THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOVIET RAILROADS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00039R000200170019-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 54
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 23, 2012
• Sequence Number: 19
• Publication Date: August 18, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

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Zhelexna a Doroga (Railroads), Lev Gumilevskiy, Trans
Y 186-196, 301-328, Russian b k,
Moscow, pp
zdat,
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STAT
STAT
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A?TIYt .1
TnGRT Q~INxN U
struct~ad at a,n uneven
in ~-srist Russia were con
the railroads
Zpymen~ was high amaze
aril lags. Sometimes unamp
pace -~;howin~ spurs
canstruc~ion woxk;e~s.
1,ajlxoad
ears off' jncreas~.n railroad constx'uct~.on in ~Liss~.a,,
~urin~ ~hE.~ y uicklY' In 1890, among
almost i.1x,oad workers ncr eaaed , oxe
the number. of xa. ..Ste en~expz'ises, there were m
n w Irk almost ~ ~ ~~~1a a~lGCrs ~+ed to
~
~~.~'o ad wo~ckers-.were subs~c
that~ 2~U,pU0 railroad workers. ~
lon ado a x'evolutlonar'y may
severe P loa.ta'nn and en~En~t began
ex ~~. s very ~
-
to the revoLutiea~arY educa
.
thCI1t. In to Txefl5Caucasu5
;develop among, round.
cl an~$ of the ~ 'irs~~ undex ~
`wo~~kers .?.. p x i p
tj~.an of railroad coed by ~ , V. Stalin.
argan~.Zatons a1 the BolwhCViku -.. was dire
,.t engaged in build.iY~~ the
,.~~.on occurred also among workers , ., engaged
`' of Lhe revol
? xn to 1:urter h,story
~~a~~~ ~e~ersb~~r~..Mcsco~r line
t.ona Russia, railroad warke~'s
s a.n
't ~'Y m ovemen of the wox'kifl~ clan .~ s 'chmeY~~s ? ~ailxoad~ wox'
~,.rivax,a.ab'iY' emerge as one o advanced deta,
ff' .t.~ A ~~~Emen-
eva~.utlon of 1.90l9n"~.
a were in the ~rangu~.rd of t;he ~'
kc,rs w by a general
vent 0 ' October l9O was played
daus role in the e
railroad ~O Oc~~ab~r were the workers
strike. The il~'st~ to strike an ~k~railroarailroad wog
vw~
of the Moacow~Kazan ~.n,e in Mosc followed soon by railroad
of xaa.J~rcra,ds of she
and by workers of all the
the Moscow
~, ? ~~.es, p~ar~l~s , shaps
maid. and .~e1egraph serv~.coS ceased fa,ct;orcoun~ry? ~
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STAT
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a and eommeroia1 enterprises throughout the
ter~Ghl,ng ?stab1ishnnent1
entire country went out on r trike,
ad workers in November 1905 the question
At a con,gress p~ railroad
of an armed uprising of the N;caseow 1~?ro1eta 'i t was secretly discussed.
n in Moscow on ? 'Dacembex, all the rai1'
JhEn the political strike bogs
roads except he NikolayeVskaya joined up with it,
.. ~
on ties succeeded any disruptifE the; stx'ike on
the tsarist a,uth
the N'kra yevskaya road; workers and employees there were replaced
~.~. ~'
by soldiers of a railroad battalion. Thus the tsarist government was
of thL most important line linking Moscow with Saint Peters-
in control
burg. Workers' attempts to blow up the bridge in Tver and peasants'
a r to ruin the roadbed near Kimn in order to hinder the delivery
~~,terapt~,
of government troops were `unsuccessful. Then the workers of the Kazan
road decided to take Nikolayevskaya away frorn the enemy.
an page 302 of text] Comrade Stalin .prepares a
[picture
strike at the main railroad workshops in Tiflis (painting by Artist
Khutsishvii
A detachment of armed workers from Kazan endeavored to knock
out the troops from the NikolayevskaYa station and to barricade the
way ter of the city. The detachment was armed with rifles
. to the center
found in one of the trains filled with wounded returned from t he Far
ast, began its advs.nce from the side of the Yaroslavl and. Kazan
F it stations, intending to dislodge the troops firmly established stations, Nko~ la yevskaYa station. IBut the Moscow governOrwgeneral Dubasoin the
v
~.
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aupp1:1,ed duns to hiF troops who opened fire upon them. Several of
the workers detachment were killed, she11 e exploded throughout the
entire region, and a fire started
The worker detachment let for thc' linen Here a revolutionary
detachment held out for an entire week thanks to the personal bravery
of the workers detachment and to the remarkable skill of the machinM
ists Ukhtornskiy and Akulinin.'
