SOUTHEAST ASIA IN THE MIDST OF STRUGGLE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00039R000200010010-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 57
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 3, 2012
• Sequence Number: 10
• Publication Date: April 16, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

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Southeast Asia in the
Chan'tau ung'ti Tung.nan?
ya by Chu Yu~lien, World Know"
ledge Society, Peiping-Shanghai,
October 1950
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On Popular International Condition
with Illustrations
SOUT}IEAST AS IA IN THE Mi7ST OF STRUGGLE
Published by
lorlcl Knowledge Society
( Shih?Cllieh Cliih-shih She)
1950
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STAT
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'
OUIEI~ ,ST f~S ~ ,TIC 7'FlE rY1 Ol+_ SrIT .GLE
Published by
Work Knowledge Society
(Shih-chieh Chih-shih She)
1150
For the purposes of this book Southeast dais conists of
India, Pakistan, Purm&, Thailand,. Indochina (Viet Nar), and 1L1aya
on the mainland, and the Philippines, Indonesia, and Ceylon in
the Pacific rind, Indian Oceans
The above countries have c omb i.nec~ area of , U1 , O00
square kilometers, iS.? percent of the land niass of Asia which
supports 45 percent of the total Iaiatic population.
Most of the area is in the tropical zone with a hot climate,
copious rainfall, fertile soil with high agricultural production
capacity, and a liberal supply of underground resources.
After the 15th Century, most of these territories fell
under the colonial rule of European powers and. America, The result
was to plunge the masses into poverty and degradation, with their
native. overlords employed by the colonial powers as instruments
of foreign exploitation to wrest from the masses the raw materials
and natural resources to feed their insatiable appetites.
The October Revolution brought hope to all peoples under
colonial rule and. Comrade Stalin declared the days of colonialism
were hwnbered .
In the colonial and semicolonial lands of Southeast Asia the
breath of freedom began to stir before the second World War.
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lurin ; tliat w r the oppresNiveness of the Japanese fascist conc.luerers
aroused the colonial peoples to ri.e in their own dei'ense with
whatever ~rnis they could capture from the Japanese . After the wear
and the defeat of Japan, the former colonial masters sought to
recover their previous position of leadership, but found the poli-
tical atmosphere greatly altered. Since the feudalistic native
overlords of these l~~.nd.s were ufCt.ble to exert proper leadership
` ~g o
renewed erxshvement by ~tl~z e ol,d. forc~an master, the masses,
spearheaded by the corn nun . at party in their vri.rions countries,
which has ~t.lways been at the forefront of the strug 'le for freedom,
everywhere, accepted the challenge and assumed. the responsibility
of leading out in the cause of deliverance from foreign despotism.
Confronted by this new attitude of their erstwhile colonieN
the foreign rulers were compelled to alter their outwatrd forms of
control and apparently ~;i.ve F;rounci e however, they took .c1vantage
feudalistic landlords, professional politicians, compradores, and.
national bourgeoisie. In India they took a,dvaxltage of religious
controversy to "divide and conquer." A number of /couzrtries while
seemingly independent are actually still under the heel of izm7 erial
of racial and religious prejudices to instill into the minds of he
national bourgeoisie a narrow concept of nationa.lisni arid. reform.
In the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Viet Nam, and Surma, they
placed the power in the hands of their chosen agents, the reactionary
of England, Holland, and
France, American imperialism has become the
people of Southeast Asia. , On the one hand
'I ;!~Y.1
ified in Part - Sanitized Co
chief enemy of the
United States
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bolstered up the failing colonic-l, adrninistratians, and on the other,
rapidly thrust its own power into the various countries
However, imperialism cannot outlive its historically alloted
time e The peoples of all these countries have begun the struggle
against it and are getting results, in the youthful Democratic
Republic of Viet Nara, under the leadership of President Ho Cllih IvIinh
95 percent of the area of the country has been set free, the French
and their puppet Bao Dai hold only a few coastal cities, Their fate
is fast overtaking theme In Burma the armed people's partisans have
liberated 50,000 square males of territory. In the philippines
the armed partisans have mode good headway against the combined might
of American imperialism and. native reaetionism and the movement
has permeated nearly ail., of Luzon Island snd has lately been spread-
ing to other island; . Malayan insurgents are operating even in the
environs of Kuala Lumpur and. Singapore e In India the peasants under
the leadership of the communists have created uprisings in many places
and in Hyderbad have established. a real liberated area.
In Indonesia people's guerrilla, forces are still active in
Java, Sumatra, Borneo and the Celebeso In Thailand and Ceylon there
is an underground nationalist liberation movement brewing that may
erput at any time.
The success of the liberation in China has had a great effect
for world peace and in giving moral support to the liberation
movements of the various colonial peoples. Molotoff has stated that
the victory of the Chinese Revolution dealt imperialism and its
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a.:rgres;a1ve GeignS .. notable blow second only to that of the Russian
October Revolution. The Victory of the Chinese la beration movement
over PJilerican imperialism and its running dog, Chie ng Kai-shek,
marks the road f or all Southeast Asia to follow. The success of the
Chinese Revolution and of 1~ao Tse-tung'S ideas provides a keen weapon
for all the peoples of Southeast Asia.
Opposeu to this, United. States imper iali am is supporting all
the tottering, puppet re ;iines of the area With money and arms. War
Criminal Truman has revealed his fear o? and desper~ataoii concern.if;
people' S movements by announcing his support in Indochin a and the
Philippines at the came time that he began his Korean aggression.
The efforts of colonial peoples theiriselves in their own righteous
cause, as, for instance, the people of Korea has taught kiian a
lesson0 iiali'th the support of peace- and liberty--loving people every-
where the people of Southeast Asia will realize their goal of
liberation.
_4
a c. ;l
d' 1.
- 1q1~ V.I N
: i as a'c`
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1)ernQCratiC Republic of Viet NaIn
50 CCC) M qua z'ca k:ll.arae: ter
Population: 20 million
ro' ~ e~.; in IndOCl1in(;. out, SL(E UlO terx itorY of the
,~ C,.r
The In:Lnai z t
..
.~r.ctex
to s.;1.f
Republic of Viet N~.rn R7 1~ave been aide
Democratic
m1fD.t1an by- that rei)uh11c.
ed and l1okof river vaiief,3 of Viet Nam 1)rocl.uce
Every f C'ar the
..... ~ even ~ 1.>^CE' GI"~~J)G Of .!.'7.lhe "' In (_,n(~11:i.1'~ci11..nc",, laGinc:~n~ta SCCa~Ct\ro ~,nc~ >
:~1~.. yc and Ino.one i~in quulit f rayr in absurd ante
only to t~~aa~~e of ~.,, ,~,~.
SEL1b fish are xoduced. along the centr C.1 coastal are,.; heavy
n r coal t:,.nc3 other Inine:rals ~Xe found in the north.
~. o:t^e~t ~, ~Inr~1~c,1NS s
1-i:owcver, the tojl.inIna.sse s cannot enjoy these . The French and
the feurl~l lords ll.VC exploited -thiam the la. t C years.
ench tank over in 13 the s'ul^ferin people have
Ever since the .. r,r
?. ~,and cl.uxin? the Second World. 'rlr, they inten;ii~
~trugs~'1-ec' a.;~.,~nst them and .filed t.hE;3.x S tru;a. '
e a~~ .. ainst the douljie onnres,3i0n of France and
Japi; n.
In ln rLrl- ur?d-ex the leadership of the Cormnufist Party the hnde-
ter called. Viet N~.nh) was organizcd. and
pendence League (hereirn
?z armed rtiss,ns against the Japanese. `rhe Inave-
l~~egtl.n or ~;ana.~,a.n~g , arr pa
eat spread rapidly and soon overran s northern provinces. By
m
..-: l 'p of the Viet i4~inh was 5 million (13 million at
~9E.~ the membership membership n
present). At the surrender of the Japanese numerous armed uprisins
occurred over the country. Ja.~~ anewarlne were seized, 11ao Dal was
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forced to abdicate, nd. Ho Chi i'iirt on 2 September as prow iionaJ.
clia.irlnan proclaimed the independence of the first People's Democratic
Republic of Southeast, Asia.
