T/C AND INTRODUCTION OF: LABORATORY MANUAL FOR PUBLIC HEALTH

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00039R000200100011-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 14
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: May 8, 2012
• Sequence Number: 11
• Publication Date: July 23, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

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T C aAI_LukmLlction_ggiLL129mI2ry_Epmg..fpr Public Health
by
A. I. Burshteyn
Methody Sanitarno-Gigieniches kikh IssledoveniY,
pp 3-4; 523-526, Russianlbk, 1950
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STAT
STAT
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METHODS OF SANITARY-HYGIENE TESTING
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FOREWORD
Professor A. I. Burshtcyn
This book is intended as a manual for sanitation doctors and
especially for laboratory workers in their practical work.
Nowhere else in the world have hygienic measures been ac-
complished on such a large scale and with such consistency as in
the Soviet Union. The laboratory is one of the important links in
this great and complex job, and the success of the work as a whole
is greatly dependant on the condition of this link. This is why
we are right to and ought to make doubly heavy demands on the
laboratory as regards the reliability of the testing methods used
and precision in using them. This is all the more possible since
we long ago did away with the necessity of using foreign apparatus,
laboratory glassware, and chemicals. The reestablishment of the
production of precision optic apparatus, meteorological apparatus,
exact scales, laboratory glassware, chemical reagents, etc., in the
USSR, created favorable conditions for laboratory work,
In the present book, to the extent that its size will allow,
the author has tried to make use of the large and valuable amount
of material on methods worked out in Soviet hygiene institutes and
laboratories, and the GOST instructions on norms and methods.
The author has tried to describe everything new and valuable
that has received approbation in laboratory practice, on the other
hand, old and outmoded methods have been discarded.
The direct explanation of the methodological material in the
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book is given first in two chapters which contain the classification
of methods used in sanitary-hygiene testing and give an introduction
to laboratory techniques. The remaining chapters are devoted to
methods of testing air, drinking and sewage waters, soil, building
materials and buildings, clothing, disinfectants and insecticides.
This material however does not encompass all the problems which
sanitary workers will have to handle in their daily work. Methods
of testing foods and nutrition, the determination of the energy loss
by the body, testing of reactions by the body to the environment,
the methodology of sanitary-statistic testing, etc., are not touched
upon here.
A separate book should be devoted to clarifying these prob-
lems. Together both these books will set forth the most important
methodological material, which will help the sanitation worker in a
purposeful and single study of the human being and the environment.
As is known, the internal and external unity of the organism in all
life activity comprises the basis of the studies of I.
the great scholar of material natural science.
In compiling this book the author had the chance to use his
Nevertheless, he is far
P. Pavlov,
vast teaching and practical experience.
from thinking that the book has no defects.
believes that a few inaccuracies and mistakes
presentation of such a great and extensive amount of material, and
he would be much obliged to all readers who would help prevent these
faults in the future by pointing them out.
On the other hand, he
may be allowed in the
The Author
Odessa, October 1950
so 2
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword
Chapter One. Methods Used in Sanitary-Hygiene Testing
Organoleptic methods
Physical methods
Physico-chemical methods
Chemical methods
Biochemical methods
Microscopic methods
Bacteriological methods
Micological methods
Helminthological methods
Serological methods
Biological methods
Physiological methods
Statistical methods
Chapter Two. Introduction to Laboratory Techniques
The laboratory
Equipment and apparatus
Laboratory table 14. Exhaust hood 15. Technical scales 16.
Analytical scales 17. Analytical weights and rider 18,
Nicroanalytical scales 18. Glassware 19. China and
platinum ware 26. Apparatus for heating) calctning, and
drying 27. Other laboratory apparatus 30.
im 3 -
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Principles of laboratory techniques
Rules for handling chemical dishware 31. Rules for handling
reagents, their purification 32. Preparation of various
solutions 33. Storing and purification of mercury 35.
Making and storing distilled water 36. Storing rubber
goods 37, Preparing glass tubing 37. Drilling stoppers
37. Some formulae 38.
Principles of gravimetric analysis.
Precipitation 39. Filtering and washing the precipitate 39.
Desiccating and calcining 40. Rules for handling analyti-
cal scales and methods of weighing 41. Rules for handling
microanalytical scales and methods of weighing 4341
Principles of volumetric analysis
Preliminary information 44. Method of neutralization 52.
Methods of oxidation and reduction 58. Methods of pre-
cipitation 65.
Physico-chemical methods
Colorimetry 65. Nephelometric analysis 72. Determination
of the concentration of hydrogen ions [pH] 73. Electro
-
metric (potentiometric) titration 100. Measurement of
electrical conductivity (conductometry) of solutions
101.