Ukhtornskiy and Akulinin drove the train which was placed, at
the disposal of the worker detachment by the strike committee. The
workers detachment carried on operations in Moscow, and then returned
to the line in its train; they disarmed the gendarmes and agitated
nion. ~y units who had r eturned from Siberia after the Russo.
ag military
Japanese 'War. The ' combat activity of the worker `detachment was ex~
trernely disquieting to Dubasov; he switched over to the advance, but
Ukhtoms kiy t s train remained elusive.
Picture on page 303 of text] Machinist Ukhtomskiy
Finally the t sari st government sent to the line a punitive
detachment led by Colonel Rirari consisting of six companies of
soldiers of the Semenov regiment, armed with machine guns and other
weapons.
The line was quickly occupied by the troops. lkht'omskiy! s
train was ambushed near Moscow but, thanks to the resourcefulness and
skills of this hero-machinist, he broke out of encirclement.
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Utomakiy Tot the speed up to 90 ' verses an hour despite the
kh g
in reverse; the trsrt broke throb
Vact that the gain was going
machine gun and rifle fire, with the. loss o only one comrade from
..
the worker dete chn~ent
t was saved but Ukhtomskiy'himself died
The worker detaGhmc,n
several days riding on horseback past the station of
.. later. Whia,e R~
Lyubertsa on er, he stopped of'f at a tavern; the tsar's
16 December,
secret police happened to be conducting; a search there at the timeo
they recognized Ukhtomskiy by a photograph and seized him and five
mombcrs atthe workers' detachment. Riman gave t he order that all
.
should be shot.
Ukhtomskiy behaved like ..a hero up to the last minute. Even
Kima.n ill his repo nt calls him an 'eagle". UkhtorflskiY listened to
h and only askEd permission to write to his wife.
sentence coolly
The next dad, 17 December, the hero machinist and his comrades were
r
shot near the Lyubertsa cemetery.
The Moscow uprising hardened the workers and trained them as
fighters who were victorious twelve years later during the days of
the Great October Socialist Revolutions
In the struggles for t he victory of the socialist revolution,
railroad workers participated most actively under the guidance of the
X301shevik 'Party, During the co unterrevoiUtionary advance of Genera
Kor nilov in August 1917, railroad workers fought in every way against
transporting orting Korniov.'s troops. Railroads too were represented in
the wave of strikes which arose throughout the entire country against
t
A
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~ en6ra1 $~of ra~Q
the boUi?. PIbovie10nm1 GovernmeTlt I g
laee in 5ptamber 1917
..Workers took A
the power A~.' ~tYl~; ~OV~ot ~ ;~Q r~t A
In ~thG~ h~,stor~.c bs,t~t~,ee for Lhc, pour
t the
~. 1'~ a:rmod de~~achments off' railroad wor'kors ~ol~t agains
bey 9 ,
COU
he tPr~v?Sional Covernlent.
a
Railroad revo1U,ti0nY
t s o
roo ritr~ents rendered great aid to the
m:~:ttees and Red Guard railroad de~~ac .' their v~.ctary over the txao~ac of Keren
Sa~.nt ~'eter~sbux~ wox~kexs a.n
skit' a" General Krasnov.
' civil war and i'oreign military intcrM
During the years o1
ct a rnor~e intens~.ve strain to make
Vention, railroad transport undex`w'n est
' t~ ' to the numerous t'ranis in the short
secure the movtn~ents o. ~ troops
E Red
of supplies and rood to th
time and tv ox'gana.ze the delivery
~'ormed thE~tasks wh:~ch
' sh]. er
rr~i unj.,ts. Railroad wat~kers unsel.~a. y p~. y
them. Armc~x~ed txains played a
the Soviet authorities placed upors
x^ of these
Quite ~~requent,ly, the crews of the..
terrtendaus role an all ~'~rants~ M
., ~l~F, men who had. built them, ~.. e ? , ra,a.l
iil.and ironclads'~ consa.stcd of t
Es~-' ~~ ecially deserving of merit are the
road C canstruction] warkers~ ,.
which operated near Tsartitsyn, the defense
ca1ur1~ns of armored trains
of whjch was led by Comrade Stalin.
