fields of newly formed sheet ice, which usL~a].ly quiokl~ outs through
wooden hulls All ships destined for arotid seas should have the moat
durable hul,, with a thick assembly of aonneotiona both in the length-
wise avid crosswise braoings
The cargo capacity of ships for navigation fraom Murmansk or Arkhangel~ sk
into the North Arotio Sea oa~n be on the average about 1,000 tons. For
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coastwise navigation between ports of the erotic the dimensions of the
~rhipe can be oonsiderab]~ /easy since these ships must base at those
' points between w~iah it navigates
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one of the moat aer~,o?~o ahorta~o ~'or preaexving aoa�twiae
ships in the Arotia is the lack in loom ports oi' ship-rai sing
raQilit3�s a.,~d~ ship r�p~a3r bases ~ in ap~lte of the t'aat that ~ the ee
ports all ships need a yearly inspection and repair off' tho under
water part of the hull
For saving ahipo d~aaged by ioe pro aaure; up to now iae navigation
practice has not developed ar~r definite rules giving aloe's positive
results ~ Tn general there is mown a aeries o,f measures help;t'~. to
some degree to ships which have gotten into diffioultieo in the ioe,
Same captains; forced to winter in th� open sea, first of all
try to lighten thc~ ship by unloading it onto the ioe; which reduces
the draft o~ the ship and makes it easier for the chip to force
itself out onto the ioe under par~eesure~ Ai'ter the holds are unloa~iod,
ao-called iae�beame are installed in them The ioe beams are durable
braces made of beams aoroAa the ship against the waterline with
lengthwise padding between the ribs ~ These braces, which false upon
themsel4es the force of ~e ioe presauro, save the hull of the ship
from crushing.
~Y, often in places where the ice pressure is strongest and
the ice h~eooks, it is Masted with ammonal or air other explosive ,
material with the aim of breaking the large ioe fragments threatening
the ship.
The first two measures were used, for e~mple; on the steamship
Tovarishoh Stalin; which as a re su],t of wintering was b�nt severel~r
but had not lost its navigabilit~r. After being removed frame the ioe
it was able to move under its own power in open water
For the almost ~,denticah steamship Rabochiy, under ar~al,agaus
oondit3ons~ these measures were not taken immediately and the ship
,
was crushed by the ice.
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Tho eaerated moa~xee for eavin,~ ships cooked in tho ioe
~ the apon aoa, oo far ae we know, ~uot about exhaust the
poaoibilitioo whioh oan be effeoted by ohip~ a orewa ~ When the
stews have not tn~len these maa~rae~ have ~'ema~ed in 'fie
role of pasoive apeatators to the resulting strug~~le of teohnoxogy
with nature and witnaooea oithor of the viotory of toohnology or of
eoriouo da~age and even loco of the ships
Tn the present work, alongside the teahniaal meanQ and meaeareo
of protesting ehipA from ioe dan~gv when they are wintered in ports,
we reao~nend one morn method or protesting ships wintering outside
of port waterer It ie possible that thiA method, used independent~r
or jointly with other measures, wild be able to give under kna~rn
oondition~ the ~aost positive results ~ In any oaae ~ our method has
proved itself when used for small ships in oonditions of drifting
shore ioe,
1, Putting the Ship up for the Winter
The ohoiae of a plaaa for patting the ship up for wintering is
one of the moat difficult questions which must ba decided by a polar
aaptain~ And putting the ship up for fressing-out aomplioates this
or3tioal probi~ even mare, sinc� th� suoaeaS of the whole operation
of freesinp-out and repair of the underwater part of the hull depends '
upon the oharaatar of the wintering pleas and the position of the ship,
The ahoioe of a plaa� for wintering is easier in closed basins
where the metrorologiaal conditions are known previously, where the
depth and condition of the ice during the winter are mown, and is
more difficult in the little stu~,ed areas in the eons of land floe.
