CHAPTER IV TECHNOLOGY OF THE PRODUCTION OF METAL-CERAMIC GOODS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00039R000100270007-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 84
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 25, 2012
• Sequence Number: 7
• Publication Date: April 4, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

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r, "~J~~: ~ r.
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STAT
~h~pter, ~~
T~GXI~CJ~,U~t~' 0~` ~~ 1'~:~~C~CT~:CiN'C~, M~TA~~_~r~~~G~iVS~:C f+~~~~
~#eta~~.~cerami~s (~ca~rder meta~.~.ur~,y) ~.~ tl~~ ~iranch of ~.n-
d,u.~:~txy e~,1~~~,~f~d in the prc~duct~~7n c~~ ~Tt~;tn,l ~o~~d~ "ram m~;t~~. pvwd~r~
Cold-~sein~; cif pra~~xly pr~~~red powder mixtux~~ ~ with
eub~equent he~`t~t~er~?~rnent a~' the campz^~~sed pawd~x?~ by bal~in~ ~h~m.
~,~ 7 te,t+~pera.ture bel,aw the me~,tin~; ~aa~.nt a~' the bas~,~ ~om~7onent a~
the ~.~.:l.ayi~ 'Ghee mast wici~ ~p~ry~ad r+~e'~had u~;c~d in the ~netal~,ac~.r~rn~.c
~.ndustry. ~ub;~~.da.ary t~chraa~.a~ic~~.l ~~;~th~~w may be provided 'car ;.
such ~~ cola ~r hc>t tr~~,tr~~~eht cif the. ~.ntex~zneda.~.t~ ~arac~uct~ F:~ft~r
the b~k~.n~, tk~~ el~?rni.n~tian of rune of the ba~~:c operr~.tc~ni:~ (prey-
sing or ba7l~in~), ar their ar~r~bihati~a~: intn ane` aperatian, such ~~
hat?pre;~sa.n;M~ etc.
The b~.~ic adv~.ntn,~e~~ ~~~.rae pa~ ~:~.'a~.e 1~~ met~llocera,~~~ic tech-
nala~y, the ~~.ctox~s de~erma.r,~~ra~ ~.?~~ ,tic ld~ cif ~.~ap7.icatir~n ,and the
prc~pertie~ of the ~:ina~ products were ana~.y~ed in ~o~ume !~, Chapter
IV?
~4 ~ T~.~ ;Pa1L~`e
basic ~M~thr~d~ ;for the `fir?e~~zr~~.ti~n of fetal Pcwder~
Table l presents ~. brief 'ctX~t>>~r;~:r,~ a~' the v'~:z~ious rn~t~nc~s f'ar
.the prepar~.ticn of powders.: 'the mast ifr~pdrtant o~ these a~~e t ~ 1)
~ ~ d:in~'of valid met~,ls~ ~2) the ~u~??.
the rneGha.rtiC~.l cru~hin ~.nd ,Yin
ver~.zatian of liquid m~tal~; ~~.nd ~3} ::the reduetio~~ r~~' ax~:des, :fin
a number c~~ Gaees~ the electrolytic method i~ :used ~.~.thau~h' it is
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'boa ~~~ena~iv~~~.'
~?~h~r'n1~~)~oc~r~ for m~k~.n~ xn~~t~:l pQwd~r~ hive ~p~ca.m~ app~,a.
c~~~.an~ ~~~h~ 'ob~tt:~n.n~ Qf m~~-x~~t,a.G `~~,la~~ from c~x~~bor ~, ~
~ , rra n , end
a~rbony~. rucl~~l) 9 ' or only a po~~n~~~,al ~:i.~;r~~.~'~.c~n,c~ ~~~,~cl~ ~.~~
~ fha
obt~.~~.n~.~,~ of pc~'wd~r~ ~~~r ~h~ ~~.c~c~r%c orn~;a,an of the m~~~:~,
[~?~b~.~ 1 ?~ nsx~ p~~;~~
M~c~~~na,c~~. rr;dua~iun in ~~.~~ of ~rl~.d rtic~cls ~.~ ~ccompl:ish~d
thrc~u~;h: ~~.) ~r~e z~~~,ah:ln:i.n~ off' rnet~al.s by cu~tin~;; (b} the ~~ra.nd;in
ref rn~~~~.~ :~~a, catxcr~nt~.~,na~. b~.~.l r.~?l~'t;, hrar~r7?er~ ma.~.:Z.~, ~~'u~h~x~w2~~.l~.r
rni~,.~~, end the 1~.~~~;a ~c} the reduct~.r,n in ~;1.~~e ~n voz^~:% i .
c ~y mi11~~~.
Marhi~ir~; bar m~ta~ cut~~xra~ fox
.w.,...?.......,.~...,~..,..?...~.,..:.,..,,.~,..,,.,.,,,,.,,,,,,,...,~.~....?
~ha pb~~~.~za~.i~z~ of ~rt~?~~~, ch~.p
far the imt7redi~,te matau~~ctu,r~~ of ~.rticle~ ~.,~ r1o1~ cornn~~rci~~.~.y
fe~sib~.c. Only tht~ u~i1:~~~~~.c~n `af r~iet~~l ch~.~ ~~ ~ ~ra~t~
~ product
l~~~co~~~.nc~ ~.v~~.1~.ble in tha r~~~~ul~,r flo~~ cif rho ~r~~t~~,l cu~t~~,rr~ ~.nd.~
us~txy, fc~r the subsegaeri~ rcduction ~.n ,;;:i. r.~ ccc?rn~~lx~hed a.n b~.l~.-
h~,znmar~, ar var~~.ci~y rni.ll~~
r.Che f~.nc~ ste~~. end law~s~.;~icc~n ~emap~~csl (up ~0 1..~ perecra~
psi } chip, h~.v~.n~ a par~ic ~.~ ~~.~t5 cif ~~bc~ut 1 mil ~ ,,
la.m~,~cr (cb~~~.ned
from drilling: t~~.11i~t~, ~.nd som~~.~.r;,cs ~.~rrJr~r finish-fur ,? n, .
n~.21~; C~p~rG~~~~.~~$~
may be u~~d. d~.roctly far rnanufac?~l~xi~.n~ pu~'po~o~ ~r~.~hou~ re ~ .
_ p la,ma.r~~ry
reduction ~.n ,~a ~e`.
Thy raca~ac~it~r~ in '~i~e in c~,nven~a.o~~.l ball rn~.ll~, h~arnc~;
mi~.~.~~ crtz~hcr-ral~.ar mil.is, ~:tc.' c~,r~;bs usod in th
~ casc of br~.t~1~
me~tal,~ an1~ ~f~rra-al~.ays, ~om~ s~ec~.al alla s ~hit~ i ~~
Y ~ r n, ~.nd
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Tab7.e I
1~ttlal - _
.;
~a~erlal -_
[2]
~iZe `of
_ - _ ~,
~a~ticles
FG~i os
~ ~ 1 ~w ZiSi~~i/I. L7 itL ~.1e ~~L... Syi
Part cl
P~o~zuct - ...~-
~ ~
~. ~ 5
3 ~ ~
? a? ~atez~ial for further
~ 10tTJ -initl
_ lay- ,,C1Ctzla~~
~. ? ~ lion steel,...
~ ; , eCh~:l'Il~~~ Y'ed~G ~142~ ,1~1 ~1Ze s
_e: etalk ~
i~ i '~ `~ ~.0~ a".~sG Gi
,, _ ~ ~J ~~~ u~~e~'3`Lat s
c' c',.St 1~~~1 Curled9 ' ~
? , .~ ~ w~.la.con c s
- t ~ach~.n~.n b c a ~~~rg
~ ~a~.o s 1. _. ~ Y -
~. a ~ ;
raus beari~ s.
? ? etc.. - ~ ~
brass bronze, etc. -
. - ~ ~ , ? :metal cutt~.n the cep
he_ ~~ ~te f ram ~ _
In a T
- ~ -~ __ ri~a~icn
~ or sub~..e env ul~re
i., u..ed f ~ ~'
sol~.d : ,_ _
~ ~; aa~c
- al? m~.ll~. In c,~ cl
lnta uo~rder In b
...estate s
11'.~E.. ~? 12e Ct1133: ?~~~'
IQ11~S fl.nd tie
3_
u ~. i~ bill ,~s,~11~., Cru
2. Red c
e~- -
etc.:
rill r~-~- ,
.~
~ t e r1etals 2nd
Z'1i1d1~1 Qf ~~1t ~.
a
~1an Wiese C~].1"G~lui~ls_
1
~:~re~a3~r ~.
t3.Ixef~ bis::uth oly~.edx~~rs~
an s ~ .~
o ~ ~hite_
ferro~ll ~ ~
iron.
,.
` gin' f cr che~~c~.l
ea~~ ~.r
eaul~` went
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[4]
r ? iJ - I~i1 1nduCLlt~n Col ~O~fi~
- n rel~t3on 1
-. I
? .~ ~ ? , ~f 1~eax a:r~~.-- ir4~n
redueti~n In ..i ~e P
b
.. ~ ~ 'fr~.ble ~lect~~-
~ uc~il.e ~ret~l.. t
cle~ofd
ed irt:an u ?n~e ~
1 ,~ed:~~ent~ ~ Qd z~ P
~ 9
X13 s burin ~ and the
to theferm ~ ~
.~ , , ~.ike
1 tine c~ar-
~;1.~~.C'.S ~E~-rid
r~d~aced. in
s iti
.~ ,. ,_ 1G
" `tit3 '~'~ nc t1C 313a~",eTly v
~. ~ ~ ~ .~ Irregular cl~"- ~
T~- n sL ~ erm~l~.o ~ ~' _
4 ec~.l ~llo~.y,
w~:~
- ., r.~, ,1~ hedran~
-r a d~.~ian 4f ~d~ ti ~
i,~p~.rted b d
~_ Y
s vial; ~~e~t:~nt
l~s
ous bear.n ~ steel
Z or ~ s
._
1 c ~' J~~ 2I'tG~ EbC?
c~r.~~ etce ~g P
~ f c~lln aid the l~.ke ~ _.
~ ~et~een-::the rains , ~)
zt ~ea.~en~d band ~
~ h -
~--~ ~ sire ~? ~r le~let~,
? ~ta~Erl~.I~: vt~CEly b_au-~9 _
^ ~ lndzn of: ?zuetlle
d co~.r~e ~r ~
~~
~ ~ r ~+ L +~
~a.s~ I~.ke ~~ ~n
,,~ reducing Irons iron-
(}j~ rtzeltF-r~u..ll r~.nd~r~ G w -
~? _. 1~~ y
n ~ ~ y kel -c~ per ben over
rlttle ~ s1C r:~et~.lw n C ~ ~~
yy{{ ~~.~e -~ of d~ ctlle b
~.nd ~ 1.Ivye
ed e~
~~.I~er alu~tt~ ~
9
? jt ul~.veY`-
lLil1.'t y
r ~
t~.t!1' dnCt
'tI rS
Qt ~'
....... - G. i7~ i -_~.l tA77~i:i L Ll~ a.
~OIfit~l3t g
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f11
~~ ~1C4-C~eIf31 ~ '
~ Cal redtlC~lfl7'_ In .
~1~~ ,
!~ _ ~ -.:
e~u.c~I reduction '
~.n s~2e
I~terc sty Hine e ~ - - 4
c rre..~.c~n of L~tain
les~
steel 18
~lectr~-e
reslo~.
B, ~~eta~l~ Gr ~ ,..
~u~.atlo~ ana ~. ?
pu~.ve.~~~ ~zon
.~.. -
ally
~pged~mi-
nand
fu~~,b
le
i~ li ld;
state
1,
_~ur~n~ late water.
~ ~ ,
a te~~.x~.n~ ~f :the -~ ~~ ~ ,
Ile s e.,~.r-~7~
S0
~.~.~1~1C G~IGI1
D?~~.V~rlZatl~11 ~ r- ~,
.~ ~
air, and stea~~i
~tanZes;, -.,
Irre ulcer
~~
steel'
~a~'i~us fie taZL
a~3d ?l~.as
polyhedrons
iflo
Lead ~r ct - ~ -~ .. -. z
~ ,~pher~.e~l ,_
1c~ ~QJ
c~ r ~;
FPe , _1~er
d,.,..~.,~; a vs a.l.lti~i.f.?~ .lrre~t~.E~r
~ ~ s ~~'ai~~~ci'>Je{~
t' :~
Zr~ a_ld. ~~nc,
~ ca~.~e~, >Irre a~.ar
iron
drips
4 250
~tainleLs stee ~~~_,,,~,
~_c.i i~$
I~ its
rese~rcr~ "sta e
g
p~~~ be~,.ri s r
~ ,,. Cer~.=~td~eP.
brushs~ fib
ter~~ . ~a ~etl
~ ~-
r~~teri~ s ~-:
~~.. cen~,a ~ -
~ ct~, etc.
~a~re as "4~ove
2{~-~ cep
~ far
~e a,.:. a~;3~e
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1
G: pletal
Va~,ors
Metal
C ompou
2a
r ~a~~~n ~~lth ~ ~ ..
tz1~Cl~eous
.~ru~i,
i~e~h~n.cu.l 'act ~.an.
~3e~~._ ~~~ crs
C-A~rs
~rre~ul~.r ce . c f ~ _ ~r~
_, are 2.~ .~~
~.
r,3ekel alu~~~~ ~ ..
s ' - r~rcps ~~h
~:r~anze b~'~.
s u,
e~~m
~znc
con~ple~!= ?~~f~.3
p e
~p~'IC?'1C~ ~
c.l - 30
~'~ SL
pay ~~s ~~'~ a~Ao _~
d '- 3
~teductio~.
~. ~d1~~Ct~en f a ~ e
r ~r. ~,ol~~ coy. ~~:~r
.~ d
0~z..~ ~ y e re ~ O r 2~2~
f
~l, ~ ~?0 ,, Cn C ~:r ~ 1
pound,
ii~~ ~ ~tC~. I~1C .~ _ _ , ,
~ I~ ~ ~, ~.
~ ~ ~e .,eke
C~CT3LL~'~
s l~Yty 111G.~2~
s
ca jeer e
~ _ s alt
dame asa~o~
C hEI?~1 C 3 ~. 2 r~t'i.'-
uS~
.~..
Hf
Electri
c u~b u~u~t re-
,q ~3
~' ~uTII~.Ce ~3~ ~
G~l~t~'~
et~, .~..r~: al?v
~~- ~ ~~-
.~~ ~~~1~t3C
~naior ~~ ~ , ~tC
nea~~tz~~ _ ira~~ ~ ? A fi ~-
l~ u~.e ~al
{~l~~ion~
Gold s ~ 1T~e r
~ ~
~.~er, cus~~ ta~let~
~~ r?
n, s~~ckel c~~alt _ ~
~ like ~~
~ ~
_~edron
_s
jo ~e~lr~ctien ~r~r~
xuse~ salts ~~it~~
~'antal~~ ~' e
~ ~ b~.u~n ~ax~Q
us
71C~. ~~k'~ Z~ e~ T't~l ~ ` ~
'~,~'~',di1111i~ ~s~Z4r~. ~
~ LLB
.{~Qi~Y'sZ2~ t~eal'1.I1 ~ '-
~ s CC7l~aC;,~
3
hard a ~~ ~ , ` t
~ , e c?
~.1 e l~ ~ fi
pr air Ia.te4 ~ u
p , c ~ ab rates
.. L
cner~
zcallr~~ti~ ~
z'J~ d tie
_ li -
ke,
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[3)
cerium, var~adi.
9
LLr~.niLU~~
T~zer~al `dissaci~~ari
57
~~~ln~e :r~tiQn o~ ~~.r'ccn l~ ; -
V ~~~e~el ; zren . ~ herzca ~ ' _ ~A ? .,
s ~ Z ~o l .13 _Ae ~. ~
,~ ~ ~, i~dtierla
1~., ~acuu~
a~3~3~.I'a'~aa ~~~~' a~.10 ..
~~
and :; t,~le Z I.~G'
El~ctrc~. s~:s
~~rater ~olu-~iuns
irLn~ co}~~~cr
_:r ~
le~.d ~z r
~end~~l~ic
3u Per~ue`.bearin
cc~~u-
Bator ~.~-ush~ s
1 c, nta~ts,
~a~ne~ic r~.~zeri.al~ ~ i~c
3
~l1Sed ;' ~e{~3,.a
Tantalum ~~- Leu~.r~.~z
s C
9
~~lC:i~ilL~ri .,
9 Cer3.1.t,~f j
~Gi1d.~~.L~It'i J l.Z~'~T:.s~1;i
1G
~ra~' ; l~ ~e~ gacuu~r~
s
a~~ar~ ~a cj~emzcal ~nd~
_ ~S~r~; CSC.
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,~, :I~e~al
.ion of orders zx~r~ Mod 1
Px~ ar ~ F
~ ~
o -
~.nd n n
~ pion
coy ands and a~.lo w ~~ d.~ffu
~o ~
.rid
pride ~ ?~~rwde..,
:metal.
' ~. t~.ons ~: ~~? to r~e~~zn ~
chemical; re c
;-, ak s
csl~.c~d...,~ ~.~ F
cwd~r
P
_ __
t
e c?
l - l~iCi ~a~~d a~.lo , ,~e~'~~c~ory
o~: ~~. ~ non-ferrous
- c ou d ,
alto ,roduct.., e c
~~
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~~
~,h~ ~a.ke) ~ ;~~ ~;h~ ~a~~ cf c~uat~.l~ rne~~~.~~ th~.~ rne~~hG~d rc~u~.t~ gat
~,n ~~s bret~.~~n~ u~ ~.~~~~? ~:~,zas ~~~'~~a?c ~8 ~. s ~u~ ~~ ~h~ lam~.n~r?~~.on of
~ha ~.~,~~c~r. ~ ~~, a.~ ~h~r~fUx~a u~~d tan~~ ~r~at:~n: (~) ~a~^.~.'~~;;~u ~.rrc1 ~.o~x~
~~,r~~~{~~k~. car~~~.~ar~1~:r,?t~w a~:' ~luc~a.la rn~~~~a1. ~~r~rt~a~c~~s ar~~ ~r~a die r,~~-
~,ilc~ad a.n k~~.~~~ ~.~ ~h~ f'a..zaa~, c,~~r~,~;,r~x.r .x~~ oil-}.x~~~ ~cn~rc.~:t~~rrc~rl~a~'~~~ur ~.n
me~~I~od~aq such ~,,~ ~.,u~..vex?~,~~~~.cr7 dt' raduc~c~ a.xYc~xr ~~or~~~ ~~ncl e1.ec~ro~
1~rtic r~~n prec:~.z~:i.~a~,~~-~~~ (b) riuc~~.~.e n~ct~.~.w~ w.~.~h ~~,n~cz~~r~.nu~~.r
bc~t~cl ~c~~~~:nd ~,r~~ ~c~ ~>~~ rcc~ud~~ ~.kz ~:~.r~,~;s? (~~) c1uc~~~.1.~ t~-r~~~~~.~ ~~r6
ar~if'it;'~.~1~.~' m~c~~ br~.~'tl~ (a~, fc~r ~.ri~~~a,~t;a~ ~h~ ~~u.~.v~r~.z,a~~.c~.~ off'
~aex~~na,:l:lr~~~ 4~~ ~~~.~~. v~ :i.ro~a G~r~d ;..~;.c~~~~., .~~ r~~~l~ ea~:i.ex~ b~ ~~c~d:%rr
",(I~ ~.~. e Itiq't1T~~,~f c~~' ~u~.~`ur)
'Shy ci.ef:~c~,~rir,~' -i~a .l~h~ ~~ul~rFax~a.~a~a.c~n ~-f tn.+~~a~. 4,,~~.~h ~k~~ a~.cl
,ai' the ~.ba~~'d.e~c~:ibed ~~~u~.j~,ir~e~~ ~~,>>~~~:l.~tM~ ~n t~1a~ the '~owdc~r,~
sc~~~~i~~,i.~~;e~ i~~e~;a~~~c~ ~~ira~~ ~.l,i~t~,ec~ ~r~.~h t1~c ~t~~~~r:i~~.c~ra prcc~u.c'~~ a~ ~,~~~ ete~7..
