THE RESULTS OF THE GENERAL MEDICAL SCIENTIFIC-PRACTICAL EXPEDITION TO EVENKIS NATIONAL OKRUG (SUBMITTED 13 MAY 1951 AT THE ANNUAL SCIENTIFIC SESSION OF THE KRASNOYARSK MEDICAL INSTITUTE)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00039R000200120006-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 13
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 25, 2012
• Sequence Number: 6
• Publication Date: August 27, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

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e Genexal Medical Sciez~t~.~~,c~~ractic~,l Ex editi.on
The Rests of nth
Evorkis ub121~ay the Anr~u~:l
?
To Nata.onal4kmu~ S
xasna ark Medical In~,,,,, ,
of ; the K Y _..
Sc.entific Session t~
8 1ocent Yu. I. aexnndckiy
'lit o
ovotska a ~dx?avookhxaraentye, Mosoow, 191
5 Y
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ituc]y oi' morbidity o;r thy; people in the oklnug, ~?edi.calNprc~al~y~.~c~t~,c
aid, study of0 the state$ and or.ani at:Lorl oJ' reda.ca1 aid to the people,
~,,
a
cooperation w public health o ','iciaa s if improving medoia,:with ~.oo~. service to th people, a.' rlorease in the theoretical and practical ~rairv
e
nctaa, in dicai workers, sanitarY~educational work
~.nr~, of doctors and s~co ~'
among the people.
Su aosin~; that the re$ul'bs of the work of our expc;ditian can be
of use in the or.nization of future expeditior1s
we shell _go over the
problems encountered in the preparation a' the expedition, its route,
the mcthoaolog ,,y and some results of the mr~dicaly sanitary_educa'tional
aril investigational work.
EvGnk Okrur, organized in 1930, is located in the liar
~.S National ~
North of Krasnoyarsk Kray, the okrug center is thesmall village of
y ~
Tura.
The climate of the okrug is severely continental and raw. Sum-
mess are short The tall cola s~tJ s in at the end off' September. In
the southern rr gions, p,articular:Ly in Tunguska.Chunya the climate is
somewhat milder and permits the raising of agricuitural crops (vege-
tables, grains).
The principal inhabitants of Evenkis National akrug are the
Evenki North of x:Limpiy,5k Rayon several trading-stations are popu-
lated with Yakuts.
The chid' occupatiofls ol'? the Evenki are trapping (fur trading),
reindeer-raising, and animalraiSing. Since ancient times
fishing
the Evenki have been renowned as hunters of "soft gold)
polar :fax ,` fox, etc
sable,
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Not very fort ao the Evenki were `nonads iivin in tr.
.oath the. estab1i1shrnent of the soviet power in the I ar North their
rjhhe dogs lie here too. Tobacco smoke and the evaporation worn the
III
waIT y oi' li? changed radically. In 1930 tribe CQuncils were set up
among, the given~, 1c , they were later_ repiaoed by nomad councii ; I The
latter exist this day although the Evenki lead an a1rost st~ttied
to I/
life. The very s ~ mp le li?roduc bion unions set up in 1930 we:r'e recentM
.~ ~
ly chanced to kolkho~es~ which chiefly handle trapping, reindeer-'
into
is:~n~, ' r, and fishing, In the southern regions where the C1?imate is
ra
milder a~= ricultiire has also been introduced; the Evenki
somewhat 11 t,
have begun to raise cows,, pigs, and cliickens; they have gardens and
p1 ant cereals, 'the nomad life is now limited to the territory of
?blie kolkhoz at which brigades of kolkhoz workers -M reindeers-
raisers, f'isherrnen, trappers -w live in wooden houses 50-20U kilo
meters from the +.trac3!ng stations.
Previously the Evenki lived in reindeer dents {churn] A rein-
" tent ~ent is corle-shaped base has a diameter of 2..-3 meters,
deer ~.
a height of about 2 meters. The framework is made of thick sticks,
r the outside it is covered with birch bark and rags and in 'b he
U. i
winter this is covered over with reindeer skins. Usually 5-6 persons
live in such `a bent, 'sometimes 2-or 3 ?a7nil.ies, In themiddle of
~h ? tent a campfire wLth a cauldron or tea kettle hanging over it
L. e ,.
burns day and night. `i'lle smoke from the fire constant:Ly contamin
abes the air as there are no special openings bhrough which it can
pass out. In the winter the temperature of the air in various places
fluctuates cons?iderably; in addition, air constantly enters through
clunks and the entrance-way and bhis fosters colds.
The adults and children settle around the fire smoking pipes.
e,~,G ~NhMV'a ~~aGSunPkYh~~d~ii~;nhwaudi7~,Y.2,~~~~d~!^fa,?,~1.a+wa;,rdr~ i.'