Picture on pale 30L of text) Ukhtomykiy steam locomotive
C
The length Of the railroad network in the Soviet. 'Republic
t changing in accordance with the
during the years of ca.va.l war kEp
During the first two months. of Soviet
o eratiar1Sr
course of military p ~ , '~.l~
'
no changes occurred. A1iOSt the entire rail-
authax~a.ty, px"S.c-ta.ca,lly
road War l
no~,d ~.nher~.tance handed dawn by old Russia ancl ruinedby World
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and by the h,h~~arrdgd manaam~nt of the tsarist offjcj1a
was Operation, Then the robelljon of nera1Kale j
n broke: out, Mi1'i~
tary ?opArat1ons against Soviet; Russia were undertaken by the "Ukra;tn~
ian Rda" then headed by ?otlyura y anrt German
troops ar' W1lhelm T3;
begat, to advance on Stint S'tersbur , the ~ l~ur~.n~; ~thF, month of Jenuary
1918 alone, several thousand locomotives
and a con~~,derable part of
railroad' rack was lost, In October' 1918 only 20,000 ver~ts of 'track
and 5,000 locomotives remained at the dis
posarl of the 'Soviet author
ity?
{P.icture on page 305 of t ext] General railroad Stra.ice in
190, (painted by Artist Savitskiy)
By the end of the civil war, 7,500 to como tivo s were in
working
condition with a total track' of S3703 versts
s ,and. 11, UUU to camot:i.ve s
were awaiting repa t.
The reesta,blishnrent of the economic life of the S
young Quiet
Republic had to begin with transport. And it is not acca.d
enta.l that
it was thF, railroad workers who laid the foundation for the subbat~
niks [voluntary work during free t ire j, that '1 reat beginning?', a
V. I. Lenin called the first Connrnuniss
ubbotnik organized. on the
NoscowMKazan road,
The "great beginning" had a tremendous ini'luenc.e upon the
establishing of a new, Communist attitude toward labor
as a matter of
hoxtor? The memory af' one such subbotni .'
k ~.s 'kept alive by the historic
locomotive "U-1271t , the history of which A. T. Kononov_rela.tes in his
Rasska,z Le
[Tales `about Lenrrj (Detizdat
Noscow, 1938).
w
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"kt rho pave1ctkiy ta ion in Moscow stands an unusual 1o(OM
s
s 'its own nurnber; UW127
mot1vQ. As i~-prop~r~ it ha
,tDu'ti it is rcconi,zabis evcfl Without a numb?3^. It is painted
campl~ ;le paintecl ? back and the white
~.stc~.y _xed~ except , the tube w Y~ic
ee1s. And the name 'IUM127" is painted in
strips yi,si.blc on the wh
gold 1ettors,
s't is wiped from thc; shining red sides of the
"Every day the du
a glass roof was built over it; now not one
locomotive. Hen'L1y ~
on the tW i27'. Here is the story o:C this loco-
drop of' rain fi a].1s
motive .
Hrs learned that Vladimir 1)) ich Lenin used to
^
H,.l.~ oa.d wogke
work during an A].].Russ],. an bbotnik in the Krend..n, and they 'boa
- su
to organise a subbotnik for themselves.'
decided
. tt last just one day...: The railroad
~.dn
'This subbotna.lt d
man . tames on their free days and by 1 May had
workers got together ~
repaired thE, ,,U_127t ioco'motiveu
"trhc locomotive turned out fine: the best blacksmiths arid iron
' had repaired it, the best painters had :painted it,
workers
lroa.d workers decided that they would pre
'tAfterwax ds the ray.
sent the nH12 l ' as a g' the Soviet authority, and that Vladimir
_~.~.'. t to Sl., an honorary machinist on the locomotive.
~.ch Lenin would be made a
They decided to send three people to na.n. -.. to tell him about, this,
s 'when the three railroad men arrived in the Kremlin, Lenin' S
'.
secretary told them pot ~' itel~ 'W L1t a minute, comrades, Vladimir
~
1l'ich is busy now.
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But they .didn't have to waits A soori Lcnin found out. that
s bad ar^rivpd, he birns~i' came out ohis oft'1ce to greet
the workers
them.
"i Vladimir Ii'ioh, the senior n mibcr of 'the workerS said t
him, wc: have appointed you an honorary machinist on the 'W..127"
,
locomotive.
tine handed Lenin a small book.
"'T'his is your pay-.book.'
"Vladimir I1' ich took th book and r ead:
Last name .f t x~a..m~~ ~~ a~~t~~on r~~ic: Vladimir I1.' I ch Lenin
Job held: Honorary Machinist
tt We repaired this locomotive on a subbotn ik, t a worker ex"'
p1 aine d.
