SELECTION OF RATED DISCHARGES IN THE DESIGN OF SMALL HYDOELECTRIC POWER STATIONS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00039R000200030019-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 23
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 11, 2012
• Sequence Number: 19
• Publication Date: May 22, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

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;'etrov (ir1girieer).
-r:i.ciotc:1;:1'111~.1ca 1 1'.G11orat:t:yc~
: rc~teChi'li.C5 a i :l i' eiioraticm ,
U3
^ nCow? A~1 s?b 1
,().7, u
li
Si.
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STAT
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n SELkCTION 01' COMPU D 0l$C ~~, RARG1 r ~;IN PWING -a1"ALL GES~
,
Engineer CI? N. Petrov
cter narr~?'flthe computed discharges I n plarmning sr~~a .l GT i
D.
is both a t ?cchni..caJ- and an econor LCal problem. However, on the
. .
basis of the corm)utation, the discharge of a definite amount of
.
water is aclolJ ted. This amount is ascertained on the basis of
eCarl4~il1C and technical requi.r~rnerrts for a 'uaranteed su ly of
Ifl accordance with the instrUCti,r15 of Glavsel' -
electric power.
boz rES a discharge of yO percent is adopted, if
elektt o, f or .colk
fuel reserve or the GES works in a corrimon electric
there is a
A discharge of ?7 percent is adopted when the GES
power sys.tern.
works alone. It is considered that in order to make a proper
selection of a discharge of a given amount, it is necessary to conduct Db
scrvations over a period of not :Less than - 10 years
the more the better - on the level of each small GES, according to
N. V. Niasta. ?tsiy (2), or on a level which can be used analogously,
~?
as adopted by fl. L. Sokolovskiy (h)? r['he statistical method of
processing hydron1etri c materials which is now widely used in the
practice of h rdrological engineerinFf computations proceeds from
~
an erroneous premise concerni.rlg the genetic unit ormitY of all
ter the fluctuation of wl~~ich is subject
measured d.~sc,ha?res o f wa ~
only to
the law of norrr Li distribution. On this basis, the num-er ractc,rists of hydrological phenomena are looked upon
~.cai. cha
as being independent, accidental and changeable, while the crea-
the hydrologist in showing the interdependence of
tive work of -
natural phenomena wh.i.Ch make up the water cycle is replaced with
, ._........
N2r?: 6-ES _. &Irc
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selection of pararrreters f'or statistical distri~
the mechanical
brLti.an curves. Parameters are sucb abstract quantities as: the
nnorru ..fl of flow and coefficients of variation and asymmetry. As a
result of the usual short-term hydrometric observations which are
t~~.de on small rivers, the norrn of flow is determined by i !.s corre-
encies on r?eteora:iagic~ll elements or by artificially
l,a ta.ve deend
extending ng many obsc,rti0r15 m 1c at other stations. The adoi:,ti.on
v.f .t
results in serious mistakes in detern).ning
of these rr~>thods often
the noi'nt of flow because the fluctuation in the discbarre is
taken ar,n on the basis o.observuti.ons of another tatinn and other
ti
factors.
The influence of p hysico-geot,raPhical corndi.tioris on the
formation of the flow is considered constant in tare; t; erefore,
' , is r. ~1~u?e.lz. by ed by statistical parametF~rs. On the basis of th:i.s,
~.
i t
it is considered 1~o s.ble to use hydrolo ical indexes obtained frail
~. cons. ~.
lions in the past for water econormr computations when
ob se rva
planting construction works for the future.
Our 1ve stilt ations for determinlnfT the power resources of
rivers in Tatar A. SR show conclusively that under conditions
small J.
objectivity statistical methods of handling hydrometric
of external ~
rervatons lead to serious mistakes in planning. Actually, the
~.
oba
amount of the discharge of water provided at a riven percentage of
.