The most important equipment for bacteriological work
Microscope 106. Thermostat 109. Apparatus for sterilization
110. Dishes for cultures 112. Instruments for planting
the cultures 112. Counter 113.
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Preparation of the most important culture mediums
Meat-peptone bullion (MPB) 114. Meat-peptone agar (MPA) 114.
Meat-peptone gelatin (MKh) 114. Eijkmanis culture 114.
Buler's culture 114. Kessler's culture 115. Endo 's cul-
C
ture 115. Bismuth sulphite culture 115. Elective cul-
ture for the vibrios of Asiatic cholera 116. Peptone
water 116. Barzikov's culture 116. Milk 116. Bile 116.
Culture media for anaerobes 116.
Culture planting technique
Preparation and staining of smears
Alkaline methylene blue solution 119. Carbolfuchsin 119.
Diluted fuchsin solution 119. Gram's solution 120.
Staining spores 120. Staining flagellates 121.
Serological reactions
Agglutination 121, Precipibation 123. Fixation of the com-
plement 123. Testing on animals (biological tests) 130.
Appendix to Chapter Two
Atomic weight of elements 131. Specific gravity of mineral
acids 132. Specific gravity of aqueous solutions of
acetic acid 133. Specific gravity of aqueous solutions
of KOH and NaOH 133. Specific gravity of aqueous solu-
tions of ammonia 134.
Bibliography
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Chapter Three, Air
Composition and properties of the air of the atmosphere
Sanitary-hygiene requirements of air
Organoleptic evaluation of air
Physical methods of testing air
Temperature 138. Barometric pressure 140. Humidity 143s
Air movement 158. Catathermometer 165, Frigorimetry
172. Effective and equivalent-effective temperatures
173. Radiation energy 178. Atmospheric electricity
187.
Precipitation falling from the atmosphere
Chemical methods for testing air
General information 212. Oxygen 221. Ozone 225. Carbon
dioxide 228. Carbon monoxide 235. Sulfur dioxide 243.
0
Hydrogen sulfide 246. Sulfuric acid and sulfur tri
r CP ; ti
oxide 250. Carbon bisulfide 250. Ammonia 252. Nitric
Hydrogen chloride 258. Hydrogen arsenide 259. Phos-
phorous and hydrogen phosphide 263. Mercury vapors 264.
Tetraethyl lead vapors 266. Acetylene 267. Acrolein
268. Acetone 269. Benzine 269. Benzol [Benzine] 271.
Aniline 272. Nicotine 275.
Chemical testing of the air of the atmosphere
Chemical analysis of dust
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Ashes and organic matter 277. Silicon dioxide 277. Lead
277. Arsenic 280.
Chemical analysis of dust in atmosphere
Ashes and losses in calcining 282. Sooty matter 282.
Sulphates 282, Chlorides 283.
Bacteriological testing of air
Determination of the total number of bacteria in the air
Bacteriological testing of dust precipitated from the air
Bibliography
Chapter Four. Water (Drinking)
Properties of good drinking water
Selection of samples of water for analysis
Outline for a complete sanitary analysis of water
Outline for a sanitary analysis of water
Organoleptic evaluation of water
Odor 298. Taste and aftertaste 298.
Physical methods of testing water
Temperature 299, Transparency 299. Turbidness 301, Color
302. Electrical conductivity 304.
Chemical methods of testing water
The order in making separate determinations of sanitary-
chemical analysis 305. Methods of expressing the results
at
of the analysis 306. Reaction 306, Alkinity 309. Acidity
312. Suspended matter. 313. Solid residue 314. Oxidiza-
bility (of organic matter) 314. Hardness (alkaline-earth
-
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metals) 317. Alkali metals (Na and K) 326. Hydro
chloric acid (chlorides) 330. Sulfuric acid (sulphates)
333. Matter containing nitrogen 335, Phosphoric acid
(phosphates) 346. Silicic acid (silicates) 346. Alu-
minum (aluminum oxide) 348. Iron 348* Manganese 350.
Lead, copper, zinc, tin 3$1. Arsenic 357. Oxygen
dissolved in water 352. Carbonic acid 361. Hydrogen
sulfide 365. Residual active chlorine 367. Fluorine
370,
Field methods for physicochemical testing of drinking water
Selection of samples
Physical properties of water
Chemical properties of water 3714
Alkalinity 374* Carbonate hardness 374. Sulphates 374.
Chlorides 375. Ammonia 375. Nitrogen in nitrites 375.
Iron 376. Oxidizability 376. Hydrogen sulfide 377.
Active chlorine 377. Chlorine absorbability 377.
Determination of percentage of active chlorine in
calcium hypochlorite 3770
Distinguishing boiled and unboiled water
Bacteriological testing of water
Microbe count in water 379. Determination of coli-titration
and coli-index of water 380.
