THE INFLUENCE OF PLASTIC DEFORMATION ON THE SUPERCONDUCTIVITY OF METALS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00039R000100270013-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 20
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 25, 2012
• Sequence Number: 13
• Publication Date: April 9, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

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r..u.......~ .. , e_ ...... , , .,, , ~ .~~ .... ?_., . . , wi~ , .. ~ .., ~,. ~ .. ~.. , , ~ ~ ~.
Thy :Ln~':~u~x~~oc, off' ~'1.ast~lc, ~e~`o~^l~nati.on
_... K..... _. ~., ~.. r.,.... _. .. M _ ~.... _ ~.
on the Suporcorl~.~uc~;.i.v~.~l;y off' Me~a~.s
...._,o....,....~......~.,........_....._.......~_...,.........~...~...,..~...~...
j.u. Z e ~~ho~~~cFV~. ch a~:~c1 ~l ? R~ Ciol.:il~c
Zhurna~. U~l~s~aora~ne:i~ra~.~ riot' i Teoro ~cheskoy
Fzik~., ~~,olwne 20, ::~? o ~ ~ pa~o,s 1~2 7-~,3 ~i' a
N~osco~r~Leri~~~~~radr Ma~~ 1900
STAT+.
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STAT
~Cl-lL .1.1~'~1.11~CJGl!; U~ 1'~':~.~'.~'1C D~1.~'Ol~,l~~~'I':1;UN ;(did
T~l~ aUl'~,1~G0~a~UG'I'.f.U,~`I'Y Uh' NIJ~~],'~.1.~
..w_w_....,........_..............._......._~..._..~.M....~ ,....~..,._.....
L ~ :I . Y;l~otltevich artd V o 1%. Go lit{
Ta be c~.ctr~r~rl:i.il~:cl wa's the ir~'l~u~~rce off' pl:ast~.~; dca:t'Urmat~.oi~ on
tl~e sulac:r~canduc~t.i.vitwy aI:' ~ti..n, ixidiurt~, thal:li umr ar~cl m~~rcl~r~ya T~t was
:F'ourld that pl~,s~tic d.e~'ormat:i.on o:t t~.n' inda.wn, ~~nd thall:ium causes ,~
ma,rl~~d incrf,a~,e in ~,11e cz^i~tic~.~~. 1:c;,rnp~r~c~ luxe; ho~~~evE,:;z~ tl~~~ '1~~ off' mercuz^Y
remained ztncl~la,ng ~;d under tr;e same corld:itior~s. The ,~~esu,l:ts obtainc;d
wr-;~r~e com~~ar~c~d wish d~~~La on ~t:he e:k'f ec;~t o.~ thox~au~~1 coirrpz^e,ss~.C)n on supe;.r.-~
conduc:tivit~/~. '1~lle poss:ibi~.:1.~t;~~ ra:f.' tha polyrr>,oz^pha.c ~tr~arls:E'o.rrllation o;l"
Tl~iall7.lzrn T1: -~ Tr,.alli;ttm z~:T under t:h~cse c;on;].ition,~ a.a ,also discussed
:~Id~I'.I~~tOTJU(;~~'lUN
~~he vast amourl~t u~' clxl7ez~imez~rtal mate~:~ial on Mlle pr~oblert~ o:~
clote.rrrtl.ning t,.he crit:i.cal pay.^arrtoi~c~r;~ 07 supc;rconduetors (~tr~e critical
tem~oert~ttue Tl~, tl~e critical :t'7.e1d Hl~ and tine v.:.~a..ue dHl,f d'I') supports
the v7.e~a that ph;y~sica]. and chemical am~purita.es in metals l~a.ve an
extrer~~el:~r strong e1'.I'ect on tkLe Tl~ and dl-ll~/dT . ~~n ana~:~fs:ts o:t' the
't.-1~ ~, r.C cuz^vea shows th2~~t~ a.n the p~u^e~~t phys~.ca:~ a~~d chema.ca~. ~res~t
s~~.mpl~s this relation can be: e:~:~x~~~sed-or all su~~rconductors b~ a
Ingle universal 1,i.n~=ax~ off' the ~ty~pe lr = 1 ~- ~t where 11 ~ H~/~1:~ and.
t = T~~r~ ~ (1) . It has been observed ~t;hat the moz^e i?nper:~'e;ct the
k
sample is, the treater are the devzatiorzs from this ~^ule. T~,a~arev
and Gallon (2) have demonstrated that the superconducting qualities
c;ven off' such a "classical't superconductor as tiro can be altered ver.~
5igI11.~':l.(;a11t~~' b~~~ creating large internal stresses in the material.
In their exp~ri~~aent a tin ~Tire~ ~rhich was attached ,bar celluloid glut
~ r.