, volume allows us to ascertain how long such a discharge will con-
tinue over a r certain period of time. Economically, this amount of
discharge is a fiction, s since it can refer to corfiple tely different
periods o the year, depending O fl how much water there was during
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the year or its seasons, and the conditions under which the spring
floods and rain ?'loods formed. For econo :Lc-hydrological. reasons,
it is ex})edient to take the A gust and January mean schargeS as
basic discharges in pla~rning small GIBS. The waterSUPPlY capacity
rivers is close to the mini,rnum during these months; on the
o.E the
other hand the electric power requirefnents for agricult~.lre are
clearly fixed.
In august the na ss gatheri.ng oi' the harvest begins; there-
f'ore the electric ;)ower requirerrionts for procebsi.n r a ,ricui.turai '
products (grinding, threshin T, siloing) reaches a maxi.mura. The
naxa.fflur inating and srrial:l-motors ioad peak on the koikhozes falls
,n ~.l.lurz ~,
in January.
nforrnatiOn can be obtained at the existing small GES and
I
rrra ils on the water?su~ lying; capacity of the river for those
wa to
months, which :?Are econoritca I.ly cl"lr~racteristic, by the met od of
hydrologica:L photography (3), which will give the mean tiragn tulles
of water di.scharge (Li.).
The above-mentioned considerations cause us to reject de-
tputed discharges on the basis of the discharge of
termining co>
t~.n~.ng
a given amount to be provided, which is computed from the annual
atiOns. It will be more correct to determine the
cycles Of ObsErV
discharges of water on the basis of observations forrronths or
seasons which are economica:iiy characteristic.
It is believed that more prolonged observations must 'oe
made possible in order to get the most reliable data. In cases
3
n,
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where the series are notlong enough, they must include appro.i-
mately the same number of wet and dry years; this should provide for
a more correct determination of the man cozrrputed discharges of
water. he fallacy in the point of view which ignores the teachings
of V. R. V 1'yam: (1) on the water cycle of the country is confirmed
by exautple$ from the szmll rivers of ''ats,r ASSR. Regular, mass hy-
drometrical observations were begun on these rivers in 1931 and are
continuing; at present.
It has been ascertained that the water-suppiyin; capacity of
a.li t'ne small rivers during t, ese years changed sharply in the
rrsdsuarrmer [mezhenrryyj period (winter and sum:1er),
The period from 1932 through 19140 incl~rsively is charac-
terized by a progressive decrease irl the water_supplyi.ng capacity
during mi dsurrLn.e r ; the minimum was in 1939 - 1940
The period .t.'rom spring of 19141 to the present has been
marked by a high water sux~p:Ly.
The data in figures 1nd 2 and Table 1 give a good il~
lus tration of the nature of the water supply by periods. They show
that the water supply of different rivers changed to a di:C'ferent
degree. While the change is not great for the Kozanka River, it is
very great for the Sviyaga, 1k, and Bol t sboy Cheremshan rivers. The
correct choice of the rrean discharge will have a definite effect on
the economic use of the rivers, since the difference between dis-
charges is up to 300 percent and (more.
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To decide the question of what magnitudes of water discharge
should be taken for water economy computations, it is necessax'Y to
find out what factors caused so great a c: ange in the water-sup-
plying capacity.
There was a general decrease in water supply in 1933 " 19114.
Many lakes dried up in the '30's. In the basin of the 1k
River, the level of Lake Kordry-Kul' fe11 considerably (Fig 2).
The store re;a.ons of its dry bed were used as vegetable gardens
in 1939 - i9La.0. Lake Belolebyaye in the basin of the Sviyaga
River dried up completely. Its bed was plowed and used f'or re:Lo-
citing shore villaYe,s, since the village wells ran dry.
[See Table 1, next page
In spring of 19!41 the level of the lakes began to rase.