In the latter oaae it is naaessary to guide oneself by the data
i
of one ~ s own measur3,ngs of the depths and relief of the shore and !
elevat~:ons~ The configuration of the elevations can influence the
formation of oraaks in the ioe, the degree of snow drifting in the
wintering place, etc
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~ ~
the otoation of a high shore Dan bo
A ship pit up under ~
,~~,oo a ohip 1~t up where the depth io
drifted to the gunwhal�o
of a so-Dolled ~~tidal~ oraQk for~aed
shallow, aa~ fall Ito the line
O0 when the water caps; wh�~ the tide
th� brea'k~g of the shore ~
surfaoe of the ioe through this oraok
m~r0e in water wi11 Dome to the
oe and the pradpeotive fraemi~-out plaaae
and Toad the standing p~
io lePt beneath the keel of the gesoel~
an ~aign~,f ioant depth
rr in the proaeso of fre�ai-out it
for inotanae, aentims ~ r
dawn to the batto~a end faotens on to it.
happen that the ioe forms
Lions of the leYel of the sea, of feoting
With a look of tide/ f~uotua
would be moat favorable, sines the valid
freezing-mot at suoh a depth
bottom would xemove a~gr poo�ibility of
freezing of the ioe down to the
emirs -out from the direotion of the bottom
flooding the f
~'e g
s moat dangerous to let the ship
~ tie 9ther hand, it i
oe the keel n~ny freeze to the bottom. In
against th� bottom, sin
ll be neoeeAary to oat~'y on exoeptionally
fre�zing-out a ship it wi
en ound ~ duoh works must be done only
heavy earth works in the froz
i is ounded ors shore or on a sandbank
in the extreme Dees where a sh p ~ ,
e of the Northern des Route in the ooe~stal
Along the whole scare
were there are tidal or drifting fluotuations
zcne and in the mouths of r-
ef from several oentimoters to a meeter and
in the 1eve1 of the sea
r~nittin fre�zing of t~eezing out the bott~r?,
more ~ Therefore, in pe d
k flooding it through the aide oraoks which Dan
it is possible to rie
e with a tidal wave. Para these oonsiderations
appear if the ioe rie e
effeot wintering out in a deepex plane with a reserve
it ie safer to
keel of not lase that? 15.2 meters
of depth vender the
t condition for putting up a ship for the
The seoond, most impor
eat sition or oourse for it in relat~.on
w~x;ter is the ahoioe of a aorr Po
n of ehowstorms~ It ie mown that in arotia
to the prevailing direotio
in a de th of from 5 to l0 meters in calms.
oonditions snow drifts a~tta p
a slo i after one or two snowstorms,
High abrupt shores beoam p ~
L;,,
p, 4
. fraon the sea to the dry land, as on an
rmits a gently e
. this pe rie
t'', olinad plane. ~
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100100040-6
ahead bae~? said, a dip ~t up Hoax each a shore wi]1
~a has
be drifted in up to tho superstruoture~
i stands in an open place with its aide toward a snowstorm,
lfaohp
first be drifted adai~?et along the whole windrd side to a
it wi11
level with the superatruoturo or with the k-cheer and then
there wi`,~3 be formed in front of the chip a enowb~c,
1~s?'~
and after several otorme the ~iA wi11 ~ the center of a lame snow
hil1~
t i� almost imposoible to combat tho snow drifts by cleaning
z
the shi in such a position Snow cleaned away Pram the sides
with P
all the morn aide the deposition of higher agd wider sno+~ba,~s
only
h the following snowstorm. In order to avoid such drifts, it ~,s
wit
neoessa to place the ship with the narrowest part -bow or stern -
in the direction of tho prevailing snow-bearing winds