~?u~.gt~r~.~~~xr~~ in v~r~:ic,a.t,~ r~1~.;~.:1.~, A ~r~r~ic~.~~~ ~}~~.~.:~. (~+':~~~ur~
M..., ~ . ~..... ~.,........ ~.... w. ~... _ M.,.......... w.. ~ ~... ~,..., ,~. ~.,.,.. ~. ~,,.... ~.. ~..... ~.,.
;~) r~cri~~.~~;r~ a;~` ~~~~1 (1) (~~;.n~~l ~~:~.'~Yr. ~~~x~~.~~~.ra~~~ta.`~~ rrG~,n~~ne~~
~te~1.)8 ~ir~ ~rha.ch r~~~~~, ~,~ h~.~h ~pc~r.;d (~~U(J(~ ~~~~1.uti~n~ per
rain7ate) ~;:~ ~ n mu~ua7.~.~ o ~~'~~a.~~ d~.r. ~c'~iU~~~, ' ~~ra ~r+~~~ ~.~.~rs (~ )
~~~~ ~'r~l~ rn~r~~~~~~r~ ~~t~el. Thy ~n~~er~.a~.. ~ kr~ ~a~x~.~rer~~~d a.~ c'r~a~~~
~;~d. irr~r~ b~~ (~.) a:r~ ?f1h~ .'arm ~.~ c~a~~r~r~ ~.~un~~ (cup ~~a.r~, rri~~~l
a
'ch~.~~ Q~,c.) ~ t,~ ~~ t~~ r~x~~.F,d abcata~~ b~ uh~ vart~.c~.ty curr~~.~s,
c~~.,lidin~ with each ~-~her ~ ~x?~~-~~ '~;~a~rd.~, ~~~ cr~~.x~c~ 'r~zcee,~ ~~
b~~~an up :i.n~t~ ~+a,rt ~c1.~ ~ ~ .~~~ur~~~ a ~~ t~ c~.~. m~.~.1.~alxe~ers ~.~~ si~~ p Thy
~ni~.~. ~.~ ec~u;p~ped w~.th a dev~.r~~ (3) fir ~h~ G~a.x~~sor~a.n~ c:~ pa~rder~
`~~~.~ ~~~~~1~ off' the ~~~ill i ~ ~;c~u~.p~~c~;with ~, w~~er~~a~k~~ ~~~.~h run~~.~;
weer c~.r~ula~~.r~ ~hr~u~h i~ ~o ~arev~t~~ ~h~ ~'c~r~~~~.~~ ~r~der~ ~x~am.
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}?'..~~~.x~"~ ~.? ~'~~.~~x~rr~ cad' va~~~ ~c.~ty rr~~~.~. ~.~ c~~~x~ra~d by ~'ac~~hu~
avcrh~at:~n~;a :~pec~,a~. ~~ov~~~an ~.~ m~d~ ~"ar ~,~~.v~~~~a~a.c~n ~.~ ~n
atrno~~~he~ o~ '~~ ~~ra?~ac~~.ve ~;~~?
In von^~~.c~.~~ n~~~.],~.~ c~~ mcar~ adv~.nc~d de~4~.;~n' ~~h~ ~,~.x
cu~~?~.~~~n~ ~.s ~"~;d ~ra~1 a cen~x~,:Eu gal b~.o~r~,x ~.ri?~o the ,~l~v~.~. a~ i~k~~ '
mii~ whax~ it is bra~COn u~~ bar 1~~~~~~xs rnc~un,?~~d can the ~~,~ne ` -'Clr.~,f
A .
~~~i the ~~law~r ~r~d ~h~~.1n
~'h~ at~tr i.ta.C~n bodi~~ ~n ~ vc~r$ic~.t~~ rtt~.]..1 ~xa ~;he ,metal 7.,um~a~
them~s~~~.ve~ s ~~~r~ich are ~hX"r.~rwn ~bc~ut ~.nd ~~al~.~.r~e in the ~~,~.x~ va~~t~x~
Th~.;~ ~~et~~ad h~.s ~~he ~o~.~.awa.n~ ddv~nt~~;ca~ d (l) ?thc~ ~c~wdexs ~.ra gat
po:~l.uted by thra ~.?~trit~.ara ~ubw,t~nce .~'~^c~m t?~~aa ~,t~,r~tic~n bod~ieu
~zMa uct~.an :eta, uizc t~:k.n~ ~il~.c~ dur~.n~
he d
2 t
and
Estee], ba:l1~}$ ~ ~
the cal:~e~.~~n, a~' ~~.~ ~.~.~htmwe~.ht ~'r~.~,~t~ntw p~^ac~?d~ nab ~a~ w~~ a~
l~m:~r~.~iun~ wl~i.c~i would 4z~~otl~~~n ~h~ rc~r~~l~ ~~~.~~V~ees but predo~rti-
rie.ntl~r ~.~, ~ha ea?~.aen~e Q~ ~~i~r~'~.ce de~"ar~~atio:r>,y wh ick~ it~cre~se~ the
rou~hneu:~J o~ ~hc~ ~~rt~,.c:le~'v Tii~~.~t~, ~~~ c~unl~ty ~:~ the ~owc~~rs~
wh:~.ch itn~x?ove~ w~~.tl~~ the x^oi;t~na~~~ a;~ ~11e~ ~.n~~~~.z~. ~~?~r~ic~.~~, i~
t~auc~ ~.~.~;hel^ ~hta.n w~a~.t a.~ti ~owwib~.c to c~b~t~~~..ta ~~~rc:,u~,l~ ~;u:~v~;r.~a.?~ion
in bale. ~~d.l:~.~ ?
The ~,~~icrastructure c~~ +Jhe :i.~^c~xa ~,~~rder~~p obte.~.zed .~.n v~art~.c:ty
~rt~.~.l~ ~r:tnd;?.n~ ~.~ shorn z.n ~'a,~~ure 2n r~'kie ~r~.r~,~.cle~ ~w~,va ?~he
char~.c~ter~.stic ~"corm off' ~, ~~i:1~,.te ~r~.t~ b~n~~cvex ed~es~
~`~uxe ?~. irran` ~~owder ob~
~i~;uxe ixon powder obtaimed b~
t~;ine~ b~ centr~.f't~~al ~u1M
vortici~y mild. ,~rind:~n~; 4 Ma~r?.f~.ed
2~ t~.me~?
;l0
v~ra.a~etian by the CPC tr~ethod
~~~ ~ ,,
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100270007-5
~'~.~;i~xe 6 ~a~an pc~wd~r ~a~it~.a.za.~d by ?~~~Q' ~educ~~.c~~~ a~' o~cie~
~'~.~ax~ "~. La~~~er ,~pwd~~~ o'b?~a~.r~ed ~y ~l~c~x?c~~r~~z~, ~~~,~n~.~
fled ,~4~ t~.me~4
~'a~1~ ~ ~.?cr~~ E~ typi~a:~. sc~~en, dn~1~~i~ off` ~h~ iron ~c~~rrlers
d.e~ivc~d by ~prxn~,in~ 'in c~~~.~~~ m~.~.ls'.
~A~ ,
~'~a~,~a~ ~c~?~~n. An~.~.~~~.s of ~:~,~n ~'~~4r~e~~ ~ex~~.v~d a.n
C~'~lone ~~z~.1 Grind:in
~'~~.,~h~ a~ ?~~.~ s~.~~ fr~,c~~an
~.~~ of Par?~~.~1~~ in ~~~~.~.me?~er~ a.n p~r~en~
~~
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100270007-5
',~o prove carnZaxes;~ ~.b~.~.~.t~r ~~:nd xemov~ the call-haxdan~.n~
e~`f~c~, :the ~~owders are ~,~z~ne~~.~d ^x~ ~ p~~otact~.~r~ atmosphere
~s.~iriealin~ t;~me far ~.ron powders ~:~ l ~? 2 ha,~,rs x~.t ~uu de~r~~ee~~
~~nta.~ri~de)~'
mt~~ar~ i~ ~ba7zt 7 ~- ].U k~,~.a~r~zrr;~ der ha~r~x ~deper~d~.n~; on the ~,ra,n
?xlar s~e)o ~~ t~:~.ka5 2.~ w 3 ki~,~w~t~~l~ours of power ~~ ~aroduCe
one ka.la~r.~lr~x of powder. line man c~,n operate and rna.~.r~ta.,ir~ severe.
rrt~.lls sintult~neous7.~.
~'he b~~.sio advsnt~:~e~ ~f vnrt~.city~ ~;rind.in~ ar~~e ~-.,; fnllow;~:
the u~ili~~tit~n of waste ~~roductw from the rr~eta~.-cutt~..n~ ind
ustry ~ch~.prs); ~h} lithe pow~~ is rec~ixir~d `(cj
sirnpla.c~:ty of
pr. aoess ~e~~~nits the emploiyr~ient of izn,skill~;d per~Gnnel3 ~d} ~o?d
~c?mpre,~s:i:b~:~.:~.ty of the powder's ~a~'ter uz~r~ea,J.i~~~;) and. a.menab~.l~.ty Ica
b~k~.n~p fie) pa~rdars ~:r~e free f~?c~rrt po:l.~.u~~in~ adm;ixtures~ ~f) ~.~ ~~
possible to Grat~a.r~ powders from a:llc~~rs.
The rnethat~ of vortic:i.t~ ~r~.nd:~,n~ ~.~ of pax~tioular ~-dva.nt~~e
in t}~e m~n~?f~.c~u of ~.rr~ra powders for ~arau~ b~a~~..n~~;, tool p~~r~~~
a,nd' the ~.ike ?`
~er~uct3.ori ih sire of ~ rriet~,l by p~alveri.z~. ~.~' in i.ts l~.r~?a~.d
state 'is ds~d ~nl~ ~.n'the. case of e~~~~:l~~fusibls':rrceta,ls~ ~~uch ~.~'
t.i.h lea:d~ ~inc~ aluminum, coppe~? ~.nd their a:llaye. ~'he ~rar~.c~us
proeed~ires ~,n this Case r~gduce themse~.~es to ~~he ~;ranulatic~r? r?f ~Lh
l~.quid relate/ when poured iota water~~ ~aul.ve~;i~a,tiun cif the liquid , ~'
n~ieta~. T~rhen poured over a r~.p~.dly rat~~t^n~ d,ie~c, ,pulve~~i~at~.can cif ~~~:e
~.~.c~uid fetal by a strear~ of ca~apr~ssed a~.r ar 'team, 'or ~o va.riGUS `.
coznhiri~.~t:i.ana of .the abc~ve?
x2
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100270007-5
the ~~~ ` r~~thcad
esn~hr~~u.~a~ pu~,~rer~.~~,t~,ora,' een~~~.zaa,; the'
p~~~,ver~~z~,~~.an n~ the ~.~.e~~~,d met~.~, ~a.th m~chal7~.c~~. ~.ct~,c~n upon
tha ~.nd:i~.r~ua~ pa~~~.e~.e ~, ~ e~~; ~~"a.~u~'c 3 J ~ ~.~ ~~' xa~r~:~~~~~.~r ~,x~~-er?
~~~. ~. th~.n stream of ~?u-~~d `~~t~.~. ~?~.uw- 'ram ~ ~o~~ surraunc~~d by s.
~ wate~^ ~~cketA '~.nta wh;~ch wr~ta~? ~.~ ~Ced unde~? ~~r~ssuz~~. '~~~~
water stream ca.rr~.~e the ~.~.quir~ z>Yeta~. onto r~ ra~~t:~n d~.~k dr~~;~~ned
with epecia~ ~a~~-ta~n~s ~nr t,~.e ~ua~~h~r hr~a.~cup ~~ tk~~ rncta~. parW
t~e~.e ~.
Fused rneta.~.
~ra,tez? under
preesure
~'i~~~We 3 a Da.~a.~r~~~ of. ~entr,~.~?u~~ ~. pu~.v~~rizat~.an ~:~ pex~
the; ~:~G ~ethad.
the sh~~pe a~ tl~e p~.rt~c~.es off` t}~a ix~en ~~r~~der9 abta~,ned b~
tht.s rrtethad9 is ~hn~rrr in ~':i.~ure ~ ora the :~xisez~~ted pale. ~~he
pext:+.clee h~.~re~ c~ a~ca~i~h p~~c~f~:~.e, and ~~un. ~.n s.i:~,e ~`~nc~rn 20 to 1~4U
~, ~ ~.e ~~' ~7~~h ~, pc~~d.er i~` ~?i.vc~n ~.n
een ana . s'
Tn~.cr~an~,o A t Ica ~~r
~ y
~~x? es.si~.y~f'~ueib~.e z~etaJ.s and ~he:~r al.~.o~s ~~~.ri,~ lead, alu-
rn~.x~um) ~ reduct~.an ~n size in their l~.quid ~~a~e ~.~ ~,he ~tc,st ~~dc~~
e~r+es.c~9 p,r~~ct:i~c~.lly~ the on~.y` r?e~t~cd in. use.
R~duct~.on off` fJ~.des. Tn the ' ~r~pa~a.t~.on of ' tuns~,e~ dxad
m~lylx~.enum p?wdexs, the r~d~.c~~i.~r~-~c~~'-a~~.~~ r~ti~thod i~ lased ~xp
clus~.~e~.y?
l3
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100270007-5
~~' -~~ir~~n Ana~s of ~~~~~x ~'awd~~ Mar~u~a~:~~x~ad ~y the ~~'G
~~ ~~~.~
M~~hvc~
~;~ z,~ a~' p~~~^t~.c~.e~ 4~.~ W~~.~h~ ~~ ~'x~,ct~.~an a.rx
U.3 ~
L~ ~~
Vo~ r. Ur
.
u.c~6 ,"" Vr~rr~~
tJo d~ ~ ~. ~J~
39
~~
~+'ar ~Iie rr~anuf'ac~ur~: of e~,~~~ric bu1b~$ tun~ster~ ~r~d ma~.yb~
d~nur~ ~r~ r~d}ac~~ ~:~th hydru~~~. ~.n tubu~.~r~ ~~~irna.c~s ~t ~~ ~em~~r~~ture
choler
I~'~p~ur~ a. '~'ul~ular ~~.ec~x~~.o~.l rv~i~t~f~ce f'urn~c~ ~:nr the rem
du~~a.on o.~ ~,un den,
ohs 3.r~.~~.~;~. m~.~~ra.~z~.' a.s ch~.~~a~ ~~t~ m~t~l' oa~~bu~t~.c~n tu~e~
,6.
a_n~r~r~~d 1.r~~~o; th~a ~ubc~lar ~'urne~e~ '~la~ carrtb~ ~ir~n ~u~~e~ ~~xe p~,~~.~d
~~~~ro.~h ~~~ ~t,~rn~~~ ~~e~~in~. ~one~ wi~~~ ~'~xr~.ou~ ~~~~t~er~,tur~~s ~ ~~~~
~,~'ter ~~~~.~ t~duc~~.c~n ~.w cot~tZ~~.~t~d, they ~.re z~~~~~ i~.~.on~ ~ra~~ ~, run n~.
~a~a~ ~c~a~.~~?. T,h~ c~ ~~bu~~~r~n tubes ~,r~ ~~.~x~r~d grata the ~i:~~u1.~~~,
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fu~n~,~a ~~, prc~t~atex~~~,x~ac~ ~'~r~~ 3.nterv~?~s ? ~~"h~ usu~~. c~~aer~,t3.ng 3.n~-
~t~~.~.~t3.c~n 'cor~~3,~t~ off' ~~v~~r~~~.:r~?t~xr~~aca.~? ''~h~ h~rdre~~an, ' ;~'1.aw~.n~
out a~? the `fur~aac;ea ~a~.s~~ tl~,~au~~;h a ~rat+a~'~a'b~c~r,pt3on uz~,t, frarr-
~,~~ercY .i.nta the ~a~xt ~'urr~aca~ ~tnd wa say, u~t.i.~. ~.?~ r~~ache~ the ~.~~t
f~~rKaa~a % ~ftr~^ ~~r~~~ a.~~~ throu~1h ti~rh~c::h :~?~ a,~ burred. u}~.
~a ~~r1~z,cu~.~.~~:1~Y ;~ta~^~ ~r~,dlw o~ ?~~an~;~t~n ~a.~~ x~c~u.~,z~~d far ~;he
rll~alc3.n~a~' h~,x~~ ~.31'3.a~rs~ ?~.rir~ ~.n ~~?~~~; c~"~~ t1~e ~k~un~~~c;n ~~ r~duoed
From the oxid.c with ~ oat in `~~mrn~in f~.trr~~ce~ . ~ See ~+'~.~ure 21.x) .
C;ab~.~.t ~~c~ nickel9 Q~r~~~.aycd 3.x1 thy; ~~te~~ratiUn a~' h~rr~
alloys, are uora~`t~.r~~3,~~s a~~t~a.ncc~ b~ 'Uhe :~ec~uot3.c~n of ~a.~;ra3.on o~~.de~.