1..~ '
,.,
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~, ,,
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to a g~a~s ~~,a~e~ had a cr~,tical ~emp~~atur~ of 'about ~ de~:r~es Z4~ a.
d~I~~d~~' equal; to ~(JUQ G~~w~;x~ees and a stran~~,y a.ncrea~erl (by lUU
t inre s
rr-,~a.d~ua~. r~~;~~.a~~.nceo NawE~vex~ awan~, to the vcxy coil~a~.ax char~ctea~~
a~' tyre de:~o,rmation in the m~iterial i~nde~x~ these conditions the res~u~.ts~
un:t'artunately must be in~~erprct~;d chic;fly qualita~Lively. The;refarey
a corrc;ct c~r.lcu:~a,tian oi' the of f pct of thc~ various hctera~;eneit i~:s is
vF;ry ~ssent:~a~ ? In as rnuch ds the coirrbined ac~t,ion oz' physical and
ch~m:i,cel ia~t:Eaur~.~ties in ~~hE, mater~i~~,l dives complex e:~f ecta' whirh are
d~.ff icult to ca~.cu:l.ate, i~~ is e~~~eui~nt to s ep~~rate ~tia~se i~l~eras m
'I'o correctly calcula~Le c~~emical l~~.eterogc;ne~.ties is very dif:ri?
cul~~ since they not anly~ clistort the lattice but even can interact
witYr the atoms of the so~.vent~ thus forming al:~oys anti amalgarrrs by
chrangic~g the electron da.stribution in the metal, Much better results
can be obtained. by s~~udyin .the e:ff ect of plastic deformation an
s,upercoz-~~.uctivity izz materia:~ which is chemically v~x~y purea as the
source of all possible ~h~sical impux~ita.es ~- distortion of.' the lat-
-tics
alterat~.r~~ of its pdrarnF,ters~ f o~:~ma~tion of the texture, etc
We tested tiny iridium, thallium, and mercury under plastic
deform.allest s~tress~:s ~1.aa ~;r~arna) :Ln 'the ~:'asl~riorr aa,rc;ad~~ nog;~~~. tells
or! ~thE~ ~transa.tion curve;. ~A speca.al press waa used for s~naJ.l stx'essc:s.
~'i.~,ti~xe 2 shaves th,~ supc;x~canduct~n~; ~tz~'ar~si~t;,~z.or~ cti~~v~;s of su.c~h a sam~ale
~~~-5` ma.:l.la.r~rcft~;rs .in da.a,m~~tE~.r, wi:tk! grid tia~.~triou;t s~tr'ess.
~i"~.~;l;~~e 2 . ~'~.r!. 0 ~- suparcorlduc~a.n~; ~tr~cns~.~t~.an c,ur. ve off' 'the
ariin~:tl sam~,;le; ~. -M tl~~E; sar~rc ~ urrde;r stre;a~ .
~1.s car! be ~;ee.r!. f rora. 'the d~.as;rar~t, app1.~~~a.n~ stress brirl~;s about a.n in-
crc,a.se in residual. resist~~t!ce accar~!pan~ ed. by such d, widenirl~ of the
superear,duc~ci.n~ ~tran.si Lion interval ~l-hat the farm: off' the ~trans~ t~ion
curve c~.lls to mir!d the ~trai~sition curve for polycr~rstalliZCl. material
wha.cl~! ha.s been hetero~;er!eo~lsl~r' subjected, to s~t~,raizti. [1r!d.er suc~`1 stress,
the c1 eforma~;~.c?n o~' ~,1~!e test ~~ar~!plc i,s mo~ryF~ eJ.~~.~t~.c; ~t,akiz!~, o~'~' the
stress ;ora.c~ta.ca:Ll~' rctur!:s t~~e tz?anstior7. curve to its ar:~~;inal
posi.ti.on. At tiie sar~!etimes the; resicll~al r~:sistGcl~cc is also dec;r~;asc;d~
re.turnir!~ to it~~ original value, ~wux~ther :i.ncrca::~ing the stress bey
plastically c~e~.'ormi.r!~ the tcs~~~ sample brings about a further cr!an~;e
of supercar~ductin~~~ qualita.es in the sample. Th:~s is plot ted a.n ~+ inure 3 0
~`i~ure 3. ~l'iri. D~.arr~ter o:>'.' Lest sanrp:le t~el ~y n~ili~.rae~ters4
a ~~-~ superconducting transition curve of ori~ir!al 'test sample; l
the same, zi; stress of 1~.0 kii~~;x~al~as; 2 -- the sar~~e, at stress of
20a kilos z~a.r~s; 3 ~- the same at stress of 2~a kilogr. ams.
The curves are nur~!bered in order accard.ir!g to the increase in stress.