rienae has shown that it is best o� all to place the ship
the bow but the stern toward the prevailing storms
with not ~
In this it is taken into consideration that the wider stern
rt of ~~he ship, placed under the frontal attack of the storm, is
not drifted with snow With the �hip in such a position, the snow
drifts be in to aoa~ul~?te only directly behind the bow, and this
g
most narrow part of the chip is always mare easily cleared of snow
This raotiae of placing n ship for wi~itering has already been adopted
P
in the rt of Tiksi, in the Bulunkan gu1~f~ Part schooners and road-
po
are t u ~'or wintering with the stern toward the local
stead tugs 1~ P
8tolava a Mountain to the Southwest ~ At the same time barges wintering
y
in the ort continue to be planed with the bow toward the storm, and
p
as a result a majority of them are drifted with snow and suffer damage
to the rudders because of settling of the ice under thA weight of the
a~now~
The lack of similarity in the position of ships in wintering
~ is a lamed of course by the feat that self propelled
the Tiksi y ~
r
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it .,t, .1N ~ ~C'''i .tfi~~'~ t:.a~~l t)t:~~l~~,.n.~ r'~i et
~ ?i larrp~ j 19�l~~ ~
6 ~L F :;DIY ~ r ~8,y f c~ 46t+~ i ~ ~ ~
e L T. j v ~T ~ f. f` 1
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boo loth p~twoAn ~~~e ~~ll end too aedd~n~ a~n a~a~~ and cause
oottlin~ and s~ippin~ off' the bra�e to ane side
r
support points of the Fracas are c(o~a�~~r~n�d by t~@ locations
o~ the links or ias su ~ ports, w~ioh, ae the ~roa~in~ out pra~ress�s
p
and as it is necQSSary, aro raplaoQd ay th@ ~racoe~ It is us�loso '
i
to install t~Q braces bof aro tho end oP thQ complote ~raecir~~ out,
as is it uQOless to pla~ca any ,type of su~~~?orts under the counter in th~o
a~?arn ~so18 and under thr~ out o~ the bow in thQ bow bolo, evon iP they
have alroady been eor~pletoly ~inishecl~ c~ero ardor kco1~ bcdd#~n~ is
suf~ici�nt~
I~ the ~re~~ing out is doing to be continued its th� ?~i~ble ~~art
of the ship, the ship will also continue to ciao, s�~aaratin,g i'ro~~ tho
fracas o~nd support at ~ha ondo, no m4~ttor how solidly they hav� bc~nn
wodged~ Driving pegs and even inst~lin~; additional b�art,s, at'ter each
ri�e of the ice, ie nc~ces~~ry aloo at the end �ide ~up~~orts~
Only the Brae�s installed in the middle pram of the chip re~riain
solid throughout the Froczing out under the keel, since the pr�ssure
and bulging of the icc~ is concQntrated here and the ice proaseg r~ainst
the bottom of th� ship the whole time.
Auer th� shxp has been installed on braces i~ it is necessary
to continue thn troeZing out deep�r, the eolfd connection of the supports
Frith the bottom of the ship must bo maintained anc~ wh�n a weakening of
the wedges is obsarvod, they must be driven in, sa as to maintain an
even pressure o~ the ship an all th� paints of su~~port~
In the opposite cagy:, if tho weight of the chip is tranw~erred to
a lir~,ted number o~ support points, the support paints will k~a stz~n~.nad
and eithQr the ice will d�vslop cracks or some support will collaps�
ar move, threa~tnnin~; to destroy tY~e whole system of suppor~?s~ ~i
1~ a bracQ i,s installed solidly, by the entire outer side, to
tho wall o~ the ice support, the danger off' i~?s slipping and�r great
j pressure wi~.1 be r�movad~ l~ a brace for some reason has to be placed
,
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T` if~..