According to iniorruation from local old-timers and as can be
seen from the disposition of shore structures and the position
of the water table with re spe ct to the shore slope s, Lake Belo-
lebyazh'ye reached its "normal" level in 1949? Lake KondTy-Ku'1
had not reached this level in 1918.
In many instances we have evidence that the level of the
water in the wells rose 1.~ - 3.0 meters higher than in the pre-
war years. This is also confirmed by data on the level of the
water in the hole (k Lg 2 and Table 2) located at the watershed and
having no connection with variations in river waters.
c;
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19rJ - 1948 1933 - i9L.O
3
1941 - 19~b
River and Station August. Januar T August January i-iugusi January
Melekess Station
SviYaga : VYr'YpaYevka
6.3E
J
Station
t.73
DerbYshki Station
at bak Station
Ik1 Nog~
Ik Lake Lebedinore
Station
3?+~O 3.18 2?:2 6.29 t~.b4
L1. 3L 3.;1 i4.03 3.11 14.70 .11 ' 4 .l` 0 3,
.98
,
1?.0o 12.00
13.0 1C.1 10.0 6.89 15.5 12.1
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AN MONTHLY DISCHARGES OF ATLR IN CUBIC METERS RJR SECOND by SL LL RIVEN FOR s "'r ENT Pi RIODS MAIN WATER-
Period
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TAUT- lb
FOR AUGUST
be ti= 1 in N e ter s
_....._--
Table `
ire Meters
Table Level
19t,o 50.15
51.15
1914
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establiSM correlative con ections between
Attempts to
1 factors and the water-supply of r.vers
ffererit rneteorologiCa
:~ unsuce ssf'ul. :Ct was ~os,~:i.ble
in the mi.d-swn,ner period were
to deterrru.ne only that the discharges of water in the midsutmner
thickness of the snow covering and they magna-
period vary with the
2). This occurred because
-f the hydrothermic coefi'ica.ent (g
tulle o
. ates how deep the sail f'rE;e2~es, and is
tyre now cove ring , a.nda. c
s infiltrsition capacity, wh.:Le there is
t~ erefore an index of ' ~t
between the hydrothern,ic coei'fiC7.ent and the
a food carrelat:~on ~., mop. sture of the
soil which serves as an direct criterion of the
rs through evaporation and transpiration.
loss o f round wath
Acc;or^di.ng to data i'ron1 sup; orting meteorology i.cal stations
~L~'i'erent physico-geoi7raph:,.Cal condit::t.ons,
located at paints having d.
' s f'or he entire territory were a1n117at the
the climatic condition
an ;F,d multaneous].y and to a very sr~la.~.l
sai7te; pr,riod~.ca l..i.,~ they ch ~7
de gree ( Table 3).
[ See ab1e 3, next page 1
tables 1 and 3 leads to the conclusion that
Comparison of
011dence between the change in precipitation,
there is no corresp
increasing 2~ - 30 percent, and the increase in water supply, which,
rs chang~.d from 2 to LOCG percent. This circum-
.f or various rive ,
stance leads us to propose that not only the amount of precipitation
but the conditions of infiltration as well.
changed,
Soils, cording to V. R. Vil'yams, are the product of cli-
mate, but recent soils are the product of labor, V. R. Vil'yams
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~ Tess era~.~res
~ /l
mota_ of Mean ionth-
~
Ne ative
1933 -
19u0
y
191 -
194B
O s 1L to
.,1 - 13
..
- 1,x,0
]9LO -
Thickness Of
-194 -
z,33
19140 .
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1933-
1gi0
19i~1
l9LtB
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up the ores between the clods of soil. When plowed to the sure
~'
humus it ceded the infiltration of thaw water, Under the
face this ~
action on of the natural soil?formation process and, chiefly, because
.
correct and complete use of agrotechliccrl measures by the
of the
kolkhozE-s, the structure of the soils gradually irr )roved.