'tViadimir Ii) ich said, ' Excellent'trfher~ he smi1od.
II 'You know, I used 'to ride on a locomotive as a fireman.
Well, this means that I have a raise now.'
tithe railroad workers began to laugh. each of them knew very
well that before the October Revolution Lenin had hidden from his ene?
mies on a locomotive in the guise of a fireman.
't1And this, Vladimir f,' ich, is your pay as a machinist,'
railroad worker declared, and gave Lenin a package with money in it.
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"Len 1,~ the 1~aek, then &~ his; end wa$ ~s?p
~,QAkad at
in thought ,Cox' a Inia1ut. Then he ak?d~ 'this is my inorley?~
t Ho: courier, Vladimir I1' ichl !
I' Weil, this is whet 3 wart yAuto do. Of course yAU ha?va
Send this x>loney tMerc;., Let them buy.
your A'rIM Club at 't'hP, gt~;tion.
books. w erhaPs there' something else you need? You
with it. Or perhaps
sc;e what the club needs most now
yourselves can
tlrfe wa:rkers looked Ott one another.
II - Flow can we do that, Vladimir Ii' ich.. .'
It t YOI~ just s raid that this is my money. Well, that means that
;C can do with it what 1 want.'
It' ' d, worker S were silent. thnin looked at them.
'.he ra'~.~.roa.
II t ? what is it that you're in doubt about?'
"The senior worker said, ' Well, among other things, payment will be made every month. , .'
tt,WandPrfu1~ Then ,lust send it to the club every month.'
rhen he smiled again ` and firmly shook the hand, of each worker.
!t
!
d,s have greatly improved their operations.
our raa.
I1~ecentl'Y our railroads ~
comrade railroad workers my thanks.'
Give your.
tl~ ram that time the 'u127' did much work on the railroad. It
?ried passengers and goods. But, .most of all, it carried trains'
car
with coal for Moscow plants.
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'lIt raade its last trip in January 1924. This was the day o
heavy national woe: Comrade Lenin had died in Gar~kiy.
with i'unora,1 flags, the ' UMi27' oarrled to Moscow
~9eooxat~
the body oi' it s honorary' machinist.'
THE REESTABLISHMENT OF TR,AN SPORT
ra Imperialist war of 191J4Mi918 led to complete exhaustion
Th fi,
of the productive Forces of,' the country, to the disorganization of
production, r ~n, to the utter disinteratioxl of tht~ railroad track and to
the cata,stroPhic condition of state finances. The provisional
~Swdemoriatrevolution not only did not put a stop to the
'r.E,,a~.~a
bourF,
but contributed to making it more complete.
economic devastation,
The i:inal economic collapse and doom of the country was pre?
vented by the Great October ,Socialist `Revolution,
rkLe ofShevik Party;, in saving the country, armed the masses v
with the idea of a socialist revolution, and organized them in the
struggle to overthrow the forces of the bourgeoisie and the land
holders. Under the guidarice of the Com?nuni st Party and its brilliant
leaders Lenin and Stalin, the working; class of our country in union
~
with the poverished peasantry completed the Great October Socialist
Revolution.
The workers became full masters of the country, rf'he Party
called upon them to defend and. preserve as the apple o2 their eye the
lands the factories, the plants, and the transportation system which
had become national property.
a} t a:L1ati.a n i~ which
' Oa1.'.aJ1 with xalation 0 it
while the ~s~~esm c~r.i.nd:exc cha7~~ the p
to raoveal~le ,tP~'a pipes from the
d~~rir~ w turns a ~'cx~.i h ad to resort ~
boiler to th e cylinders. He equipped the cte~n pS.pc:a .th moveable
~c~~ apon ?G hc~ total l ,, duz~,~biJ.i'' and
1~U~rJ~ Which of cauxsa had an ~ ~
' ' iic01 the ita1iat.t0no
y convena.ence that ;i
Fer1i~ s:ocornotiv~ h~.d one irz eplac
^~u:~G smokest,,cka were located at
la.c~ not have to be .burned around Uec~.
