PRIME COSTS OF HEAT TRANSMISSION IN ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS

Document Type: 
Collection: 
Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): 
CIA-RDP82-00039R000200110004-4
Release Decision: 
RIPPUB
Original Classification: 
R
Document Page Count: 
14
Document Creation Date: 
January 4, 2017
Sequence Number: 
4
Case Number: 
Publication Date: 
August 21, 1952
Content Type: 
REPORT
File: 
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PDF icon CIA-RDP82-00039R000200110004-4.pdf4.57 MB
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Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/04 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200110004-4 , , ~ STAT ~E~~~ ~t '~t~~': f.'', { } i C sts of Heat Tram ss3.on i E e tr c P we S she a Pr o by N, K. Gro~aov Elektrichesk3.ye Stsmtsii, No 9, Pp . Bossism Mo per, Sep 1951 r. , i f ~ , { ~ ~ , ~,,y. j d N n i , t ~ ~ STAT - P f i ~ ~r . ;:w ~ !..1~ ~V1 i ~ ~ aS i 11.x. ~ ~ ~ i ~A' V 11 I ~qq I+ 1 f ~r~'' C,.. - % ~ ~ . .w T ~i" r4~ . �.,4.: ~ ~ ~ , i" ~ i .1 d ~ _ i I D; f tY V ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , I pY pp ~ ~ ; Declassified in Part- Sanitized Co A roved for Release 2012J05/04 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200110004-4 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/04 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200110004-4 - ~ . _ . STAT a. 1 ~.a � ~ 1 . I' y L' ~ .i~ 0 i. ~ ~ .,,.,r, 1.1~,~' i"~!~~ r,L'l~h,l~i~~�~~1~~?~I~UN :GPI ~Ouu~~ ,,..,,,~.u�~,,.,,,,, u d~~.~ca~") fl~' l,ra~, x,11 the ~x d~,~x~ 4 (a�~ ~~.a.~ ~ ~.,(~~,?~1t~..~.Cl~1,raC Uz, ~,c,chrl.~,~a ~~i~ ~ ~l.~lad ~a f t1 ~~^7~ni;~.,~.,~ ` ~ :fin ri,a ~~.~~~,a.e~ hc~:I;:~.za~:, ~ ~ x G~~~'~'cGr~:~ u~~ lttc~:~'~: ~ caw e~~~Erl~~,l~~.~tt~~~a ~a~' ~;1~e~1. 'hy r~~~d~~~~~~.e~~ ~is~ ~lal~e 1 ~~a,l,e~~~1:~~c A ~ ' nll ~u~ ~ ~.~A~v` ~ eGl 1.1~ :l.ea ea 4.11~~. ,a Gx~~.L :l.a ~(;~1~' s can.~'~'~~E;d Then h.e~' ~ U~)ti+l"l':;r' ~,,~i C; t~~lr~.~t'1 ~7., r1'; a t ~w'fi:LtO ;i'l r e 3 r.J ,~11~,T~1:l,Sa~ f~:: ,?C~]1u0~ ;1.11 t~1E~ ' 011 ~~Cf~Sl.C711't:1,F3~i :1.a1 ~~k~e ala~'~"rlt~~,~'n afi' 'the . ~ e, ~~~'~7C;1~1d~.tu:C~Gi ~;o~~~~~~ae~~~ad w e~ h~,~.u~ ;~r Cun.