The Trench immediately took steps with the aid of imperialist
Britain to reco1rer their position and, advancing from Cochinchina,
dec14 red their intent to recover all Viet Nmn within 3 months.
I~ow.ver the tide of events was against them. Under the strong
leadership of the Viet ~iinh the people struck fierce blows against them
in the field, while strea.rnlin,ing their auministration within, pro-
claiming a constitution in the autumn and instituting lane ref orm
with redistribution of French and bureaucratic holdings to the
landless poor peasants, a.nd took steps to increase agrlcultural
production and avert famine . Industrial production rose under
3-year plan, culture and education have advanced uid illiteracy has
been reduced from X75 percent to 20 percent. The agreement of re-
cognition of the Republic of Viet Nam made by France on a March
1946 was only a, device to gain time for greater operations and soon
became obsolete . A general French offensive began on 19 December
1946? Under the leadership of Iio Chi T4Inh and General Vo Nguyen
Giap the Vietnamese launched an all-out defensive action. After
3 years of struggle it was apparent that the Viet Minh forces were
constantly building up. In fact they had increased to 10-odd tunes
the 20,000 they had at first; from a force capable only of lightning
strikes to an overflowing force with hundreds of motor vehicles.
In the sparsely-settled French bases of Cambodia and Laos,
where there was little resistance to them 3 years ago, now the two
peopa.es have armed partisan tlforces and have set up people's govern-
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meats in large areas where they are vitiating French power and
imitating Viet Naar in a righteous war of liberation.
Despairing of the wucces$ of military action a,:Lone, the French
in 1919 tried a political tack with American encouragement by recall-
ink; the deposed Bao Da.. This was a vain hope for the people were
fully determined to support Ho Chi I"Linh.
America in her role of "the world is savior", having been thrown
out of Chine, turned her attention to Indochina as a base for aggress-
ion in Southeast Lsia. America detnanded bhat if France, with American
aid in arms and money, could not overthrow the Viet i4inh she should
withdraw r!,ncl let America take over, but France was unwilling to lose
all her men and treasure for nothing. This led to surface conflicts,
but basically the two powers were of one mind in opposition to
revolution.
In a general advance in October 1950, General Vo Nguyen Giap
forces forced the French out of Cao Bang and decimated them as they
withdrew. Cao Bang, Dong Khe, That Khe, 4:ind Ch t i-ch 9 i. (k
four French strong points, were liberated, and later Na--ling ( 14)
a Cham ?/, This was the beginning of the victory called for by
Vo Nguyen Giap in honor of Viet Nam t s fifth anniversary. At present
the Viet Minh forces control 90 percent of the territory and l million
people of Viet Nam while the French and their stooges hold only a
few isolated coastal outposts with only 2 million people. American
monetary and arms aid to France and her puppet may temporarily increase
the hardships of the Vietnamese but it cannot deliver them from
already decreed destruction any more than it could save Chiang in
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The "filthy war" is dashing the hopes of the French coionialist$
snc1 ~irouaa.nL; 'the an.itno~ity of the French people at home ~a.s revealed
by anti-vrar strike3, refusal to lot~Lcl war nuteri&~l.s, etc.
Under the encouraEemetnt of the historice1 Chinese revolution
the people of Viet dram are preparing to throw every ounce of their
w?
strength and. resources into the final great drive for complete free
do:n from their oppre 3sors , Led by i!meraca the international reaction-
rjrie 3 hope; to make Viet ?Tarn bne for an anti-Soviet, anti-Chinese
campa i;n, but actually everything is against them arks. their schemes
camp of world. peacc ?
Le send of N1a~~a_ of `Diet Nam on P? a,e 7
Areas occupied by French forces
and Viet Nam will soon become the newest youth defense army in the
Rice
Cou.l.
Tin
Zinc
Rubber.
Lumber
Fisheries
Important h&'rbors
Railways
Scale _... kilometers
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COMPARATIVE CHARTS OF POPULATIONS AND AREAS
OF CSI INIT. AINI) S OUTHEA5 T AS IAN C OUNTH 1ES
ON PAGE 4
(using China as the basic figure of. 100)
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CC OUP
L - } PO
',`1' OI1
China
1.00
100
Ind Et
31.
3
Indonesia.
1.9
14..7
Pakistan
.,
1~~.7
Burma
u
3.6
Thailand
5.1
3.3
lJiet Nairn
3.5
4.2
Philippines
3
4d
Iro.ri.i
1.4.
1.2
Ceylon
O.65
13
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THE' PHILIPPINES
Area: 297,917 square kilometers
Population: 19,500,000
The economy of the Philippines under the iron hoof of foreign
imperialists for 400 years has been entirely oriented toward supplying
oppressors' raw material needs rather than their own food needs, Theresu
fore, rice must be imported.
After the Philippines had attained a measure of self-government
in 1935 under the Tydings-Metcalfe Act of the US Congress, the Japanese
invaded in 1941, MacArthur fled, and the Japanese took over. Under the
leadership of the Philippine Communist Party, the People's Anti-Japan
ese Army (Hukbalahap) was organized on 29 March 1912 under the command
of General (Luis7 Taruc, In the course of 1,300 guerrilla engagements
with the Japanese, in which 25,000 of the enemy were annihilated, the
central plain of Luzon was liberated and the guerrilla forces were built
up to about 20,000, These forces were determined not only to oust the
Japanese from t he islands, but also to keep the inmricans from return-
ing, They instituted land reform by confiscating the holdings of Japan-
ese puppets and redistributing them to the peasants, They reduced rents
and set up democratic self-governments in local areas,
When the Americans returned, the Huks aided them against the Japan-
ese, However, the Americans repudiated these partisans and instituted
a campaign of arrests and slaughter against them. Under their aegis,
Roxas seized power and carried on the US camp~jgn against the patriotic
armed partisans. Roxas tried in vain every sort of device to induce
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sans to surrender their arms, but they were too suspicious of
the parts
him, After August 1946, with the aid of US planes and artillery' Roxas
on a relentless a11out campaign against the patriots until his
carried
violent death in 194E. He recovered the central Luzon plain, but could
not annihilate the partisans.
The aim of the US is to use the Philippines as an anti-Soviet,
anti-people's base of operations and to support therefrom all reaction
ary governments of Southeast ksia. US granting of ttcomplete independence"
to the Philippines in 1946 was a pure farce and there has been no change
in the actual control of the Islands. Under the name of "aid+t, UPS goods
not needed by the Philippine people have been dumped in the Islands,
?mped~.n~, development of native industries. Three million unemployed
~r the
have no means of livelihood. A farm r must work 700 hours to produce
or secure one picul of rice. Nothing whatever has been done to elevate
the standard of living of the people,
The US~Phi.lippinagreement on military bases of March 1947 leased
2 bases in all parts of the country to the US and the military mutual
aid. agreement provided for US arms, equipment, ships and training of
Philippine forces. The US retreat from the Chinese mainland only led
to an easing of control over the Philippines.
After the death of Roxas, his successor Quirino tried a ruse of
peaceful gestures to secure control of the patriots, but they did not
rise to his bait. He then resumed the policy of extermination, but
contrary to expectations, the people ral3ied to the Hukbalahap forces
in owing numbers. In 1949, they adapted the title of People's Liber"
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ation Army and became active throughout Luzon,
The topography of Luzon is favorable to guerrilla activities. The
People's Liberation Army can find good bases in three different provin"
CE)S. During 1950, the liberation forces carried on a steady campaign
and ringed the whole island, bringing great trepidation to the Americans
in their base at Clark Field, the reactionary government in war-
devast-ated Manila, and at the summer capital ai Baguio,
The Philippine government called an urgent military conference.