It is evident from Fa.~ure 3 ~tila.''G incr~casir!~; the. s cress bx'ings a.bau~,
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' ' ~ 1 ~,l'~~'4sa:s~~.r~ce~ clccal1lp~~n~.~d by 111a~"G ~Ild maxi
a ccm~irllzaus rase a:~ r~:sa.~~ ~
-~ ~'car~duc~tin~; ~rartiaa.~ion ~,Z~.~~;~va,~.o
wa.dE~na.n#7; a~ ~tktc, su~c~
r ,aidual res~.S~~ance ~.`~ ~~~~;x'S111Sa.~
~a.rlcc: the rel.a~tive change o~ ~'~'`~
fox' 'thc s alcc o c anvcna.enc e ~ we will give;
gre;a~t a.rl laxge s~,z~esses~
?~ ~ ~ux~vc;s a.n cae~rclirra~tcs, wlaexe: ~ua]~ ~^e~~~^csen~~s
~.~ ~, fur~~k;er t~ uns~.~a.on c
;. ,.. ~, .~ F, rnd'~e~'ia~.. a't a ~;i'vcn defoxirraca~an
~t7~e ~e1:a't:i.on of '~kr~ xea~.sL~nce or. h
' ~~;anc e wlatn ~.~ ~ G. * ~ dc;grees ~ (Itius:l, " ~-
and tEmpex~.~ure ~to its x~:~~.5
' ' r ' Tian When `~ ~ 1.x..4 dc;~ rocs K) o ~:~.~;ure LG
for each de~7ree of de~.o..rna
u'~ercanduc~~a.r~g c~ua~ a.~i.e~; of 'th7.;~ teas
i~~.u 'tra~Le;~ 'the cllar'r~e off' s ~
fur~tilex increasing ~~~-1e s~t~'ess up ~ta t;l'te; rnaxinlunr~
sam~~~.e ~rr~en
Rust
Ru~l
dins Diar~e~tex of test sam~.~le Oml:~~ m.i! .~:llr~e~ce s.
Fi~ux,'e l.a.~
M~ sire s ~ of ll_~0 kilo ~;z'ai~s (I~.o t ,~l~o -- 1. ~ ~) ~
-_ 0z'i~inal sar~pi e, 1
'lor~ranrs (Ro'~ho ~ 3.1-)i 3 -- stress o~: `4U0
~.. ~. ~, ,
.. ~ j _~ s't,~'ess of ~~U kilo?>r'~~~' (Ro f~~o~'>~ ~ a
~cilogz~~,~ls (Ro ~Ro) ~ ~~~~5) s .~
< < :7- ~rY'ams R ' /~~a = 646)', 6 ~-~ s't~?es's of J60 lta.l.aM
_.~ s tress a~ ~f~U k..~~.o~ ( o
~ .. ~ _~ stress of b20 ~k.;ilo~a:~ams (Ro'~~~~o " ~-~~~~
grams (Ro fRa ~ 9"~)' ~
?' ~aaE; in 's~cx'~~s'"'u~?n.rl~;s> abau~, a ra.se~ ~.r r.; r L,;iral
~?t the oL~,tse~a arr.~.ncrc,
c erconduc~r~irrg 'transitian~ un1~iJ. tyre xe:La~~ionship
tempera~tuxc of the auP
~ ~ ~terr~rines ~- as has alxeaci~r been. painted auu -~- the
~,o ~1ia W~11.C~'i de
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e~ree of l~.st~.c rle;f'c~rn;c~tian~ x~~ach:ea a va:l.ttie 'af' '~. A~;` 't~~a..~ paa.z~1;
d ~, p
? ~ ~ ~ ' ~ 'cal tern ~era~urF~ ,tarty to ~,a clo~an a~a~.n., rea,cha.n~; 'Gl'le ~k
t~1E GS 1t1 ~
va~.u,e of 'the ori~irtal sampled
1t must be mentioned a.n eonnecta.on witk~ tlxe ever ~rideila.n
? ~ ~ ~ u.i~ercorrduc~:t.n~r transition 'that, ~t~ho usu~.l. de f i.n tiaa~ o:C
a.n~,crva~, of s a. .~ ,
t ~:,s ,Lcr~ erature in w~1:~r~ the re;~:~.st~.nt;e af' the m~~~er~..a~. ~.s
'I ~ as r p
equal. to arse-half 'the residual is not as val.v.a~le ~n tr~c;
~.~iVr:n eKperl.^~
manta as coax. aiderin~ T~ to be tl'ie tempera~,ure ~n wha.c~~. 'LY~e matex~a.a~.
be~:~ns to iaoa~~ess superconc~.ucta,~~~; qual:t.~Gies; i,e,, w1~~en s~~pe:G~conducti~
v~.t~~, cawed bf plasta.c defarrnatian of thy; materials occurs.
~.
~f'11e curves in ~'i~;ure y shag tl~ic; T~~ - Ra ~ho relationahip5 which
carr~esparld to the tr~3nsi.tion.s plated a..n ~i.~;ux~e Lo ,
~ ry ~1,1.Z'~-' ~ 0
?~ v , ,~
2 ~ ?-
~ wren RuSI ~ Q?50;
~f~c xE;adi.r~~; taken when Rusl
iTt,r when '~rl
lri
~).~j
`the T r values were; also read wkler~ ~r;he; r~ius;l was 0 ~?>, 0 ~ rC~ a.nd 0 ~C
lti
A5 ca.n be seen Pram th.e f i~ure~ a7.1 curves are rnanatypes which f'latte;n
off wl~~en the Ro ? ~Ro equals 7 ? T11eref'are iri further statements tine will
accept T as the tempez~ature when RuSI equals 0?,~ sir~.ce tha.s ca.r~ be
k
det~rmiri~d very ac,c.ura.tel~r; and also, 'the r~~aterial bc~fns 'l~o he.ve
superconducting quali't~i:es a. t a much ~:i.~rher te~~peratu~
We obtaineci tYLe `L R ~ ~R curves for naatE:rial of diff'eren't
k~ a o
da.arrteters a 'T'hey are plotted ix~ ~'i.gure 6 ~ .