~ S 7;1a .~~0 S e11'~+ U'!tie .~~,,~t~~7~1~~ ~y;;~Gr3i~ile `T'1'i~:~F: c~~Z~~~naa.1~ 1 tcrc,st 'LO 1.uak ~'o~.^ wr~.ye ~ :i.s~ tl1e~'c~ol:~e, o~ ~~l r~~.dex>~~n ~aexsc~rrne~ a ~~.~ada.n~ ;;ha~~,~.~,d bea "L�hc~ ~aexsoarM ne:~ a.~' ~t,~~e k1,e~~t",:i.n~ s;~s~ter~, wl~.:Lc~l ~pxa~~c~r~r~ "tlae wa~~!~ c~u~~a.es the ' c~~.s~t:~~~.c~t~l~~~z"t~.n; cc~~ua.}amcn~L a.ra the cen~t,~~,~, s~ ~~ta.orr, 4~nd cor~"txaa. ~.:1.~ 't ~ar1s off' ~;xi.e r;oxaM "the cox�rec~t :G'unc~t~,or~ .n a~:' "Lhe l"ro ~.t~ u~~;'~.n~ ~.r~ a"~~. S'i1r?hTS e ~ ~ta d~;~ ~,rn~.t e~; ~~ct:k~ "the ''a. and ab~ ~.s ver.,y am~o.r~4n~~ ~h~,~~ ].a. ~c,'~i.or~s o~ The ~acrsarlnc;l. ~rJ~ii:J.e "tkre dJ.v~.s~,arl off' ;~ur~r,~~;:i.ans be- � ~ ~tws~en the :~~erso~l~,l o ~ the cE;n~~~,~,~ s~t~,ta.an ar~d th~'L off" "the h~; ~,`ta..r~ .s s`tE~n .s dc~,~'~,ned. ~.n tahe I~e~;u7,~~ti.c~n,~ a~ 'x'ecl~no~.o~,~ic 7,1 4~ex ~.~ta.orr, . y ,.....o~....,......,.~..~....~.~. the d:i.v~.aa.an af.' :k'tlnc~ion~ bc;"t~rec~n ~hc ~~;xsaary.nc~:t a~' the he~1"t~.n~; s~rs~tern ~,r1d Qt" ~~ihe use:~~s z~eq~~:i.xes ~'v.ri~h~:z" c~G:G'in~.`tic~n. r; ~ ~ ~i s :i.st;~a.c"t he~,~ta.~~~. ~.n ci~ta.es i~ ~s a~.~ ~Vw~;,h t;he widenirr,; use ~a~f' d , 1 - ;3 j j~ < ubucr e ~k , xva.n so es~~~tln~t:>r~,~. ~ta dorm near ox~ana.z,at~.an ~fo~ ~e s :ins~ta,~.~.~."t~.ons. J:~ ~,s necc;ssax~' ~o or~arr:i.ze ~xoups off' stat~.ans ~"ar. axound-che~�c1.ocl~ sexv:~ca.n~ a;l~ e~,k~va"tox cen~exs ~,nd o:t' hea,ta.n;, ~ s s~tc~rns u ~tex s venta.l.a~.r.r,~n, and hot wa pZ ~ , s , ~ e :fin 'this case a.~t w~.:L~. be "tl~e r~u~~~~ a~' 'the pe~~sannel off' ~k;l~re , A,, ~ ~ r ]~.eo,"t:i.n~ ;;~r~~~anrn ~to opex~,~;e; (acxv:ice and main~t~,:~_n a.n repa~.,r) the Yj.', . x~,~ ~ ~ ~ m~.~.ns and. "thy; ~'ecr~,~~x 17e,~'t ~.~.r~es~ ~r~d ~to ~~.~.~.oc~,te hpa,~t~c~rr~a.n~, ~ cqu~.