~ v e~ a aao in the ~~~al@~ the beams o� suah a k~rao@ should bo
i~ ~ A
�nat~'uCtion ~3~~lak6t~~ Th@ 1�YI@~' ~'OW p~ ~@ Off' tho
corn�ot�d ~vith a
d be gli ht aunk~ ~o th� iae~ also it mould
Drib o� �uoh a brace shoal ~ lY ~
_ _ .,~,inkle the laoo ~~h6r@ the beams ere �actc~ned
not bo auper�luaua to ~
' ho braaea ~ th sand or ainderc in ordor to create
into the a~iba o~ t
ation~ Thin is especially important i� damp �ra28n and $lip~+ar~
yore �ri
io� io taken �or tho aupporta~
1~~ Under-Koel9eddin~
or the under-keel t~edding one should celQCt the ~~ost solid
en beams at 1~=a$t on� q~eter lon~~ They should bo ro~?dy at t he
wood
moment o� r�moval o� ice �rom under th� koel~ Under th� keel and in
th� ccr~ter o� the cross eoation p],anes o� th� hole, tho groateet
ie obtained and conse~:~uontly, th� greatest ice oornprassion~
pressur� ,
as �oon as there is su�~icient Eros space under th� k�el,
Therefore,
n should ima~odiately b� pa,aced solidly andor tl~e lovier �dge o�
k~eddi g
The bedc~in is placed ~vith it� middlo acro;~s th� koala if
the kae ~
one beam is not thick enough Dither tiro and ruore are inst~,led, on the
�lat side one of the other, or a �lat wedgE is drivQn in, !'acing on
the remainin area between tho~ ~tlane o� the keel and the beddit~ beam
~'or wido �lat-bottomed Ships it is necessary to plane a triple-
row crib under the keels three beams along the keel sand t~vo across, ' ` ,
one will o under the keel In this it is neeessary,~~ _
so that th� middle ~
e to it that the ice under the bedding is removed horiZOntally
to se
ra u
and out and s~wapt clean, so that thg bedding ~~uill bear on the ice with ;
its whole sur�ace~ The under-keel bedding should be placed at intervals
o� at most one ulster and at least meters bedding placed too close
,y.
~ d . ! I
Vi~~',
s
together hinders the �r�e~ing n� icd and chow removal., anr~ bedding -
t~
i a A� ' ! ,tit
~~q gr of Dints of
support and creator
~,,T.., ~ sQparatnd too much reduces the numb ~
~
~~4
Y~ a ~a, `
. ~ an uneven ice comer�csion~ The ice can b� pregged up in the area between � ,
~~b ~ a~ 5~.
vm
~~r~ the bedding and come to bear again on the keel. ~
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.4 ; : ~
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Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J05/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100100040-6

 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100100040-6
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~'or thio reaoon wo raaoa~n�nd t~?at tho b@dding be inotalled j
5
iam?ediatelY actor tho ioo i8 r�~aovod from under tho keel and i~ no aas�
should mono than one motor of tho kool ~ s length bo loft without bedding
for freozing until tho not iaQ removal
Tho following ax~plo wi~,l show how intonsive~y the ioe prasse8
' against tho diem�trio plena of tho ohip~ Ire f re�zing-out the schooner
Tomp in 194 ioo was removed from ender the keel not Far From the
middl� of the ohi~~ The thickest undorkeel bedding was prepared, but
it fitted too loo�ely under tho keels Yn order to ~`aetan it solidly
to the keel, it roruain�d to in�ert a thin wedge However, this was
hindered by tho signal for th� lunch intervals ~Vhon the work was
continued after an hours it turnod out that not only was the wedge
not needed, but that the bedding its�1F, laid to ono side, no longer
fitted into its Formor place. This exaruple shows thaE in installing
under~koel budding in the middle part of thn ship it is not necessary,
as it is for bracing, to try to achieve an especially compact joining
of the bedding with the hulls and it 13 more important to put it in
placo in time, even with a gap, since the ico will com~?rase them
itself ~
It should be ~~entioned that the freezing of ice under the bedding
is decelerated 'Wherefore, if freezing out under the keel io continued
and it is necessary to remove t�mporarily and regularly replace the
bedding when ice is being removed, the bedding should be put in a new
beddin
place, even if only at a distance equal to the width of the g
itself, so that the whole area will freeze more evenly
The weakening mentioned of the pressure of the ship on tho braces
nearer to ~?ha ends of the ships holds also for the under-keel bedding,
i end if a strong pressure is observed on the b adding at the middle part
i
of the ke~al, it weakens as it a~~proaches ~tho bow and stern ends of
i
' the ship.