ki~~urc 6. Ti..n. l --? Didmetcr. of rn~iter:ial O,l~ rrlillianetcrs;
2 o a1 ~5 raill:>.;rte;~ters, 3 .... U, lU n?i.llixao teas; ~. U PO~~ n~a.l~.irnctie~,C
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t~ ~~~r~~;t thE~; he~:~h~L a~ the i~laxa.mtun depGr~ds ors
~;~I; ~.s a.ntGrUa t~.r1~; ~~a na
-~ ~ ever the pasa.t,ion a:f thc; maximum
~Lh~; d~.arn~:te~~ o;~ the 'test sarr>.~~.1.s ~ .haw
t nc~ :fox' a.la. d,a.amc~e~s a~' tie wa~'e~ anc~
an the Ro ~E~o axis a_s thy: say'
. = ' an choaen as correct ~'ar the decree; a~'
this can~~.r~ls the cra.tera.
~xarrta.nat~,on a~'
~ti.c de~'arm~~tiar~ ~.n ?the matc:r~~~.1? given a cuxsary
~~~.as
' atc that in the ca;ae a~' p~.a,tic de~'armation
?tk~.ie curves plotted ~.nd~.c
di;;tzr~ct xram pher~omena e~plain~d
the e~~cc~ts obsc:rvcd arse cor~pletF~ly
,;:~ ~ J or ?Gensaon (u,7) ? HaT+~Fv~r~ `the
.by tharau~;h corrtpre~.,a:~on (~-s5)
.,, ,., , ~ , obsE:rvcd. ~rhen ~thE r~axi.~tl~l stress ~.s removed
~,r. ea~tcs~t di~'~ ~;x el~cc a.s
tie unnumbered cuz~ve :Lr~ I':~~;ur~; ~) ~ When th;i5
Pram the test sample
~~ return to :Lts ari~a_rla:l positians ~~he transition
acc:.urs~9 inst~:acl. o.z a c
? ~ .. ~ st,i],l ~'urti~.er in the hi~;~l ~temperatti~r'e field sa
C;lI.I'Ve la d.LSp.~aGCC.
~... r' than the T of trie aril final material bar
.than -L~re Tk beco~re~ ~re~zGe 1~
.~ ~ ces, This d.isp].acerlent is more or less the same ir.~.
0?3> ~ O.L;.U ;dear...
be rez~ieYaed be ~.oti~r in more dPta,ih.
all cases o ill th~;se re,,ults ~ra.1J
ns off.' la'stic
'o
t ~'
:t.
P' J
nd
a
rndil~rn bch~~ves exactl~J~ ~.~~~e tln ur~.d.,r c
. tips 'the variation of the superconciuctin~
d.e;f'ormatiarT? Fa.~,uxe 7 sho
tl~ans:i.tion cur. vas ~~fit~~~ tree dc~,re.e a~ del'ox'~rlat~.an.
Figure 7. j.ndiurn? 0 mw or ~.~;~?nal sample
~
usl
l ~ stress ~.ESS than ~0 kg (eta ~~~a ~ 3?56)
~. tress l~U kg (~ar~Ro ~ ~~~)
2 s
3 .. s-tz e ss
~~Lls~. J t ~ -~0.8)
~. m s tre s s ~5a kg (~o ~ o
r -stress 30t~0 kg, (too c ~~"~o 12.3)
a t ~, relatio~1 is pJ..atted in Figure 8, ~,F;r~lovirl~; the
The`~k Roo
aw7lbcred curve ill Figure 7) alsa bringa about a f'urt~~er
(the unr
the diameter o f the sample was 0 ~ 20 mil;:iime ter s) .
axl T, _ (
stress
rise
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~~r~a~.l~,~u~w P~a;~ta.c de~'armata.an ~.zl tl~e c;as~~ off' ~th~~.~?a.tiun b~~in~s
al~~ut a ca~rt~.nl~ous ra.ae cif' the '~' d Ur1~.y undcx~ the ~;rea~;est streases
~c
reached a.n a~~r apparatus w~zs sa~,~~r~at~.ozr ob~;ex'ved9 (~tl~~a.s is presented
~rs.phica,lly~ b~7~ the curve;, a.n T~'i~t~tz~e,s 9 acrd 10) y
a~'~tcyr ~4~hi~'h an .n-?