~rae;,n~t "to the ~.ns't~,~,:~.a~t~,ans o the can~um~~~ a Ccazrtxa~. a:k:' ~;he i ~ ~ i i r ii � . M'~~y ~ I ` ~ ~ _ r: _ ia~ i0 ii, ~ r ? ~ rr'' ~ ~i~;t � , a. 1 ~ ~ ' ~ nor ..,rs, ~ ~ ~ r ,~I ~'I, i ~ I 1' ' ~ i r'1 ~ j ~ it 1 h~ i 1 1 ~ t ~ . ' 1 ~ I}f~ +~uy G Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J05/04 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200110004-4 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/04 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200110004-4 h, , , ~'y~ a i ~i t , 13 i F J h~ar~~~ coz~~~~m~t�:~on a~' ta1Q ua~x, and t;~c~ ~c~eaurr~a~r c;axx~a,ed ea.~~l~r~x h;~ tl~le ~~,axo~a~nc;~. o,~ry 'the hf~at~.n~ s~s~;am, ar.~ k~~ the ~aax aan~ j nod. off` the cur~~~x~s.a. ;~t,~~a.ca~1~ the; ca7.~e a:C ~'~h~~ heM,'~a.rl~ ~~y~~tc~~r~ sc~xva.Ge pc:x~~~a~a~e~. ;f.s mas'~ ~x~aec3.:i,en~;l~~ r, a~.~'l~?a~l ~o ~11a ~.c:n~~~~ a,f ~~ha rapa~^a~a.n~ ~r~~~~.n grad :C~;GdM e~z~ ;~ys'~ena, a:l~l�~hau~h und~~ub�~edly Bartle sa.~na.~' ~c~a,nce ca~~ a1.~a 'ba 's ~t~t~~.r~Z1,~~c~ ~La the n~arr'lbea^ a~'~ ~.nd~,v~.dLt7~. �a:~nt;~ 'i;ha c;ur~st~anex~;, G ~~ubsc71.ibcz^ heat;i.r~fa w;~'w~l;erlla ~k~ou:l.r~ ~~~;'t; r;e .7..t'~e;:l,udc:d ,:~ri tha.s~ :fin aJ.a.~ po~we:~ systerl~s w;i.th hc:;at~.n~ ~;y~s't~:m a a.~' calisa.dexr~~.~~~.e hen~tlk ~l~iasc;aws hen.x~~z^~~.d~ ~'~~.^o~,a.av ~lr~d a~~l~rc~c;~) l~~vi~ ~'~:i,~:~l~~ ~or~d :i.r~rlc~,~i:;; ~~~aund 1,m,~ M 2 mU me:n Z~er ki.:l,araE,tc;:~ a~' a~aul,e. ~'ux~t~a.r~x r. educ~~~a.ar~ a,n ~~he n r 7 c~ ~ ~ i r ~ ~ ~ c ~ 1 , ~ ~~a.~G o:t' vase; pez sar~~~F~a~ a,s pa,aaa.~~.c:, b~, a~nprava.,r~ ~ak;u~Te a1.~. t17,~; 4 c~u~,~.a.~y a:~' thy; er~ua.~araent (use a~' ~aske~~.c;as caznpe.nsatoxs, ~~ar~~e~ 1.~;SS va~.vES s,nd tiucets) aca we].:I. ~a,s mechG~n:t.~ata.on a~ tllc w~GS'v:LCe ~tx~~nspar'~~~~ion ,~,~.on~; ~Lhe a^ou'k~c, w~,l;er pucnpa.ra~;, ven~~:i.l~tic',~�1 e;~~a) o . k1e cast o:~' se:~'~ra.ca.n~ ozl~: lc:i.~.ame~bex~ o:C hea'ta.n~; syste;rrl und~:~:' pre~.~nt ca,,~d~~~:i.ons :is r::;~ta.~~~a,ted '~a laa, az~r ~thc, c~ve~^a~;a (ir~c1.~.~da.n~; ~ ~ 1 , ^ J YI W 6ti r C) C~ ~ ~ the rn~.:~nten~,a~ce xepaa.a^s) a.z~, ~~he axdc~~ a:E ;1,~ ?0 tha~u,.~rat'a.d ~ubl~,,~ pe;r ye~.r~e l~fer3t;i.n~ s'~sterns off' sma7.J. 1,en~~~h a,re aamewh~,~~ leas e~':~'a.ca.er~~t. ~ 't'he serva,ce cast usua~,~.~r aon,~t; ? totes the m~,a.n p~~~; a;F a;l.~. ~ , the e,~;oenditures a.n rn~~.nag:in~ the heata.n~ systems e xt a.s, thcxe~ ~'c~rc essc.ntia~. to pad' sez~a.c~us atter~tic~r~ to the ~;aund or~ar~~i.