c
both ends of it o
, his ' ~ '~i.ve :I.'nx the rna~in~',ai.n ~em~ne;r~~n~slcs,Y~,
~~'er~,i. bua.1.~ h:~..~ Loc,oraa
' r end later on it wa.s found suitable i'o.r:' ro :~d~~ w'L'' 1'1 ; 'deep
. ,
i~aa,J.ro,.d
~ ,
' otiv0s used to operate also In MexiCO Pr/ru
s7~.opos o ~+ erl~. s 1.acom
and iri the Suva p ass of the Tranccaucasus roado
tornoti..ves. ',l'h:rx't is what locama~
Now theY axe used as tank ~.ac
'Water and fuel suppli~%
without a coupled tender are calledo
ta.ve~
a ' ted u~n'titi.es On tYicm, In special con-
~re of cpursP lp~ated in l.~rn~, q er
the boilerr ax langside 1t~ nx and
ta:t.nerc, or 'tanks,.: ether On
because the tendcr is mjssing, tank lacamotivcs are in general
it r
o ers,tions ~d for op~xatir~ns on ~-~"
K~~;xY convenient for jtching p
dustr?al' sid Ln So
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Pietu le on pay 189 o: text,
IIT'wo*.hoadedu ate3tn 1ooomotive.
A powexiul 1ooomotive, e has alx'Aady been pointed out, rust
ion, bacause it needs a 1 x't e amount of str~xn arid, moreover'
be very
be distributed correctly. 'lxninr; trucks could
?thp ax1e load must
no longer save the d q, ccordl.ngly lnexS.c;and;aigeX9 undetoak
.: ~'~
the co11$txuct,LOrL of coupled locomotives which were called malirts,
after the Swiss engineer Ma11et, who had proposed such a locomoM
Live in l8870
Coupled locomo tive;s have 2 steam engines, but only 1 boiler;
One engine is located on to ssre, frame as the boiler dnd the other
is located on a special Jrne. 'i'he second is joined to the First
by mens of a swivel pin and the frame turns ~.ndependently o:C the
a_
first when going around curveso The result `thus is that the entire front t group of moving a~;les becomes tremendous turning Bruck,
while the rear group remains immobile around curves.
Amon; the shortcomirngs al' coupled locomotives one must men-
tion their clambersomeness' the extreme complexity off' their repay',
and their low speed.
Unable to supplant the current freight loco-.
motives with respect to speed and efficiency, coupled locomotives
did not at first find wide application, series construction oi' them
did not even begin, and experimental construction was stopped
The development of coupled `locomotives and their, practical
application, as we shall see' later, began only after the Russian
engineer ,,~. P. Porodin carried out successful research of a ttcom-
pound.tt system, and another Russian engineer, ye. Ye? Nolrteyn,
1
improved the design; of to 'tr~eceivertt, a special installation prow
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.., compound sy tern coup1wt 1ocorottvo ?xon r Asti
b~: ,'be~a o;t' compou'nd~ ~ aoup~.~d ~,ocpraetivq w~,thc~ut
r~auso wi,~~a~ a
this odoes riot poc~~ the cr~pac~,~ty n~cessa.~~y'.
a
adr.dtiana..l .~nstallai
to ~trt tha train from re,sta
Picture on pace 190 ai tex'b) 1'tuse .an coupled iRFit& steam
~
locomOtiVe,
The airri oi' designing a coupled 1ocomo11vc was, i'i,rst, t o
5.d.~.M.b Y fx~ . ry o ierfui ].ocomobive's travel around curves and
~?' ~''~ta~le y Cd
to c~itbutC the weight in the best 5~os~ai.b1e mannc~1~ In add.i.ti.oh
j
to pro exisb othc.,r' dosi ns oi: couP:L td locomotives
tYa~.s ti~F~x.e a.lu
which hie a different plaCe meri'b o1' the engines.
of wheels i.s the br.,; i,.C principle in :i ococtiotive con
f`rora the laws of fri.cti of a The ; me laws .dug.'
~raruc,ra.ran9 resulting
s
r eto deli. rner;3 to transfer to the paired wheels as large a load
as is possible. By combining, the number grid dimensions of paired
ihec:ls in a certain wr.ys the, ,de$ignex' arrives ~)t a colt tioi1 of his
~C+
problem.
The coupling of locor.ot;,.ves represents one, of these aoiutions
as it rnakPs possible the placement of a su ficientiY large boiler on
the rails changing the tracks and wi bhout extending beyond
r ~ without
the limits of the gaugep
The narrow gauge of locomotiv~.s have given rise to no small
numb er of obstacle i in the way 'off' increasing steam, tractive capacity,.
a'
but they do not stump the creative ingenuity of the designers
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i u, i in technical. thouiht 1u$ ne r1y ct1wq ben the lr t
to roe aond to the succceas$ $ in locaritotiva buiidin,
The o anc1 Kolonma plants were the to c;anstruct
Pllti..pV
coupicld iocomptiVeso
[?:'Leture on page 192 o;f'tcaxt] Steam cyJ.in&3 B o?: compound
rnach:Ln6 for doubled teal expansion right-high prey; ure cy1indEr,
1.(:ft M low pros su:C` cylinder'
1~u ,ian counir;d locomotives were given a ueri~S inc1 Lc~ ted by
the 1ett ~r F, which as rFmoved from the Russian alphabet fter' the
r(VQ1UL1.an; in coat' $t to the ordinary F, it was then ea,ll.ed "iita" o
f:orinuia of ? our ' .Li;t&t gas 0~3~G ~?C-M'wGo They ff b
Th~
~ ,ed on the roads in 1897 and operated s~ fcientl.Y vie11a
appe.