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antmai skins poison the s r?' in thc~ tent,
Tothy , thanks to 'the cons'LantiY rpwi,n housing Fund oi' l,ha
kol,lchozes and the transition to the settled mode of .a.vin~a many c1'
the Evenki. whom we invcSti ttec1 live in. houses.
..lement the Evenki from tents into spacioUS, clean
The re~, s,a.tt
The
huts the basic factors in lowering to rat o;i' lung tuberM
is one of the culosastro-intestinai diseases among thee people.
~.s, trachoma, and a ~
of the Evenki are reindeer and moose meat,
The staple foods
fish reindeer milk, and pine forest game birds, r!surplus meat
'
is frozen (in the winter) or jerked (in the summer).
Surruner c.loG.ha. : n and footwear now does not d],.f'fer.essential..y
~
from that of ko:lkhoZ workers' in the middle ne of Siberia. In 'the
who are usually in the taiga during periods of
winter the Even1d,
-when thetemperature reaches Low6a degrees, dress in
intense cold.
vara.ouS kinds of fur clothing (parka, sakui) and ;footwear (bakari
moccasin) made' of reindeer or elk skins).
a kind of
Every year public health in i'venkis improves; the budget in'-
t
creases; the network of medical and prophylactic instituions grows.
Medical aid ?d has become accessible .to the inhabitants of the most re-
ng stations even into trans-polar regions of the okrug,
mote tracto
.
10 give an idea of the nature of the growth of public health in the
olcx ug, we shall point out that before the revolution the basic popu-
lation and absolutel no medical aid and turned to the shamans (vzl-~
lad
re medicine men) for it At present the okrug has 7 medical disc .t?rcbs and 20 surgical.-obstetrical. regional stations, Three tuber-
C U.~.IoS s have been estabiished (Tura, Vanavara, Baykit);
~.S Sanatorium
three regional centers have consultation for women and-chi1drenm
all ~,
.
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XMray and dental offiees have been or ani.zed so Lar in Tura and Iaykit.
A peculi aa~Lty o1' the work of medical institutions is the neces~
sity of jivin aid to brigades oi' reindeer"herdera, trappers, and ?ish-
crriu n in red ions very rerno'bc from the settlements, Witzi the brLgacles
scattered over such long distances (100-20?)'-300 kilometers), great
difficulties are encountered in trying to fulfill this task. A sec
and peculiarity is the fact that the majority; o;L' the surgeons on the
periphery cannot a:tways provide timely transportation oi' the critiM
call.y iii to the regional center for skilled medical aid. ltheref ore,
tiLe development of medical aviation in the okrug (providi.:ng for the
landing of planes at all trading stations) and the transformation of
all remote surgical regional stations into medical districts is the
basis of the further fight to make medical aid accessible to the
people of the okrug. The medical personnel consist of doctors with
various skills, `the regional surgeons are quite skilled and are well
acquainted with internal surgery.
Our expedition, set up by the Min:L6 try of Public Health, RSFSR,
was to have the following staff; the leader, a phthi.aiologi.st, roent~
penologist, syphilologist, oculist, laboratory technician, and an X-ray
technician, It dial not provide for a dentist, gynecologist, social
worker, surgeon, driver, interpreter, photographer, The Ministry of
Public Health RSFSR entrusted the formation of the expedition and
its preparation to the Krasnoyarsk Medical Institute and the regional
pubic health department. The expedition had no laboratory technician
who knew how to make biochemical and sanitary-hygienic analyses.
The foregone conclusion that the Evenki have venereal dis
eases was not justified. The syphilologist had the least medical.
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D~ ~ r'(Lx'(1~ a n Y~' r~tt ~IfA~
~ p~~l
 work o all wh:i1e anti. vent real m asures were not used. This is a
pleasing fact characterizing tho cultural growth of the Evenki and
Y
th dcvclopmcnt of anti-voncreai aid to the people J'
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ri1,ie si.xMmon h p ri.od established hr the expedition was no~G
iong enough for the successfuJ1. ?uif'i11ment of the tasks ?acin the
workers, especially if the work of the expedition coincides with the
year in which the rivers in Evenkis arc shaj,iow. The period for the
expecliti.on should be riot less than 8~9 months, This makes it poses
Bible to study the life of the Lvenki during most seasons of the year.