Field method for determining fecal contamination of water
Detection of pathogenic bacteria in water
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Testing water for the typhoidparatyphojd group 389.
Testing water for the cause of bacillary dysentery 391.
Testing water for the presence of the vibrios of Asiatic
cholera 391.
Biological testing of water
Technique .for collecting material 393? Method of investi-
gating plankton and. benthos 394.
Sanitary study of sources of water supply
Investigating open sources of water 396. Investigating
ground sources 396.
Chapter Five. Sewage Waters
Sanitary requirements of sewage waters
Indexes of contamination
Outline for complete sanitary analysis of sewage waters
Outline for cursory sanitary analysis of sewage waters
Selection of samples
Physicochemical methods of testing sewage waters
Temperature, odor, color, transparency 400. Suspension and
sediment, scum 400. Reaction (pH), alkalinity and acidity
(titrated) 401. Suspended matter and solid residue 401.
Oxidizability 401. Chlorides, sulphates, phosphates 401.
Matter containing nitrogen 401. Organic carbon 402. Bio-
chemical requirement in oxygen (BE)) 404. Test for
putrescibility 404. Test for stability 405. Hydrogen
sulphide 405. Free chlorine 406. Heavy metals, arsenic
406. Phenols and cresols 406. Chromium compounds 407.
Cyanide compounds 409. Thiocyanogen compounds 410.
Petroleum 410.
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Bibliography
Chapter Six. Soil
Sanitary requirements in soil
Selection of samples
Physico-mechanical methods of testing soil
Size of grains of earth 4111 Sifting
Elutriation of soil 414. Total volume
Air permeability of soil 419. Water
420. Capillarity 421.
Temperature 413.
the soil 414.
of pores 417.
permeability )
Chemical methods of testing soil
Preparation of soil for testing 421.
in calcining 422. Water-soluble matters )422. Chlorides
422. Matter containing nitrogen 422. Organic carbon 423.
Sulphuric acid /423. Phosphoric acid 423. Excrement and
urine 424.
Moisture 422. Losses
Testing the air of the soil
Bacteriological testing of the soil
Sanitary-topographical and hydrogeological characteristics of the
locality
Bibliography
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Chapter Seven, Building Materials
Sanitary requirements
Weight of unit of volume of material 428. Porosity 429.
Air permeability 430. Water absorption 432. Water
saturation 432. Water return 433. Thermal con-
ductivity and thermal capacity 433, Sound conduc-
tivity 435. Moisture 437.
Explanations of causes of dampness in building material
Fungi, insects and animals which do damage to wood
Bibliography
Chapter Eight. Homes, Factories and Plants, Schools and
Other Buildings
Outline for sanitary check on housing site
Outline for sanitary check on industrial works
Area of floor and volume of building
Air in building
Dampness
Ventilation
Nattral ventilation
Artificial ventilation
Computation of air for ventilation
Ventilation norms
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Heating
Computation of heat requirement of a building 458. Comm
putations for the stoves 460.
Lighting
Concepts and units of illumination L150.
Natural illumination
Coefficient of reflection 462. Relative area of glass
(light coefficient) 462. Angle of incidence and angle
of the opening totverstviye] 463. Three-dimensional
angle 464. Exposure 464. Uniformity of illumination
472. Coefficient of natural illumination 472.
Artificial illumination
Lighting fixtures 1173. Curve of light distribution 4730
Noise
Vibration
Lighting and heating materials
Testing kerosene 481. Testing coal 482.
Bibliography
Chapter Nine. Clothing Materials
Sanitary-hygiene requirements
Physico-mechanical methods of testing clothing material
Strength and elasticity of material, thread count, translucency,
shrinkage, durability and finishing 486. Thickness of
materials 486. Specific gravity and volume of pores 488.
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Heat conduction 489. Air permeability 491. Water perme-
ability 493. Water-retaining capacity 495'
Chemical methods of testing materials
Hygroscopicity 496. Moisture 496. Determination of arsenic
L196. Sorption of gases. Some chemical tests for identi-
fication of the material 499.
Microscopic testing of materials
Bacteriological testing of materials
Bibliography
Chapter Ten. Disinfection and Insecticides
Disinfectants
Formalin 502. Mercuric chloride 504. Carbolic acid 506.
Carbolic acid (unpurified) 507. Calcium hypochlorite
508.
Insecticides
Sulphur 509. Sulphur dioxide (compressed) 510. Carbon bi-
sulfkOd 510. Chloropicrin 510. Cyanide preparations 511.
Dichlorodipheniltrichloroethane (DDT) 513. Hexachlor-
cyclohexane (GKhTsG) 514. Soaps 515.
Bibliography
Index of subjects
.13 No
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