Seven t1 years later the Kolamna plant relead a new series
of COupl.rd 1ocomotiveE7 a C the type; 1.~?..0?r0~~.~0~ ~,rklich wore iighter,
They were designed for serv`i.cing paSEen ex trair;r on diif icu mourn"
tcainous sec torS oC the; iberun modern Kus in. aiihabe't, he letter
I.
The modern locomotive has by no means been brought to the
f'ina,l stage of perfection. In no way can it be said that the new
generation of inventors,nd designer's has nothing to do in this
feid'a
The coef'f'i Ci.eft of efficiency does not exceed 8 percent in a
modern locomotive
of each 100 kilo griams of coai 1'ed into the fire box! only
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r? 8 ercent of it i expanded pith di,x~aot ac1vanta ;4i xfd bQGau
in the 5aviet Union apprOX m t ,y opq tl a. 'rl of the entit'o oxtxaow
tion of coal is oanWIU d by r ~,iiro d traslS OX'tati,Q1, it is Qaiy
to undc~x,c~nd whet ?a.~nii LC r~oe C Ve n thc~ sinai1~ s t i,n the
1,
effi.cienCY of our 1ocorn9t .V W c&:~ haves
'lhe fic .envy of a tarn engine Ls s?igniI'ica~nt1y :tncxna;cd
by using repeated stG,rn expansion.
1?ia,.tt lose t~;ospJ,~ce in a considcxab>,e cmount wher; we i,ntxo
i
duce into a cylinder hih~prer;SUx'e steait wl~i.cli c()al.s oi':C all by it?
1' even before it rep+Chca tbF atmosphere; or the cond,en or.
se
'i'lne: bituc'U,on c,n be improved U' Lao gxer t expanSa.an dac:a nob
take place in the cylinder; then the etnpex7tuxc, ch&rige~, will be
a,k, plaC
smal.lex'
in ()X th r not to loc>e energy, it is nece..; 3ary, aftcfI' allow i,rrg
the stezarn to expand sornohat in one cylinder, to c".r'zy i.t then to
another, old to c arxy out :L'urther expansion here
In engines that use repeated steam eXP~nsiana the so-cal:Led
ttcampc~una, engines", the stets;; enters s ~~ the boiler in a smaller high-
pressure cy1indc.r, and framn there, exparxding gradually, is carried
to medium- and low~preSSUI'e `cylinders, where its work is ended.
Each cy'linder has its awn steam distribu.tiano
These complicated compound engines of doubled, tripled, and
quadrupled steaM ecpansion proved to be quite profitable and were
widely used as statiarial7 and ship enginesa The coefficient of
efficiernCy in them reached 10 percent, and - anetimes oven more.
Then compound' locomotives appeared with doubled stem cxpari ion,
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T ~.4COYIt(~''+iV?"i W?Splace d 't1OYJi~~'d~ !;.
~~~~,~~,~~a~1~uxa ~y~~.lcx~a Irr~ ~k~a-r ~c
4rS!Ex' and the. tin Mrr~ P r6lillrl _
,, 'the ~,~p1.a,Ga~~.c~r~ adcaubl
F{QWe'VCx9 it SQA11 l~GC(1TC C~n6E~ ~~1LL
~~~ a~C ~QCI~ ~au~in '~11e ~.QC~C
~~e[)an aar.~aane~,ar>, ~r~e riot y;~e~,c1~,n~ I 1 ~
r n1 enPn~;~ canden~ ax~7 .
mobiv as i stationary or . 0e ~:~~;1 does take pYl,~ce~, ~.'~ c~oe a not
~n cnex'~;r acxr~~.n ~a,v~,n
,ences in kla~ld~.~il~~ the tng,i.ne ax the cr~rn'
war~^r,~ ~~,k1a maaox r ~rlcQnven built gen
~
gin? it ? Corr-pound ~.OCarrla~a.V~ a were bui.