~atian a~ the ,peg.^;~anne~. warp ~,nd '~o e~ere~.se cor~~L-ra~. faz^ the e~'~',~ca,e~lt use f a:~ the wax~l~a.n~ taan~;. ~J'he mast expada.ent x~autes aa: a.nspect;~an, and ~ y r ~ r� the te,chn.a.que a~' a:~~. apcxata.an~ ~.n~~pecta.ng and ser'v~.r~~.n~ the t eq'~ta,p~nent sriau~,d .tae warlsed aut a.n ~,dv~ncc a ~'e~.Gha.ri~; and a.ns~~~~ucta.n~ , ~ � t~ e, ,a t sp v , ~ ~ ~ a ~ ,r f y,- ~ M j ~ ~ 1 - C f 1, if A I 1 ~ V~y~ ~ ~ ,i i t v ~ ~ 6, - i 4; v i rii , I. 6 f } d r r. li ins ~ ~ t~i. yr r ~ ~ ` , ` S1 ~ J,~,i is ~ ~t a)1 ~ ~ .1 ;bn~ p , -yiN r~, ~ r .i r~i i,I i I ~ ~f~l i ~i.~, ~ _ , J ! ~~~'i p ),ot ~I I p I 7 i.. 'i! ~ ~ , i F n , I'1 ~r ~ 12J05/04 : CIA- py pp RDP82-000398000200110004-4 j, Declassified in Part -Sanitized Co A roved for Release 20 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/04 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200110004-4 ,J 17r;1~ Y,,y a i�~" ~ { _ H ~ t, ,1 ~ ~u~ ~ I I ~ ~ i1 . fd, ti l ~h ,a 4:~ x~ Q~ ~~;~~~'~a,,~.~ ~~c~;t,x Gpta~~,~,~, ~uh~ ~uka~c~~ ,bc~~ ~aErxaQnr~~~.,, ~X~d ee~~~ ~ , :i.n;~a~a~.a.,~'~~ar~ ~u,.~es ~xc, a r tia ..'G~1 ~~nT ' Akre ~aa~,", ~ , ~ ~ ~.n e11~.z�~~ a~' ec~r~~~nn~ ~.x~~~aec'~~,Qx~~ p~ ~~ox~~r,~~ r~, ~111~.C vl ~i ` ~ ' ~t~l a d I'~,~'~,' x.,~~i~l.'~~ i ~ex'~en"G~~;GS ~ ally ~ '"i ~ ~a S `i f: C:i ca , l ~,r ~~.kea a.n'~a ~,GC.a~~n'~ ~kl G~.n i.ndc;x..t.rl;~u:~~ .ca.cz~~~~. ~ n:f: ~I~hE hea'~ o~r~nu~L ~ ?~titw .t,11~ �l;~;rk~n~~;~~~ ~~~~:E~e o;~ ' ~tnd a ~ ~ ~ , off' ~~~~,c ~~~)x'k off' '~l~e ~~~c:r~;o~~1'~e:l, I ~hc :r. r,~u:l.~. ~ 't1'te 1nCa.~~.c~)Ei tl~' :Cn ~t~le ~cafllr; SI~b~GG'I+~ ~e.,~ t~s carr~~a~xc; ~~le ;;~'~~~CY1'ta a ' ' r ~.t.l'1C~ yC'L� e~r~s a.zlda.v~.,~ua~ lac ~ ' ~~xrG ~axcen'~ ~~~cv ~ n:~rs~x~.d 6+~ p~~:rcen~ Le ~ ~ ~ ~excen'~ Y M aca~r l~.m~ pe~cen~ a ~G~ I; ~ ~~'CCrn'~ , ~he,;~., 9.nd 'rl~ le bD~7. a~ a (:S~ osu~.ble to ~ ~y~, ran ~,s :r�`~ ~ , ~ezr> at. I~h~x~~av 1S can;;:i.dc;r^~.b:l~r ' ~hc~ carld~.~~~.an off' ~l~e ne~i~~�n;, 5~ ~ y , ,e a~ ~e~~~ khan an ~~.ev. I a5 'La klea~ ~.neulatl.an a,ncl ~~~.eenc 1~e'ha~~ex , r ~~,a.n M~ ~~;c~n a.