A rnora da.~'f3.cult ~.~ ~.~~nrne'nt eta the pcon~.tnical 1?educti4n of
~.ron a~d~r ? It ~.~ r~tiondl t~ .,~e an:~y;: ch~~~7 in~.t~.~.l m~~',eris.l.,
such ~~ ~f;~lx~ ~e~~.r~ ~ocl r~~:l~3.n rn.i,l~. ci~~de~ z"ram lo~r~a~.,rlaan~ ~t~o~.s
wha.ch c~ra be ~~~d~.~c~d anl~~? ~~ h3.~h ~~Faxr~~r~~-~~~re~ ~~3.th3.n the rune
cif 1.70~)(~1 ~ lg lOt~ C~~~'rt~?~a Cent~:~r~~de ~ ? ?~'kre z'e~uct:~on of the iron
e;i7~der c~ x~ be daze ,~.n tubular i'u~~x~~~ces ~ the s~rrie tie ~ U.s ~~~caw:n
~.bove in ~~"~.f~ure ~~ e~e~,;~?~ ~ha~ ~he~ x~ r~~ }~reae~u~~:r ~~~ ar ~.~.~ht~.r~;
~~,s he~tocz~ ;;a th~.t tho rerluct~.on 't~ke~ ;~l~~ace u.n ~.n a.tr~~aspherrc~ of
~radl~.cer '~~~ or of< con~ex~t~c~ ~.xht~a.n ~~~? ~ ecnsit~erable ~iffi~
cult ancr~l.~~ttred i.n tk~.:i.s ~arocE.fi~~ i~ the rec~~~3.~~ed freouent z~e~~.~.cew
~'
mint a~" :the ?~ub~s.
~'he ira~i powd~.~~s t'rom the rod~r~t3,c~ra cif irc~ra c~.r~de:~ cantr~in
sor~o nonWx~oduce~l a~c3.~~~ ~ ~ about o~~e pe rant cox ~~,~or~ of ~~~ ~ and Mr.~ ~ .
the ~~duce~ ~c~wder~ hs.~?e ~ c~i~!.~^~.rteri~ta.c ~~~aan~e~~3.~e
~;trtzctur~~ i~a ,~rhich sm~.ll ~.nr~3.~riu.u~.~ ~as.r~3,cles adhere ~.nta la~a~
strength 'chunks ~~ee ~`:~,~ure b, micr?phr~ta, ire ins~rte~ sheet j ?
kk+i~'~`! '~ ~ ' '; Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100270007-5
a~~+~ ,
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100270007-5
~k~,e~e c~~un~k~ u~u~.1,1.;y~ ,~~.~:i.:~l;e~z~~~.~1?~r;; a.r~~a` t~~er cca~~~3r~r~c~nt p~r~~.c~.e~+'
~~~~.lzxi,~ 'tx~.~ a~~~:rK~,t~.c~n ct ~~x~~-:~~.
~~
~,~,~x~-~a,~w~. ~'k~e ~3lea~ra~.y~a~~ at w~,~e~r su~~t~ ~~ the
methar~ ma~~t w~.dely ~~~~~.a.~;d in thy; ;~~~~r.c~?h~:~.cax?~ a~' co~a~~ex? ~acawcler~~~
~n the ~~~ctrc:J.;~r~,~~ 'a~" cc~~~~jer~ the ~~rec,~.~:~~.~~,~~e :le cir~~~aeited an 1~he
c~.tha~e c~ ~,react~.~r ~r~~ the t`~ar~n at ~~a~dex~ 'The ~~~hr~dic ~e~o~it~.ox~
a~ the t~d~r~~.ik~ e.~;l~ ~?erc~av~b1.e d~-~cr~~,art ~]rr~c~.}.,~~ct~; ~.~
~rr~mo~ad byM ~h~he :I.~~ ian:ic cancerltr~,t~,o~?~ a~' ?~ho metr~,1 a.x~ the in~t?ir~.1
so~.L1?~~.ar.~~ b~ ~th~ :lc~~r temper~K~tL1re, ~nci bar the .?~:i~k~ c?~n~ ?Lv off' ~h~
curre?~t. cara~rolla.n~ the~~e co:~~;d7.ta.c~r,s~ send, ra~.~~o the circul~a?~~.crn
a~' the e~~~~,x^o:l.,y~c~ ~r~.~h ~h~ ~~c~~,ar~~t;i.crn ca:~' ~~rh~.ch ca.rcU1~ ~~.pn ~h~
disper~ian dharG~ctex~a.st~.c off' the ~,awder :~s reduaed,~ a ~x?cadL~ct o~
the de~::~rable char~cterlst.ti.c a may be obtaa.riede
Ater rer~aval tram ~~be c~,t~~cde~ the.. ~olrrder ~,~ ~rstshed, t:i1-
tarac~:, ~.nd c~.e ~;..~cc~~~~~d. 'b~' ~~ne a~' i~h~ ~:^a~;,l.aw~i:n rrie?~h~d~ ~ (l j ~r~ a
v~,c~~w~~ unde~? ~. re~,:~c~uG~~. ~r'ew~~ure o~ ~0 m 1n~ r~a,~.la.xnetrars a:~ the
mercury ca~.umn~ ~2) r~a.t~:l ~i~.perher~.~;ed ~~c~;~.rnh ~~} ~.n ~. red~t~c~.x~ ~.t~
i'11c7~~~~1.~:C~~e ~hy'dY~a~;~i~,~ ?;~rac~ucer ~G~,~,~ ~?~.~~:i~ta.n~ ~a~i 3
~r~th ca~.~.~
~%~~ ;a.,~2 ~c~X~ ~~;t~~ac~.
l~o~r~r cur~surr.~ta.can in t~.e fubr~.cata.c~za a~" .`an~a~~er ~at~dsr runs:,
a~ the rate a 2 ~ ~ k~:~.awa~t?hour~ ~~r k~.~.p~r~rr~a
`the, pa.r~tic~es ~f the powder, obt~,i~.~;>d ?~l~rci~.~h ~h~ e~.ect~~~lys~.~ti
~~" w~~Cer ~ nl~zt~:an '.~av~ a e~ia.r~cteri~~~.c d~ndr~.tic a,e ~ndus~r~.~~. ~'ow~~r~
.r,..~..
~e~.at~ive ~~ns~i~ty o~ ~~wder
~~awders ~~' ;C~rcen~- ,
E~.~dtxol.y~~c cc~~~~er
1~ p3~
~~~-1~.5
~~1.ectroly~~c ~.x?an
~~~~~
~~"~~
r{~duced .ran a.de
~.~~~~
2c~-~~
educed tun~~~en a~.i.de
lOw2~
~0-~~(~
C'ar~~anyl iron
3~?1~0
1~5-5~
~runul~ted ta.n, copper, ~.ead
3~~~~
I~0-~a~
r
V~ar~ icit~l~.~~reatec~ ~.x~on
25~3,~
~~M~~
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100270007-5
.~~
Th:~s d~v~.c~ can ~~,sc~ ba ~x~:~1~,~ed ~o~' me~~ur~.n~; t~~ poured
w~~.~ht a~ .the ~aawder~.- "the ~cawdex runs tl~trau~h ~1 st~:~n~.e~k ~tee~
funned., the ar~~;~e v~'' tl~e cam be.~ ~U de~ree~p ~'h~ c1~.~xr~eter of
the ~n~~rc~~' ~~z?'L off' ~ha fur~n~~. ~,~ ~~ ~ cri~.l~.~.rna~~x~~ ~~~ 1~n~~~h ~,~ 3:
mil1,a.me~ers, ~'he weight of the ~,rrc~u~t Q~; pawder, Zaa~ ~~.ng ~h~?au~h
the ~'ur~n~~. ~.n ane ma.x~ute, ~.~ x~eco~de~, ~'~.~.~!d~,t~r is d~nxnshed
faith 3.nare7.~ ed adhe s~,an snd fr~,ctian between the , p~.rticle~, ar in
atl~er ~rc~rds~ with the :~ncrc~~~ ~ ~.n tho c~is~a~rr~,~.c1n ~.nd rou~;hne. ~ of
the p~,rticlea and the dirr~inutican of ~,ts poured wo~,~l~t.
~'~~E ~~CE~'AS~A~'IC~ ,AND ~~,~,KE1,1P C~ "'~~a' C~~t~~rCE
Pre~.~xn~.nary oper~:tion~ are ,neces~~x~ ~'c~r the pi~epar~.ti,on
of ~ c~iar~e a~' pr~~;deterrn:~red cherrri~a,l con~p~asit~ang a.s well ~.s of
~. pre~spec~z~?.tied de~~ree of d~.epers~rs end ether ~ah~~~.cal ch~r~cter
a.stice~ ~he;~e op~;ration,~ cons~.st of ~ep~.~~~,'~:Iwx1~ the.. ~aawders zeta `'
~~~c~a~.c~ns, the rat .a~:zi~;, and tho pz?eli~t~~.nur.~ tre~temoi~t.
r,eparat~.c~n %nto fract.~c~ne. In order to e;~axate the powdsre
a.ntti frr~ct~,one by part~ic~.e sa.:ze, the cpnventior~al type of ~quipr~rer~t~
ern~l.o;~e~ in the chemical a.ndu~try ~r_d ~.n ~~~~ a~~~e_dr~ee~in~ proce~~~~s
~.~ ' ut~ed rS'c~ se~re~ate the relat~.ve~.y oaar,~e f~?~;etion;~ >~a.th the
d~.ar'c~etsr of p~.rt~.o~.e~ in oxcess Qf ,~~ microns, thy; ~owde~?~ .ire
~as~ed throta~h wire ~hra~~~, l:}rcanz~, ao~~~er~s car ~iz~ ecneen~.` tJf
x,11. the variatiA~ .~re#'e>~ence is to be ~.ven to .the ~
s r ~ encla,~~d t~rpe
de~i,~aa, ~h~.ch e~,~xr~in~.te
dust 'd,i~per~ic~n.
Figure 1C ehowe a screen cif the encl.oeed-type, de~~.~;n~d. bar
'~'s~JII'ASh. -
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 t
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c~.ased sc~~t/n des^ nsd ~'s~1;~:~~M~wh. ~,;
uxe 1Q. ~n
,.
char~i.n~ bin3 2 ~- ~.~.d; ,~ -cradle with scxeen; 1i - d3,sch~x~c b~.n;
,~ ~ txu,c~C.
~lectroms.~na~~.c ~creen~~ :which require n~ elect~~ic motors
and, c:~.r~ives, ~r~r~ ~x?~c oper~tecl c~:~.x~~tly from the li~h.t:i.ra~ rietwark,
axe d^stin~~.7is~~sd by ~ high c~e~;ree of portability, ~,ow cost, s.nd r~
high ~~~atput. ~~r~wever, the sifter tissue in ~;lectrams.~r~eta.c screens
r~~,p?idl~ ~'.~ca~~e- clv~~ed up with powder s,nd ~~oe~~ out of.' commis icon,
~'or the screening of chex~~s cbntaina n~~ ~lu:tn~; ax lubri-
cs;tin~ substances, it is `sometir~les' nec~usary ~~o' Force the ~nsteri
through' the sii'tex bGr hsnd ar~ by 1r,~;cl~s,xi:ica~. ~nedns~
'the sep~,r~~tion of powd~~?s into f r~~ctir~ns by ` sc~ryeen~.~~~; ` is
pract~.cal only for part^cle s1.~cs c~clz~rn tra 2~~J-3uU ~t-esha G~hen
pa~~t~.cle s:i~es ire clown to !~U - 5~ rnicxans, it becozrles nece,~, sary
to resort to a.i.r separs.tion,
:Aix ~~para.tars `axe `so~~Getiz~a~s paxt of the' r~~u~.sx ` equipr~~ent'
9.n the rrcanufmct;r? df powders (~~e ~'i~u~e l M- [~~~orticity mill] ~.
~r~wder b~.enr~in~. ` ~- blending; twn or se~rersl in3.tial paw~er~
of various cheniic~al composition ox degree df dispersion, a c~ie.r~~e
of ~irsdetertnined coznpositir~n and physic,]. pa~opert:le~ is abt~~a.ned
Tie e~.ist3,n~ metho~,s of blending are a,s fol~.c~ws
~ Mending in,,..drums`with edcentxic xot~,tion sxis. ~'he sux..
al~auntiri~ of fr~.~tion between the particles end the
ntexmi~in~
of the latter s.re attained at the expense ' of the ~ribxa~tc~n of the
. a .
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100270007-5
char e .in ~.t~ rcat~,t~,cn aba~x~- the sccentz~~.c ax~,~?
~i1~.s w~,th ~tee~, ba~.~.e ~ 'She suz~nal~nt:~n~
` ~, ~,~ cf the p~.~~t~.d~,es ;1.~ ~.tt~,ined throu~;ka
caf fzry~.ct~.c~n ~,n the ~,nterm ~
~~ ~ ~" lti ~ At the a~ me ~a.ms, rec~uc~,~.r~n ~.~ a~~e,'
the a.;r~pact cif the -atee~. b., ~.
n the cured we~,~ht of the powdery taks~
inc~.~e ;i.n h~ardne~~ ~.nd ~ ~
attritive bn.ll.e f l1~at~,~~ss 1~~.th~.n the
place ~' the we~.~ht n~' the
~)' ercent of the weight of the powr~er cha,~~:o?
r~n~;e cf f ram ~~ to ~d p
' ~.endi~~ in bal]. mi~.~.e? ~r~.ct~.on bet~esn the. partic7.e~
,~ wet b ~,~
akened b theef~eot of the liguld ~watcr,
be~.n~ ~.nterm.~xed ~.~ we Y
d' ~; more psr~ect b~.end~.n~~ as carrtpax~ed tQ
~~~.Cc~ho1, ~asal~.ne) i ~.n
the dry n1et11Qd, lw abtaa.n~;d
b~.c~a~dir~ in d.r~uns is ecvr~~~m~.c~.l in the fc~~.lnwin~; c~eesd
,~)~'
raft metal, ~ub,~ect to h~..~h def t~rm,atinn ~.n
(a,), fc~r powdery of
txnont~ b)...for met~l~~;raphite c'~~a,r,~e:4~, since,
the ba~.l~rn~.l1 trey. r (
'~.ted a~n ball ''rai~.le, the ~ra~~h~.i~e particles e~,h
when these ark tre
~ , lets/' en~e~.op the meta. pr~.:~ticles~, t~~~e~eby red~~.cin~ the
c ~x ~p ~'
~ th of the end productsq (c) .when the nec~4 s .ter ar~.ses to
stre~
~reactin between ~~p~e dolnponents a~ the m~.,xture;
~,:~m~.t the ~.nter ~
'~ ,: , ~ ~; ~ when nn pa,rt~.cuZarly thorou~!~~' blending ie re-
(d) ~.n t},~~~we cage ,
r~u~.i^ec1.
~~~hen a ha.her degree of ~,nte~~react~:n~; bet~,reen the Gang-
~.ed ~~ in the preparation off' herd allure, o~? when.
~aanents ~.s s~aecif ~
the articles f'oa:~ the, abtainin~; of a thc~rou~h
rieces~ary to plzlverire p
~e bal~.wmil~, treatment` 3.s pre~'erable~ ~a at~,ai,n '~ p~.r~
-blend, , t~
h blind, as requa:red ~.n the preparation of tung~
t~,culsrly ~ha~ou~
.~ ium hard a~.loys, wit-blend.~ng lr~ ball m:~.~.ls aver a
etent t3.tan
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~e~~~.od c~ ,~ days ~21~ haaa:f:~~; a d~~'} ~~ ~~~sar~ed tc. ' ~n axder ?Gca ~~,
d,uae th~t~ ].one attx~.ta vn perir~d, bat~~t~tary m~.~~.a ~x~ emp~.o ~d in
~, Y a
which c~,~e ~ ~ a~+~r~ttic~a~ ~.~ ~~at dawn tc~ ~e~s than ~~ l~c~urs.
~n eom~ aa~eax,, ac~d~.t~.on~.~. cctnzac~n~~,ts ~x~e, ~,ntrc~duc~d ~.n~a the
c~ar~~, u~ua~,1y ~.n ?~he ~'c~rr~ a,~ ra~c:~d~~ ~x ~a"~i~i ~a~.?~ta.ane ~I~~xt~~u~~r~.
~'
~n the c;a~~ of ' c~ucta.~.e m~ta,~.a pre~~~era~ vn~.y ~.n ~rii~,~~, ~u~.nt~t~.es .~n
tl~e ari :~na~. c~~1~,r ~ ~ ~~ r N
~; ~) ~~ametinae~ ~.~ bGc~arne~ nece~~~.ry to b~.and ,.od~.fyin~ tll~ir
~7hys~.cs,l prc~pertxe~ ~d~~r~e a~' d,a.~~a~~sian$ ~r~r~~~aress~b~.1`~.~GYa
and
the:. ~a.I~e} e such treatment ~aay be t~cz~d~~cted in c?r~b:~~~ata,an wa.~h
tl~e bJ.~ndi~,7 nr ~,he ~cre~;~,.n~ aper~~.t~.on. ~'rwquentl~ pre~.~,rr~:irra.r~
anl~teal.i.n~ of the pa~ac~~rs ~s a~esor~,ad to air order to ~:ncr~ase thea.r
pl~~st~.cit~ rind ec~i~tpr~'~;sib~:la.t~r (~,t the ~~rpense of ~h~ redo ' o
ctn. n of
axades ~11d ~ha rerna~s;~, of the cc,ld?h~z~c~en~~.rr~- eff~et}. ~nrleali
ng ~s
sameti~n~s am~a~.r~~ed to ' obt~,an horiio~eneaus solid scalutians -~ horn/ z~y~
a~st:~an of the ma.x~u:~?e (the anneal~~.~~ af' +~np~,e~?~?~a,na chaz~
~e~a
tun,~tsn carb~,de and titat~~.urn mixtures, etc).