sa.~~;na,~'ican~l~, decrease of "1,~k .was ~.ikel;~ (nat shown irr I+~a.~ures y and :1.0),
r
Figure ~, Tl~~.llium, 0 ?, ori~irral sara~l~;
n o
stress of 120
~~5); ~ ~.., stress 3~U 1ca.10~,:C'~}.7Tls (T~o~/R~ = ~.U~Sf)~
~ ~~ stress u~~J 1~i:La~;x~arns (Ra'/I~o -~ 1~e2); ~~ --- stress 9~0 kilograms
(~~a f Ro = ~2~0}; ~ ~- s~t~~ess 1h'3G l~:ilo ;tarns (R, ~/h = ~~~~2); 6
a o
str~;ss 2~0() lcilo~;r}ams (Rot/~;~o :: 1~.E3}
Fi~l~,re ~ shows ~thc :t'1:uctuation oz tyre transition curve's under the inp~
f'a.uence a.e plastic de~'arrria~tion; an~i 1' i~urc 10 shotr~s the cl~rarr~;
o:~'
r~7 k
with :~~,o~/~~o Taking; ox':t' the stress (~tl1e ur~ulw;~bered curve ii1 ~~'i~;ure y)
a1.so is accarlpar~a.ed by a rise of '~'k (di.amF.tc~r of the sampJ.e was Om2.~
Mercl~x'S under plastic dc;f'orma tion behaves qu:i.te, dif' erently
:Crorn the ~ other supercanduc;taors d.escribedo W1~.en campressin~a; rnercurJT
wirF,a incz~casin t:rLe stz~ess causes a :J.inear displacemEn~t o:L' Tk towards
lotil temperatures; that is~ an effect occl.rrs which is contrary to that
abs~:rved in tin, inda.u~m: and thallium. `I'hi.s ~~ s plo~ted ir: Figures l~.
arrd 12,
Fa_gure a.~.* MercuryP Diarnetez~ oi' sar~lple 0~3u nii.:l.limetcr, -~~
oriana~, sample; 1 -~- stress less than. 50 kilograms (R il~wo = 2a0}~
a
~-~ stress 1~0 kilo~,rrams (Rai/Ra = 4t9); 3 .,- stress lU~~ l~ilograrns
t
(Ro /~a ~ 8a~); l~
stress 2~.~;0 kilograms (Fto~/~i = 108}
0
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'S'hy Tk fluc.'tuat~d l~xrearly u.p' ~to ~l~~e ~reat~:s~r, a~x~e~~es r~,~ac;hc,~l by us
af'ter`which rerrnvi.n~ the stz~~ess retuxned tl~rr: trans~.~~~.on curve pr~rct~:-
eally~ to its; az~iga.r~al posa.~~a.orr, c~.ase to t~~re ~Lransita.on curve of
norl~da:a~~oz~~'r,ed nlateria].r
2. 'i'hc; value o.~' d~I~/dr11 irr tire, :~ndil~n ~~ruS rnc,rcusy uz~cler alas Ua,c
dE~;.1'ormation cl~c~n`~~~c~s ra,t;h~;r :r~a~,~;n~'ic~~n~L~.~;! :i..t ~.ilcz~case~ sl:i_~htiy~ a.s
the de~;z~ee off` de formation ~.s inc,xcased. Arr excep Sian to ~~his :i~
~~~halliwn, whose d.~~Ik~c'ii und.c;r de~'orlrla~~ion increases stron~;ly~, reac~iir~g
a value of ,~00 G/dc~gree~~ and mare; whereas tl~.le or:~gizla.l ~?a~teriaJ. ~~.as
a dH~.d`I' equal to ly0 G/degrees ,~~.ong ~u~i.tka. tha.s, thG wa.dth of the
trans~.tiorl inter~ral a~' these samples (especi,ally~ off' thal:>riuml increa~~ed
a hundred times, rc;achi n~; a value of a scope or two gausses.
3. .~Il ~Lhesc effects are observed onl~r when defar~r~ation takes
place a:G a low terriperature (in our ~~~~r:i.m~;r~t ~.?2 degrees I~) o ~xlen
trrc material is heated at 'roor~t -tern~~era~Lure all the abnormalities off'
supercancluc~t,ivit;~r di.sappc;a.r, and when cooled main, tlrca m~~.terial has
prac~l,ically Harms/ residual resa.stancc, normal l,~c and normal supers
conducting ~transitian i.nt~;rval width?, If defarmation of the ma,tera.al
(tinj takes place at. 77 degrees K, abriormali.ties of supc;rconductin~;
qualities are observ~;d, although fewer of thc:ni are braught abaut than
by d~.S'ormation whea~ T = L~~ 2 dc;grccs K~ Deformation at room ternpE~a.-~
Lure practically does not change the su~,~erconducting qua~.i'~tics' in
~tsoft" s~uperconducto,r~s, ~rhase rerr~stal:~~a~tiazr ~Lemperature is close
to room temperature or in tantalum, for which .recr-ystallization sets
in when '~ ~.s more than 1000 degrees C: (FZe~;~,rding t~ris, i~~ ha.s nor be~
come clear t~ia~L_ impuz~i~ies~~and not deformation are the basic reason
far the abnorr~la:~ supercanducting qualities of tantalumb )
l0
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~I:~CC~~S~J;ON 0~~~ 1~~,~'~T~r.~S
~Z'he; genet[// p~,ct~ure of the relata.an of the critical. ~t~;mperatux~e
to ~t~rc; degree of plastic de~,'orr~atiarl of the metals tested is prt;sented
by .'the gr~a~ah in ~~igurc 1.3. , Aland ..thee ordinate aaris is platted. 'thy
x~ela~r,.ve displacem.~rrt of the critical. tern~erature '~ ;/~' for each
k k
metal; can the absc~.ssa ~~a ,~H~q
:f.~t is n~.~tural to wish to carl~~elate the results obtained with
data on the influence of t;~'larou~;h compression ors s~u~perconductivity
(I~.~S) ~ rrom 'this paint a:i' va.cw9 it is sunk;lest to treat the results
obtained for mex~cur;y~b In rcali't~'~ compression of the ~Taa~te;ria,l pro-
duces a lo~~iering of .the critic~.l temper~.ture just the same as under
cond~.tions of thorough compression (lU), and removr~?; the stress'
brings about a return of the trartis.~tion 'cua~ve ` to 'its origina -~ position.