1.'~.S~t ce r~tuz'y end 'L11e 1~e~~.nn~.noff' the
E;r'aJ,l~' at the cncl ot. the ~.
have cl;:i.aaPPearc:d a,~loS'~ evGxyYJhex'e
resent one. Nc,w, llaweVex, 'Whey
~, to be unsuLt ~.e i; ar a 1.ac Qrnc~~~ a.vc; eng~.ne ~
'~'~1f; compound yS'~i'fi proved
1lt~ any
which .,;l,a.~,ive s.ca.Y o:C ~.n>ta,
i.,m,~u~.a. neerl~ , .E.x'~ ~ 1a~ &11, .y xr, "
ease in i~Lrn:~, mn~en~.r>,ce and rapaa,x'a
dux'ab:>?,a.~y~ and ease ~.n Cox
' ~~ 5't~.::l'.. d~,'i'~,c;t17 t cara,da.ti0n-~ y
A ~t;xa.na~ax~ '~e~ engine i,lus
r ~ ~,ha.ka?rl~~; it nlua~~ opexa.te Sam~;'bilrie~~ at
it must withstand jolts tend
:Cull capac;it;,r and at other times reduce a,b to the ma.na.~llrm.
lave; a. teiJ.a.ng effect upon the mechana,Smm
quen.b starts and stapS Y
the rails and being ?x'E~c c;ve;xywhexe elae,
Only the bottc+~>, xeet.ng an
P. r e4uliJ athe action o" .Coxce of ~.nM
~am:r~~is subject, as ~ ~
~ ~l~arrl.~u~. ~.bx~.~~.orla. On cux'~'e$ a~C the
Gzl~G~.a~ to the mo~ ~~ ~ diverse ,
.dae~'! the ~"a,:i.:lws? ()xc~,:i,naxi.~..y a ~.oc;anaa~
track it pushes out or ~
(;Ct'.a11 under 11r1~a.'Va~'~1ble Car1d:1?"
~.~e i~ subjected ~a con~' ~,nuauC~ ~ ~,ns~a
t
'
tians, ands tbCr critical p'x'ate must be accessible P,'a~ 'Cs all l.~ its
the eyes
~ txarzSpart stern en~a.ne of
All this ten together deprive a.
m~,n any aCh~.eve~ler~~e a~t~aan ~~echw
the ~~aaa~.b~.l~.t~' a~ pz"+ ~,t3.nb~ the rtY
nalogy, and the bsic type a?: :Lacama~biVe to this day 1a ahiely the
,. ,' erne ~ri,th Va.~.v'e f'ox' the e~h~ue~ eteam to
2~cy~,?~,ndex; l~~.ew d,c~ ~~.on end
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atmophere m
avcrn flt o;f: stcaa? ochf()lagy, SUi.t1tbiO s: or per"
A rct achy
i ect OtiVe, provc;d to b tha superheating off' st(3arl1.
a.a~ the loc,orr~
:.Lt should be stated, by the wa,y,
that tha introducti.0n at'
'hCated eten to a greet deg rE o wa a a contributing 'actor in
;;ul)cx
x7i1road techno1Ogy's xejectior1 Of compound 1ocomotiVESo
The superheating of steam, like its; repeated expansion, in"'
i
rer,~;e$ the cots:t'fic ierlt of ei'iiciency oi' the steam engine, but an
c
no wayr cvmplicat $ handling the locoraotiVC or its de~3tgn4
Stationary. 5t m Lngifl$ U$( both methods for incxeasi.ng
` `' ~~ 1~ut' 1oc or~o-efficiency both/ superheating and repeated ex.pansiOn.
' of ' day relies chiei'ly on superheating for this
..ve building dbuilding in
purpe5o
In modern loconot ,VCs, the ste~im from the stern col:.ector
al' the steam dome installcd in the boiler passes through a special
superheating device: before it enters the cylinder
,Crhas device consi$ts of long tubes laid out in the form of
co ~'tuate ' -d in the upper, so-called 'iheatingu. tubes of the coils .s a.
ex, the tubes, tkrerfor'ca have a larger diameter than Lire tubes,
~~xe box gases, passing `through he heating tubes heat thc; stem
superk~e? ter. Steam which enters it from the boiler is mniSt, that
,~ G~
is, it carries with it small p~xticle5 of water, but it leaves the.
.
superheater very der and at a high temperature
Wherein lies the significance of supcrheated steam?