~'rel~.m~.na~r anneal~.n~ ~s ac~ndueted ~.n a proteatave or rep
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_ __ __ __
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100270007-5
duc~,n,~ atr~a~~~~a~~~, at -tezr>,~~ra~;u~es r~ra~n,@; ~~~~~~ruac~.xna~e~.y w~th~.n the
~an~;c of ~~ ~? ~.OQ p~r~cgnt of ~~h~ b~l~~.n~; tcm~acr~ture ion `xax~
~,vns~ ~ r~mewhat h~.~~~ar th~,~l ~~kre b~.ka~r ~tem~r~.ture}, ~~uch an-
ac~a~
n~d~.in~ :~~ usu~].J.y c~rrdu~tt"id ~n ~th~ ba.kin~ ~urna:oas~
car~>pr~~w~,n~ the ;.~,owdcrs ~.ratU br~.qu~~;te~ s~f~~i~?~'i.n~.shed ~a~^o-
d~.LCt~ arc ob~,~a.ned,, 'fin d:~.m~n~i~~ns caxres~,~c~nd.~.n~ to ~h~ requrerrlent~
n~ the sand ~~rcaducts to tae rr~anu~ao'tt~red and 'ta~~.n~ ~.ritc~ account the
de~'urrnati~~~.~s, to ~~~'t~a.ch ~~he br~quc~tes Farb subject :gin sl~bsec~uent
opexy~~.ti.ans (b~ak~.n~~ cal~.brr~t~n~~ end the ;1~.kG}, ~~he s~tz~~n~~~h of
trae b~~ique~~Les must ~~e c~dcqua~tc .~Q absorb ~h~ stx~a~.n off' cr~.r~?yxn~
nd pac~c~n~ pr~.a~ to the ba.~C~n~; o~e~?ata.an,
;~rir~uat~~n~; ccamp~?a:~~s ~ha ~'c~1lo~rir7~ e~~er~t.ians m (a j p~o~-
pax?t~.c~nin~~ ~~r~v~~~~tr~,c ar ~v~,';~1ur~ct~r?ic~ and.. the z~ir~u~~.n~,
~;h~,r~e n~a the pros ~mo~.ds3 fib} pre~~ii~~ a~era.'c~.o~a9
a~ br. ~ ~u:~st~tee f rca~n the molds ?
the
{c)
rer~aval
Cxr~`v~.rrr~t~ic ~x~opar~i~~ of the chore is am~~~layed ~'~r nan~
ala,tc~m~tic 'pressing, vc~l~;7metr:~c ~~rc~pdrtzc~n~.h~;
p~ess:i:r~~.
for autamat~.c
~1~~ ~eurin~ a~ the ch~~?~~ ~.~ `~o b dine ~.n a u~i.fcarm nn~x~
aar~ be~.r~ ~~a~e~ ~ta' m~inta~.n .the hari~anta,~. level cif tine ,pa~rder a.
the pries ~c~~.d? Thl.s a.t~~.`,ned by v,~ric~us r~ethddsr ~y hand~sh~,~~a:h;~
c~:' ?~1~a ~~~re~~,-mald (tap,~in~ it w~.th a w~oodcn n~ral~,et~ car by ~~F~w
mechttn:ical v~a.bra~~.nn, by ~si~~ ~r~sf~~ triuld~ c~~ pr~dQ~errt~ned valurn~9
d~s~,~nsd pr~c~.s~~.y t~ n,c~~a~t~adate a; ~~.~~n ~e.L~ht , c~ cha.~~~a ~th~~
rrt~thod is r~ca~.r~~nded ~a.rticular3.y Shen a.utama~:ic px~es~n~ i~ used);
and ~"~.na,lly b~ the use a~' spacial. le~r~lers,
271
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u~ ~m nip
~re~s ar,a~c~s, P~,he pa^s~e moxd (F~.~ur~' ~.~.} ''aon~;~~~~ a~' ,~ ma~.n
..
paxts~ ' (~} the ~u>r~bler (matra~}, w~~ch s~r?v~s far ~~ce~,r~n~ the
~~owd~r and for the f~arnata.ax~ o~ the ~,~t~~?~~, surf~.~t~ of the aor~-
~~,resr:~d }'n~.e~; ('~ } ~tla~ ~alun~er, wh,a.ak~ ~,~ ~h~ r~~b~.~.e p~,r~ far the
farrnat~iun of the ~o~a ~uxfac~ ~.nd fr~r the rcar~p~^~~,~3.c~n ?f t~~a pawd~r;
(.~J rho #~wnb:~er ~upprar?~~.n~ ~aa~~ for ~~he ~'ox~r~,fi~.c~r~ of the bc~~ttorrt cur
f~,~~' ~~` ~h~ bx~.qua~;~e~ and fr~x? ~~rev~;nt Ln~ ~~~re pawd~r f r~arrr ~~o~~rin~
out of? tha pr~~~ mc~~~G~, In ~dda~tion to t)~o a b~.~i~ u~.r~~;~' ?~hw pr~~s
mold ~.~ ~~u.~.ppoci wa.t1~ v~r~.au~ aula.~x~y ~aarts, ~~rh.:~ah px?c~?~~.d~ for
the affec?~iv~ ~ ject~.nx, of ~Lhe ~x~.q~a,e~~t~ ~'rorr~ ;~~he mu~cl~ ~?r~r the
rr~a~a.nt~n~nco a~' pr~Cis~.c~n a.x1 ~~1e s~.r,~ c]~' the lari~ue~,?~~, for ~1~~
un~.form cumpre~~~.on ~?~ bath ~nd~, end tho 1.ik~.
~r t~~~ r~;thod for'th~ rc~~cnav~:l a~' the la~qu~~~e~ ~h~ pz?a~~
~'io1.d~ Caro c~?~s~~.f~od :into two t~r.~a~~s `(1) bx?i.~;u~tt~ `fc~rc~d out off'
~,h~ .~c~,c~ by px~o~~>urc~ (~'~.~ruz~os ~,~., ~3, ~C., ~:c, l~~, 17) ~ Ana (~~
bxi~u~t~~e x~~emov~d frx~m ~ro~.c~ u~:cam tho d~.s~~4~r~iblin~ pf the l~ttor
(F~.~ur~e l~}.
(b)
~'a,~;ur~ '1~c ~~.r~,~a~.~~t, pr~~u tr~a~,d de~i~ned w~$h a~rll~dria~l end p~'o
du.ct~ ~.n v~~.Pws ~ ~? cc~mpl~es~~.~n pasit~,pn; ~~ ~ fc~roin~ br~.quu~~a Uut
of tll~` r~cald: l .~ turr,b~.ar; ~ ~ plunder; ' 3?? ~urri~a.~,~~' . upport~.rr~
ba~e~ ~~ ~ ao~pxe~~a.n the powder; ,~ ~ ~.~re~win~-out b~~e
.~ ~~
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1
~x~as~ ~I~a~d ~~w~+; ~~ ~~uner
ads J~ _ cbc~cl~, ,~ -~ ba~.~~~; f~ ~ oozn}~x~as~~.~n ~o~il;ion.
~ "" p y
~'~;~urs ~,~? C;~~~.~ap~~.b1a px~~~~ ma~.d.
~~~ ~ ~, ~ ~ra~~ rnald ~'ar brr~sl~ b~~rw~.npw: 1 ~- ~a~a A~~~r~ 2 w
I ~.~;ur ~
bo~-ta~n ~,uri~~;r; ~ - ~~~?~~~ ~a.bl~; ~-~l~~v~
~umb~.~r; 3 ~- rock; ~. ~
~ a~~~~;.r~~a.n~; dev~.cs ); "r ~ ~om~z~~~~~.an ~s~~.~~.on.
~~~.pu~'~ ~, I~ra~~ 1~1~~a~d~ for uni.-d~.re~~~~.ar~a~. up~ri~~r~c,.:i~an.
+' ~~ ~. A Pr~s~ rr~o~.d '~'c~r, 2-d~.x~~c~~.ran~~, aam~~x~ar~~a.+.:~n c~~ ~'sN~:~~"i~~.~h
~'~, ~Ll
~b ~, w ~tlambl~r ~ ~ ~ 'rod9 3 - r~.n; ~ ~- top
d~ s~. ~r~ b>r~~Y~ ~~~ ~ ra.n~,~
,~ r; ,~ bc~t~,c~in ~~.~~r>,~~r; ~ ,~ ~~d; "~ - `b~~~ ~uP~art?
~]a~n~~t , . ,
i urn 1~. ~'resM i~,nld ~~.~~ ~~rin~ far two-da.rea~ianal aom~z~ssian.
~`_~_
2g
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{~) (b)
~~re ~.'~ ? ~riquett~.n~ for erad pra~ua~~ a~' comp~,ex ~ha~a~ ~ aMwith
any p~.ura~;~~?, b~w~'th twa ~~a~,un~er~ (~ ~anc~ ~) .
~n hanr~~c~p~~?~.~~~d pa~e~~ ri~~~,ds with the e~scta.un a;~ the
product (~ e~ ~":~~ur~ 1~.~ 'b) ~ the twr>,bl~x ba~o a:~ r~;mo~r~d~ ~h~ tu~~b~.sr
s~~ on ~ s~~;~ia~, bass, end tYie ~r~duct ~.~, s~e~~ed by pre~~ur
app~,a.cd tv ~~he ~;lun~;ez?? ~hc ~m,aurit a~ ~~ec~a.n~ ~re~.4~ure u~ual.~,y
f~.uctuate~ w:i~;hir~ the r~in~;e of a t? ~(a percent of the br.~quet~L.in~;
pre~.~.~t~,re. ~~n riatxa to the height end. ero~~ section of thc~
br~.~:;uette ar~d the lu~r~.can~~) ? ~
n press rnalds ~r~c~un~,ed an~x'os?~ss
the e jectia~ is t~nrie from below with .the aa.d a:~ ~pF;a1.a~. e~~~tc~~~s,
replac~.n~ the tumb~.cr base suppar~s (see ~'x~ure 13) ? :Cn the `prow''
ce.~s of e~ec~;xan the bra,quette ~.~ ;aubject to r~.me exp~a~as~.on8 sa 'r
reQl~lt of ~~he c~.~~~tir" ~.f~'~ex-ef:~'ect (~~3 pc~cer~t %r: ~ c~:~.~netrcal
cl~.roC~-an a;nr~ U.`~ p~:resri~~ zip he~.~;~'~~ b ~n ~~rder to pre~~rF~zx~- ~.a.rl~.ra~~.~y
cr~c?~:i.n~, ~. ~;r~~d.u~~. ~aidcna.n~~ of the e~~scti~~n ~i~;~~.e (a t~.p~:r off' ~~. ~ ..
1 de~xee ref irxe~.in~~~iat~ tc~ the ax~.s of campress~,an) ~.~ to be pra~
vir~ec3 .
Cal~apsxble press ma1d~ are less productivea and they are
used a n~.y a.n 1crw~~t~~sn~~;h ` br~.quetta.ri (tungsten :end hard al~.a~rs) ar
in the c~'~t~inin~ of br.~iquettes a~'' campl.e~ Wh~pc.
rn pz~i~s~.n~~ the
cc~~.~.~p;~.~~a,le p~~e~~ r~~to~.d ~.s yet ~.n~La ~~ ~~~ci~,~~ chock
see ~'~,~ure ~.~),.
~.n w~~~.ck~ it is braced w~.th bo~.ts, In same c~se-~, the pras;~ r~G:Lc~. ~~s
enca~et~. ~.n ~ . s~lr,c~:e.~. ~~.c~~et. In this ~a~~P, t~~~~ c~es:i~;n cif ~~~~ inm
tern~~~ parts f~.ri~.it~tes the dismantlzr~~;. In mu:~t~.Mcr~.d~.s aollap
s~.bl~e p~es~ molds several b~~.quett~.n~s c~.n be made ;~~.r+7ul~~,r~causly,'
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a ~,vta:%n preo~.s~.~an ~.n tl~c~ h~:~~;k~t of the br~c~ue?~~,s, sr~rest~.n~
dsv~.ass ~x?e u~ed~ '~,'he ~a~~~z~?e~~t~.n~;'de?v~.ca ~.~ fxer~uen~~,y ~' col~,eat~.c~n
f ara,n ~ ~r ~~.:~~;~~ s s,.~nst tiaha.Ch ~~
~ ~' } ~ ~ ~~ ~1rar~~ex? a f ?~k~e px?e~s ~.~ tl?i~?u~~
due ?~o ~rkaa.ch ~z~r~,h~;~rner~~- tl~e aesc~~a~ a~' _~he ~7unCax t~~~.~.:~ b~ ha~.?~cd
when 'a pr~det~x~m~.ntk ],~v~~. ~.~ r~~a~~a~d, p~a~r:~d:tx~ t1~e~*eby fax tk~e
sk]c~c,if~.cd hea.~~h~ of the bri,q~ette. A ca:~~.~;o~~Qn ~f k~~,s.tes ~~a.d
upan the k,~ttotr~ plate of ~.h.~, k~z?ess w~.l~. a~.sU ~~ rest the dr~~rs.rd'
nlnt~,oX~ ~f 'the~es~ p1un~~er ~~ a. prc~date~~dnined ~.e~~:~.a ~~ ~~ s,~.so
pass:~~ale ~? ~1,in~~.r~ats ~,h~ ~rr~~~t~.n~ c~~;viCe s~.to~?~~h~r, a.f ~k~~ pr~,s~
maid ~.s prova.ded wi:tti a punchp wh~.ch gilt be the?l.~st ~~s.~nst the
uppem erad G f' tkie tumbl~r~ , when ~. prsr~ete~~m~ned ~:~~re~. ,is res,c~~ed
by the.. pz~ess p~:un~e:,:~o
`~h~` shapan~ of internal, ~~.Zrf~,ces ~:n br~,c~ue?~tin~; is ~ffect~;d
e~.ther Faith tk~e s,~.d of a puneYi {d,~.e} ~ s. base support, or
speci~J.:ky `desi~?ned rod. pith 7?e~?er6r~Ce to ~;h~.~, se~rera3. tomes ref
press meld de~:~..~;n ~.re clwf~'exar~t~:ste~1 ?
~, - A ;~~?eu, ~1nld far uni-dix~ect~.c~rzal, brick~.~ettin~y .~r~ ~b.ich
the f~r~otic~i~a of shapira~ the ~.r~tcrna.l. ; openl.ns is p~:~rf~r~~~~ed by ~.
p~.x~ch { s~~e ~'~.~ure 1~,~ a) . L~uah t~r~aes ref press `mol.~~ should nc~t be
used. ~'or txl~ manuf~~tur~~ of 'bus~i bea~~:'tn,~s 'r;,eyt;nd ~~~1~ u:i~e of 3C~
~~~~i~l~.~ian~ter~ ire ~3:t~r~~tex and hel.~k~~~R
!~ pass mold fox? uni~-d~.recticanal br~iqu$ttir7~, ~in which
t~~e ~'unct:~c~n ~f sha~i.n~ the 3.n~~err~al c~p~n~,n~e is pel~for~YSsd b~ a
s~eciall~r desa.~~ned x~ad, {.:see ~'~.~ure ~~ b), phis pa~ess ~~~1.d ~nay'b
usad fog ~l~+s ~n~nufacture_ ?f' cyl~.~~ckers ~a~1r~ thickwwalZ~;d. t.;tash be~r~n~s
u~; to ~aG ~ni'11~r~et?rs l.n diameter ar~d he~.~hta
A press n1o,~d for ~wu-da.rection~l, brique?tr~a.ra~; with tiro
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;,.
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100270007-5
~r~,ve~.~.n~ ~~un~h~s ..w tap. end bo~t~tQrn ,(gee ~`~.~~a^~ ~~) ~ ~~ ~.~ de~
~~.~ned ~'or manu~`~.c1~ur~x~g prc~duat~ a~' aorxs~.~~rrable ~~~e:~~;ht (;1~U ? 2fJt~
r~xa.1,~;~.rne?t~rs and irb~?~'e), ar o~ ~ hf~,h z~a.ta.a ~,~ h~a,~la?t to d~.a~~riete~^ or
~ta w~11 ~~?~~.c~ 1~n~a> ~~ (1a ~ ~.rl ~~i~ ~) . ~~x^c~ ~ ~~ rnc~ ~.d ~ Q~' ~th~, ~ t-~a~ are
~rc~qu~nt~.~r de~:~n~~ wa.~h a ~p~G~a~. padg i~h~i.ch w~.~,1 s~to~a the
h~~
rf~~i~G,f.o~r Buz thc~ b~t?tt~rn punch un~t~.~' ~unh t~rae ~~ the tai ~unch~1a,ttaa.r~ed
a ~redeterrn~.rled ~.eve~.~ then th~~ paa~.~ic~n ~.~ zeatehsda the axrea~in~
~aad ~.~ r"~;r~c~vr~c1 ~nc~ ~xie carnpxe~s~.c~n prao~~ds ~'rc,n~ b~~.o~~ a?t the
e~p~nse a~ ?t~re ~~~aventent ~; f the tum~~~.ex ~~e:la~iv~ tc~ the ~;ottara~ punch.
~;ra sta.1~. other de~:z~;ns~ i~he prem~tur~: da~~cent of the turtib~.er ~.~
arre~?tet~~ by a 4~~eca.~~1 ;'G;x'~.n~9 wh~.ah ~a.I.ar~~ce~ t~a~ ~~r~:a.~;h~ of the
latter ~~ee ~~:it',re ~.~).
~`he a.dv~r~?~~~?~~ cl~r~.vcd ~arc~m the ur;e.; n~ ~waad.r~at~.ona~. px~es
xnald~ rare ghatthey ~aradt~c;e =~x~~.q1}.et.tes of u~.f,orrn c~~ns~.t~r a:nc~ high
qua~~.i?t~~ `!'he disa,elv~nta~e~~ ~.~'e that ~he~ ~~~n a.n?to Qonsa.d.cr~.b:~e ,
~i~~e~, cc~r~~p~.~~ da~a,~n~ a ad h,~~her co~~l:.w
'1'l~e pz~e~~,~ t~~~a~.d ~,':~~~~ ire determ~.ned by the fo]:l~w~.n~ ~a;:l~
culatian~. `the heft a~` ~~he, turrib~.er (ma~z?~.~) equal. tka~s hea.~ht o~
the brique~;te~ mt~l~tl.pl.a.ed by the cora~r~~~ign factor, plue the t~h~,.el~~-
I1@ aS a~` the.. topand ~aattc~m rn~~.; ~~~e cc~mpre~~ian factda~ ~..s: the r~-
t.~.o of the vv:~un~etrs~c ?we~.~ht of the briquette to the vr~~.urnetric
~~i~ht c~$` ?the ~c~~rdex~~ ~'pr md~t a~' the ~.ndzstr~.a.l ~anwder~g t~.e care
p7?eu s.~iara f'actc~r ap~ra~~.x~~~te~~r squa~.s ':~ ~ aind the height cif the z~n~.-
~xix ~:~ ,~ ~ ~.~` tizne,~ the he~.~h?t a~' the b~a.c~uetter 'the p~~.nch ~t~~.e~`
and other opera.tin~ 'par?te of eppropri.ate cc~n~pu~~ed he:iTn~.