The Americans brought in a great quantity of arms and 50 annored cars,
determined to make a great effort to retrieve an irretrievable situation,
The Liberation .Army has now extended its operations to Panay, Negros and
other islands, Their forces now number 30,000 and are equipped with
modern arms, including mortars and light artillery. The Americans and
their rwrining dogs are frightened; their end is in sight.
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Sugar
FIE3mp
Tobacco
Rico
R~ilvay
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MALAYA
Area : 140,000 square kilometers
population ; 5, 81,434
Malaya (also called the Malay Peninsula) located on the southern
reaches of the continent of Asia, bordered by Thailand on the north,
separates the Pacific Ocean from the Indian Ocean. The harbor of Singa'
pore, Malaya, is an important center for commercial shipping and an
important British Fa' -' - military base. It iS souletires called
the "Gibraltar of the Fastn,
Malaya's population is composed of three nationalities: overseas
Chinese, 44.8 percent; Malayans, 43.3 percent; and Indians, 10,5 percent.
British encroachment on Malaya may be divided into three periods,
The first began in 17E6 with the establishment of the branch office of
the 1st India Compaq in Georgetovm, and lasted until 167. This office
Malayan soil became a British colony [it is noteworthy that Johore is
monopolized the Malayan market, resisted Dutch and Portugese settlers,
and took preliminary steps to strengthen her control over this area. In
1$67, three localities - Penang, Malacca and Singapore were organized
into the Straits Settlements of the British Empire. After 1896, the
administrative authorities of the four states Negri Sembilan, Pakang,
Perak and Selangor - fell into the hands of British advisers, who organ-
ized these states into the Federated Malay States. In 1909, Kedah,
Trengganu, Perils, and Kelantan were taken from Thailand and became
British protectorates. Thus, the entire 140,000 square kilometers of
not mentioned.J
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e. The greatest accomplishment, however, was in the unificatp
working wag
were ultimately victorisous in their stand, This resulted in a higher
persecutions, the workers fought steadfastly for several months, and
N
The thir period began with the increased exploitation of Malaya's
d
sources; tin and rubbdr. The Malayan workers were
richest natural re
fleeced and made slave laborers for the monopolistic capitalists.
Malaya is the 1arest producer of tin and rubber in the world. In
~.
19498 the rubber production reached 670,000 tons. This was 40 percent
M
of [totak..7 world output. Total area occupied by Malayan rubber plant
atians is over 1+ million acres, most of which are under ? ritish control.
British roves, tments in this field of activities total 200 million pounds.
Rubber is exported primarily to the US,
a Malaya produced over 73,000 tons of tin. This is 44 per-
In 1949,
cent of world output. England controls two large tin refin[totalj ,
astern Tin Refinery Company and the Strats Tin Refinery
eries, the
Plant. All Malayan tin ores are brought to these plants to be refined.
Tin exports go primarily to the US.
Malayas the -rgold mineat of imperialist gland, is an important
export artery for the decadant imperialists.
In 1924, the Malayan people established their ovm political party
Communist Party. With this, the laboring people began their
the Malayan
determined struggle against the ruling elements. In 1936, about 10
thousand construction, rubber, tin and other factory workers particip
paced in a general labor strike throughout Malaya. Disregarding British
Ft~~
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ion of Malayan, Chinese and Indian workers. The foundation for the labor
movement was laid in this manner.
In 1939, 200,000 workers throughout Malaya went on strike. As a
result they won the right to fora labor unions. Although the British
imperialists continued incessantly to oppress workers, murder labor lead
ers and close dove labor unions, they were unable to subdue the laborers.
9
In December 1941, after the Japanese invaded Malaya, the colonial
rulers left in disorderly fashion. and. the Japanese soon. occupied the en-
tire territory. The Malayan Communist Party integrated the Malayan,
Chinese and Indian nationalities into the Malayan Peoplets anti-Japan
Army. Using destruction as a strategem, this group waged innumerable
guerrilla fire-fights with the enemy and later expanded their ranks in
to eight independent units, totalling over 10,000 men.
In 1945, when the Japanese surrendered, the "old masters" returned
to reestablish their rule. Victory in the anti-Japanese struggle did
not result in any of the independence that the N~alayan people had gained.
On the contrary, the British imperialists, in order to recoup their war
losses and to neutralize their economic crisis, adopted a cruel policy
of plundering the colony. This made the Malayan workerst livelihood more
difficult; whale prices &oared continuously, wages remained frozen.
Angry over such treatment, the people demanded that colonial rule
be consumated and that they be permitted to make decisions independently.
In order to appease popular oppositioh, the British government published
a ttwh~.te paper" and announced the proposal for a so-called New Administ~
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rative System for January 1946. This new system was only an archaic
imperialist method of "divide" and "rule". The people immediately
opposed the "white paper". Malayan Communists summoned the various nat-
ionalities and parties throughout Malaya to forge a democratic united
front in order to struggle for the establishrcient of a united Malayan
home rule government, The p posal for the new administrative system,
therefore, was revised and became final. The proposal stipulates that
with the exception of Singapore, which is a "British Crown Colony", the
tiFederation of Malaya" is to be established. Nominally, the authority
was to be placed in the hands of the Malayan people, but actually it was
delivered to representatives, feudal leaders, and tho British adversers
of various States. On 1 February 1948, the British, unmindful of the
people's determined opposition, proclaimed the establishment of the
Federation of Malaya.
The Malayan Communist Party summoned the people to join in armed
struggle, In June 1948, the British promulgated an emergency proclaaat-
ion which outlawed the Communist Party, the All.-Malaya Federation of
Labor and various progressive organizations. Thousands of youths were
arrested, beaten, dispersed and murdered, In retaliation, armed struggle
broke out in various areas.
In 1948, tie British colonial armed forces were increased to 50,000
troops, and equipped with latest type weapons for the purpose of suppress
.ing the people's guerrilla forces. British colonists paid a great price
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On 1 February 1949, the Malaya Nationalities Liberation Movement
opened a new chapter in the liberation struggle, The Malayan Communists
proclaimed the formal establishment of the Malaya Nationalities I&berat~
ion Movement, This put all of the People's armed forces in various areas
throughout Malaya under one command. Simultaneously, the formation of
9 detachments was announced, The People's armed forces have become stropgo?
er and have made several attacks against the enemy. On 26 February 1950,
the British colonial authorities proclaimed an "AntiMBatadit Month" with.
plans to complete "mopping-up" activities during the month, But the prow
gram was a complete failure, In the meantime, the Tenth Detachment of
the Liberation Army was formed, ImperiaUstg will not give up so easily
where an annual income in tin and rubber of 200 million US dollars is
involved.
In continuing the struggle which has been going on for the past 20
years under the leadership of the Malayan Communist Party, the Malayan
people will one day see their ideal of a "Malayan People's Democratic
Republic" come true,
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Inhabitants of Malaya
44* % Overseas Chinese
43.3% Malayan
10,5% Indians
1.1~ others
043% &iropeans
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INDONESIA
s 1,904,345 square kilometers
Population ; 70,000,000
Java, the political and economic heart of Indonesia, supports 70
percent of the population.
Indonesia produces a variety of strategic raw materials, partiCW
larly rubber, tin, oil and iron. It is also a leading prooucing area
for quinines b1ack pepper, cotton- trE es~ agave, coconuts, and tea,
All of these resources have had a fatal attraction for the bloofw
sucking imperialists who have used every method to exploit them. This
has resulted in great suffering and loss to the native peoples. Bew
fore world War II, Holland and Britain were the greatest offenders,
but now the US, by means of capital, has
secured a monopoly of these
resources. American investment has increased since before the war from
5 percent to 50 percent of all foreign investments. Americans have
bo ht large blocks of the former Netherlands and British Companies'
stocks and the American Fuchs Company has secured a 15-year monopoly
on the tin and iron manes. Over a million mou of rubber plantations
have also fallen into American hands,
Furthermore, in Java, Borneo, the Celebes and New Guinea, Ameri~
can military bases are under construction or planned, and Indonesian
skies are full of planes making military surveys.