I
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100100040-6

F

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+
16. Froo~S~g~4ut th� Area Undor tho K@ol
ult art of tho Pre@eing out io olearing tho ar�a
The moot dif f i o p
io the connection off' tho two oppoeito bolos of
under the keel, that ~
one anct tho owe ooction
Tn the constricted area the frd�zing-out wvrkoro R,uot eou~otimoa
a iak n on thQir baok~ To inaule~to the porsons from
work pith P ~
with t1~e ice and f'or case in moving in a lying position
direct contact
hat each freezing out worker put under himself
it is recommended t
iii�ce of pl~r~ood board
The working ar�a ie limited to savors/ mot�rs and in tees to
not morn than ono hali' of the width of the ship, since when iae ie
in s�ctiond the workers mov� to~rard ono snather from op~aooite
romovod
eidos
In moral ~t is not recommended thgt cn� side be deepened
g
exce tionally or that iae removal be ropeated on the side which
p
freezes more quickly It is b�st to effect even r�u~oval on both
otrical holos~ ~ coneiderablo dQepening of only ore aide can
cause distortion of thn hole and consequently in the ship
An exce Lion to what has been said can be parmittod ~rhgn the plane
p
for a recneval of not more than ~0 centimeter'�)
of the keel is approached
act�lerated the freezing of one side, the freezing; of
in order having
ce under the keel and promote the conrsoction of the maetin~ holes of
i
the ssime section ~iowever, in this case ono must not gob �yand the
ertiaal lann of the keel or make a cut under the keel
line of th e v p
It is necessary to wait until the depressions of bath
from one side
holes of the section are evened up. Until this foment it ~.s necessary
to kee a ride of icn under the keel ec~,ual in th~,akness to the width
p
m s rid a wi~1 se~~~e as an ice oupport under the keol for i
of the kael~ hi g
until it is replaced by wooden crossw~.se bed~ing~ At titre moment
the ship
o~.es ar� lo~~er than the base of the
~ when the d�preesions of the mQeting h
e of ice of the under-keel ridge, tho ridge can be partially broken
i ~
rcular and sc~uara cuts through it.
by ci
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100100040-6

t
~
a
4~
t4~`:,
t4'_
~
dui acoord~?n~; to a dc~~to
Th�oo onto mint npt ~o ,~~ado ~~~~tr~ri~y
s ~irotly to ocoolcrato t,ho ~~e�~~n~
syotom and ~~,th a dou~lo ~?ur~�~@
~ t~cdd~n~ ~�ir~~ to uc ~laoad, and
o~ ioo in ~laoeo whore under-k~@
,h tho~o ~ndowo ~ro~ the r~~?r~i~~arn sid�
oaconc~y tv cr~at� dr~'tc throw
and ~t~us to o~~cct ~~orc oven ~r�o~~n~
o~ 'the ho1c~ wl~ch ~rcaada ~ct~cri
0~~ ~~Y1~ Who~@ 9@Ot~O~~
w~,ndow~ in the unc~or�k~~l ~ c ~ ,
kr�l~c~r~ary cutting o~ the
: ~ ~ ~i~ oc' 0~~ RGetcrs, that is, at the ~~aecs
cr-kQV1 uod~ti~i~ is ~�ir~~ to be inotal~oc~~
r~!~Qre the unc~
- ~t and rah=~i~�l ~r~crdin~ off' t~~~ ur~dcr-l~~,oi ~,or~a~
to ~Z~a~11C8 ~ dr
conti~~oto~~a s~~~a~~c ~rQ ~u~~'icic~nt at f irot ~
~~~?~~11 ~~,vrt~~rao several ,
dual ~ ~nc~~~=~:asoa to ~0-~O a~~u~ro conti~~otorc~
and than they can ~o ~r~a ~
undsrlc�o1 ~~a~ti~ A.t t~ii:~ ~tionion~? intc~ncivrc
i ~ e ~ ~ to the th~cknoa~ o~ ~,~io
~ree~in~ ~~rill ~C~i1~
N t~ncior-lceol rid~c ic� k,o~i;is cat c~itl~c~r
Coruplct~: cutting, o~ t,hc~
tc~ ~s~orn the sto~~,~ .star thc3 i~~stn~ll~~tion
�tid o~ tl1c~ ship ~ t or inst t
{ ce ramov�al over a ctist~~nce n~ not ~i~o~~c~ t17an
o~ the first titc~b~r, r~ith i
send tia~c~r is prepared at ~ distance of
~ rfl~t~4r ~ an ~rl~A f Or the 3~
the ~Cd is T'8fnt~Vq~ 0~~ ~t?etnrs ~Urther, etc
0~~ metero from the ~irs~~
sectian ~+~.th the hole 2 nt�tr~rs wide end the
In this ~ashinn in ore
k wc~ must, install ~ron~ ~ to 3 ti~~et's~ .