~~he cle~rahd$ ~et~r~en ?~he punch ~.nd the m~tr3x ~.~ tc tae 'ade~-
grate ~a al:l~aw the f"ree pa~~~:~e ref air durir~~ tl~e coa~ipr~~sion a~' ?th~
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100270007-5
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100270007-5
pr~w~sx. ~~c~w~vsx9 ~~r~~x~ c~,~a~~.x~c~h ~x~~ sx~e~ ~a~v~~ th?~ ~avr~d~r wa.~~.
in t. ~: nt. ~c~~h~'r~r ~~~ o a ~ ~.~~) ` ~ a~rn h ~.~~u~~.n~s ~
~e~~~~rdt~ ~o k ~ k~ d z~I ~ ~ ~ .a ~ d ~
t~~.~h~.h ~~hc~ rar~~;s a~ ?~ ~ Ica u
a ~~rc;~t~t u~' trig; b~~~~,u~~~Ga di~r~r~~~z
~'hs 'rl~~ra~rac~~ ~a~.~sd ~n the E.%~~i1Z ~,r~ srr?~~,:1.~~~ ~~~~sra. ~~h~ G~b~v~ ~.nd~.-
~a~~~c~ (~h~~' ~~r~~.~ ~,ecord~inr~ ~~~.th the x~ur~x~~.~~; r~~~d ~"r~~ewr~lnn~.n~
~'~.~~ ~~o' ~~1~~ ~xad c~.a~~ u~' ~az^~c~~~h). "~~.~x c~.~~~r c~.a~r~.n~~~ ~~re
u~;~ci ?~.n ~~hs t1n.~~~~d ~~;a~;es ~ see , ~"~.~uxs ~ . '
'~''he ~.xx~~rna~. dis~rie~~r off' t~.e ma'tra~y squab tki~, ex~ex~na~.
da.a~r.~:t~ar c~~:' ua~i~ b~u~'~ l~sax'~.1~~s l~i~t~l the Gh~n~~~ ~.~~ a~,zs;~, ~~~l~i.oh w:~~.l
r~~u:~t ~'rr~ri~ ~~a~C.~n~; ~~;~.1~~;,r~~ ~.r~~a a,~;Gt~ur~~;, plus t~~ cr~r~~~~r~s~:~on
tc,~.clx~~a~i~~ ~.n c~~.:i.~ar~,,~'~.~~gi. I~' ~~i~r~ ~.~~ 'shrin~a~a d~r~.n~ i~h~ ~aa~Cita~
a~' saan~a ~~c~wd~x~s, ~,ho '~n~t~~:~a.l aial~n~~er~ ore ~;o b~ i~~r~~~~~,d acew
orda:n~~.~r ~.r~d v~.c~ ~vrrr~a.. ~~ ~a~.~:?w~ ~ha.~ the c~imsn.~~.~n~ o:~ the
~ra~s mold ~.rs to b~ ~.n r~~.at~.c~n nc>~; one ~;o ohs dirn~n~3.~nw of the
cant~mp~.~~sd end ~ara~u~t, but a.~.~U in x~ola~~on tc~ the eh~rt~c~~sx~
i~f,:~;,~ c~~ ~hc~ ~c~w~~r us~~ `~'?~ ~~~,~.br~tic~h` tc~~.~ran~~ ~.~ usu~~.~.
0. ~,~ w {~. ~~.CJ m.~.~~.~rLatars (C1~~~~zadirt~; an the d:i~=rs~A~~~r a~' ohs bush b~ar~
~.~~ } ,
'~~he di~mat~r ~~ the rad` wh~:~h ~c~s ~Ghs :l.~~ts~ria~. ~~zrf ~,c~
a~' the ~u~~~ bsa,:ra.rt~~ ~q~ua~,~ t~~s :~ntarna~. da.ar~s~Cer off' ~~hs bush bear-
~.ra~~ ~~~~1~ ~h~ d~~~ ~1~.~~ra~ca n~a.~ i~Qr ~h~ charms ~.n ,~t~n~~.ons~ w~a.a.ch
w~.l~. t~Gc~ixr ~n ~h~ ba~~iri~ ~~' ~h~ k~r~:t.quc~~~e, ' ~~lus the c~:~~xanc~ b~~
twon the ca~;~..~ra~.~.n~ rod rah the hunch :and the ~.n~erna.~. c~iarf~a~-~r ~~'
the bus~i b~~;r~~.n~ ~`~z~ ~.~,~~t~r ua~~ml~.~~ c~qua~.s ~. ~ti M Cl. ~C~ rrA~1.~,~rn~t~r~.
ohs e~~~~,~. d~~.sXnetsr a~' t~~e'matr~.~ ~.~ c;c~rr~~u~~d bar' pr?~?
a~sdzr~ zrart~ ~~h~ ~:~rsn~th cif ~~h~ matr.~.x rr~a~ter~.a.1, ~,xad ~h~ ~~z~~~~s
~,sv~~.t~~a~ng in the briqu~tt~.n~ ,opsr~ta.Gn `~`~.~ br.~.c~u~~tz~; pr~~suz?~
i~ ~.nc~r~3a,aed w~.~h' 'the ~.ncreas~ 'stn the i~~rdn~~s of the ~.in~.tial
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_ _ _
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100270007-5
pr~~rd~x~ ~~o~'sv~x~ r~~rr~~n c;~.~~x~r~ce~ aye a~c~r~~a~ve~ ?~h~ pc~rdax w~.~~.
q ~~.~~) o r~c~ ale~u~~:nce~s
p~a~~s~ratc a.ntca t~hent~ ~{~,e~`~'aa ~x1d ~a~G~ yea rr~~
ra~~h~.n ~~kte xar~~~ of Q, 2 Ica i1? !;i ~~;xcen~ c~~' ?~1?re ~r~?~.gu~~?~a da:a~~~az?~
~ ' re srnc~~.:l,~,x~ ~x1~~~ ~l~I~;~a ~abave ~nd~.~ .
~'l~e c,~.sararaa~~ u~.e~. ~.n the C~,a~k~ ~
c~~~d (?~h~y ta~~ ~n ~~;ccc~rd~r~c~~ w~.th ?~he x~r~~~.n~; aka.n~; ~ ~~akc~z~. a,r~~o a.ccc~u~~~;, p1,u,s the caar~pxeaaian
ta~.c,raxace an c~l~.b~~~,t~.or~. ~~ tYi~;re ~.-~ shy?~.nl~a~re dur~n~ ?~h~ 'b~kita~
off" saute ~~c~wdex"~9 ~,h~ ~.r~~e;x~na.l d:~arneteru~ Qr~ ~Q be a.ncrea~~;d. aec~ ''
~'~ ~,.~,m~+ns~c~ras of the
c~rda. :L. end v~.cc~ vc~rs~. ~~ ~'al~.ows ~ha~ i1~e
~ ~ ~rnent~~.nrYS ''e~ the
xas~~ rnalt~ a.r~ t4 b~ ~x~ relation nc~ti ?n ~ ~;q 1~he d
cantetnpla~~d end praduct~ but ~,lsa a.n ~~e~.ation ~a the char~~cter
is?~,ic;,~ ~:~ the ~c~wder us~cl. 's'he a~1~i~ra~a~vn tc~leranCe ~s uffiua~.l~`,
0, ~ ~ w U. ~.0 nz~~,lxra~t~r,;~ (c~ep~nr3in,~ can ?~he c~,ia~c~~de~er a:~ tae bu~s1~ bear
ink).
's'he esiama~~r' a~'' the rc~d-wh:~e~x farms the :}.z~~srr~a~. ~ux~aee
of ~h~ bush beax^in~, eq~~als the n~~rnal diaa~ne~er~ a~? ?the bu~l~i brag-
~~ ~r~~.~l~ ?~he due a,ls.n~~r~;~ace made ~^car ~h~ ahar~;e ~.ra c~~rn~rrs~.~ar~~, w~a~.ch
~ril~. occur ~,ra the ~al~~..~~~ of the ~~ra.q~~c~tt~ ~~:1:us the cl~aranc~ ~~~
~~?ec~n Mahe ca.l~..brat:~n~` rr~d a~ the punca~ and the xntreernal c~ia,rne~er of"
t}~e bush ~~~~Y^_~n~. '~'k1e ~.a.t?~er usuall~~ equ~.l.~ a- ~U ? t~.30 n~~,l~,m.e?~e~~
Thy a~trnal di~xnet~r o~ the rrat~~.x is `cc~rl~~u.ted b~ p~a~_
eeeda.z~~ z~~ris ~~he ~:~rerl~;~l~ caf ~Ghe ma~ri~ snate~ra.s.~. ~,nd ~h~ s~res~~~
dev~lap:~n~ in tae bri.qu~t~~.~~~ apsratr~n, `s`ae '~rique~?~iz~ p~essux?e
is ~lncx~Q,~sd with tine increase in th? hard.nea~ o~ the 'initial
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100270007-5
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100270007-5
anS~c~~~s~ ~.r~ ~;k~c; .x' d~~~~~~,1;~,~~~ G,nc~, ~n ~;he x~~~t~c~ off'' ~x~e hc~i~h~ a~' u~lr;
~7x~~.c~~x~~fi,~ ~~ca ~h~ w~~~?~~ ~'~h~.clcx~E,~;~ cad ~~;~~~ -~~~~~x~.x~ ~~ ~
~il~a?~~~~ la~.?l~wer,r~ ~,, ~J~)u r:~.x~,c~ ~~,l~~~t.~ ~r~:,1.ca~;r~ar~~~ ~~c~r ~~~x~~.~~a ct~za.~,~.iara~~x~.
~'~~~ ~~a~c:i,~':ic 1,~,fi~r~,r~~,~. ~~~~?~ ~u~~~' caxc~a"?~~c~~.~, 1ar..i.c~ti~~?~~~.za~ u~u~~~.1.y ~nraun?~s
Ica ?~ ?~ '3;; ~c.;rcen~ cad` ?~rZe tc~~~~~ ~}:~~~~.:~:tr, ~z~~~t~~a;r~~ ~'h~ `:~~,?Lcr~~,
~ s~7~a ~.~':~~ 1 px~~?~r~~ y c~xa b~ c~a,~~t~~u~;~~ by ~'rax~nu:1.~~
C
i
wh~~~a
:~~ the c~r~~'f'~,c.~.~r~?~ ch~~~~c;tF~x~:~.~a.r~~ ~h~ r~~ica ~~ i~he l~t~ra~.
~re~ ~ux~ tc~ ~h~ ~ca~~,;~. jax~~;,;~~~.~t~A E~ is ~;he x~l~t ~v~ cc~rr~~~~ctne~ ~ a~'
t11e t'~ri~~,t~e`~~e~~ ~~~ ~~ 'the ~'Q~.swnn ca~~~'ici~xr~ [~o?.~s~~ran~ ~ x~Fa'~lt~~ a
~.~ ~h? ~~er;~.f:ic '~az~~~s~ua~ a~' bxic~u~~~a.r~;
~'.hc~ ~r~.1.u~ s ` a ~'
fc~r v~~rit~~.~~ `r~e~G~a., ~~owd~r,, ~,~ .z~el~~,:~.a ?~o
~,h.~.i~x r~~.~?~iv~ ''r.~~?ns:i~;i~-~ '~.x~'enut~ier~~~c~ .~~ ~~b~e ~o
'~ab~:e ~
~..
~~~:lun of ~ ~r~.th c~~n~~.~-3r cif ~a~c~.r~~~, ~.n pc~rc;c~?~
~,~
~~e~al 1QU 9Q 80 70 6~ 5~
-- -~-- ~ .-,......~..Y,,..; ....,~,.....~
~~~
(~) O
.4J~G.1~. U1~~. U.~~ ~ UOW~~ 40~~J U.~'j U.~.~ U~,~~
`~h~ ~'arrrl ~r~d the d.~.zr~~r~~ions''af the ~x~ produc?~s ire t~ be
ant~.ci~at~.d,w~hah dsu~~ra~.n~ 'thy ~res~ r~~o~,d~ ~~~~ ~`~~urne ~9 Cha~~~r
zed Cop Approved for Release 2012J04125 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100270007-5 ~ ,~ ? ~ `~ ~ ~ ,,? , , ; , U ', ; ' ",u"~
Declassified in art - aniti
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100270007-5
~;~1' "t~e~tc~~~,ad~ar~~,~i~a~c ~~~,teri~:l,a~'), ti~a.~h, a~.~r~ t~a~a.n~ :l.rxi~o a,ccc~l~nt tk~c~
~.aw ~'~u:~dit a~ ~~~~a rr~~ta~. ~~at~dQx::4 ~'Qr a.nai~ancsy in ?t,he case of a
Y
px^~~~~ ~na1.d w~.~;l~ anc: ~~iznah ~x~':~r1z~,~ ~.C~,a,~,'~~~c ca~ri;aa,c?~n~~~ raf ~h~ b~~:
~ue?~~,~ :i.~ ?~hc ~~n~G~~^ ~~~~d ~,~.an~ ~hr `c;d~;~:,r w~,~.'I, 'b~ u~u.~c~rm,
The mark e,~a,~e,n~~~.al par?~a a~ the ~~,res~~ m~~~.r~ (tk~~ m~tz~~.ces) are
fabr.i.rat~d ~'ra~. ~, ~ 12 steel,
which, a~'tex ha~c~a~.n~~ leas
h~rd~,ess of C~I~ ~ ~~a ~~~,. ~;e~s *~~p~na~.ve st~s~:a (U~~", ~~i~~~h ~- ~.5a ~,
~~
"~. ~a and othe~a~ a~~e used ~'ar the ath~:r paz^~~ of i,he pre-~a r~?~.d~
:[n the i.; n.1.tE~d
"tates, h;i.~)~ips;~ir~ed ]tc,t~;~., hr~~~der~ec~ to 6~~-C~Q~ ~:~
~us~~?.:i.n thc~ xt1F~,1;:Ln~r a~' the. m~tz~;ix end r."ad.
' the used"uJ. ; ~.f'e off' ~, peas rnc~~.d off' ~.~Tex~a~~ d~.~~~cr rur~~ .
~~ith~.n the range ~~' ~Ot?~~q '~ ~>O~QQCJ 1~r~.r.~i~ett~~s, ~.fter ~r~z~.ch ~,h~y
o~n ~F x?F~~r~c~r~d. a.~~~ta pz'e5=~ `rrGC~~.d~ off' ~ lG~r~er da.atreterg ar i~pc~n sdi~ie
re~;,x~inu ~.~.~~~ ni.tra,dcd. 'the nitx~~.ca~.r~~r, cau~ea ~ ome ~,hr:inl~a~e in the
~.n~terna~. r~~.G~netex~ r~r~t~..n~ it pa,~ ~~.b~.e to .~a ~,LUne br~.c~~e`Lta.n~ tG t}x~
c~.ri~~.i.n.al
r.1a..mensians, ;fin. ~ar7.nd.i..n~ the ~~~"e1~~
tnralcis ate rna~;netic ?~~~.b~.es,
the pre~~r~ r~~~c~~~cl ~:~~~z"ts becr~rr~e rr~,~net:~~~d~ 'l~u c~li~,~a.na:te thy; adl?~e~~a.un
a? ircan powc~~r try the Trta.~net:ire~~ ra~.rts: a:t bc,caz~~e~ r~~ces~~a~y to
~'r~. l~ydrau~.i.c and m~chanica~. (f r~.ction. and, cr~nk~ha~'t~ ,
~~reas~es s.~e ~~np;a.c~y~d. ~'r~.ction p:~es~~ea ~r~~ ~.esa canven:i,ent and.: their:
..use ert~~.:i_~.s t~~e r:is~ a~' pres`~ rl~c~ld 17i^ealcGa:sre. l~res,~~es deL ~ned ;C'n~.
?t1~< top end ~~~a?~,i::am pr~u~urc ~fc~r t~~e e~cctior~ of t~~e bra.guett~}
~axa preferar~~.e:. dame special ~e~i~;nai; prcl~ide nab ;~anl~r for '~e~~~~.ca,l
but a~.sa far ~.~atgr~~. pr~e~ wu~~~e. ~'he br~.~~t~stti~~ a~ rnatal pc~wcle~,~ in
the t'~n~.t~;d "ta~,c~s is done by hyc~.raul.ic pr~ss~s lap to S~UQQ tans ~.n
cupa,c'it~ ~~nd mechaniaa.l pr~~;.es ~cr~,~.~~sh~'t ~.nd ~~centric~ up
1.9,~~G tarns in capacity,
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100270007-5
[~~:i,~h, n,41~~'~1,11~C)mcl~i"~.~' ~a~~a~aar~-~,c~x~i.n~ ~,ala~ br:i.aue~t~.n~;~~cr~w c~~
3 m~aa~ ~n c~na ~3 ~ hcux ~xx~?~~' 7~~~~~1~ p~~c x~r~c;;,~ a~n ~~~xac~llc~ ~'rc~n1
t.;., f')
,~a ~,UUt) ~:,r~~~c~.~w~ (cltpca~c~:~n~ an ~~he~.r G~~~~~c; ~~x~c~ rarr~~a~,~ar,~.~~;y' a~'
~;x~ t,h~; CJn~~.~~r~~ ~~?~~a~ ~~ A,mct~.i.c~. ~-~a~ ~:~~e~~.~a~ 4~x~e dra~~r~n
rzu~anx~a,~a.~~.~.:~,,~r {s~~ ~~:~~;v,r~ 1~). Thy ck~ar~c :~.a~.d~c~ 3.n~v ~'u~~z~~~. (1}9
f'ln~r~ ~;x~~~r:~.mc~~r~.c,e cat~u1ra~~.;~ ~~ .~rita ~ 1~~~~a v~ sl~r~~,a~
~~~~~ ~aoxaci~r +;~`,i.~ur~~ 2~,a}, or ~k~~ ~'ur~na~:l.c~ra c,~' ~.an~~.~uda.x~~~. car
~~^a,ra,>w~r~z~~~~ c~~~a~fis ~dc~per~dira,~ Gaza ~h~ d~r~~o~k~~,~~n off' ~~.p~1~.ca~~.caxa ~~~
~ka~ cc~npr~ ;: ~1,ar~ ~,a~~d} ~~`a~~;~~~~~ 2~, 1a end r ).
UuzM~n~ the ~~ ~~tld ~~~a,~~a under the mG~, awn ca,~~~a:t~ r~ ~~~an ~ carcea ~
~r,~,z~,}~n~r,~. ~,n~r~~7~~~~ a.za c~:i,.z?~.>c~ x~~~io ~o Zara~csurc~. 'l~.~~.n~u~~;x~~.~~.un,
wl~~.ch ~~~~~ t~cruz~ du~~l.aa~r ~h~.~ ,a~~~~;~, ~~w chwrv~ ~,~~1~`i~.~~~.~,xa ~~' ~,~;~~~~u,~u~~~~xr~~ ~.x~r~~ kx~rr~~a~7 ~~y ~tr~ac~~a~'~~ ~~~~
~'C~~'~s ~i~''~~c~u~~~`~3.x~k,a .fin ~n~s G"c1.~~' ~~, F;.~it't~~i~.~'~.~ ~q'~Cc~1"-i>,~ '~,~1Q ~T'".LfN~1~~'~'~i~
~c~u~h~~~.~,~ :~~ h~.~~,~r ~~~~n ...n ~,~e c~,,r~ ~~' ~~~.~~~i~r~~~nac~ ~~?~wci~x~w.