It is always neces 3ary to carefully consider the equipping of
the expedition, Our expedition had a pharmacy (2Li. boxes)) a dentist
drill operated by foottreadie~ h.-ray apparatus Ru-560, equipment for
a ciinical. laboratory, a mobile power station (L-6 engine, alternating
current dynamo)` and a photographic laboratory,
Our working method in examination and medical treatment of the
a
1i, people consisted of the foliow-ng. We set up our polyclinic in the
It would be better to send fuel for the electric power, station
on ahead by the winter sledge route to the places in which the expedi.M
Lion will work (trading stations), The expedition must have electric
wiring, light bulbs,' etc. for it will need them for work in its poly
clinic in the even:Lngs and during the Arctic nights, The people in
the expedition must have guns for hunting and to ward off possible'
attacks by wild animals,
local dispensary, hospital school, club or board of the koikhoz, de-
pen Jng on their areas. If it was not possible to set aside a sepa.-
rate room, the dentist and the stomatologist shared a room with the
oculist, J i interpreter was chosen from among the natives In ad-.
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was in th~ dantist' ~ aC;Cics, asp~"
t~.an tk~at tha 1argas~ tuxnpvax
Ch is explained by tha poor a
ail at the txad.in~ statton5, whi
xangement Tor dental help in the okrug?
accaxda.n~ to the x~ga.stxaM
WQ exam~.nod 7aL rasa.d~;nts
In a;l
~' ' ed arcc~rda.r~g to occupation in ~~11a
. These wox? c~,s.s ~~~.~a.
tioh data)
ollowing m&X r (Table. ,1)
d
Total
KolkhOZ
School pupils
Preschool
Hou sewive s
employees
Students
Others
228
282
117
Lo
Li
37
xaminatian and those for treatment
Path the data for the e
ni y
edical card (worked out by the M3.str
were made on an ~-nd~-v~,dua~. m
indivithal dental card which we carats
o:~ Pu,blic Health USSR) and an
with professor V. D. Pantave
piled together
anita.r -edu cat.onal work in Evenki
'~ s y
TkLe
has to be given `simil'-
Therefore, in
. he Crenkis and ssian fang ageSo Ther
arle au sly a.n both t
p to enaugh, chats were held in
laces where the interpx'eter was.., l,.a.tex a ^ ,,
, .
..s tan1age. In additian, it is necessary befaz c
the club ~.n the ~en~ chats on
for venk~ ss to print the text of the
~nd, before leaving
the vax ~, res so that
bj ects in the Evenkis andassian lan g
~,aus ~~ .
bated to the audience. Having pra"
.they can be read and then distr'.
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pared toxts for chats on hand eliminates the need for a skilled in-.
Y
terproter, a peraoxi not always easy to rinds
The sanitary'eduoation work should be conducted visually insa~
ossb1e The doctor' w chat should be on the layman's level
far as p
and should be accompanied by a visual dernonstrati"on: /
We held chats with the people individually and en masue chring
oifice hours, and in the evenings in the clubs, houses and tents. In'
di.vidual chwbs were the most effective. In addition to the chats we
used the local press (for sanitaryetcational articles) and radio akt
f,
broadcasts, rl'he chief shox'tcoming was that the articles were not transw
ated into Evenkis. The lack of an epidioscope and equipment i'or sani~
1
educational films made the sanitaryc-educatio7~al work dif'f'icult.
Lary
After setting up the expedition' s polyclinic, we installed a sanitary
educational show window. This consisted of popular science articles
and drawings taken from magazines. The examination and medical-pro-
phylactic work of individual specialists is shown by the following
data (Table 2).
TABLE 2
ec :ial.ists
5
Number Examined
p
Phthisiologist
2s 109
Oculist
2,02
S phlologist
2,065
Stomatologist
2,071
Laboratory Technician
2,132
In addition to examining the people, the phthisiologist did'
the following works an1.4.tubereu1psis innocu"lations to 32 children,;
de ~eli~d~ ~ I+y~'~P~~~r ~~4~r Nhyh i~N 9~9i~pr4, !
d
x lir ?f ~
a~"r'~~y
~,~~r~i~(J~I,"?,~~~Frar ~r~{I~~~"~tAarr~~,t'bj1~65,3+v`aa/~+~d~)~~}, i',(i`?~~
}fU'ria~ , f IIyti'{+N
r, ! t~~y ),} I 7 I{ r 1~ 1 ~? ? 1 6~ h ..
r , k'dA r a a r h a ~~ ~,
rk
I W
qp r.ri f x. I
V;?~
1
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10 clcaatv~s on,vara.ous c~uas~~.ai~- y
1~er~lpsis t~~~$, ~,ns~~x~ctton to on~
?~u - ~.caa~ c
~.o~ls work otie ~ed~.ra~. and ~'
rapox~t~ an. the ant~~~~-ubercu an the radio,
or the people to to c",dubs and two
Cex~encasa six ~.ectur~s L or
) to toaaa.
,cle$ ("A' ~ctcr's Ac1v~ ctI
pa1,a.aata-on o~ three arty
papers.
r' ^sans and had more 'khan one visit ,
ocu1ast examined 2,p~2 pr
The
,.. with d on in the da.apensary; three
on
np, , 2~, s~.cl, persons were operate ~
1.~
,n
~.on was worked out. or the
.