,forward l~.nk 0~~ motets this ~
li,uin~~orcin~ the ~it~e vuppo~~ts
17~ ,
as ox~~eri�nce
llin supparts a~t the stem and the sternpost, ;
Insta ~
~ 11 under the averZ~an~ o~ the steal, where
e,,,, h~?s shown unnocossary, ~ss~ecia Y
-.;r'.
s tin the sup~~orts anly hind�r the ship's
r:,' when the dock ~l0ods in tha p
t ,
r~t~ + a normal ,Cloatin~ drat and threatens to dama~o .
immediately assuming ~
P.
~ ~4~' the sheathing,
k ~ ~
~ m,~
hi a aingt let~gthw~.se movement, ~ thn usual ,
~ ~'0 rgiCl~OrCC the ~ ~ ~ ,
i
1.~
' r than 2 Meters and not further than ~ meters
~bracos ~ installed not c osn
~ ~ ourwed f os~rua`tion of the b r~ttom
~
a from tY~e other ~ in accordance w~.th the
o~n
are sui'~icient~
~ '+ilh a~~.~
hi and the :round outlines o~ the sh~.p,
.r oS the s ~
~ r"b k l;
~ f ~
~kwY�r~ ~ - y`~,A
�r ~4Y
�ke.�It
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Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J05/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100100040-6 ~

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~ ~ �i
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~?vvemonta aide �r
tao again�t? cl~a~oo hoAl ~
AB ~ g~ara~
an aid to Cho b~aaoo~ ~~eea
u orto a~ bo inotall@d
lateral a pp
not&llod morn o~ tcn than evorY
~or~a do no~? hav� t� be ~ oo
aide s~Al ~ ~ha diatom
in and the braoea pro ~ .rm,
Dray i~ t1~�ro is no h�~1 ~
met
e ir~areasad up to 10 mot�rs~ bo
aan b th~,e lido moat
�a �light 1~.et to ono oido,
1~ the ship hay for ~ �~~all
e num~or supports ~ Thus ~
rQinf orcod with a larg ah oi~l� ~~de up o~
red from 3 to 5 s~,pporta on �a
ship there aro re~ui icit and from
and u t o 20 c�ntimaters t,h
beams 12-1~ centimeters p �ide au;~porto
n one wordy Cho nu~~~~r o~
and more mQtdrs long x s t e
~ to 9
he length o~ Cho 3hi;~, it Yp
dimQn�ians will depend on t
and Choir
;'].at bottom�d and loN-vido
for a :
dQSign, and its s~urabilityi
o~
e ~4y not ba n�oc~ed at ally
ship ~ha side support do lace them
0 ou ~po~'t3 it is nocosearY p
In i~istalling the sid ~ ht up
o =~rith the sid� of the ship, ~
~ ~ rQategt anglo possibl h�
~,amotric Mann of the ship
to ~0 degrees to the is serve th�ir
t~;~ case will the side suppor
Itiori~antal~ only in su ~~,orts is
ct i~~~allation of the lido ~
~,romediats purpose ~orr9 he upper steps
r their ~cternal ends tot ,
sail e~chieved by ~astor?i ~
e Y
or benches of the hole ho lower
11~?tion of side supp~'ts on t
pnQ must avoid Cho insta a
he ship anc~ with th� support
~gl� to the side oft -
benches at a sharp nrt gill hold
r the rubbing stake Such a supp
er end undg ,
of ~~,he upp heeling, and more from
ainet aide
shi only to a slight dogree ag
the P su crt will separate
the pp
ovemeflts; if Cho ship rises,
vart~.c~ on itself great
.r. , se~,t~.es it wi~.l felts up
om tote side and i~ the sh p
~r
sta,ke~ ;
e and may break the rubbing ,
resg~'
E ~
t 4ie.