~~~~~x~~w~ ~.~ ~.n~r~~~; ~r~ ~i~~~ ~~~ ~~.`~~u~ ~n~..r~ou~~xn~~~ .
~~' i:~~ ~Uta~rc~~~~ ~a~~~'~;i:~~.~~
~3~ `~a~l~~hrx~~~~~ cif ~~*~.~~l~~~J~~ ~.;~ ~.~~r~~~'~c~ with ~h~ ax~.c~~~~c~n
(1;~; ~~:~.~~ ~t,~~ r1~.r~~.nu~~.~ra ~xx ~~~~: ~7~~c~~~ ;~?crux?~.r~ t~.~~~~ ~;~~a,~a-
xa~~>~ ~~ ~n,~c~u~~~~ '.n~x~~.~~~ c~r~~a~d~~rx~a~.~~tl
~~~,.n,~; 1;~~~~;h~ axx~ ~ar~~~~ ~r~~~.;~~i~a:~ic~xx ~~~;x~~ ~c.~~.~~~., 'c~i~
~~r~c~.~~ ~n~ ~~ ~c~~~r~~a~, ~.ncr~~~,~~d. ~~.~~ ~1~~ ~c~~~~;~~r1+~~~ a~ ~;~e
~~x~~'ti~~ ~ ~d~~~
4~~ ~;,~~~~~~n~~ - c~~f~t~x~~Mric~~ ~.~ ~~~~~~x~ ~r ~, ,,~rar~~~~u~.~.n~a~
c~~~~.~'~~on.. ~`la~.~ ~.xx~,~c~~~~~~~zc c~x~~x~~,~r:t,,~~,~~ c,~" ~o.r~a~n~~ ti, .~ ~~.~~~,~.~~
u~.~r~.~ ~ar+~t~~unc~c~ an ~~~~~ ~~i fls~~~~h~;~~e:~3 ~~~x"~~~~~~~
' Declassified in Part -Sanitized Co A roved for Release 2012J04/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100270007-5 ~ ''~
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100270007-5
~~ / N~~1M ~.~~,MF h\~~^Y~m. ~ ~~~T~~MII YIYIA~~.-! ~.1'MI~~ITI ~I'N M~~MYY~~~1. ~.
~~ ~: ~,a~t :l, ~~kx~ ~~n,~~;hn~ ~~ ~ c~ ~ ~~~
(;umXar~~~~~,~an, ~`o~~c~~ '~~
r~ac~~~~ ~.n ~;uxp~ne~~ a~ ~kx~ rr~t~ ~,~-
~~x~r~,~~~r~~s~ ~.~ r~du~~cl ~~.~kx ~1~~ ~,nc
;Cn ~,~.x~ '~r;~qu~~~~~~ ~ ~h~ ~~~~a~~~ ~~ ~~ ~~.~t~.nc~
~xtr~ ~~~.~,~,~~. ~~U~~r~~~~..
~~; ~ ~C~(~ . ~x'c;~xa~ ~~ ~11~ ~ c~~rc~a~~ti ~~.an
~'~~rc~. ~n .~ti~a~x end ~a~~~~? ~
. ~~ 4 ~'r~~'c~ ~~x~, ~,ur~~~,wt~n ~~>cn~rc~ax'-~, a.i~ ~a~~caun~~
~Esx^~c~zt~, cad ~ ~;c~m~ar. ~~~~~. an y
~:,. , ., ~,., , ?~ .~z~,d ~.n ~1~~~ ~;~~~+c~ c~~ ~au~rcl~x"~ n~` ~~~~r~c~ r .:l.:t.a~r~
,~,~ ~,~.~)n~ Ci~' rc1, ,)~7'C~1~'~"id ~'~~wl.~ ~,~ i,~~ ~1j~CaC~.~~.~
'+,,~ r~~~a~:~unt~'~ uc~ ca~~~~ ~r~~
lu~-:i.xaax~~~ iri~~ kxa~~r~~~'! ~,~~' ~~wc~~Y'~;~ ~,~~~
x~a~rrn ~'~~' ~;kl~ ~ac~ci~.~~~.ctYa ~~' ~~r
~:~r~ ~,3~~~~r~u~t,?t~irx~;p x
...r~ t~~~ c~-,~ ~~' ~C~~.c~~k,~.rde~,et~ t~nc~~~r~.
~~u~r~~~~ l~ Y,'z~~~r ~~,~.n
~.
~~ ' ~ ~d ~i~h tie t~~~~~u~ ~n~ r~ou~n~w
~c~u~l~xx~ ~..~ ~.~ ,~n~r~
~~ .~~h~ ~~c~~rd~~~ ~~,x^~~z~l~~a
r. ~ ~~., of ~~z~~.~~u~~~~ ~, ~.c~c~~~t~c~ ~~~~h ~h~ p.~~~~.oxx `
~ ,3 } ~ ~~ur~.,~~n~x ~,~. ~
. ~ end ~Y~~k~ ~~;h~ ~.~~s~~~.~~~xa a~' ~P~~~~~~~.~~~~
. ,~.nu~ic~n ~.r, the ~1c~~rc~~r ~;,c~u~~:~Y~~ x~t~~.~h~~ `~~a~a~~~
r,~w~ ~~' ~x?~.s.~u~~i~ ~~.x~~x~~~~~"~ ccy~~~~.d~r~ib~.y'~
ar~~~~ ~~,~~~~~:i,~a,r~n ~~,xz~ e7.~1 ~k1
(~ i ~c~u~~n~; w~~.~,h~G ~r,e~ ~
~~m~nc~~ ~.a..~~:t~ ~~,1 ~k>;~ r,~t~~ cad' ~~~~ ~~~;r~rcl~r
~~,u~~~n~~~w: ~~ ~~~ ~r~.r,~~x~~~~~ t~
n ~~~~~~,.~~ ~~.nc;x~~~~r~ ~i~kx ~I~~ ~~a~r~~zt~;~;; cad ~~~
~.n~~i~ 1 c~wd~x~
w~.l,% 4+1~CA~C).~w t1~.s,yti~,7~~~4.~ {.~~ ~j~i,it~~~~,nSJ~a ~.b ~ ~ m
~~d~r~ ~~~.~~ ~'1~.t~s~La;~c;c1 ~~w~ ~.~lc~~~
~~.x~l~r ~ar~r~~c~un~~d ~n ~
~~~
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100270007-5
('r) ~~c~:l.s?G~,r1a~N ~G~ caUril~;~^~ a e~.ara ~.~ ~a~~~~.d~~"~k~~.~r ~x~r~t~~ ~~h~n
~~~~~.~~~~x1~c~ ~a ~;~n~,l,a~~, ~ac~~ :t,n~~~~n~~~a in ?C~zc a~~~ u~ ~'o~~sx ~~aa~~r~er~~,
?e~:i.s~~,r~cc ~~a car~a~~~~,~r:~~.a~~ ~a~~~~r.~n~ ~:'' vfx:l.un of ~3U ~ara~n~ off' ~h~ cram?
~:ce~.~:l~an ~'rarc~:, ti~}~~;a.~.,~ :1.11 '~;C~n~x,~~n ~,~- do~~~ nod' ~;~,.caed :l ~ac~rrant o~
?~l~p
(~~ } ~ha ;'Lou~hal~ ~~~ ~~' the li~i.~un~?l-c: ~ ' ~r~rat;:I.y d~~ends can ~h~
~l~il~aan~:i.c~r~~ ~i~ld cor~'~~n;urr~~~,can o:~ ~k~e ~11t~, r~rarauC~ ~;a ~~~ c~b~~~~.x~~d~
'I'ha ~ou~;r~~tie~ ~ of the ~~:,,ri.~~,tx~~~t~,F ~.~ in~d~c~ua?L~ ~"G,~` fi1h~~~
c~~.x~ec~ u.~e ~.n ~rcaduc~~.o11.
i~: ue~te ra~~c~~~.'~h~ rrRo~~~ ~~r~.~~1as ca~u~e off' ra jcac;?~"s ~:s ~~ha
:Cu~r~F~'ta.c;r~ of `trra~~s7ver~~ ~.r1~,~ r~3.a~car7.~~. ~~~~~ x~a~~.r~n r~~~~lc~.
Thai :;ire ~ i~~;u~.t ~f i,h~ ~a~.lc~in~e (a} ':~1i'~~)ir~~~r~.~ c~e;~a.~;nc~d
arld ~le~'~~ctiv~a pz~E~~a na~.ds; ~~~ ~.rn~ra~;~~~ ar,~r~pre~;~;~.on; ~.nd e~or~i,on`
~~;rucuc~uz~e,, ~zr1d ~a~ ~c~or ,~u~l~.?t~ ~~~ pa~rci~~~;~.
"~~ae: 1~~n~~ ft~c~~~~~ent ~a.n~c~~:t~c~r~.ce off' cracx~ x.w c~u~e~l ~,y ~m~
~rc~~~; r~.v c~~~i.~~necl a~.d d~~"ec~i~r~~. rf~~.de pra~~ ~:~lde.
:fin ~~~t~~,~:d. ~r~e,~w r~~cld,~r ~~~~:~n ~.~~d a~~ructura:l. c?e~'aa-~~ ~~:~.~.~. ar~M
~~ 7a.~,.~t" ~.r.~ the ~~~~~s ~x~:n~~ o~ ~;r~.nsv~ rsc~ 1.~iral~.ri~ ~a.an cra~;l~~ d~~~ ~n~ ~~j~cw
ta.~ga off' i~~ae ~~~?.qu~~~~, '~a ~'ar, e~tal:.l tha ~'r~rrn~~;t;:S.an u~~ ~,~c~~ ~~r,.u~.~~~
~.~:~~r~~,~~~.~.a1~ craa~c~, ~ ~a;:~~;a"~d ax~~~.~~~~.or~ ~~ the ~~;r~~:~ o~aen"~.x~~ of t~1e '.
~ax~~~~ r~a~d Ica. ~ ~ 1 da~;~^ae ~~r~~1~} i~ ~ara~r~.d.~d~ ' ~rr~~ul~.ri~~.~~~ a.n
?~he ~ar~~~, mc~1d ~~,1.~.~g due to ~o~,~r ~'~.~z~:Laa~-a:can car ~a` e~a~~l~~v~ ~e~~9
X1.1.1. r31~~ ~~ cr~i~dua:i~~e ~~ ~r~ack~~.r~~.
,~.nothex~ c~,usr~ caf t~a~s~'~rae cx~;cks, ?~r1:~h ~Gh~ 1~ o~ ~ca~.d
~~~?~~~ .mc~l.da~ i~ ~~h~ a~l~].i~~ta.on of ~~ae~~a.v~a c;re~~l.an ~'caxce,
~h~ e1:~e~ic' ~~fte~Re~'f~~~, wh~.ch c~.u~+~;~ the c~acl~e, a1.>~a.~s i~creas~
47
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100270007-5
a.n d~.r~r.~, x~;~a.a ?L~a ~tZ~c; ccli-ija~?~:~~ ~;~.r:~x~ '~'axaG, ~-r):i:i?:l?~ ?~~~ ~~au~hzx~:~~ of
~X~.~ 1~xa.c~u~;~~~a~, ?th~?~ ~~?~van~;; ~h~a ~r7x~~t~~?~a.ar~ r~~ a~?~,alca, ~.n~xcra,5~~+
~:~~ ~. ~~..~w~z? r~~~;~,a ~~ ~~. ,r~~~u~~a in' ~,Z~~: ~~r~~r:nc~ ~~ ~~~~e ~arr~praw~~,an
~'~1u~, ?l~he de~?~x~;ct~~.~~ e~.~~~a,c fra~~c~~ w:i:1,~. nv~r~;uxr>.~ ~h~ ?tt~u~;hr~F~;~~
a~ ~k~e l~ax;i.que~?~~, ;:end ~.uxn ~ n~~?~ioa~ cz~acz~~ ti~~~ ~. ~.~,~~~~arq
~rx~t~'~:.~~ x^~~~, rrs.u~dsg the ~h~?f.~;n~ pr~~~,. ~~ra~d ~r~~.l,
'oecu~?~~~.r~~ ~iura,ix~ ~b~ c~r~~x~ss~.~n a~ the ~,~~~?~~.an o~ ~~ie b~~~.c~u~;?~~~?~,
~r~,~:~. c~u~~~ tl?~~ r~~?umltl~.l~~: ~~" ~h~ bx?ic~u~~A?~e ~s.i..?~h ?~l~e :~c~riri~~.c~n off'
c~~.~~;c;nG~~. c;xrc?~f~;. J:~1 r~c~~~ c a ~~. , ~~t~Gh ~k~~.~'~G?s c~GC,ux ~~l?l:~.l~ the carrlw
~ax~~~w ~.c.~n .~'c~rre~ ~.r~ ~tiJ,1. hi~~x.
Axe' ~xce~~~iv~~.~r ~~.r~w_e jectic~n ~~,r~, ,~r3~?~icu~.~x~~,Y~ ' ~ ~~a~; '~n~d~
ciura.n~ ~1~~ ~`j~ctic~na ~ri~.I. G.~.r~a cause ~.w~r~~~.nat~.c~n c~?~ak~q
A~.? ~"~.a?~c~x4 9 :ir~~?~rum~ntal i.n ~;he r~duc?~ic~n `n~' br~.c~u~~t~
?l;o~.~~~nEa~~~,~ ~~urn ~~~ ;;~c~cacatah ~'~.~.?~ ~ac~~-rcl~r, h:~~;l~ ;~~ur~.n~ ~~a.,h~ off' ~ia~rd~r
~ a
pcn~d~rs Uxida,~;an, rap~~.~~ a.n ~1~~ ~~a~x~;e~ ?Lhe co~.?~~1~~~~c~~ni.~~ of
pc7~rc~~z~ ~~~,xr~~ a~,e^ ~~r~d. tha ]aka;, ar~~ can~ra.bt~~;~n~ iac~c+~:~~: ia~ the ~'c~rr-i~-
at~.or~ n~ ~ ami.na?~a.~n ~raeks~
~~y~:c~~~~e?~~~~s_~:r~ a.na~~c~~:d ~'or the absence a;~ e~c~~~?r~~,:~r~~~"~c~~~.
e'er ~x~~~,~e~$-? c~:i.mc~.r~s~.c~n,~ ~.nd ~~i~ht~.
;KTI~G
~h~ apera~~.c~n p~ ba.kin~ ac~n~i~ts ~.n a.nzea~.~.n~ ~tl~e br~.que~~e~.
a~ ~ te~per"atu~e~ that ~s b~~ow the n~~~.t,~.n~ pc~~.n~ off' the ba~~~ ~oxn~
pone~?~, ~4r the' ~au~?~os~ of ~mpx?viri the mgchanca.~ ~rep~x`t~.es a~ `.the
end `p~~r~.uct~~ ~~r~~?~3xrne~
in order ~~ eb~~~.n c~xt~zin s~ec~.f~.ec~ ~rnw
~~~?t~.es ?.in ?~he end ~~?c~d,ucts, ~upplem~nt~.ry tre~,?~~~~ent, fc~J.~.a~in~ the
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ba,~~a~n~s ;~.~ ~~m~a~,ayed~ as w~:~~ be ~.s~cx~bad fuz??~1~>;er rJawn ~~.~ trxe tex~~
x+urnac~ ~
~u~^n~ae~ of ?~h~ mo~?~ v~.r~.eci d~s;~.~;n end ca~~r~~~,~n era u~cd
f'c~r the b~,.kin~ pf me~a~.~.u~cerarna.c prr~duct~w the sc~ c~~~cxx of m.
?~'ux~~~c~e ~~ ~~ :i.~ c3a~~ irl re~,ata.r~n to 4~ -~erze~ cf fc~c~C)x~~s ?~}~e bm:l~a.n,~.
~~
c~rc].~;; the ~~x~c~tect:~ve at~r~o~~~h~re, ?~em~er~tur~e, G.nd ea~p~ur~e ~,n
~ ~
b~,~~I.nr the cac~~.l~~ ~;M1~wc~.e, ..the carn~o~:~.t~.cn of 'fie c~nd ~radu~t,, 'its
~~)~
quanta.ta.es, ~~.~+~, ~~x~~ ~hapem and the l~?k~;. :fin its turn, the s~lec~
ta~.~n of the a?~a~~~r?u~~riate bak~.r~~ cycle c~~pc~nd~ m ~re~?t deal ran tl.~e
furrlac~s used.
~a~.cc~~,~.~:;~c~:l. re~:i.s~~~l~ce furr.~cas ~. ~h, nicl~e:;.wchrflme ox~,hi~~w
~ry~; ~.~t~nce , m,l~.~y ~~~ fns mrn ~uitab~.~ f a~ ba.lci..~.~ up
ll~~ c~e~;~?~;es ~ent~:~rc~aey ~~~ end ~aetrc~~.rvl~n furnace
urn ~,a 1~D0'
c~~~;r~eu ~ent:i.~rn~ { sca~~, carba.c~e ~'
nitr~.d~~, ~~c w } s? ~ e } pr~v~n~ the naxawd~~~.x~~bl~ bux~ni~~~~nta~ o~ ~.n-
d~v~i~u~l ecm~Gra~n`~~ in ir,he ba.kin~ ~z"~oc~,~~ (f`~~ in~~an~Q~ ref c~ar~~n.
~.n h~xd a~lo~r~ } ; ~ ~ } a~ ~ur~ ~Gh~ s r~f`e ty a~ ~h~ b~l~%x~~ grace ~~ ~~.