~ . ex~sox~nr~~, a~ the ~~Sh~:c'kav hea ~ ~Y' vOG" rne~xl ~l~la~~ ~~he x s�~~,m~? One c~nna~ dr~~r sua'r~ a can be~'~ex ~~h~.n '~h~'L a~ th~~ ache Y de' ende arl 'the ~.c~ ~~ha,~ ~rre ~~ew 4 r. ~ ~'e0,~ Ille~lSu1^~ ~ C~,lt~,~.C1T1. ~n a ~ . ~ ~ auto u'~ in ~~h~'k~v~ ux~il~.~e ~.n Kiev, c~:E ~~~.e he a ~ drarn.i.n~n~ p i , es ~a ~,he su~i~~cr .ber,7 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ cand~.~ian a~ 'tha"' .~~~e~me.a_ ~.nsv~,~.~a.an ~'a de~e~m~.ne '~~le e~e~~~~n~ ase a~ ~e~ , ~ ~ ex~sanne~�, ~a~ tkle ~.nd '~o cva~u7.~e the ~,Jar~. o~ 'i~he ~ auk d~.~'~'e~~;n~~,a~, ' ~ ~ to ~ro~k ~s ~aeGese~~"y' ' r~ '~h~ head ~aS5~a~ ~ ' n ; ' :'"+1 ~ "dti~ r ' ; �P~- S. ;e r d',,,,1~ ~ �a ,~a h! i ~ ~ f, i II'I ~ l ~ , ~ ~ "I MI~~ ;i 4 ~ ~ ~ ry ~r , - ~ , ~ ,~1 r ~ - 1.. i~~ r ~ ,i a ~~A Pir VI~}~7~ ~ I ~ ~ i ~ 4,~. ~ I, ~ , ~ ~ y ~ qq ~ + ti`. ~ ~ '~.i 7!" L~R I r, ~~li ~ i~ - W 4a I ~ ~ai 41 I ~ ~ ' ~i ' i ' 411 ~ ~ r' i' r s i i ~i I E - . ~ 1'4 j :A I I~ .V ~ )i I ~ ~ ,1 i' Declassified in Part - anitized o A roved for Release 2012J05/04 : IA-RDP82-000398000200110004-4 S ~ PY pp _ C Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/04 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200110004-4 s ~y~. ~ ^ r ri - it ~ ~ i~ . rr'a i ~ ' ~ ~ , ~ ~t~ ~ ,'Ef 1 1 ; 1 ~ i !I ,I1 ~i I IF 1 1. t' ~Ll~c ~'~e7.t ~.osses depGx~d~.a~~~; on ~~l~e aha~actex:~;a~~a.~~ off' l:~~i~~ n4~'lil~~ p~ ~ ~~tom ~r~rl, o~~ `~l~e ~~;Y~~~ar~x~,`~u~.^~; a`i~ w11~.ch~~ o~~~x~,~o~~ ~r~ ~Yax,~ c~~~ nr~>rm o:~' h~;~,1~ ~l.a~~o~~ ~u7~d�~.v~9.r~~s~ ~,~~;cox~~hn~; 'loo 'la~~,~ 'i~r~~~.~ ~1 are ovcar , .i. ~ k ~ v~. u~,~, t~;cxi~r~~c~~~. a.nde:~G,~, c~~7x ca.~:E'ecta.v~,~y' ,~cr as at~,.r~d~~,~~d o~ d u i~ocl7n~.c ca~~d~.t~,c~ off' ~tal~t;; he ~,t:i.xa~; systoi~~a ~~ir~ u~ t~~e pc;r~carrnM h th :~1 t ; `the p:re;.;Gn't: `t;ilro a.~i; i~; pos~ibl~; or~a.y ~tio s~' a~~orma~. ~,or~d i.n~~ a~ mun~.c,ip~.a. hot,.w~?,ter ~,ysterns M ~hau4~a,nc~ rna.,:i.a..iori c~~~.orie,s pcx' l~i.~.ome~ter off' hc;a'~~~~~~ cystc~a~~) a.w; poss.~,b:l.Ea to ~,~~t~?:~n a.ow .asses in the or~iea~ c~~,' S ~ 6 pexcent~ ~'Ur a hra~lc;hed 5teo~n s,c,. ,tc~n ~r~.th ac;~er~~'l irLdustra.a~. custoriaers the ~~e:~^c~~n'~a~c; a~ ~aroxa.m~~te~.