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~r~~~,~ - ~ � ~
~YyTI Al
~~~h7~~rA~� 1t
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J05/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100100040-6

 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100100040-6
i

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-
arantea a ainat e~ia~?ca haa~K~Kng move~ranta aide o~
Aa a gu g
ba ~,notalled as an aid to the bracaa~ Thoaa
lateral supports can
n�~ have be installed more o~tai} than every ~
aide sup~~o~ta d�
G if theta is no haling old the ~ ~~GG~ ~rG ~~~~l, thv d~KGtanGO
mater ~
can be roar�uaod up to 10 ~rratera~
the ahi has a alight list to one aide, this side must be
I p
nforGed with a large nub�r of supportc~ Thus for a small
rQi
era ro aired from 3 to 5 supports on �ach side ~mde uP of
ship Chore ~
bows ~,2-lb contimatQrs and up to ~0 contimot�rs thick and from
' nd mor� ray�ter� long In one ~rord, Cho n~ut~or of side supports
~to9a
fair dimonaions wi11 dopend on tl~Q length of the shi~~, its type
and t
n and its aurability~ or a flat bob?tomod and 1o�w-aided
o~ d�sig ,
ship tl~a side supports ~~ay not be ne�dod at a11~
n i~jstallin tb~ side ou~~po~ts it is necessary to placo them
I g
ha ~ teat�st ranglo possible �Nith the side of tl~e ship, right up
at t g
0 de roes to the diainotric plane of the ship or near to the
to 9 g
ontal~ On in thi3 ca~so will the sides supports sQrva their
ktio~ i z ~
ate ur ose~ Correct inst~?llation of b~~e sido su~~i1orts is
i~tm~edi p p
achieved by f astaning their e~ttarnal ands to the app�r steps
oasily
or benches of the hole.
On� muat asvaid Cho installation of sido supports on the ~.o~~er
an le to the s~.de o� the ship and with the support
br~nchas at a sharp g , ,
rend under the rubbing stake Such a support will hold
of t,hQ apps
o a sli ht do r�e against sido haQling, and mare from
the chip only t g g
vements if the $hip rises, the supper. t will separQte
vertical mo ;
~
ha side and if the ship settles it will take upon itself great
from t
pressure and msy break the rubbing stake. s
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t~i~^ , Y :4
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Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J05/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100100040-6 j

 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100100040-6

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~c~s ~,'.le c~9~!~ ~~.~4~~~a r'lil~'C~
~rt~~ ~~1~~~~~'~~Q~ ~~~J t.a~s~ ~!la
~ the :~t~s rcl:~~. t >