However, today, the Indonesians have arms of their own az~ are
struggling for their independence and liberation. Many revolts under
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0-8
Dutch rul'a were attempted but always ruthlessly suppressed.
During the s,panese occupationr the Indonesians organized guerrilla
~
forces Due to lack of arms, however, they lost thousands of fighters.
Nevertheless, their spirit was revealed, and on 17 August 1945, the
Indonesian Republic was proclaimed. Unfortunately, the new Republices
1 into the hands of capitalists, such as Sukarno,
governing power fel
Hotta and 5jahrir (?) who led in the wrong direction. Only a month
after the New Republic was proclaimed, the British imperialist troops,
under guise of disarming the Japanese, landed and quickly overran
~.
many islands using the Japanese against the Republicaxis. Lnglhr'd, forced
out by the UTh1 Security Council, turned power over to Indonesians old
enemy, the Dutch They quickly set up the two puppet states of East
.
In order to gain time to gather strength for
Indonesia and Borneo.
suppressing the Indonesian revolution, the Dutch started negotiations
British delegate as mediator, The capitalistic
in the UN with the
Indonesian,leadexs mentioned above were thus entrenched in they pasit
appeared to give Ho /land a breathing
ions. The March 197 agreement
spell. 'c forces had not given up, however, and the people
The democrats.
's true countenance. In December 194, the Dutch
recognized theIr enemy
took over most of the territory of the Indonesian Republic and institW
,
ted a reign of unmitigated terror against all opponents. Sukarno and
Hatta were imprisoned.
ocriti?ally railroaded a ceasefire action
The US and Britain hyp
through the UN Security Council. They were baffled, however, by a
L,,1
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strong guerrilla movement that quickly developed with forces up to
300,000 men, some 35,000 of them political prisoners of Hatta govern,
ment who were released by the people. A new plan had to be devised
by the imperialists which resulted in Hatta's attending the US sp~nw
sored round'table conference at the W.gue which resulted in selling
out Indonesia to the imperialists in the guise of the Indonesia Feder
ated Republic and the Dutch-Indonesian Union,
This Union agreement made the former Indonesian Republic only one
v.f .a dozen or more states of ...Dutch creation. The important decisions
the Un ion would be in the hands of the Dutch crown ,e......(follvw-
in
ing three lines illegible,.
A Dutch ultimatum in May 1947 demanding completed unconditional
surrender and dissolution of the Indonesian government was resisted
by a new government led by Sjarifuddin and the Dutch attacked on
20 July with 120,000 troops carrying United States and British arms,
After two third of Java and a large part of Sumatra had been taken,
the three-power mediation conference was called which resulted in form'
cing the Indoneisans to sign a Dutch proposed cease-fire agreement in
January 194 which left only a small portions of Java and Sumatra to
them. Opposition of the reactionaries forced S jarifuddin out and the
Hatta crowd again took over. The imperialists were not satisfied and
America gave her agents, Hatta and Sukarno, 65 million UPS dollars to
carry out her hidden plan,
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 ^
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In th? bloody affair at Madioen, several thousand patriots were
slaughtered or imprisoned and the leaders of the Communist and Progress-
ive Parties, Sjarifuddin, Musso, Suripno, and Harjono, were executed,
In the agreement accepted by the traitors, American and Nether
lands imperialistic ideas prevailed. The "Netherlands~Indonedian Union"
was headed by the Dutch Queen; all foreign afirs or other important
affairs were to be handled by the Union, which really meant the Dutch
government. Indonesia's economy was still under Dutch control; she
was to pay Holland 4,500,000,000 guilders as reimbursement for her
investment used to conquer Indonesia; Dutch naval and land forces were
to remain in Indonesia; Dutch government organs were to be incorporated
into the Indonesian government so that Indonesian executive power would
still be in the hands of the colonial administrators,
The Indonesian people were greatly incensed at their betrayal
by the SukarnoHatt crowdI The Communist Politburo called on the
people to mobilize to deliver themselves. 1ople"s forces became active
in Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and the Celebes and staged many attacks
on their enemies, Strikes in cities and mines emphasized the workers'
demands. Peasants took over Dutch plantations and redistributed them,
Many plantation guards and puppet officials and men eagerly joined the
guerrillas. The Dutch colonials maintained their rule and under direct'-
ion of the traitor government many tens of thousands of Indonesian
citizens were jailed or thrown into concentration camps.
In 1959 the Sukarno-Hatta crowd, in order to further obscure their
real designs, discarded the Union title and 'established the all'-Indonesian
1'-
nationalist monolithic "Indones Ian Republic" with the ultra"reactionary
v
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head of the Moslem Party, Natsir, as Prime Minister,
Communists and left-wing parties at once announced that the new
government was nothing like the August 1945 Republic of Indonesia and
was no different from the Indonesian Union of the round table agree"
merit; that the new constitution was full of provisions intended to
favor the interests of the capitalists and injure those of the people.
Whatever changes of front might be played up, there was no change in
the real nature of the government, hence the Communists and theleft
wing parties established a solid front to lead the people without cess'
atiori in the direction of liberty.
c;; I r
y r it
tJ 4' ~L.
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Chart one 12
11/wwMlMMwwwwlwM~~1w
Indonesia Products
(percentage of wo~.1d production)
Quinine
91%
Pepper
86%
Cotton
72%
Rubber
3r
Agave
33%
Capra
27%
Tea
19%
Tin
17%
Sugar
5%
ail
3%
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r
Lid t Ma ,of Indonesia on P ..e
xm e)rtant People's guerre 1.a activity area
Pepper
Cotton
Sugar
H
A
: 4'x"1 ""r Mi a 7 f' ~ i~ I` ?I
e.
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BUR~,~1N
Area s 604,700 square kilometers
Population s 17! 000, 000
Burma has been one of the British imperialistmost important eolow
flies for the pst 60 yearsb Surrounded by China9 India! Viet Nsm and
t.
Thailand, Burma is important economically anti militarily,
The phrasE3, "Asia's rice bowl", describes Burma's larger rice prow
duction. Burma is one of the world's biggest rice exporters, Prior
to the war (w II), the annual export of rice reached 3, 500, 000 tons,
(a."
Several mill lions of people in India, Ceylon and ya depend on this
rice, Besides rice, Burma also produces cotton, rubber, lumber, ! pea-
nuts, etco Most important of her minerals are petrolE;um, tungsten,
lead, zinc, and tin, Petroletun is being produced in Singu and Yenang'.
yaung. At the latter location, an oil pipe line! 460 kilometers in
length, has been l
aid so that oil can be delivered directly to Rangoon
?3 v'i
for refining, tin output of 5,000 tons annually is the
second Jiargest in the world,
During several decades of colonial rule, the entire economic
strength and treasury of Burma lay in the monopolistic hands of England
and India. About four?fifth%of the farm land is in the hands of the
Indian landlords
Under the monopolistic-capitalistic rule of the imperialists,
Cd)1 +\r o
there are five large firms which .a e really Burn -o re s These are
A
l~ Burma 011 Company (B.O,c) which controls a large portion of
the oil fields, employs 45,000 workers and is influencial both politic
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cai,l.y and acanomicaUy,
2. Steel Brothers and ComY~a
controls the root of BurmE~sn eeano?
my, :n {other words tho race market
4~ 1 4' 4 ~fl l,j
~ ll~ M N W 1 1~., ~~~~ ~ ~
' 11 ;, r r 1.
yama V /1o.4~ q r..