`y ~~he sine. ~'or `Lhe 1`~lo~~caw r~istr~icts the losses a.~. pz ,`l,e~~rt r:;s f~;t~ctuatc; 'be~t~reen the lam its o:~ ~ and 9 pGrcen`L (the , pp average be~.rL~ pe;rcentm ~~o reduce trle ~aeat :l.os~~es in the ,y~,tc;ms esseri~L:i.al, ~z w hr~:coxe ~,n~tx~a.n~ el~~e to da.sco~?~1ta,nue �~he use o:~~ lolrr~qualit~ thexmal { u~l;t s.nr~ a.n:~usori~l :Lnsu~.ation (vax:i.oua ka.nd ~ n~' :~'il]. and aabe~~~~os p Y earth, br~.ck off' r~is,tornacea~us ~:~rth with density 7D0 ki1.o~r~ns Baer 4~ ,i ~w ~ ~ ~ C � c M ~ ~ cul~~.ra meter, etc) m Hl~n~ cones ~ruata.oxa oi: tlir~rm,~,~. inau~.~.~t i_az1. peg , ~ ble nd du e wra ~a.n. m~,s,~a.b~.e on.l,y` ~a1 GonneC ~~.on wa.th r c~.a.~, o. p~ ~ ~ , Fina~.ly it is ~:ssenta.s,l to replace~inn si!7.or~t tii~~e the; det~~ r:~orated ,I ~~.,I rt~a.c~tzla,z�l thasc~ nit' ~~te~~rn k, he,o~t in~sul~,tian o:E ex.GSt~.n~' systems, p~, S ~ l ~ + pa.pe~s ~ ~ c ~ ~ .''~i a~' resen'~ t~,i.~t' T Noth~.n~ rnax e ha,rm~ul too t ha durs,b~.~ a ~ A construct.~ion af. thermal insul~,t:i~on thy. ~.nterma.ttent operat an a~' r ; the heat o,p~~~.~cesg l~urin~; the tina~when those app~.~,~.~aces ~~^e ~ , . ; , ,~r ~ ~ shut ofd' `r~he ~:nsu~.at`~.on absorbs much mn'~.st~ux~e s,nd the wrapp~.nGs l' � - ' , i1`~F f ~ MII ~ 1} f : H. j v _ N ~ ltd. Declassified in Part - ; , Sanitized Co A roved for Release 2012J05/04 :CIA-RDP82-00039800 PY pp 0200110004-4 ~ Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/04 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200110004-4 bt+w' 1. e~ i~ t; i ~i Ar qb ~ ~ ~ . a 1 ~ ~ *{1 v: i ~ i n ,d f h i } a ~ ~como woaac~;r~~~~ unr~ on~:i.x~a a,xl~'r~:~~.~~ cox;t~o~o ~ ~~,o~~~,t ~hE,~ ~ R :~o~~ 1.,~ ~~~Cr~~~Gax'y'~ thaxo.~r~x~:, '~Q ~~rn aL yob' l.~.tit:>ron r~~~a~~a0d a.x~o~u.nd ut~;l.~.~ a,'~~~,ar1 c~~' ~~xlc a~'a~mS a e ~~,~~ux~ G l ~ , a ~,~~l~x s G a.'~ .c~ n arld, '~hex~xa~17. owex can bo m ~ r the p r *~a~oc~uc;~d xc~a.,s'I;~x .a r, c 1;lSCx'a w.'~l~ the aa:' cartulzexc:~.~~, ~~hc, w~io~.~,.aG~~. . a,nd rcla~o~cletex~~~~ :1:'l~ i., nc;c~~c~~~~xy' '~o :r,n~ ~'J.a~1te~;exsy t~lcrnlar~c~~cz , a.l~~~t a,~,1.at~.an 7.rld o~~x~,ta.on, x,1'1 p ~ r. ~I~~.G u~,axn :~n ra ~ .