~eated in the haspa.ts.~.. ln~ ~~l~ruc ?~
~ x trachar~a~
en?~ on problems of treatiY~g .r
bla.c Health ~p~'tm
T ,~r~,x~sk Okx'ug
4
There were eight an s~Lata.ons and regional
ht c1~ats with ;doctors from trad g
cen medical consu~.tatxons~ ~ re-
~~crs. In add9.ta.on5 there were e7.even ?
,
some problems in ` ophtha7.molo~' waa
s ,
port .;
w on the pres ent day. status a s ade to
've reports were m s~
.nsk Medical Conference.
given at the fur
y~
red tentS and one by radio.
the people in the clubs and
rid
oo had one visit with
-;;
1
'he doctor of dermatology and sypk~.
~
cha~ly
tl~~,n one visit With 352 others,
'`.
2~06~ sick persons andmorc
A a S ,i~, . jht okrc.g doctors had a consultation on probes
f
r.
diseases. A report. on the pre"
/eaxras off' skin da. reacataae. ~
5
ta.ng venereal and skin
s given at the
,
of tx eating syp)tiliS and gonorrhea. wa g
ser~t-day method
h, lectures Were given to the people on
a.nsk Medical Conference. S~..a.
r
Tu
~,......, ~.dual cats with
.?.+.
~
Cub' ectS. Where W~'e 23 v
a
a~~.ta~'~e c~u cat~.onal ~ _
patients.
.s two persons but Fable
~-st 'gridentist [indicate
The stoma~to~.o~ erson~ gave
~
2 mentions only the former and world seem to Indicate one p
ring special hours. 2,'071
medical aid Wing the examsnalion and
the s~;omatological of'f~.Ce and X97 ce more
visit to tl -
persons made one v ;
than once,
04
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hCi dents t 3 aet ?tha re iona1 centers (Baylor, Tura) racaiv'ed
a. ructiofl nd consu,tatia2 on various stomatoiogica1 prob1?11$. One
nst, a
report wag given f'or the doctors andQfe for the sturgeons. Two were
given to the peapl.e he newspaper Chanskty kolkho; k (Vanavara)
printed an article on a sanitary_eduoationai ~sub;ject.
The laboratory technician made 2,3L9 analyses of 2,162 persons
o rlobin counts, ROE, urinalysis, T,E. sputum tests,
(blood tens, hem~
smears for gonococci, smodta, intestinal worms in the ieces, etc.)
plas
dy of regional pathology was made on the basis of many
(~.r study
documents and materials, for example, data from regional btweaus of
.
registration and, departments of vital statistics, the archives o is the
regional departments Of public health, hospitals, tuberculosis sana?
tariums, dispensaries, regional surgical centers. We studied epide~
m information on the okrug. We investigated kindergartens,
~.olog~.cal ~.n~
boarding schools, schools, stores, dining places. We got acquainted
with the material and living conditions of individual kolkhoz fami'?
lies. We studied the budgets of Evenkis kolkhoz workers, using the
data of the regional agricultural departments and in?ormati.an on the
average anrn~ai 'po rchasing power of the inhabitants.
om the results of the work of the Evenkis expedition we can
make the foilaw.ng conclusions:
1. Sending general medical expeditions equipped with
modem means of diagnosis and therapy is one of the forms of organ
rv 7? hadolo ical administration of the work of the m dic~1'
network in Evenkis and other national okrugs of the Far North which
has completely justified itself in practice.
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. 2. The preparation and equipping of an expedition ram
quires great cane. The plan for the expedition m t be set up boy
forehand 'under the laadership othe head of the public health da
partment and the director of the institute, using those who will
pars
ticipate in the expeditioza to help plan it. The staff of the expedi'.
tion must be determined not later than 6m8 months before the 'departure,
3. Those who go on the expedition should meet the :o1'
lowing requirements: physical stamina, experience in practical mediM
cal work and scientific preparation of materials for handling and
treatment, knowledge of how to conduct sanitary educational work
among the people.
L. The decisive moment in planning the work of the erpedi's
tion is the proper selection of a route. This should be determined by
the time of year, available transportation facilities, the nature of
the production activity of the kolkhozes at various seasons, etc.
It is desirable to combine the work of the expedition
and that of the Red tent.
6. The staff of the expedition should, without fail, have
a dentist, a hygienist, a medical [registered] nurse, an interpreters
and a driver in addition to the doctors provided by the. plan for the
190 expedition. The laboratory technician should know how to make
the basic biochemical analyses and have the necessary reagents for
them. The X..nay technician (or other member of the expedition)
should know photography.
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