1911 a new factor was added -- f'avorable' meteorological
cartditiorrs, which influenced the titer supply to rivers in the
n;idsurnrr~er period. The increase in the water suE.ply to ravers
cannot be ecpiain.ed only by the change in 1teteoroioical con-
data.ons, because the disehar ;ea of the rivers incre~~uE d 200 - 600
percent while the precipitation increased only 30 - U percent.
In the >er'iod from 19L1 - U8 the ml.dsuri iner dischar es had
ra the i' stable , hih waters, which were promoted by an increase in
the thickness of the snow cover (70 - 80 percent of norm) and a
deorea;ed loss through transpiration and evaXjjoration, thanks to
the increase in size of the hydrothel'me coef'f'icient in the
sumner period (130 - 1Lt0 percent; of norm).
Soil conditions in 19Lt1 - G.9 were favorable for ini'ftra ties.
In 1912 a considerable rnunber of arable lands were removed from
field crop rotation and put to use as natural pasture lands for
cattle grazing. In accordance with V. r. Vil'yarrrs ideas, there
was also a replacement of cultivated plants with wild. ones-- a
substitution by no means accidental -- and an absolutely regul.ar
development of weed and
grass fallows, characterized by deep
changes in. the structure of the soil covering favorable to increasing
ini':L1-~ration. Fart of these lands were then once more put to use
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in field crop r . Cation and other sections rerrov? d. In this way
there was further mprove1Tient of the structure of the soil on
areas of arable lands. `These improvements have continued
large
to have favorable effects right up to the present time.
Our investigations of under,grot.Ind feeding of smaii rivers
shown that in r~~ost cases they are fed in the midsummer
period. by the upC er water bearing table and that the feeding
re' on coincide S with the drainage region. Feeding from the water-
~.
bearing tables takes place siriultaneously along a considerable ex-
tent of the nddstrea.rr~s (mezhcturechue] when the soring snows thaw.
The water-bearing tables discharge and drain only along the boun-
s of the river system. As a result there is at the sime time
dar a.e
an increase in thE; reserves of ground waters, and the underground
feE.dl into the rivers, which was observed in l9l.~l and 191.4,
n,., .
corriences (Fig 1 and 2).
The discharge of the Rround waters is at first most t-
ensive in the raver bed region; then he watersheds begin to take
part in f'eedin.g the rivers. The process of draining takes place
of the low speed of ground water ci.rcul~tion? There-
slowly because
fore the midsummer discharges are not essentially influenced by
a
articu.l.ar me teorologically unfavorable years. Only for regions
p
in which the feeding areas and the discharging area of the water-
supplying tables d.o not coincide is the opinion held by B. V. Polya.ko(~)
and A. N. Semikhatov just. They believe in the possible decrease
of underground feeding in the first year in which ar,rotechnical mea-
sures were used, field grass crop rotation introduced, and timber
belts planted.
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tiOI~ with thia there arises the question of the
In corlnec
nature of the fallowing years which were characterized by low
~
water supply. L? t us look over the 1Y~e teoro1Ogical data or 1931 -
19140 (Table L).
See Table 14, next page
teoro1O~rical conditions over this 10-year period were
The me
formation of r,ddsuE:er di4 arges, which had been
unfavorable for the
? the past 70 years. They coincided in time with as many
unusual f yoz ~
unfavorable so~. ' conditions, and the two together explain the low
.~
to rivers durinri the midsurw~ier period. Since iden-
water sup Lly
t.c~L1 conditiorls cannot repeat in the future, these conditions
?
~
provide no basis water power conuttions for corrlputing the
dis- charges of water for 1931 - l91.i.0.
'tor. the considerable exhaustion of the water-bearing;
Ai
table observed in 1931 - 140, meteorological and soil conditions
in the nest years (l9 4l - 1949) alrproached the "nountt. The
1G
? ~ c f water for this period should be used as a basis
mean d~.sch~rr~,ea o
for hydrological computations in planning GFS, because they rep-
resent a probable mean progre;sive rria.gnitude (8) of river dis-
charges in the past years.