5l
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100270007-5
A~ ~ ~axoteGtl.~~ a~rna~~h~z^a, ~r~,x~.a7~.r~ #'~..~,.r~~~ ~x~~a ~~~d, such
as ~ carbcan~ ~r~~h~.te, m~ta~, chip, ~^aducl.ra~? ~xld pratect~.~re ~~.s~~,
rrydra~en9 pxaducsr ~a~, ~tak~e incom~.~l.at~ cc~mbu~t~.or~a. pruducta a,~
a.l.:lu~r~l,natn~; car natural, ~;a~, c3.~soa;~~t~d amm?na.~, a ecmb~,na,t~.on
a~' prat~c~ire ~~ses w~.th px+pt~etl.ve ,~a.l.l.ixaigs, G~nd the l.:lk~,
~n the prc~ces~ off' ~~~~.n~, ~aydroe~rbon~ dl.sl.ntegr~,te, witkl
the pr~c~.p~.~;atic~n a~ ,~aat vn tha a~~t:{.cl.e~. ~'hex~~fc~~~a ~~,~~~ t~a.th
cans~.d~r~~l.~ cori~ea~t off' ,~iydr~cax~~~:~c~ns, ~~~1~a1~ ~.~ l~.u~nix~a~ix7g ~a.~s
rratura~, ~;a~, metan.~, and pr~c~pai~e~ axe to ba su~jec:;t~d to in~-
complete ct~rr~btXStl.ut; aniy. ~'.i~ur~ 3U i~ s. ~;xaphica~, pre~cr~t~ti?n
ref tie rata.a bettPreen the compaaitinn a~' the paxt~.~.~.l.y burned
natural., ~~.~ and the sir canterat :gin tl~e mixtu>^e. ~'he ap~~~,rat~.z~ .~'ax?
tl~te incvm~~le~te ~~.~ carr~t~u~ion i~ ~hr~wn in ~'ip~urs ~1.
~~atir~ ~aet~r~en aix ual~~me
and '~a~ vaJ.~ame
~'i~ure 34~ ~tio o~ eornpo~it.i.on a~ iricar~pletely burned natural.
~;~,~ to the a~.r cc~rit~nt' of the ~.ixturem
~'~.~~~re 3~ .Apparatus for ~th~ a,ncom~~le~ rambusti~n of na,t~~ral ~ px
~.~.lumine.t:i~~~ a.s ~c~esi~;~d by ~ener~:1 ~lectra.c~
Tea ba~n~ m~tal~, ~~hicl~ rla not i~~act with carbon, taut ~ar~a
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100270007-5
e~~~~~r reduc~b~.e ax~d~~ (~'ax ~,n~ta~n~~, ccappar, '~~.n, l~~a^un~r~ end ?
the.
'~'~~~ ahy ~a~~catect~.~~e ~trnosphere zl~ay be;u~e~~r ~aa '
~. fi~~~xa~e, p~"o?
d~ac~r ,~~~~ ~.nct~rnp~.ete~.y burned natur~,~, . ~,~ and ?~h
~ a e i~ke
When b~t~~.n~ .ran ~znd a~trs a1:~oy~, ..the ~~c~~~.bi~.it o
y f the ,
form~t~.on o,~ `char~~~.cal~.y c~ambincd car~acan' ~~ the s
~pense oaf tl~e re~.-
ct~.c~n b~twe~a~ the m~t~~ cad .the- pr~a~G~;ct~.v~ atnio
phere?, ~e ~;o be
.tal~er~ intro acccur~t~ by cuntr~~l~.it~ , the cc~nte ,
~' rlt caf G0 and CQ ~ ~.n
the ~x~~~et:~vQ has ~.~ ~~,a;t;h a W~,y a~ to avoi t
d he oxidatic~n,~ ~ s we~.~,
a~ the carbani~at~.an of ircno
Zn the br~~~in~; of tuzi~w~~en and refr~~cta~c,~ rc~ettt~.~, Which
easi~.y form carb^c1es, ~.t ~.~ ~~e~.==?~ too use u~?e h
p yd~ o~;en as the p~~o
tectiva atrz~as~~hera, :fin the b~kin~ of h~.:cd. ~;1.? o
~- Yea _ ~n the, eon-
trary~, it ' ~. ~ ?ece s~ ~.ry `~o preventthe burnin o
~ _ ut of h~; carbon (for
exam~~le~ by the use of c~-~rb?uriza;~~~ f~lla.n ~ ar
~' ~ ~ p ticuldrly when
the bakih~; ~.~ dnne in ~~aolybdenut~~~re~i~tanc~ f
urnc~.ce ~ .
:fin the b~kin~ of t~~etaJ.~, ~~ha.ch ~'orra ~iff~.cu~:t~.y~reducib~.e
cxidee (such ~.s chromium, a~.wninum, etc. ~.~ i
~ ~ s be ~,.t to a~?oid the
ec~ntent of ~~~ and N2~7 in the pr~vtec?t~.ve tae o In such cages
.the
baking is usua~,ly done ^n the pr~~,ena~ of `shs.r
ply ~.es~iea,ted hy-
drn~;e~~ ~~hich '~.s ~~.~.c~wed ~;o ~~aa~ ~throtk h -'th
~ fur~~a,,e~, fi~.led: Frith
met~w~ ~hpa.
't'he baking of ~neta~.s, such' 4ss tantalum, pith an ~~c.a~erat'
ed.
aft"a,~~~.~y ?ta a~.l, ~a~~~, .with the ea~ce t~. p
p cr>~ of ~.ne rt; ~~ ae s, is , to be
ef~'aa.ted in ~. gacuur~
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100270007-5
~~ceeea~ ~a~~~~ ~'~,~~ i ~~~
a.n b~k~n~; a.r~; b~e~.a~,~.~.Y ra?
~h~ pxace~M~~ tak~.n~ ~r7.~c~
~,n~c~ns~c~n~ o~ the r~n~~.ct'
k~e ~a~.~.aw~.n~s t~) ~han~-~ ~n ~h~ d
dr~a~:d to _~
u~ua~.~. ~,~a r~cre~.~~e) p ~~} ~
bet~r~~n The prawd~~ par~a.c1.e~. ~ ~
~ur~~ce~
.. ~ ~~ thy'' ~x~t~.c~.es bath ~hr~.n
a~n e ~n ~tne d~.~1~e~ns~.ans end pax a~~.ty
ah
~it~l~.~.~a~~.~~~ ~d) abgorpt3.~n a~ reM
~~~~ end e~r~aan~~.~~n) ; ~ c) r~cry
~.dc~~. ~1~.~;hese ~roc~e.~~,e~ ire
u~1 s~Gre~ ~e ~; 9 ~ ~) ~ed~~tc~ian of o~ ~_
~~.d
itat~.~a `chan~e~ ~,n the o?nt~a,c~~ be-
~car~~;;hc~~a' lf,nked e~.ther to qu~tnt
ts~11,i~~t~.an) ~ ar to qu~.~.i~at~ve
~Y~rink~~ ~e ~ rec rys
tween part~.cl~.r~ ~ ,
- ~~,tinn ~x?ara ax~.da.z~d ~'~.:1x'n cant~.rt ~-v
chan~~e~9 ;;,~c~h ~~ thy; ~r~n.
Y ~enfied to 'a rlo~^~n~~. cant~.rt~.
urge meta. ac~ntaaty tr~n~a.ti~n ~roz~L a
p
c~~d~r to the bric~~et~e ~.~ due
~~~~ ra'~l~z~enc~ o~ the r>1~t.~~a~. p
~.c~l en~e~~?~~~en~ ~hrou~h the e~.r~'ace
main~.y to the ~~~~re~.~' mech~n
~~ ~~~ ~~.~ af' wt~i.ah the tau~hnsws
S.rregu~.ara.~~.e~ ~~ fhe p~.xticle~~ ~~
.' r 1aw? ~n ,the b~.kF~c~M~.~~i ~,xt~.cl.a~~ .the
a~ the briquettes ~.~ ra.the ,` ~~
r~ ~~ n;~ ~.~ due predc~m~.s~~~Tltly ~ ~lectr~.c
cahGx~encc~ between tl.te ~ the br~undari~c
ces ef'f'~ct~:ve between the ~tt~rn~ 1y~.ng on
ena~em,~;~~t far ~
? ~cj ~rh~.ch aff'act to>~~~.ne~~s ;i.s ~;re~.t~.y .nw
cad the p~tx~~,~.c~.e ~ ~ clue ~
'cre~~.~,e~?
'~txuat~~Q and ~~~Upertes ref ~"
. ~~,tic~ e ;. l~e~we~n pern s~ty~
ra ~xte~ a~ the '~,niti~,l ~w'd., ~`,?
rr>~ ts,ls ~,nd the s ~xnx to re end p ~?
in
,e u~l (~a~e chemia~~ Campp~~.t~.on a a~n-
'Al~. other aand3:t~en~ ~e~,r~g ~.
~~.t o~ bri.c~~~ett~s~ end same ;bak~.n~ p~''
t~.a'1 powders, same p~aro y
,, ,
~ ra e~~,a,. s a~ the baked art~.cle~
d~~tre~, 'the r~.t~.~~, bett~een Vhe P p ,>
c+e
' aw~d~z s ax?e a,~ ~'al~.aws.
ro ert~.es of ..the init~.al p '
end -the p p
~,~ er~~Qn of the i.ni.~a.al powd$r~
~,~ The h~.~her the degree e~ d ~
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100270007-5
t~xa ~r~~~ex~ ~~h~ ~l~:r~~n~a~~e ~~'~~u~?~rr .3~'~ ~~~~ ~l~~c:t~y, ~a,~a~ ?tY~~ rneG?.~an~?'
.~.c~~~. ~~roper?~:~~s ?~' t~1~ b~t.~ad a~~~.a~e~: (~~~ ~'u~,u~l~ ~~ Gh~ ?~~~
~ .~V
,~~~e~~1,~.l~ct~r~~~~ra.a ~~~I~?~exa.~~,~.~t' } o k~acr~rs?~~.1.~.~.~e.?ta,c~n off' ~'a.xla
~Uwd
1~~~~a~.:l~r ~~ct4, ~n ~~t ~.c~wox t~~r~acz~~,tu~^~~,. ~her~f~r~~^~~ 'the z'~bra.c~,~-~.on
a~' ~,rta.clee ~?~c~m ~~uc~~ ~ao~rd~z^~ ~Ja.~ ~. t~~J,e powders, h~c.~eve~? ~pa,r~icu~.ar~.ys fin~-
~~r?a~.ned~ c~J~~wa.a~~ cuns~.derabl.e shr?~.z~l~u~;es) ~ there a.s sn c~atimuzn ba~-
a:n~ ter~~~~ru.tur~9 above ~rh?.i:c~~ a d~.rn~.riu~~.c~n ~i.n c1.~r~s~~y end r~iechan~.cal
~ara,pex^~~.es' a?~ ~a.r~es r~~her canea.derabJ~~ se~~ ina ' ~'h~.s ~.~ aue to
~th~ rapid :and rao~~~t~~a.f>.axrn sl~rx.111~a~~e in ~h~ bra.c7ue`~~es mach frarn
such ~~c~~rders ~~.t h~.;~?h, b~~~~r~~ ~em~era.ture;: ~ ~~ha.c~ ~+~~ u~t ~.n ~.ocal
loc~sehess~ katzck~.~.n~ and.. even cra.c~c~.n ~bu~n~.r~~) of ~ha art~c~.en.
r
Tea ?~he cage ~~' .~rori~ ~ra.~h ~~he ~"...a. ~ ?trana.~brm~:,~ion,occux~.x~~~ ~'t
pnin~ A~ anc~ son~~~~rhat ~";.bovE, i~~ t~her,~e occurs a da~~~.nu~~.ar~ ~.n
shrinka~r~s, densi.~~r~ ~.nd rnecha.nical ~~ro~a~z?~~.~s ~~'~.~ur~ ;~~~.
~`i~;ure 3~. ~atc~ off" ~h~ mech~n.~ca~, ~~?aper~~ics c~~' it?on d~~r~.r~~ the`
r
~rs,r?s~"c~r'rt?ata.~:n ~c~, the ba~Cn~ ~emp~r~~ua~e. (~s per E~.lent~~r
(~.3) ~.
and. ' ~ch~ta~.be
the 'change ~.n hardness' aff~r baking prc~cecds ;~.n ~ d~"ferent
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100270007-5
manner ~'xram the cl1~~z~~,a~ (~,n ~k;he r~thex ~rischa.csa~. ~ax~a~~xt~.~~~ W~.th
the ;l,x~rre~~e ~.m te~r~~~a~rature9 tl~~ v~~ae n:~ ~Lhe ras~.dual ~tres~e~y
irzc~uced-b~ cc~mpxe~ ~~an~ i~ xac~ucec~~ the.. c~ensit~ ~ncl c~aherence a~
the ~~~de~ ~>.etr~l,ar~ :tncrea~~ed~ z?~~ul~~~ra~: ~.rx ~.n~ax~asad h~~~dn~~~.
~'herefc~~e~ the chan~;o ~.ri' hay?c~~:~~,a9 ~'a~,~.~w~.rr~ ~h~he: ch~r~;e ~n t~~~p-
era~ux~9 ~~ r~i~fe~~en~ ~'c~r 'br~.r~uette;~; off' c~.~'fexan~ r~~n~~.t~.es (~'~.~~~
ure :~"~) ? ~r~.r~u~c~'~e~ o~ ~a~ r~ens~.ty, c~bta~.ned uridex~ haw pxe~~ure~a
h~.~ ~.nsi~n.~,f~.ca~7t rs~~~due~. ~tre~~~es, end `~hnw ~ high degree of ~hrihw
kale ~.n bak~.~a~;. ~'ha ha~~dnes~ o~? such ~ra,quette~ ~.ncreas~~ cont~.nu~?
r~usly with the ~.narease ~.n te~pexatu~e. nr~.r~uettes d~" high d~n~
pity, vb~ained under h3~~h'pr~~~urrr~q h~.~re ~nn~~der~~.ble `:~~~~~xd~a.al
~tr~,~ yes ~~.~d shave law ~hrinka~,~ an b~ak~.ng, `~her~~r~re, the hard-
n~~s of such bxiquette~ ~~,11 drta~a w~.thin a 'certa~.n te~ra~erature
~.nter~~~,l,
I`a.~;ure 3?. Chan~;~ in ~rin~~,l ha~~dnes~ ~.n the b~kln~ rah brgue~~~~
~'rorn r~.c;ke~, po~de~? ~bt~~ir~r~d u.nder.v~x~au~ re~~;uxe~ ~a~ per'Grub~
~ ~'~~ ~
~~.nd ~ch~.echt ~ x, ;~~a~m~~x~~~~.c~~ ~x~er: wu~'e u~ ~(]U ka.l~.~r~~rn~/am ~
-com~a~essiArx ~ree~ure of ~aUE`J
1~~0f~ k~/cm~.
k~/~rn~~ 3~~~rrc~re?w ~.~n pin?s~~~u~e r~~
The ~,~~~~a.xent incre~~.F~e in ~;he ' ei~~ a~" thc~ ~~~x~ta.cles :~ar''rr~~~ t
off' ;the ~awc~ere r~~ luxe zr~etale be;~a.ns ~~ a tem~e~~tuxe Q~' a~aau
X17)
~/3 ~? 3/~ ~~ the..'~.~i~olute melti.n~ .paint of the metal e Thy
t~m~p'ra.ture ~~? the be~inn~.ng of the a.ncrea~;e ~,n r~~~e does not d~-~
peed an the compress ~.~n ~re4sure ~.nd is s?m~ewhat' z"edtiiced with_~rx ~,n~
cre$se an the d~~ree Qf dispersion' ~,n the ~riitial. p?~rders`, ~c~r tnc~st
v~
of ...the `pure ~neta~,s~ the b~.king temperature practical~.y c~inc~:de's
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 wi~l~ ~ha ~p~r~~,ure a,~ ~h~ app~~Gra~ ~:n~rea~e `~.n ~tk~e s~,2~ n~' ~Ghe pare
ic~.e~~, ~inc~, ~~~.aw ~.t.y i~~ ~.~ ix~ ~o ca1~~~~n ~~d~~ua~~~ ~ou~karr~ss ~r~d
A
~~n~e ~.~ ~k~~rs ~,~ e~r~e~:~h~.~v~c~ ;i.naxe~~;~ ~.n the ~~.za a~' t~aa ~r~~ra? Fcyr
rne~a~.~ :~arr~,~,n~; ~1~.~?~"i~~1.~y1y ~~~uc~1a~.~ ax~,ds~, ~rk~~.~h inh~b:i.~ ~h~ ~~.ze
ir~Gr~a ~~ of ohs p~rtiC ].e ~ Ouch a~; alur~i;~num }, tkx~ b~kin~ hem ~r~
p
lure i~ higher and apprax~.rrrat~ ~ ~~l~r~ .me ~.~:ir p o~.n~,
~,'ha penex~a~, p~orros~.~y off' di~per~~.on pcawde~~~s, ^~ir~wi~~ sl7x~a.~~~k-
~~~ ih b~,~in~~ ~.~ r~duaed'~i~h ~h~ incre~. ~ ~.n ~~~trtpez~a~~ure? ~ur~.n
this ~~rgc~,s ~p,~r?~~~.cu:larly wa.~h the be~;a.nn~.ng o~ the ~raw~h in ~~.ze
o~ ~h~e paxtzc~,ss)a p~,r~ a~ ~h~ exp~as~d pax~~~ ~.~ ~r~nsarrrr~d info
c~.osed 'ones, ~~nd ~. pare a~' i;h~ iriter~x~anul~.n ~~ax~~;~ ~-~ ~.rztn :inta~~,- ;
cryat~ll.inq ~uc~res'. I~~wav~r, the decrsa~e z~ ~~;ner~~.; ~ac~ra~i~ now
Y
with~~and~.ng tY~e s~.~e 'off' ndividu~~. po~~ n~ty becc~rne a.ncrc~~wed :i.n
the prbce~~? In co~r~e pd~rders wh:~ch c~,u~e a.n ~.ncre~se ire the
~,
si~~ o~ ~~he end ~arc~du'c~,~, porc~~ity ie ~.nere~~~ed, in ba~~,n , ~ri~h
the pore r~rrra,ini..11~ e~pase~.
~~.~ e~'.~"~d~ off' 'b~kin~ ~~tie `and the r~.~e o~ the ~em~~er~~ure
r?~~e? ~'he hE;her ~,he b~.l~in~ ~~rnpera~u~?e, the rr~ar~ ra~,id the
~~
~l~r~:nka~e end ~hc ~~,t~.iru~en~ a~ the op~ir~um rnech~.n.ical, prop-
per~..c ~ (~'i~~.~'e 3~
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~.~'~ perCant
ha,~h ~~~p~xaturs
~1e~n ~em~~ra~ure
b~.kin~ tine
~"igu~?e .~~: ~~a.tio of tie r~~.~.tzve d~~ea.~y o~ briq~e~t~~ ~o ~akin~`.
~ ~~~ ?