Mea~cltry is very plastic at low ~L~rnperatures (l.l), and since the ' '
ma~~imwn etress in ou.r measurel~le~.~ts was about ~~C}0 k~.la~x~azris, the;
material was absol:ately distorted. into thin leafs which according to
the data of Bridgeman should pa~aetically be thorough ear~pression
under these conditions ~ Unfortunately'' because the material. melted
when heateds it was difficult to determine the specific stress; how-
ever these resu--?ts do corr~~pand qualitata.vel~ to data on t;l~~; thorous;h
compression of nlercur~rd
On the o th.er hand, , a very different picture is obs carved for
t~~e plastic de:~'armatian of ~tha:l:Lums According 'to e~~tant data,
tharou~;~.. compression of ~t~iall:ium brims about a lowering of the
~~
.~
(13). ~'~1L1S the; continuous rise, of ~'~ in thallil~rrt as the stress is
increased agrees with -this informa-tian. however,. removing the stress
usicxpcctedl~ brings about a still further` .r~_se 'af the ~', at 'a time
when the compressing farces are not present,
11:
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po~.nt o:~ va,o~a; ~.;~ 'the behava.our
' ' ' `~hoxou~;h corapxess .oil of ~~h~;se rn~tals b~:~in~s ~,ba~~~t
a~ '~a.n aI1C~ x:nd~.um~
~ ., .~~; tk~e same t'une~ as se~:n in the curves,
a lower~.ng o~ the 1. k (~~ ~ )
~, ., ,, ~ in thea.r plastic d e~'orrl~atlon a.s descr~.be~:k by a curve
tkt~; c~~~n~,e o.~ ~k
' ' ~~ ~l,~~e to , ~,er~c~vin~~; ~~he compressing; :Forces :t'ram
which f la~~:tens of ~ a ~
esul.~ts in ra:isz.ra.~; ~c11e '1' , ~,~~ both matez~iaJ.s.
.the z7~atera.al. r l~
? ~ is~ortin~; a~.l ~~~i~:se .Four me~t~~,ls is exact~!y~
~~.ncc; ~ri~. metk>od. off. d
. , ..~ suck';. a great nif~'er~erlce ir1their bekaaviour is eva.dentl.y
tk,e sai~ e,
e~u~.ained by deeper causes. Consiclerin~, tk~at mercLU"y berla.ves
to be ,.
~,.~. ~ '-~ is 5ll'p")05ed t0 aI1 COmpres5].any all the abs~~rved abnorm4~li-~
~~?a ~ a~~ 1 . ~
' , ~ 'an be easily eXplained i~ it is sup~aoscd that plas~~ic de~orma-~
tiES ~
n and `1'1 t~'axls~'arrns ~thcse mc~t?ls :~-n~~a a somewhat di~'f'c~~en~~
t is n o.F Sri, ~
- , charac~Gerzed b;~ an ir~c~'eas~ of the c x~iticaa. ~~crn.per~aW
s~tat~,' wha.cri :t.s
th~.s is the 7.' whick~ plas~:ics. ? lj~ dis tortod
turf ` In tha.s case, k
~'~ ~ the stress has been rernaved~ '~l~e e:~~'ec~t o~ lowering
-: rriatcra.al. has : ai tc,r
r - uUk~ cornnression is supervnpased on to the ef'~
the T ,, cau~cd by tnara ~, ~
~L
~t ai' ~?aisin~; tkle cra_ta.cal. temperature. ~~.nce the Tk~ o~? the dis~
~cc
ort~;~d material has a del'a.ili~te value and the lawer:ing of the ~k due
t
o earn cession increases as the stress is increased9 it is natural
~ p
at the sfeneral picture o~ ~' change in relation ~to the de ;free a~
th ~ k
de:~'ormatian will be described by a curve which Flattens a~'f at the
Not ~.es~ su~prisa,n~; :~'rorn thy,
taps just as in tii1
and nd~..umt '~h~.s is also con~'ix~nled by the curves
'....-.~ ~.~ure ~~ wl~:~:ch Shaw the variation o:~ fit' ~ in a 'tin s~.rnple Ool~
n,n k' ~g 1.