In the future the developrr1ent of soil formation process
will receive more guidance through the complex measurE: s under-
with Stalin Plan for the Transf'orrration of
taken ?n connection
The creation of timber belts, the introduction of grass
Nature.
crop rotation, and the building of ponds and reservoirs will in
- 10 -
(J
0
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Period
1892
1900
1901 -
1910
1911 -
1920
1?21 -
1930
1931 -
lg4o
191 -
191~9
97 1C8
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LL 4
T.yE
Vim THE ~; 1^"?~E PERIOD
'~ P`~ { ~~ x111111 1 i "~J1.1S -
~.LOUIC..L FnGT : IN f .RCE_~ T) -
- ,
.---k ~ZIU17S IN i~kLEOR~, T. ckness
:l i~u- c
T~Qtii c.
To gal Tempe
i~,i-ration --`-
F ec
~l of
Tot
Entire ~i~. ?cien+ ~ for
; ve Coez
Au us t Snow Cover
Ne?at_Ve 1Ve June and ti
Year al inter r Srin Sum ~
r b t~er Autumn
' ------
ie~eratures
Mean
of air for
d Au st
~1une an - n --
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ondf.tions favorable to ani:'f.ltratf.an by
the next few years create c
tel to increased moisture turnover in
surface waters, and ulta.ma y
f.rri anon of land ~a.ssifs in the southeast
the atmasphere~ The g
)R wL.l also help increase moisture turnover.
U5
Undoubtedly, the raver dischar. gee during; the midsummer per
wail increase.
the nan discharges of rivers will
In the dear future
of we accept them aident7.ca1 with
even appear somewhat lowered,
the actual df,schares in 191-a9
In the case of individual rivers the amount of water-
b local physaco-geoa.phical peculi-
sup})].y will be candatiorLed Y
a, and draining of underground waters in their
ritie s in the f orr~~.t~.on anc
basins (tables 1 and ) ?
,~ -,ce slapE:.the great density of the raver
Considerable surf.,.
tructureless padzol soil with underlying
and rav:i.ne networks s
s soils pre~.ously predominated in the
clays and argi:llaceou
All this creates favorable conditions for an
Ka laar~ka l~.vt r 1.~a sin. Al ;h
and a decrease of i niltration. The hag.
increase of surface flow
dis-
r d.?ischarges are explained by local dis-
n1oduli for the rrn.dsurr~e
c , ,~ behind the boundaries of the basin (.i).
charge of head waters f orna~_ng n~
redon~.na com-
1k River basin, on the other hand, is p
The
in la ers of e~:er'Y'ozem soils with uxider-
po~;ed of permeable, th y
from the Tatar stage. Thanks to this, a large
lying crvrnblin~; lrlarls Eton
recipitation inff_ltra.tes, and the raver
part of the atrnos~,her~.c p
the midsummer is fed by local discharge waters from
network during
-11-
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.. 12
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the upper water-bearing table, whose discharge is subject to wide
variations. The influence of the soil factor and the porous
underlying layers is so great that despite the many slopes the
surface flow is small. This explains, too, the negligible de-
veloprnent of the ravine network.
In the Bol t shoy Cherernshan basin the conditions for the in'
filtration of atmospheric precipitation are also favorable. Almost
all the podzol soils are found under forest massifs. Very slight
sloping of the ground surface and i.oor' development of the raver and
ravine network predominate. The Sviyaga River basin has the seine
conditions. Both basins are characterized by a thin layer of
spring discharge, this is explained by the very great losses of the
thaw dischar e through infiltration. The great difference between
the moduli of the midsu'r ;er a:i.scharp;es of water in these basins
and their i ndivi dual variability ( Table 1) is explained by the
drainage conditions of the underground waters, the differing
depths of the valleys shaped by erosion, and the nature of the
incline of the water-bearing table with respect to the river beds.