~~II{l ~' ?L y~ ~/li~as~nla(y. 1 511 I
~, o pa.l.11~at].an ,'y 1 1 fj IMI I it 'j ?J li
Ltd,, controls the various rich Burmo,"0,
mines: tin, lead yin s
~ c, and tungst6ns
s,. Irrawaddy Flotjl~ Company,
Ltd, cnntrol,s the lifel~.na of
Bu~as that is, navigation on a1m
ost 19000 miles of the Iz~cawadd
Burman in the e y River,
des of the great British ipe
m ria1
.~5t nati0n i5
9
uu iner~Yttustible sake of wealth; .. .
therefore' the British will nat
ily give up their hold on this ~ read
na~iono But today, as these peo le
Colonial ru1e are p uncl er
awaned, they are seeking freedo
for liberation? Sevrzt m and are struggling
al decades of i1nperia11stic contro
will quickly disinte 1 ov?r B~
grate,
British imperialist Penetration of Nurma began as early as the
,~.
dawn of the 19th cent~y~
,~ ~, lf~, .Burma last her rode
coined with ~~ 5,(; I~~~ ~~~~a~ pendants a2'~d was
India & ~ )1 ,.,
1
/t Octolyer socialist Rev J k/6 / > ,2) . - r~~, .aa unQ vmb h~ .
olutxon ,
~b~:~ ~.ndop nd?nc c ~ In 19~.2 the ?"~a'", ~ \/('( ;~
fascist Japanese occupied BurroI
liberators to deceive a under the guise of
the Burme,s ? In 1g~3 an"' 9 p V t'~ 7 ?fP7 a.; , .
lnclepe,ndenee, was estate
blished with Ba Maw as head s
Unc.er such a regime, the o ,
nothing and their o ~ ~ e gained
ppre$sion hack' not been lessor~ed.
the l?adersh~.p of the Therefore s under
Aurmese Commtjst Party, the
gated an armed str
uggle to Oppose the new rule and o
rganized a united
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4,e ('
front; the "anti.-Fascist People's FreE;dom kIIIanOe" with the ultimate
Burma became a self-governed nation but with only a portion of the
purpose of forming a genuinely independent nation. In March 1945, in
response to an alli.ed forces counters-attack, the entire nation revolt
od. In concert with the rebellion of the puppet "nationalist army"
under the leadership of Aung San, Rangoon was soon liberated and the
Japanese militarists were soon pushed out of Burma.
After the surrender of Japans, British imperialists planned to
control Burma again, but because the Burmese peopJ.e t forces were so
strong and the people so determined in their demands of independence,
~Ifl-~~ " ~'~k~~t~r?Wwheled~la,rg~~?por4tisor~,~ofthe~?~u~'r~~u"~"r?C`bmmur~~ .
,ado remain with the Freedom Leaguecontinued to.
I'ry y~ ' "r GRv;A _ V e.ut b .?7 (f // tt k ~~ E i1 ?G "J1 i r
1 o(4 A ' "r/1 ~a:. ) t
control returned to the Bw?mese peoples This vis not in accord with the
hopes of the suffering and struggling Burmese people. But th4eader
of the Freedom League, Aung San, compromised with thc~ capitalistic
right-wing elements, who were being used by Tgland, and formed a proms
visional government. At the same time, a split occur d within the
O-(? ~?c.. iQTI U91c Sod (?.c CO31
~
Burmese Communist Par,y;AThakin -saw became the
oppose the British.
The independence movement gained momentum. By the end of 1946,
the British government invited Burmese representatives to go to London
to discuss the problem of independence for Burma. Aung San and the
right-wing elements of the Freedom League attended the conference and
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L~ S '4
w~wuanw rnr.?y??,wwe?+6
.M.?.
ti.sh, Ctaok,? advantage of the
oppose Aung San in order to
k7L4t\ ~~
Fact" aga.nst the better interests of the Y~.61r'
reactions 4 9W who ee d o~ the Brim
4 ~1.
people's dissatisfaction and w
gain political power. The latter returned
to the nationals united front line under the Burmese Communist strug~
le, Fie again coo-oerated with the Communist Party and other progressQ
g
lye elements for 1 the purpose of gaining true independence. British
imperialists and U Saw of the reactionary group became frightened and
armed conflict broke out. At the beginning under the leadership of
on 19 July 1947 instigated a coup d'etat which resulted. in the killing.
of six leaders including Aung' Sang Thakin Nu, a right-wing leader of
the freedom League, took the opportunity to win leadership of the Freed"
om League and filled the position Aung San left vacant. Under these
circumstances, Burmese Communists withdrew from the Freedom League,
Si-rice then, the people lost faith in this organization.
On 4 January 194$, Great Britain recognized the "absolute inde-
pendence" of Burma, Nominally, it had severed ties with Great Britain
but actually the political power was only transferred to her resent
ative Thakin Nu.
1n pursuance of a true independent liberation, the Burmese people
rallied round the Burmese Communists. On March 194 under the anti?
Thakin Nu government banner, a general labor strike was held in Rangoon.
Thakin Nu immediately ordered the arrests of Communist Party members
and leaders of the progressive organizations. After 21 March, a general
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_ signed the "British~Burrne se
1 h ,5 ~t rcut.c t.C r ,Ai1 n i_.I a , . rte
-a.-. , U p o . ~ the
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Burmese Communists, the guerrillas held the 4upper hand and controlled a
Wvh i t. h 1 ^rti C 1 U C' C4
large guerrilla arealt ak~r~e,c Yamathin and Pyinmana~~Wi~
~1 n
-?of mar-ea-en-both.Mexdes?..othe.,,.xa yw), the area east of Toungoo to
Peguy the Bassein and Pyapon area of the Irrawaddy River delta, and the
Arakan area, They were able to cut the important communication lines
and to become a direct threat to Rangoon,
In September l9~, in order to shift the aims of the people's
struggle, the British imperialists instigated a rebellion of Karen
Leers of the Government Army and a portion of the National Defense Force
also rebelled against Thcki.n's government and occupied all the cities
between Tharrawaddy and Prome along the Rangoons-Promo railroad, Students,
laborers, and civil workers of Rangoon participated in a strike,
All this was advantageous to the forces of the revolution, Burmese
Communists immediately proclaimed a lb~poant program, The White Volun-
teers and the National Defense Force which instigated the rebellion
organized the laborers, peasants and small capitalists into the Peoples
Democratic Front, which was formally established at Promo on 24 March
1949. This was the turning point of the liberation movement,
In September 1949, the people's armed forces began their attacks
. 4 ?D 0 -r'
against areas held by the .ale and iud*a controlled
4~ R 1 `(?Slip ?s'?, t. < t v t,)c' ) . q7
~e~~ ~~rnagai.nst the Thakin Nu government, The lNhite~Volun-
by the governments This continued to March of this year [19507 and
resulted in the expansion of the liberated areas as fol]ss the area east
of Pe u and Toun ao the
g g ~ gateau of west Burma, and Aralan. With the
Declassified
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exception of a few cities within these areas, some 50,000 square miles
of a1anost contiguous territory came under the control of the people's
armed forces. There were also many guerrilla areas, such as the xrra"'
waddy Raver delta, the Burma?Tndia border area, both sides of the Mane'
dalay"Northwest Railway, and the area around Tavoy in Tenasserim.
The Karen revolt under the sponsorship of the British imperialists
eras not successful. Contrary to expectation, the power of the Thakin
,: 13 r i w S
Nu government 4n-m&-area was greatly weakenede the poiicy
r r
was changed to the seeking of solution for a peaceful settlement between
the Thakin Nu government and the ,., A.d fens .w ox in order to
work against the revolutionary forces. At the Colombo Conference, a
6 million-pound economic and military aid loan was promised.
The people's democratic front under the leadership of the Burmese
Communists took steps to unify themselves against the shemes of the
imperialists and the reactionaries. On 13 March 1950, the people's
democratic front held a delegates' conference at Prome in which they
resolved 1) to organize their armed forces into a united army, 2) to
continue with the division of land in 1950, 3) to assign the exe?cution
of the Central People's government authority to the delegates of the
People'- Front prior to the proclamation of the establishment of the
People's Democratic government, 4) to elect Thakin Than Tun, Burmese
Communist leader, to be chairman, Central Committee, People's Democratic
Front, and 5) to select a symbol or flag.