m:i.llimeters in diameter under plastic deormatian with stress alt~r-
nately applied (lowez~ curve) ~:nd removed (up~~er curve)
Figure l4? `rin. a ~- 0z?igind.l sample; 1 -~ stress 120 kilo-
- stress l~~ kilo~;rarr~s; 5 ~-? s~t~?ess 250 k~.logran~ts~ 7
;rams; 3
stress 32U kilograrn~;
without s~t2~ess e,
stress 520 kilograms;
12
~j
~~, ,.and 10
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.. ~~` tl~c curves car~~~s~arzd ~l~o ` ~Yxc; scc:~uenca
Tl~~e raurr~lacrs are .the lao ants
af' the r~easure~~lcnts.
, ~~ta ~'or th~~llium a.nta tY~ia,s schemes it is
x~l ardor to put the d~,
Y ~ ~~ ~?~ ~ de%arina~r,ion of thal~l.aum hay a normal
nccES~ax;~1. ~,o asuwila tha~t~ plaat.~c
.' urri do. xn ~'i~urP 1.~ art shown cuz'v~es
s ian dT ~dP j ~us ?~ a s tin and ~rrd~.
k '
. 'urrr w;:.rP Ud22 milliz~nc;trrs in aiam~l;ex' un~-
`ol: the; ~~k chars?;o' in a tha~.J.a.
= 'h stress altornatoly appl~.ed arld rernaved
der plastic dc;~'ori~latian wa.t
s mhols are tl~~.e samF, as irl ~igurc ~.~) ?
~~
stress l2U
tress ~'r0 kilo~rams~ ~ ~-~ stress rr2U 1Lilog~'arns,
~rarns ~ 3 ~'~? s
kila r, ~
~~ 1c' ? ~l'hc~llium. 0 ?? ara.g:>..nal sample; l
s`~r~ss ~.2~U kilograms; 9
stress 1"roU k~,lograms; ~-~
o ~ rarris ~ ?., ~., ~, u, lU anc~ 12 witho~?t stress r
st~ryess 2~,~U ka.l ~, ~
~~-~ ~liaws that when the loo ~ ~Ra is mare ~t11an 12,
q '`~.i.~nce apt the' d.~aL,x am ~ ,
,- . ~ ~ M ti~at~ is, ap~~-~~;l~-n~~~ ~ti~e stress lowers
the dTl~~dP has a norzaal sn.~,n,
~ure ? 'J'lrus ~ the ma~~imum in tl~ie l.a~rer curve in
the cri t^cal tc,rnpc,rat
s orl 1o~~rering 'the '~'l~ as a result a:L' thorough
Figure l5, wh~.cY?. depend
be dev~;laped at much greater stresses tl~lan nor
campresslon, 11a.s to
tirl 0r 171d3-~U-m?
,.. aJ.sa made on ~tl~:e cor~pressian of very thin lamina
Tests wcxa
' unl when it bras thaugrit that tharou,gh com~
o:~' t~n~ indium and ~naJ..~.
~ .. ~ ~ a.c a ? ~Ti~l~hout ga ing into details of
pression was probably ta~~-n~ pl
we wall indicate only that in all these, metals
the experv~~er~ts,
conditions produces an el:'t'ect with a normal
cop~pression under such
' , .t is a lying stress lowers the criticd.l temperature?
s~.gn, tna , pp
nawn ~tlia~t plastic de~'or~ri~atian oi' metal aft law ~Lemper'a~
St is k
biriatian Urith thorough compression', caz Ur~;ng
tuna ~specZallyln com
,13
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'abou~~ po~,yrrtor~a~a.c ~L~~ans~'orml~:i,t~.ox~o ~arre~t (~!~) z~c~poz;~~~ on ~aha~~
traris,ztion a.ri litl~rium undor plast~.c de~'orr?aa~tion when '~ = r('( de>r~es,
a,
a~~d. the r~~ewly :Formed pha~;e (a zac;e~cerl~uerocl cube ao ~ l~~l~l~) is s~ta,ble
on:i.y up to a ~emper~~tur~e o~:' a.~b d.e~;rees K? [/dote; ~~'he teac~t leas a
~~,yho~;~~~aprrcal ex~~a?or~ at this lao:i.i~~rt, `1'l~e 'tee{~,~ 1~~~.s the phrase '~pi~las
t~~ar~s:i~i:orr v lini'' (in line) wi~Gr~e~s it shou~.d b'c 1?phase ~trans~.~-
ti~rr v la.tii~' (irz li~t;'r~i.um) ?a
~3rid~er~ran (l2) poa.nts out tree exis~.eilce off' polymarphic trans-
:~orinata.on in a whale series o:L' metals, including the transition
Tl ~::~ w Tl lZl, tirhich takes place when ':C = ~.'ru de~rces K a.nd
P = 1r,3 m lQ~~ k~,~cm2. lie inci.icate;s tree passib~:I.ity oz~ such a, trans~-
~'arrnation iri ta.n when. P is more than. ~ 0 10~ l~g~cm?