The river network of the Sviyaga River drains almost all the
underground waters in the region above Vyrypayevka. Although the
general incline of the water-bearing table has a direction opposite
to the progression of the river network, the many local elevations
create conditions favorable 'to draining.
C See next page for Table 5
The river system of the Bolt s1Qy Chermsharl is located on a
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TABLE
Raver Basins
Nature of the
Factors in the
Basic
Basin under
Area of the
Dsfferent Soils, in
Water Measuring __Percent
Chernozern3
Station
Melekess 57
Nagoybak
Lake Lebedinoye
k
8 22 195 30
* Determined by Ye. i~ Zino~r'Yera
?
? ~
1. Petrov for all the rivers in Tatar ASSB..
L Zzno~,T'yeva and G. N.
b v Determined by Ye.
11 1'G2 lCK
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ll_ tion of Slopes
_istr; ~L
u
in Timber-
Grc una Surface
of
land in
Percentage
To 0?o3 0.03 _ o.06 Percentare~~
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relatively steep monocline and the cut of the valley by urosion is
not very deep. The direct .on of the river network and the water-
bearing table is the same. 'T'his 1 eads us to the conclusion that
large masses of underground waters are not drained by the local
river network, but are led of beyond its basin.
The data set down here explain the reason for the change in
she water sul:.piy of rivers and show thatcne cannot judge the
water sups ly and its variat~ ons in other rivers on the basis of
data from one river.
CONCL1IsICN3
1. The mean discharges of rivers for engineering-hydrology ca.l
planning of small GEL' car1nt be deterrrr.ned by u.sin, all available
hydrometric observations for individual seasons or for the entire
year' $ cycle based on a given percentage of supply. Computation done
would result in a fa:l ae qua.ntitr nc suitable for the
:I.ri tr.:L5 r('iarl CT
rieed5 of the national econoiri\fr
2. Of the iitany available observations, only those should be
chosen which closely approximate the changing rILEteorOiOiCal arid
conditions in the formation of n.idsumiuer dischar?res at the time
soil
when these hydro logical installations will operate.
3. For the small rivers of Tatar ASR and adjoining terra.-
ories the mean rrudsurnrrier discharges of water for the period from
19L1 - 49 are more accurate than the mean progressive water cycle
quantities established with the realization of the Stalin Plan for
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the Transformation of Nature.
14. the midsummer discharges of rivers for 1932 - 19LC,
which are not characteristic of iut..re meteorological and soil con-
ditions not be ta~.err into account when planrri n; for hydro-
logical E,rr~ineering insta...lations 1'rorrr hydrolor~ical paint of view.
5. The cieterm'.riation of the coefficients of variation and
asymii.etry of all the many available observations is of no practical
interest. Extreme values water discharges should be determined i'rom
an analysis of the possible change in the zthysical-geo.;ra, hical con-
ditions in the formation of uncierfground fe -ding;. These iteani.n rs
should be deterrri..ned on the basis of hydrological?nydron~etri.cal
investigation by the hydrological photogrL~phy rr,ethod (3,G) and not
by the inetLod of niatheiiratical stUtistics which re~;uits in ab-
strict, ctually unfounded amounts.
6. Many, many hydrometric observations are necessary for
the correct choice and. evaluation of charcteri tic periods, b6cause
"-true science, based on a study of the essential qualities of pro-
cesses, turns to the past only for the purpose of studying the dE.-
velopment of the process in its historical pers ctive". (Vil'yams)
Ll TRA TURE
1. Vil' yams, V. P., Pochvovedeniye (Soil Science) 1936
2. Mastitsriy, N. V.,'1Tnlater Power Computation for Small
Hydroelectric Stations with Variable Pressure;' Izvestia of the
Acaderrty of Sciences USSR, Department of Tchnical Sciences, No 6,
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/11 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200030019-7
Petrov, G. N., The 'water Cycle in Sr