.~,~1 ~ ~u~-~~~~~~ ~~l~ns ~n t,~~~ f~~aow~n~ ~+:~~~n~r~
1n r~a~l~~~~~~ , ~
A~1#~~~' t1~~~ ~ or tl~
a'I 1' lI 1 t1~'1 1 F 1 1r~ I, � ~~~it~~~ ~,-,~~r I:.~~~~:~~~
~ ~~FH4~H r-�1 1.~~ tM ~CF#��'P ,T'f l~l~~l !Y i~#~`~y~F~~ l~~~id~~~
~~F- ~k~~~~ ttt c
� to t-~~~
',I t 1. ~ .y1 ~i F' T11�~i tt~4~~�t#1 '~'~1!.r! Y~ !.~.!!i iI F~~'~'~4 '
+1~~~~ ~i~.t~rl~t �1~-tr~ ~iFF~~?e+ N-
tt~ k.!~~~ a-.~ Via, ~ ~
~ ~~p lar~tl~~~ ~ll~ ~~t~~c.-~
~ ~.,~I~o of th~~ ~~~ac~~ ~ ~ ,h~
,o ,
f' ~,~p4~ ~I~~-a ~ ~e~l~:'~ly
~ `t~ aRfil rl~ 1 ~ , ~,~a ~~~1~ Gay
_ ~ r-,' i~l,~~'~: ~1~~! ~J~~ iYt~~~~~ F1~~ ~k1~L~ ~~~~~t Ya~~�~
~ 1~~~~ ~~tts~lf of t~~~~f ~o~~~ ~s ~,~~o~!~~~;~ off a
~ ~;ut ~C1 ,I,~t~!,~j~~ ~
1 ~ :~1 ~n~,!~ ouG ~n cusl~~ura~t~~~ If
- ~ ; F ~ ~ ,,=1 ~f !:~~~1 .~u~~dr~ ~,k~~t cushioni~i~; ~I~~~r~
a~~!~t~ `~+('~f~? frUl1!a6`C~~k~~ 'tea ,
, ~ ~ ~t~~r~ bot~~vo~r~ ~~d ~,.7~ cuk~,~~~n~iz~; f~~or~~
! P ~ ~;a c~`u~ain ~i;~c~~;tinn~l '~~,~htn~J;~
~,n~ ~~il~o~~w ~~r~~, ri~L~~s,~l~r~
1 ~ ~ ~ i`~' t~r~~ .~1~~:~~ wish t~~r ~u~~~aor. ~s ~y fas~w~~~~~~~
~~onrt~=cf~,~,nn ~h~~ ~i~o ~
-~r~~~~ ~~~ioca~Ls~
{ ~~c~~: (nr,sc ~!o th.i ,~or~zontl~l plat~o)
~f tl~~ dul:~~orlts are ~ ls,cc,~ coy ~ ~
~ axon Y~i~,i'? ~'~e si~o~ Choy w~~.l sarv~ tl~oir
and ~n ~~orm~?1 (so1~~) ontl;~~~ d
4 ~ ~0~'t5 ~~'oS11 ~ Ott `
r ~rre~l~~:s a~lo c~ryvon s~rori~,l~ unr~or t~1~ .~u~ l
p~ur~~ol~~ ~ Y
n ; oar ~ s~~l~t~i~~~; basin along ~~~jo 1
s~dss df` tt~s shi~~~ a or~c,lt oa
~ia~>'to~~r~~.c ~,Zano~
ho Undor'~vator Fart caf t~~s ,~~~ip i
18 ~ Uryin~ ~r~t t
ti~ra~sr dart of tho gull should ~s bosun
Ury~n~ out of rho un~or
o~a~a~ ~~:~~~ion �f fu~.L froez~n~nu~!,
1~oforo ~
i~~ ~t sho~~lr~ bg ~~.oanod of so'~~.c~~.y frozen {
Hof ors tho hula. ~s ~r ~
!
Tho thaw~n~, l;~ko tho c~ry'~n~ ~,t~slf,
ohun~ts o.f ~.ce end t1~sn thawod~
. ~
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Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J05/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100100040-6

 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100100040-6
.

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1~ ~~ati~f ta~c~~s~ ~~n~1 k~urn~r~~ hurna~~ ~;~v~ t,~~o ~u~a~~st
dA~o
Qf 1,~~~ ut~u~r~~~~~r ~~~t o~ ahi~~ ~~ca~~ ~uq1~ rv~e~ore
~arru o~ tu~~ ouG ~~~A~inu can~~
i~ n~ee~.~~ry r?al}o t~i~ `~urr~~tr out ~f 3hcct ~.i~on, ~h~~
ca~~ UQ c~,a~lo u~~ ~Q one ~ E
G"
trrHt~ ~u~~~~~~~i~.~;~ s~t~ ~r~ t~~~ t,'~E u~ ~
a ~rla
~~x
L F-t ,gig Y>�, rr.~ , " ~ti~s~
9 ~ rrr,,b Cn~: ~'~t~s,t ~:~1 r~R~~ ~iiei~' rr~ ',r~ b 1~N~~i ~~i?~ ~y�~~4+X~~! ~;tN
e ~ a~'i,
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