idow we da nat have available :i.nl'orrrta~t~,on ~G?rhich waul.d indicate
that t'i1C observed e~'f ects are tine resul:Ls of sima..lar polymorphic
transl;'orrriation; however, such a prababil'ity seems' well: louiided to
us, especially .nor thallium, il' the siJr; change d'~'k/dP acid ~tl~e lame
change oi' dl-I~dT is taken rota considerationm
In any event! it is evident that all those metals be:i.x~~ plasti-
tally ciistorted at law temperature are :~'o~~.nd a.n a soa>,.eti-ghat m.etas~cab~.e
state:; ~.use~d by the presence a~~ irreul~4'f~ distortion of the lat~iaice
and variation off' i~~s param~terse Zn re~;urd ~;o th~.s, ~lahc obs~:r~~red
e~~~'~c~ of the T incrr ase is e~pz?essed z~iat only b~ wdez~;~~.~; the
k
t7~ansitian interval as could be expected irl a physica~.l~r canta.minated
superconductor, but alsa ~~ the d:isplacerr~cnt ai' file whole transition
curve to~rards high temperatures. A someT~rhat indirect indication
which must be viewed simply as an accurau:Lation o~:' physical. impurities
in tare r~~la~Lerial is the Fact tkiat the width oi' the supcrcoi~duct:i._n~
~~razisi_~ian ntcrv~,l, which characteri~ea the hamo~reneity a:1' tl'e
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mattar ,a1. a.rl Ga.n, ind:~u~n an~1 tl~z~,:>?~.~~ti~n~, :r~ac~l~e~ a rr~ax~.mu~r~; whereas i.n
~raerc~ur~r ~~~, ti~rhe~^~ ~~he~E~ e.~'a:'~;c;t~a a~^e ~,las~:Gl~~ ?-~ ~h~; ~,rlt~rvr:~:l.`T~ ~,c~~~l~. c~xlw
tir~~uausl~!r irac~^aase~;. ~n ~'~,~;uz~o ~.Eag x.s shoti~z ~~ cu~~ve o~~ ~ti~~e ro:l.a~~a,orr
off' interval ~wiciLhs ~f~o ~tl~le degree at' def'orrllati~~n :~'or tin, a,nd :in
I'i~,u~~e lrj ~~hra ;;ame a.s liven t`ar m~rcuz~ya I~erc~ ~~ and ':~~ are l~c~;inrlin
arc/ enc~ixl~; telripEre~tu~~es o:( the ,au~aerconduc~tz.n~ t~~ansa.ti~~n r~~,c~ at
j
paaaits a~There R equ~l:t.e~~ ~rJS and i~~u~.
u~71
C~~I~C ~~~~~.JS:CUIi!;~
~., Bl;~s~I~ic d~,:x'orrna~tion off' ~~ir~, indium and t~~lall:~lun air ~ aw
~Le7~lpe~?a~Lu~^c bz~:~n~;s abati7:t tkle a'oz~~~lr~~ian ot: a somewhctu me~L,~ s~~able s~La~e,
which is char~:tcteri,zed by ra.n incr~ use in v~~l~ue: ,~.(' t~~e critical. tempera
~;ure ,
The p~c;~erice of a p~a't~ 'in cuz7v~~s shr~wing ~hE, r`c:1.at~.on a~'
c~~_~- s~c~~c;~
mct~ls enl~~lerated is caused by suE~e'z~iln~osira~ ,t~il~` in.~'~.ue~rlc~ of thox~au~h ''
compression, Tr~rhich lower; tll.e rl~ks on to this ei'ecte
30 ~.n exam:~na~t;ian a:i:' these results /gads +~o the col~.clusion
teat under tree conditions of oux~ c?:per ~a~lerl~t, tale ~~rar~s:Eo~^r~tation off'
Tl TT - T~.. 11:Ia obser. ved by~ Bri.demana coil-! d llavc~ occurred.
~:~ The obscrv~;d e~'~'ect~s ,Jhic'rr az?e caused. ~b~ 7.oti~ temperature
rlo not occur :L~' .the def`a.rmation ~akcs p].~.ce ~.~t higher ~crnpc~ratu~^~a
eve;r~ though lower ~t'rran the te~~lpc~^~.~,ure o~: xecr~rs-Gal.l~ationa
~~ Plastic de~'or~nation oi' r~ercur.~ is plot accompanied by similar
~ 11 w ~ ~`~I~~r~~ ._ ..
e~:~'ccts, T11e lowering ox~ `I',_ obsex^ved ~,s cd.llsed by t~1UrUU~~1~ .corapz^es-~.
Further research i.n this direction gill be conduc~tudo
cr:~.~ic~.1. temperature to the de~~ree ai p~.ast.:~c de~'Ur~t~lation in the
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1n conc~.us~~.an~ wa ~;l~rarrk P~~ak'a~~~ax ~3, ("r. Taa.~