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100270007-5
~~~.~~,~~~ ~~ eh~s xaph~.c~,~.:~.y hc~r ~~~~ r~~hanlc;~,~. tou~;h~ne~~~
'att~~.~~~ ~.~~ rn~~~rt~.m v~~ua~ ~n r~ r~l~t~,ve~.;~ ~k~a~~t time, ~rh~.~,e ~h~
~le~'o~rnat~.~sn :i.n~e~e~ ~e~.ox~;a,~~.nn~ ~a~e a ~.pn~er ~-ame ~n x~a.a~.n~ wl~th
the ~n~re~~e ~,ta b~,k~n~ t~rne~ ~'xracta,c~l~~.y~,~ the b~l~a.ng t:i..~~s ~~,uc~
tua~e~ ~'rola ~.,~ z~~.zaute~ ~c~~ ~r~~;~~. chi ~~~e~ ~.nd ~rrt~~~.. ~~.~~~ a~" end
~~pdixct~ tc ~?~ hours ~rac~ ~..~iove ~:'nx~ hQ~3~ ola~l~,rf~~, ~.~~~~~ ~?,~~~~,
p ,
co~n.~~.~~x sl~d,~yes ~~~' ~:hu, prc~duc~~, ~:n~1 ~.c;~a ~a.n~~r~.n~ ab:il~.ty o~ 'the
ra~tcr~.~~.
1~~,~mm~
~ou~hz~e~~
Ll~~n~a~~.~n
~+".i.~ur~ ;~~. Viz^~.~t~.a~a ~..n ~l~e rn~ch~.~a.cal ~x~~~~.~~ a~ mc?~~llc~~~r~n~ic
~~~}
~.ror~ a.n ~rye1.~t~.o~n to bf~.ka.n ?~~.n1e ~as ~~.r ~i~en~er ~.n~ chw~~.b~
The rr~are r~p~.cl tie ra.t~ o~ ~~,~ te~~:~r~.ture r~..~e, the lee
unf.fax~n ~:~ the he~:t~.n~; ~Lhrau~~} ~~ the prod~:1c~t~ ~.nc~ the b~.k~.n~
~~k~~?a.nk~~e~ r~n~. ~~~,:e ~re~.tex~ the; tenr~o~~c~ r~~' the ~;nd prca~~ac~t~ to
buck~.:~n~, cx?~.c}~~r~.~?, ~'u~ t.n~, ~,n~~ c~~;her ?~~rpe~ of d~.sq a,l~.~'~r~.n~; ~e~
,~ects~
The ~~-kin,~ _vf ~~ult~.~~a~n~~in~nt Met~.lln~er~.mc ~;~e~ial~ ~ .The b~ki~
o~ ~et~.~:~acex~~1m~.c m~.teria~.Q can~i~t~.r~g ?~ twv or yore component
,~r~~,y, ~a1] ~.ntQ the fc~:lo~rin~ b~.ei.c c~.~e~?r~.e~ n
1~ F~~~.n~; at a ~ten~~aer~ture ha.~her than the n1e~.t~.n~ ~a~ant c~
bath cam~E..~c~nents, with the re~ul.t~.n~ ~ort~on of ~ulicl s~1ut~.on~ and
c~i.ema.c~.l cc~nlpound~ m ~ ~,~ U~hen campc~nent~+ az~; ncat ~.nter-~~~~~tive, ~s
on~~ex-gra,~h~.te, ;ti~nd ~~~ whcn compcnent~ are ?nter-i~a.ct~.ve, w~.th
the ~'nrma,t3~on of solid ~oluta.c~ns car ir~ter~neta,ll~ic compaunc~.~, ~~
cn~~per nickel, ~.ron~n~.c~e1a
5'9
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~ }~a~~~.n~ w:~th the f"arrr~a,~;~,c~n ' of a, ~.r~u~.d phi ~~ i (~,) cam
}an~:n~~ no?~ a,rat~xp-~r~a~?~~,v~, ~~ ?tun~s~~n~ co~~~~~3 (h) ~~anxpc~n~n?~s
~.rFtar~re~.ct~.v'e, w.~.th the ~':ar>7i~,tir~n off' ~m~:1.~ aar~~unte~ o~ a (1:Lq~~.d
pha.~~, ~:~ ~~;uxt~ut~zi M nickel, tun~;,~t~:n rar~j~~e ~ ~;aba~.t~ ~.ranw
cQpper~
~n the carntiiriatian a~rcan-~r~,~hit~, tl~a b~k;~.r,~ ~~~' ~~ i~ccoFn~
pliehc~d 'under c~r~dl.t'i,axl~, ~r'~.en the ~,~"arl c~.c~e~ nc~t react with the
graphite (la}, az" whexa the .ran dose react w~.th the graphite (l~+) .
't'he baka.r~~; off' ir~anwcopper. a11o~s i}i~' be ~~carn,~3~.~.~~hec1, in ~ me cc~: e~
~'~.th ~.nd9 in ~aFrte car~-s, without the ~.'arFr~a.t:tun af' a l~.qu~,~?. ` pha~~,
~n the b~.k~xag off' .materia~.~9 c'on~i~t~.ra~ ~~' oampr~nent~ which
da xxa?~ react ~a each other ~.n their sol~.d. Mate (cop~er~graph~.te ~,`
tha: b~,~~.xig o~?~1.~ and ?tha ~xope~~tiee of the r~~u~.t~.n,~ ~natera~. are
det~necl ha~i~a~.~.~r by 'vll~ ;~uanti~ative~.~? px~cl~~i,l~.nant cam~aone~.?~
~~n th~.e cage, ca~~per) ~ ~'he graphite mex'~~.y' p~.ays the ~aa~~"t a~' ~.
r.+~~;chan~,ca~. coF~?~~~m~.n~:~;~.~rn inh~.~~a.r~~ ?~,he ~,l~tual cnn?~ac?~ of the
cop~~~r p~~xt~..~7.~s. e~e~'are, tie h~.g'her thy; graphite uax~?tent, ?~h~
~.a~aer the h~?~ ii~ii~~e, the r~:'latzve d,en~i.?~~?, and ..the m~char~~,ca,~.
tv~~~;hraa~:~ ~f' the ni~t?t~ral. ~h~ i~~?~rod;uctiar~ of ~raph~?~e iz~ta the
coar4,~-~ran~~ rr~~t~.~. wd~~"~ ~.~ pa rticular~.~'` iri~ur~.c~,~, ~~.n~~ in
?~hi~ ca~~q the gr~.phi?~s ma.y i~o~.~,ta aom~ale~~ely t~1e capper particles
frnr~ cc~n~~ct ~r.tl~. each ather~ ~r}.a~.l amaunts a~' ~maph:i.i~e tup to
percent} ~.ntraduc~d in~a Fine powders, an the c~~tra, ha,v'e a'
'al ~f~'ea~9 dui to the irrr,er1~t a.n the ba~~, rr~a.:Lls~ and w'~.~h ~r~rx,~ear
c;ampr?~: ~~.ox~ px~~ ~ ~l~ ra
~~ i~he ease a~' mu~ua~.ly-rs~ac~?~~.ve corrl~-anen~~ ~ri~h t;he ~'arm~.
a~aan of a, srnal:l. amount of ~.~.qu,~d pha~~ (such ~~ ~un~atezl `~~rb~.de:
cobalt, ~un~;sten~x~ckel} ~ ~, v~~ l?~~.~;h c'ens?i ~~ (c~lo~~ to thearet~.~cal}
n~a~ be ob'ta.~.nedA anc~ 'thQ raecha,n:.caJ, pro~~ert~.es are n~:;~ ~ela~r ~hot:,e
in cast a,~,~.c~yso xn ~hesa c?a,~es, the more eas~.lyw~us~.b~.e c,ai~i-
ponent ez~tors ~.n`~o ?~he a1.lo;~ to the amount a;~ ~ ~ 2,; percent
(?~a~.w~etr~,c}, ~+nd the ba.k~.a1~; ~a~c~ceeds at ~. ter~per~~~ure sorr~~wher~
a~o~~ the mo1~~,n~ p~i~~~~ off' the ea~,~,ly~fj~s~.ble r~e~a~,,~ or of the
solu~~,on o~ ''fie x~~rac?~o~r meta~~. 1,n 'the eaaa.l.y~flslbl~ any, The
~,n~,r~}ciu~ta.on d~ s'~ch `Cum~oi~entt~ re~u~.'L~ in 'the obtr~~.x~i.n~ of tau~h?
and ct~m~W~~.c`~ a.llowfs ~,~ la~~ ba1~a.~1~; ~ernpax~,.~ux~esa ~~l~kich ~.n ma.n~ cages
ai~our~t ~u ;'~i pez~cent c;f the rnelt~.x~~; point o~ she basic comw
ponenta
~ ,~ p ?~' 'camponen?~s9 which ire non
the bakin ~ ' off' ~aa.~er~.alw rr~ade u'
in~erac~i~r~ ~.n ~he~.r solid as we~.l as ~he~.r 1iqu~d. sta.te~ at ~smp~r~
atuxes above the rr~.el:tir~g po~.x~~ of the eas~:l~~fusble co~i~oner~t. (~'~r
~.nc~~an.ce~ tur~~s~en:M~opper} is ~'rec~u~ntly a~cornpanied b~? con~s:iderab~,s
dif~'%cu1.t~.e s (the lJ.c~ua~~.Qn of mo~,?ten copper} . In such case a, ~.?~
bec?mes necessary' to resor?~ soi~netir~~s ~e spe~a.al ~rariant methods'
in inetal~.ocer~na.c' tecn~~a~.o~y'
__
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100270007-5
~~ " ~c'~~, ,~,n ~fJ~{~~,~
~... r~r.~,M.ea.M+.,r~.r.
~a.1~~.n ~,~ any; c~~' ~h~ f~.n~~~.' ~apex~~~tion~, '~h~.ch ~x~.n~ ~o 'the
au.~~'acc nod ~n~y ~h~ c~e~'cc~s c~u~~c~ by ~x~ ~.m~~~a~7~r ~a1~~.ng' prQG~d~ax~A
but ax~~ ~h~ ~~~e~t~ wh~.~h ir~a,~ht h~v~ been a~.u~~d by ~ha px~-c~din~
cap~x~~~~.an~ ~n ~;ha laz?~par~~~.~r of ~~ah~ ~~a~~der~. ~?'he mast m~~oxta.n~
~Ys a~ ~'~,aws ~r~ ~ ~ ~o ~.~,c~~rs w
the f'cy~rrt~~~;ioh cif smaJ~~. ~ama.na~~.nn
ara.ckk, Y~c~~~ v~.s~.b~.r~ ~,a ~~~ ~~;:~d ~;~re. T~~+vy- rra~y ba c1u~ ~o ~,n im~
pxGpex px~ss~.~.j~ c~~rcl~, and ~h~y ~+xe r~~~gn~.~"~.cd.~n the b~~Zir~~; prr~~
~~~ ~. ~'~.~ pr~eve~.tive rr~e~~ux~~e~ axe the ~~.r~~ ~.~ ~~,~ ~ha ~a~~ of v~.~-
~:~~~.e ~.arrra.n~.~ian.
~2} ~uckl~.h~; ,~.nc~ Shape r~~.s`~,crr~~on frec~~~a~n~~.y a~a~~rvecl in
....n........ ,~~..~..,~...~.d,,.,.~.~..~.
~'~~ ~~r~~a.Cle~ m:~,r~~ Barra f~.r~e pa~rderti ~rh~x~e :the ~~l~~c~ne~~ ~ :~nM
~~.~;ni~'~.c~nt , ~t s cc~rnp~.red ~~h the 1.~n~~~h. ~'h~.s ~-,,e off` cle~'e~t ~.~
pror~~ rnol.ds r~x stn ~.rrrpr~opF~x pxess.~.n~ cycle,
boa raZ~a.c? tem~.~e 4~~~uxe :rise, :~a:rr~'~~ce c~%c~~;.~~.~x1s ax ~:~ur~~n~.n~ due ~a i~he
xm~xn~ ex selec~an a~ the pra~ee~:~v~ ~.'~rlan~~~hez~e, ~nc~ ~,n ~:~c~~;~ivel~r
A
h~i.~h bta~t:~:~.n~; ~amp~~~,tur~. ~r,~e~reh~C:~ve me~.sures c~~n~~.s~ ~.z~r removi.ng
~.e ~r_Lt~nax~,~~d ea.':~~es~ anc~ in game c~.s~~, by ~h~ use of ,owr~exs,
leis iric~.:i.n~~l to buckla.ng c~.lso b~~a.n~ 1~ind~x pr~~sslzr~. e d~~'eat~
m~.y ~.l,~~a be ~~..xrn~.nated by ~ubse~~l~n~ ,calc~ a x h~at~?~rea~mn~ u~d~r
pre ~ sure ~ ca l~.bxat~. ng b~.k~.n~ undex pre ~ suxe' j . .
the crae~~r~~ c~~ ax~~cles under b~k~.n~ ~ei~~
~c~= ~
p ~ ~ ~ ~ ~h fc~r? the ~,~en fur?n~.ce ch~.r~e.
^
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100270007-5
Th~,s t;y~pe ~f 'f~,a~r is ~~x~an~atcd by the s~~rn~ f~ctr~~e ghat c~.use
buc~l~.~~;.
~~) '~'k~~ a"a~a~~.an a~ a~ rr~a.c~opare~, cabs~rvod dux..`
the b~k~.n~ of art~,cles~ ~ampra~s~d From ~, mixture of p?~rd~rs
cal~t~~.n~.ri~ tt~n ~r several, ~~~'fer~~t corn.;~nent~ ~"i~,e f~.~~~s a.x~e in~-
duced hY non-unifc-xm shr~.nka~a, w~iich ~.~ p~rt~,cul~r~.y roue to the
non~~c~no{~eneaus m1x~.n~; of the carn~anen~s.
Pxevent~.ve rf~easure ~ a~~ e r more tharnu~h m:ixa.n~ anc~ a pre w
limin~.~ ~~nrleal,~.n~ of the b~~~kin~ furnace chi+.z~~~e, the f~.a~rs can some
~L~.rrtes be e~.~na.nated by subseque?rlt cc~~.d- ax? hernt-tre~luxi:ent under
pr~u~;l1rC? ~'
.The form~:t~.on of ~. lair-density ~~n~d~quat~l;~ b~.ked cope, Which;
a.s abser`rec~ pr~.nc~.pall.y in the b~.k~.n~ of po~der'r~~tures~ pro
duc~,n~; art~.~les ~f I~:~h d.en~ty ~s r~, ~~e~~alt of ran~:~d~ra~le shrink
ale ~n bak~.n~ with the ~'orrnat~.?n of ~, li.c~u~d pha5~ The ~'~.~ws
appear as ~. ~~e~~,u~t of the mare x?apic~ he~.t~:n~; cif the periphex~ cif
the ~.:~?t~c:L~s, ~,rh,en the ~a~.kin~~ temper~tu~~e ~.s ~.t~F~~t~~ed, ca~as~.n~ the
shr:i.n~a~e in the...: ext~rna.l zc~n~; to ~~..,e
cc~~t~leted befr~rs the shr~.n{~-
a~~e ~.n ~,he interne, pert `a~' the ~i~tic~~:~ i.s begun. ~'he prer~a~~are
fa~rr~at~;on of a ~omp~.e'~ external zone .ihh~.b~:ts the shrinl~a~e a~'
the. ~.nternal layers end t~~e c~.rcu~.~tic~n a~' `~ase~~ The ,~i';Jx'rl~~.t~.~Jn , .
of ~1a.f~?crenCew, ~ n -the cher~:~cal carri~a~a.~3.c~n ~~ bet~r~~en the external
~ra.d ~.nternal zones of the art~.cle, ` reuu~.t.in~ from tb,e ~m,~,r?ope~~ ~,ea
..lact~:an of the protective atmosphere of baka.n~, is ~.lso canducave
to th:~~ type Qf ~1a~. Preventive rite?sures e,arftp~ise more gradual
he~;tin~ a.nd the. prap~r ~~lect~.on of the preventi~re a,tr~osphere.
66.
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/25 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100270007-5
~'h~ ba~~c ?~nd t~h~ imas~ `~r~de~.~ used ~rethcad ~.n rrl+~~a~.~.c~ee~?~rn~.a
produe~~.on is ~k~o ~~e~;h~o~,a~~.aa~. p~,'o~~:~~ compx,a.~~.n~ the ap~;rat~.ons
cf m.~.n~f ~ px~es W~.~;~;, and ba,~c~n~. '.~h~ numerc~u~ a~her va,r~.an~a~ differ
from the above bca w~:~~ riacr~hod as fol. ~i ows
(~,) ~'' ~:pec~.i'i~ ~~ecu~.~.a~~ite~ in the b~~ pit; apera~~.ons of
~r-:lxin~;, px~ew~:~.n~, and baka.n~, and ~~ b~ the ~.n~rcaductif~n of
ac~di~~.rrna~. ~.ntez?nied~.ate proc~ssea bettaeen pre~~~~.n~, ~~nd bc~l~in~.
(2 } the el~.mina,t~.on ref the `~are~ti ~.ng a~~r~~ion~
(3 ~ ' ~y the alin~a.r~a.`~ior~ of the baking cap~rrti~~.ext.
~~} ~3~ cnznbir~.r~~ rho c~per~~ir~r,~ of ~~re akain~; and bts,~c~~
a.nto cane (hc~~~p~1e~~ a.n~;~.
product;.
(~') ~uppletnen~ta~~' ~iecha,n~ca.~. a.nd he~~~~rP~~ment of the bak,~d
"~~ecifid p~cu~.i~.riti~;~ ref '~h~ basic , ~ap~r~tir~n~ may b~ ~.~
.,,,,~..,...,._,.~, .,....,,.,w,~...~.....~?...
f~~l'lo~rs m
j the pxe~s~~.n~ and b~k~.n~ of n~..~tuxes cos~si.5tin~; ~.n park
a;r a.n `fu~..l of ~xa.d~s ta:r n~et~.~. compounids, wh~.ch ~x~e reduc~.b~.e ` ib
baking. a..s vari~n~ m~t]~od is used ~a some c~~~c~~ pexc~~~ (:~rQm ~ ~~a :1.,~ p~~c~ri~), ~
~aorou~ m~~~,1.~, ~l~lrt~ u~.~i.raa.t~ ~a~ri~~x~~~~,3.~n ~~~~z~~ ~~ ~~nsicl~x~.b~.y
(;~~,~ ~ ~. ~~.~n~s~} ~r~a~~:r ~h~ha~; ~hc: `u~.~~.ma~~ c~ef~.cc`~~.or~ ~~~x~n~~k~, and
the ~.a~~~sxy ~~~ a.~~ i~ta.x^n, ~i.~ ~..,~' ~ ~.~ ~~:lm~~ ~;x~~~ex ~h~,r~ ~f~,t~ ~~.i~.rn~~~
~~~n,~+1.~'~ s~~r~~~;~~h~ ~J.an~~a.~t~.c~n ~t7 ,R~caarou~ m~~a~- ~.~ a.nsi~n~~'~.Gan~.
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