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uxn~ase CommurtLst Party, the People's
Una?z? the guidance of the B
of the united masses w~.11 have suff3.~
DczmocratIc Front with the suppart
c ~~,cu~.ties and to smash the amppr1a~.a.st
'
~.ent strength to overcome da.~ .~
schemes.
r', ''
v. rt
t
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Liberated areas
Guerrilla areas
Rice
Rubber
Lumbe r
Important harbor
Oil
Lead
Tungsten
Tin
Railroad
Oil pipe line
(Scale -. in kilometers)
r-m w
Arrow located in black box indicates
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Area s 513,000 square kilometers
Population s 15,000,000
Thailand, occupying the central portion of the peninsula south
of China is a semi"feudal and gems" colotdal nation. Geographically,
economically, and historically, she is very closely related to Chin'
the overseas Chinese population being estimated at 5 millions or
about one third of to toil popu1ati(md
Before World liar I, Thailand enjoyed nominal independence because
she was ideally located between French and British territories and acted
as a buffer. In reality, having been ford to sign many unequal treat
ies, she lost a great deal of her independence.
The main reason for imperialistic lust toward Thailand stems from
their desire to grail Thailand's rice, rubber, mahoga y and tin. &clud-
Thailand produces great quantities of rice. In 194$, the total
ing mountainous region in the northwest, almost all of Thailand has
fertile fields, a warm climate and plentiful rainfall. Over $0 percent
of the entire population are engaged in agricultural activities. But
under the feudalistic oppressive system, the landlords reaped the wealth.
while the farmers remained very poor.
output was 91>500>000 piculs. "Siam rice" is well renowned in the
world market, especially in the r ce'consuming Asiatic countries which
Most of the rubber is grown in the southern region.
95,000 tons were exported, of. which $O percent went to the United States.
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depend on Thailand for rice.
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Teak, which is used in the construction of buiidi.ngs, boats and fmrzi
tune is also a special product of Thailand and is found in the north-
west, mountainous areas. In 194.s, 55,000 cubic meters were produced.
The ma jo rity of t1 e teak firms are operated by foreign capital.
Tin is plentiful and is found mainly in the southern region, especially
from Chumphon to the border of. N!alaya. Before the far, some 20,000
tons were exported. Many of the mines were destroyed by tie Japanese
armies 0 Thereafter the tin production dropped and in 194x, only i0000
tons were exported,
Before World ~Var II, the export of rice, rubber, tin and teak was
controlled by British imperialists; but after '}d PCar II, the American
Monopolistic capitalists infiltrated various important economic activi-
ties in Thailand,
autocratic system and in establTlhing a liberal limited monarchy, But
Phanomyong was successful in overthrowing the historical feudalistic-
:En 1932, the revol ution against the capitalists led by Prid,i
Under the yoke of foreign imperialism and its own reactionary
administration, Thailand has not had a day of peace in several decades3
soon a.fV'er the political rower fell into the hands of a militarist,
Luang Phibun Songkhram, Th~i1and became a fascist nation, 0n the
eve of World War II, Phibun followed Japanese imperialism and became
a promoter of the "fast Asia New Program" and changed the name of the
country from Siam to Thailand and vigorously called for closer ties
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between Thailand and Japan. After the outbreak of the Pacific war,
he perma.tted the Japanese force; to occupy Thailand and declared war
against Great Britain and the United Mates.
Filled with ;meal ambition, Phibun vorked toward a "Greater Thai"
land", began to encroach on its neighboring country, Viet Nam, enforced
dictatorship, and invoked the mad anti-Chinese policy.
After the surrender of the Japanese, Thailand was not dealt as
an'enemY nation through US and British arrangements. To the contrary,
Thailand was accepted as a member of the United Nations. Phibun and
other war criminals did not receive just punishments; in fact, they
were releasedo Thailand's name was again changed to Siam.
Both Great Britain and the US fought for their own benefit. The
British7 hoping to occupy this nation by herself, submitted the twenty
one demands to the Thailand government but the US objected vehemently.
Thus the British were forced to retract and revise the demands to a
sixteen'poir1t "peace agreement", which permitted the British govern"-
merit to retain all of her pre'-war interests. The US also secured a great
deal of special benefits.
Since World War x19 premiers have been changed eight times, a
king was assassinated, and many::'revolts have been perpetrated. After
the revolution in November 1947, US supported the notorious Phibun
Songkhram as head of the Fascist state and the US position was strengtheridd.
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On 20 July 194B, the name of the nation was again changed to Thailand.
Us monopalistic capitalists have acquired control over the manes
and hydroelectric power, and have established a large Us500,000,000
bank in Bangkok.
In December 1949, Phibun signed an agreement with England for
the purpose of suppressing the people's guerrillas on the Malayan and
Burmese borders. Under US direction, a similar pact was signed with the
puppet Viet Nam leader Bao Dal. At the same time Chiang Kai-shek
was consulting with Quirino regarding the formation of a Pa.cifac
Alliance, Phibun was talking about the Southeast Asia Alliance. He
supported the idea that Southeast Asian problems, such as defense,
should be discussed with interested parties, such as Great Britain,
Us, France, and the Netherlands. He also indicated that British and
U" forces would be welcomed to enter Thailand to cooperate in the
suppression of Communists.
Phibun's fascist attitude is most evident in his anti-Chinese
positions He has taken away the cultural and educational freedom
of thy, overseas Chinese.by closing down several hundred schools run
by the Chinese in Thailand as well as Chinese language newspapers.
Chinese businessmen have been oppressed through unreasonable regulat-
ions. Under other fascist regulations, overseas Chinese are now sub-
ject to deportation if they are suspected of being Communist followers.
On 26 January 1950, the Foreign Ministry of the Central People's
being directed against the overseas Chinese.
government of China sent a note protesting the discriminatory actions
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Under constant imperialistic oppres;3i0n and central, the people's
strength w stronger. Foremost of those who are bearing
~.a.1 beam.e
the burden of apposing the oppressors are the Thaiiand's laborers.
The first lobar un~an was organized during the Japanese occupatzan
~.
ts.l in leading the workers to carry Out strikes,
and it instrUmen
destruction of equipment and opposing fascist govern
work SlOVfdatiVTlS,
meat. Afton the war, in seeking democratic freedom, the laborers ex-
movement. In May 1947, the Central Labor Union
panded their strike
wa ~r~~r plementa oi?~Janized
~. J.l a~ ~t~ ~?V'aaaAn. J v...
was formed with' amemberab~-p of 43,000. ''ppkry'
Cr,'?dI r a C~
a spycontrolled Yellow Labor UnionAin the hope of splitting the labor
-
an opposite effect. People joined "tha.ir own"
movement. This had
labor organs. nation.
Thailand Communist Party has been forced to go underground. Un~
afraid.of reach. 'anar elements, it has continued to lead the laborers
~'
in their struggle. e
In the mighty upsurge of the liberation movments of ` stern
in the current rise of the universal political awareness
peoples, even
of the people of Thailand, the fascist political power of these imperial
1st devils has been built upon sand. In the near future, it will
be smashed under the mighty rise of the people's power.
surely
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La e d to M o_f T_a_ o, n a _.~1
Rubber. trees
Tin
Railroad
Rice
Teak
(scale -In kilometers)
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Area
Ind, ia,
India, and Pakistan
3,100, 000 SC1 ware kilometer~a
Pak.lst ii: 900, 000 square kilometers
?;o,pulon
India ; 300,000,000
Pakistan: 70,000,000
With the exception of our China, throughout the EeLst) India
stands t1s the country with the longest cultural his.bory. flue to geo-
r;ra.phi.ca.l. proximity (having common border; with our Tibetan plateau)
and to more than 1,000 years of cultural interchange, the fraternal
friendship and. common interest existing between the people of China
acid the people of India is indeed great. Compared to that of our
people, the people of India have endured a most lamentable anc wicked
fate under the oppressive 3-century-old reign of British imperial--
ism, appearing in the past &s a brilliant gem in the imperial crown
of England,
Early in tale ye~i.r 1600, tiie East India Company
that tool
of colonial usurpation -- openoc offices in India and backed her
quasi-comtnerci.a,1. activity with the long rifles of the Royal Navvy.