~Yle ~`1~at c;a~lducta~s, ~ ~-"c;:r to e~~,a~1~l.na.tc ;~~avi.ty unb~~lar~c~5 a~ o~ a Qn ~.S 111.uC~1 TiJUx~SE; ~.,..1 ~tkle ct~.~e at' sma:~.lex^ tiz~cx~,~, 'z' hca u1J. ~ 1. ~~;r~;ateti~ tklan th1t as the what e ~a.~e uoex~~ o W~'1a a E nurrl~ ]..S 111 i1. Yl~ ~ ;1S11C, S 1' a u,5~ a:L' the abave;MXnenta,an,ed c;arnp~.ex a.l~.d e~~~7ensi.v~ a;lr them, ~hc. .b~.'La.v~;, 'a'his ;t^,:i.~c,~ ~Lhe problcill a~' x~e;~:i.str,x:i.rl~; apparatus ie pz~orla . , , , ~ ~'.~.ab1e sa~n:~~,e ~~eat m~;te~~s :~'ox hot watc,r m ~na~c:i.n,~; corrur~c~xc~.all.,r a,v~,a '~~cx thG ard:~rl.~x~~~ Vc~1.oC'~.t~y~~~~'pe water ;~~uch heat m~~~~cr, made~..;a a,~ ~ Tochzlic:i.a~1, off' ~c~.enccs ~~a~~~rnavym, has m~~er, d~,ve.l.apec~ b~' ~ . ~ ~o :E~~caox 't;~a.n~sha,n~ tau~;hea" undG~gane l~nf:th~~r tests, a.~l, .r~EC;d~.~ rlle ~ and ar~ra.n~.~~t~~~.an off' corlt:~rl~uau.s ~~~r~ar~uctir.7n~ E,~ ' rc~,~eni;~ t:~ne heat ~.oss~;s, a,a a ~'und~~men'~a~. tr;c~lna~ ~t ~r,hF, p k J S ~>�c~~~l index a~ the l~ex~~axYm~~.rlcc~ a~' x1c:a,t:l,n~ systt~ms, ax"a no's ~ ecanam� ' ~ ~ a~' the cast a:~ heat tr~~.;~smissa.an; o thr�: c r~~.cu~.a~L:rran,~ s rc,.~l�ct~,d :i.n ~ ' t~.vL; ~rlpaxt,ance a~' h ~ a ~ ~G~1:i.s reduce.; the e;~'~'ec t ~ ~'~J~~'~~C ':CI~~ I~EA':C CI~:C-~I~R i n the ma a,i^~.t~' a~; are ~;ua~. hc~,t`a.n w ~am~ the e~.ectr~.c a,~. ~ ~ ' ~ ~ , ti ~ ed ~'ax~ ~ l.unpa,l~~ the c~is'~~r'ic'~.�~~lea-~a.n~; water ~~,1~ct~?~ai~es pa~rc,t can~um p ~'~a ~ ~ ' ~ ~ ~ e~.ata.,ve~.~' nar~x~aw ~ ~.~.rc1'i~~~s - M ~.b to ~,6 k~~.awa~t~haur per wat~i~.n . ~ Z ~ ~ cr '~ihE~~"~I1~,.~. ~.a~~,da~n~ ~ ; ~ ;>r ~ teas ~.nc th J' u ~r de~.a.ve~ed me~aca:~ar~.e4 _ a~ ~ ~ a~~ ~ ~ r ,b, ~;~a ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ i ' i i , ~ i ~ ~ 'f ~ ~ c F ~ I ~ ( ~1 1 ~ J ~ ~ 1. i i'i'i ~ ~ i I~~ I ~ ~ 1.~ C .I ail ' ~ f ` ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~'.J ~l ~ n;, { , Iv � ~ ~ . r1 r' v y U~p~~ ~1I"!F?i,,gw~ f~1k~i~~~~~~i , ~ i '~'fi i r~ ;li ~ ~ d:~' e i ,a a ' , ~ ~ , ~r~'d . _ ~ y!"' 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