T1.ereafter, the economy and government of India gradually succumbed.
of t:he 19th Century, the entire land had slipped into the quagmire
to this constricting apparatus of aggression and with the advent
of British colonialism,
The English imperialism which pressed down upon the Indian
people a yoke of slavery, profiteering, and despotism forced large
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numbers of people living within a 10-. or 20.-mile radius of the
staff flying the first union jack in the Far fast to flee G-n era;use,
The ever-present famines in the area took the iiveu of 10 million
Indians,
In Ji 57, the Indian people arose for the first time in all
their ri ;hteousneuS, seized. De.LJ.ai, '.1. ew the Englishman on all sides
y
and shook the throne of this olr~riipotent and despotic ruler, Taut
tI.~r opposition of feudal J.,ord $ tore the strands of revolutionary
y
might to tatters,
In 10, the Indian National Congress Party, the first politica.
1
.~
party tolerated by the EngliN}1 imperialist author. i Lases, arose as an
alliance of Indian ca pit(.lists and enlightened landlords with Englx's`~ta-
ecucated Indian intellectuals, They c3.esired merely to realize a
greater proportion of native Indian represent~ltion in the British
governing apparatus and expounded tlae theory of "gradualistic m dc-
pendence," This thesjjs of nationaj reformation was widely dissern. iraw
ated among the backward and downtrodden masses.
Hinduism and Islam are the two ma j or religious systems of India:
276 milliol of the former (69 percent of the total population) and
over 90 million of the latter (23 percent of the total o ulation
p p ).
The English rulers aggravated religious differences and employed
the resulting heterogeneity to foment disorder and widen schis t
m~
so that in smashing the group solidarity of and weakening the might
inherent in the two spiritual systems, they consolidated the ruling
ranks of their administration. The frequent bloodlettings were r,
~n
outgrowth of this circumstance,
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In 1905, after the Indian National Congress Party opposecJ. the
struggle of the ma,..o3 for partitionf Pen gal., the 'British wore
rocfather to the b irtli of tl're Islamic political, prty -_ the All India
Moslem League. It was organized by the large landholders and the
big capitalists as a counterpoise for the Indian National Congress
Party.
After World War I (from. 1919 to 1922), the people of India,
under the spell of the mighty October Revolution in Russia, inaugur-
ated an unprecedented national ; e:lf-determination movement and, in
Union Congress .
of the proletariat became positivist in substance during the struggle
against imperialist oppression and colonial profiteering.
In the nationalistic movement, Congress Party leadership, repre-
senting India/. capitalist interests, was basically neither sound nor
resolute, at times progressing but then taking to the "road" of com-
promise which led as far as collusion with the British imperialists
in dealing with Indian peasants and workers . In 1;'22, the faction which
recognized Gandhi as their leader espoused "tine doctrine of non-
violence" -- that is, they opposed arming the masses in the coming
struggle for national liberation and independence. The effect of
this dogma was detrimental to the goals sought by the nationalistic
movement. .
With the start of 1930, the national liberation movement in India
reached a new high watermark when the militant campaign of the
workers and peasants opened in a great flurry. By the end of 1933,
the Communist Party of India was formally established,
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Since the establishment of the Communist Party the laboring
class has taken a leading part in the fight against :fanperialism.
Under the influence of labor and the communists the peasants
gradually realized that in order to escape the threat of starvation
they must associate themselves with t11e national independence move-
ment, and this they began to do. Under the guidance of the revolu-
tionary 'Peasantst Organization' they began the anti-landlord
struggle.
During the second I'Joric1 War the people t s pressure for independ-
ence was so strong that the British promised postwar dornini.on status;
but this did not satisfy. During the war both heavy and light
industry showed rapid development and. by 1945 the labor union member-
ship had reached over one million.
Postwar India was like a rumbling volcano. Strikes in Bombay,
Calcutta, and Delhi with bloody parades, mutiny in the navy, and
attack by farmers on landlords and usurers were all signs of the
fiery eruption impending. In the face of this popular pressure
England, impotent after the war, to employ oppressive military
measures was forced to reconsider the situation.
Under the Mountbatten plan of dividing the country into two
mutually antagonistic countries Hindustan (now called the Indian
Union) and Pakistan, England hoped to retain her control, Since
this arrangement was accepted by the traditionally anti-masses
All India National Congress Tarty and the All India Moslem League
made up of landlords and capitalists, it is evident that these
parties were in the imperialist camp. The two powers, called inde-
pendent, but actually dominions of the British Commonwealth, came
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into political being 11 August 1947. Under the arrangement made
at the time the more than 500 native states occupying 45 percent
of the territory of India were permitted to join either India or
Pakistan or remain "independent" which itter meant remining under
the hegemony of I;ritai.n. The division of the country immediately
resulted in great destruction of the masses by reason of the intensi-
fying of the Hindu-Moslem reli;ious feud. Countless thous~tnd.s were
slaughtered. i~ashmir also became a bone of contention almost leading
to war.
Since gaining dominion status he two countries are still, econom-
ieailJ, politically, and militarily, under British capitalists'
control. More than half the jute mills and tea factories, and a
great portion of the foreign trade are in British hands. Government
off ices, the police, and the military in both countries are run by
I3ritishers; even a large number of the provincial governors are
British.
In India with excellent natural agricultural conditions and where
E7 percent of the population are agriculturists, f am Ines sweeping
away hundreds of thousands are frequent. The reason for these shock-
ing conditions is that under British imperialist rule more than two
thirds of he at,ricultural land was in the hands of British and
Indian landlords with a vast brood of human parasites in between them
and the massea?
the most advanced, but light industries suclias cotton and jute textiles
and food products are the most developed. Heavy industry is still
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C ()fl) 1:t 1.V01 UfC1V' ?1,OpC( ?Cr)eC..! I.'.1i'1r t1lac?cli 1,:icr f ine,u$'b :i", rovea1.1 l.i
they colonial nature of t1. e economy, furthermore the controlinE.; in-M
ties t in most of bhe in,d.u tr iec i3 1:ir,Lt ish and American.
'['lacy c1 ivisiof of the country has Lrec~.tl,j hinderc( economic devclop-
rent. ' Ni.noty percent of ':iic in( ~.rsbry iM an fooc1-, cotton-, wind, jute--
~ r~ n r f~ areas ^ a ~ ~uci of these thin rl ~ e in
:tnu~i,, whenec~.3 the p,~noc;ng most of c . re
Pa1d tan which ,roc.uce ~ much a ~;ri cu1.tura.1 raw material but has almost
no industry. Shc neeC..s
1, 34C, COC tons
duce only ;OCR, ooc tons of lov1-dua1ity coal. 'il)1e British planned
things this way, rtiakizi~ tl'le two counties both inauff icient econom-
ic~ .liy in order to retain their control. Since t1x war Lmerican.
monopoListic capital has rapidly penetrated India, espocially since
Nehru smoothed the way by proclaiming an open welcome to foreign
capital.
The unp: ralleled postwar anti-inieriaiisb movement of the Indian
people i:1a s beelr due entirely to the lea.derslaip of the laboring
classes with the Communist lirty as its core. The manifesto of
the Indian Communist Party, issued at its second great congress
~
which met at the close of February ln48 iaa,~ ~ the answer to the longings
of tiie whole Indian people. It included demands for;
Severing all ties with the British-Amer'ican
imperialist camp. and achieving real independence in close
economic, political, and cultural collaboration with the real
democracies, first of all with the Soviet Union.
. Abolition of all forms of landlordism without
compensation and distribution of land to the tillers of
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3. Real democratic government; self.-doterminttion,
ancJ. formation of LL democratic poop lo's republic after elimin-
ation of the feudalistic native govornxrients
Nationalization of basic i.ndu~triea, confiscation
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of foreign intere ts, especially ]Jrit, i,sh. enterprises, ?nd
drastic revision of labor con d ition$ .
The congress also called. for a united democratic front of labor,
peasantry, ELnd petty city bourgeoisie in both dominions under the
leaders hip of JJLbor in order to achieve complete independence and
true democracy
ding to advancing prices and the crazy exploitation of workers
by British and American monopoly capital, living conditions of
the laboring classes ere continually deteriorating and the ranks of
the unemployed rapidly increasing. Under these conditions both
i~oliticaJ. and economic strikes of vast proportions have occurred.
In India in l94~ there were 1,631 strikes involving more than
13 million irorker$. Arrests, beatings, Idliin s, and fascist
threats are a:ii insufficient to cover the wrath of the resisting
workers. Since 1949 these conditions have been greatly au.~menueo..
Standing shoulder to shoulder with the workers are the millions
of luckless peasants who are ever more vociferously demanding the
abolition of landlordism without compensation.
The peasants of Hyderabad were the first to conduct an armed
revolt. The result was the overthrowing of the power of the despotic
to the landless and near landless, the establishment of the people's
princes and landlords in one sixth of the area, liberation of
2,500 villages, distribution of more than 100,000 acres of land
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In the great peace parade of the Indian masses in Calcutta, Novemter
1949, the influence of he Chinese people's victory was revealed
ports all. the old powers of the feudalistic parasites. Hence this
"indepenclencel' arouses no interest on the part of the Indian people.
all rights of labor, 'refuses land reform to the peasants and sup-
political power and an organized armed force in an area of 24,000
square kilometers. In September i943 the Indian government sent a
militarT force into I-yderabac3 to suppress tills movement, but without
result; in fact, the people expanded their ho1.clin gs in other areas.
Luring thr first half of 1949 there were 2,057 popular uprisings
in Uttar Pradesh. In i'4adras anc?, Travancore people's armed pc.rt iNa ns
have stepped. up their activities, and on the I"Tepal border in the
north "rebellious" peasants have openly resisted the oppression of
the police and have shaken the authority of those who are tied in
with imperialism.
Following their disgraceful eviction from the Chinese mainland.
the Americans have been endeavoring to enlist Nehru. and Liaquat All
Khan (Pakistan premier) to take the place of Chiang ?cai-shek in
their plans, and Nehru is desirous of going along with them. Ills
intervention in Tibet in July 19 4; is good evidence of his true
running dog position.
The new Indian Constitution and Declaration of Independence
of 26 January 1950, proclaimed under the auspices of Britain, has been
clubbed by the Indian communists as a "slave constitution" . It pre-
serves the power of exploitation of foreign imperialist interests
and increases the oppression of the Indian minorities. It denies.
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by the cries of "Long live the People 1 RCZ7ub1ic of Chin&' and
"Long live Chairman ~~n a -~
in 150 the Central Committee of the Indian Communist Party
eschewed the ideas of both the conservative ~rnd leftist elements
within the Party and declared the road followed by the Chinese revo-
lution to be the only road to success for the people's movement
of all Southeast J si a.
Lenin said that ti-i.e result of the capitalist~connnunist strug(1e
would be decided in ussia, China, and India. Today Russia and China
have achieved the blessings of freedom, independence, and have
destroyed capitalism. The Indian masses have also set their faces
in the same direction. As the great poet Byron said, "Look, to
the East; the 'slack men of the Ganges will ultimately shale ithe
:Count?.ati.ons of your oppre save empire
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Peasant armed''revolt area
Manganese
Rubber trees
Cotton
Ra iJ.road
Coal
Industrial area
Tea
Hemp
Harbor
( scale - in kilometers)
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 Area s 65,500 square kilometers
Population : 6,500,000
Ceylon is an island separated from India br the 35-kilometer wide
Palk Strait. It is about twice the sire of Taiwan. Four hundred
millions of its people are native Sinhalese with a 2,000-year cultural
history. The balance are Indian laborers ( 1 million), Tamils, and
Malayans. Ceylon has been a dominion of the British Comr~onwealth since
l94E. Ceylon lost her independence to foreigners some 450 fears ago.
Portugese and Dutch adventurers were never able to completely conquer
the island; this the British did at the beginning of the l9h century.
Ceylon under foreign rule has been primarily agricultural. The
chief products are tea, rubber, coffee, cocoa, and cocoanuts. It
also produces graphite and precious stones. All the above products are
largely exported and the island has to import two-thirds of its
principal food, rice. This is entirely due to a policy of foreign
exploitation. Practically all Ceylon's production, commerce and
finance are controlled by British concerns. The masses lave under
sub-level subsistence conditions. Workers can only earn enough for one
person's subsistence Ninety percent of the pesants are landless.
Eighty percent of the tea and rubber plantation workers are imported
labor with no civil rights and constxantly under threat of deportation,
The skilled workers and dock workers of the cities suffer from like
disabilities.
Many defeats in attempts at securing self-government have given
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',c
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the Sinhalese considerable experience. The first labor association
was established in 1940, In 1947 government and industrial workers
struck for basic national liberty, labor rights, guaz~nteed empioy-
meat, old age pensions and laving wages. 'J'hjs move, after a month's
heri.oic struggle against police and British naval forces, failed.
In 1.94 nearly 6,000 workers discharged. from military organs were
impressed and. sent to Malaya to fight the Malayan patriotic guerrilla
forces. Thrice they mutinied and fraternized with the guerrillas.
At present there are 300,000 joble$s and a still larger ntartlber
of only partially employed workers in Ceylon.
Though Ceylon nominally has dominion status, the reactionary
foreign capitalists and native feudalistic landlords are in complete
control of the island and are administering the island in their own
behalf, The Ceylon constitution was written by the British Parliament.
The F3ritish have many naval, army, and air bases in Ceylon with unlimit-
ed tenure. These they employ as power points from which to combat
democratic people's movements throughout Asia.
The people of Ceylon are fighting for true independence and an
abundant life. Under the leadership of the Ceylon Communist Party,
the labor union association of Ceylon has united the labor class to
struggle not only of the masses against imperialism. At the fourth
meeting of delegates of the Communist Party at Matale in August 1950,
front classes
a call was issued for a united anti-imperialist of all
under the labor class leadership to defeat imperialism and establish
national independence. Theassembly called for:
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1. Complete separation from Britain.
2, Nat imperialist holdings and repres6ntata.va
~.ona7.~.,ation of all imp
organs.
:3. Immediate land reform.
ranteas of minimwrn standard of living for labor.
4, Gua
5. Guaranteeu n of cultural privileges for all minority races ark.
a opressed classes and their economic developmentall other d
at pea.ps.n~ 7
Sian Labor Federation meeting,
At the Asia ,~usarala
eneral of the Ceylon Communist Party (and chairman
the secrt;:tary
Federation) Dr. S. A. lpdickermasinghe manifesting;
of the Ceylon Labor
great faith uture , declared "Today China, tomorrow Ceylon".
in the f
lthough the Ceylon liberation struggle is still in its infancy, i
A
to achieve a victory similar to that of the Chinese.
is bound
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Legend t Map of Ceylon on Page 21
Black tea
Coffee
Rubber
Graphite
Harbor
(scaie - in kijometers)
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r: ArrgII~-~ `SIP i:W?
lI 1 k 41M 17 ,r
? i)
AUTOR' S POSTSCRIPT
H
Southeast Asia is a focal point in the kalaidescopic change
that have followed PTor1d War IT.
Pecause of territorial, political and cultural propinquity,
China has an intense interest in all the struggles and changes now
occurring in Southeast Asia,
This book has been written to provide information to industrial,
agricultural, and military cadres, junior and senior high school
students; and new students of international affairs. The objective
in writing has been clarity, hence in addition to facts and maps, a
few personal opinions and charts have been included. It can be used
as an introductory popular international atlas. If time permits,
the author hopes to add further volumesa He solicits the advice of
comrades on the typ e of material most needed and what progressive
alterations should be made to make the project most useful to the
October 1950 will be included.
Corroctions are solicited, I C
readersm In future editions, changes appearing in Southeast Asia after
and Chen Yuan (/ ) for assistance' advice and corrections
during preparation.
Acknowledgements are made to Ch a ung?hga
The author,
Shanghai, 16 October 1950
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