10-
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, p4l~rr aF! 0t the e~t ir'o hi~toY A?' tY~p ~tm
' th
~Y,~~ou~hout ? .
en~ ,, and inventars have e atr~.ven to incrF~aS~ ~,t,3
~,r~ dc~si~nr~x ~
st~~i pra~sux'o, by
e 'f ei efCY by thr o rnetYiod by increasin~
condensa'ti.cfl in thc:
uti.l.i,zi.ng ;l,texpns:l,on, and by
cylindr o
~? res:;ure and boldly uti1ii1 ag steam
~ctir~~f'ull.y ~ a ' ~.,.,.i.rr~ the p
. ounteracted ste~~m condensation in the ey1ifM
~;,cpana~,on~ they c
clrz'o To beat the Cy:la.nd i a econd ou'ti.Tde 0asint; iu used; 'this
ez, s
stern C linder. Betvteen the two of them there rew
cover ,~ the :~nnoa, Y
. c Yi` is fi1:l.ea with r~hia stem sheathinF;
~n~;~.ns some space ~~hn.c
? l modern steam engines, . and a:ts 'unctiOfl lies :Lrn
p,~e->r~nt in a1.
. ' r aib1e the cooling of the cylinder walks
c;la;m:t.na;ta.n~, ~$ r~tuch as p0~
001: Ong and Condensation in the Uiorkw
and also in hir)dez~a.ng 'team c
in ; cylindcr4
:Picture on page 193 of text Compound Nte trn locomotive
Series N
It is well known that the steam from the boiler does not
~~ r, state but moist and satur~.tc;d with fine
emerge remerge d''? in ~ ~;~wEp11~ ~
particles particles of . wai,erw ~'~ir.~1 cooling off' the steam a,5;i.b enters
A ce
the cylinder and in the e GY' 19.ndox itself cannot be eliminated. nd
it is ti'ia.s sa'tura.tc;d steam which condefl$es quickly upon entering
the cylinder that, of course, greatly lower; the coefficient of
ef'f'iciency of the engine
If p howe'vcr, before it enters the cylinder, the . steam is
heated at a 0anstant pressur~, y equal to the pressure. oi' the satumtecl.
r stea.rn a, possessing all the properties 0f a gas is
~ ~'lr~~d , substance
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this ~u~aa~'l~e~~Gd s~ca~T~ is ~.oww
px;~ved. ~rJher1t~vcx the tempcxa~ure
d
.~ne but it does nit, ~,~,u?:Cf; how
)
exed, it siniP1Y daar(aaSec in ~ ~
an absorb heat on within srn&.i
e'er, tthe w a.:l.7,a a~ t,he GYM '1r~dcx
is ? su erheat d stc: n~ i i1 loso jts p
dam.~t~, al~hw~ a , the ,~
. that ~~hc~ tempc~x.:'Guxe Of the sll~~ex
It is nec~~ ~ $ ax y', '~her~~ar ~~, ,, ~ ~ ,h
a bevel no lower than 3oOM3~O dgree?
be lLc;pt a
?' m;Ln4~'~a.r~; condcnsa't.Qn in le cyiinders
-aupc~xllea~~~by
- s~ian aheat derived ~'x~am the burn-
the pe~'r~c~ata~e of ul,a.~.~' ' a.
of fue1m
ing
C ?ictur( an pa~G 19L. of text) Foux.cyl:i.ridex compound ~te~m
iQr,gmr)tive, pass?ngex' Yp ,
~? great .f.':lruidi'~y' pl' superheated s'~e~m
As a result of the , ~ y F~
into the Gyiindseam pxes ux'e ios~cs
nd its easier paSeage
o ~rtieles Of it in to stein pipe are sig-
C~L1.wCad her :~x~.c~~.nn p
nific~tlY reduced.
ex^~leated steri at a level pressUxe
l~axegver , the volume of sup
nur~t of saturated steam. Piston
~^~ ~`~c~' than with the a ~t~e are
is g
. xde er7,cJ.s upon the vo~.L~nle of s'~e~m entcra.n~
gpex~,t~~.ori in the cy~,7.nde p
C, ' the volume of superheated steam
px'essure~ ,~nc~ ~.ncr,
it id Upon its
t its is possible to decrease its 'prGw-~
:is increased, that means ~ha.
degree in the bnilex; this
SL'lre in the . cylinder and to a certain
again r ai.s the mgtiva' s gQel'f icient of efic3.ency.
es ~.aco
~xthedterJ. steam i$ provThg to be
Thu,, the appia.cation Of sLtip
.~ ' initial c orxdens dtion of ste;un in the
~rery pro~'9atb~.e; ~.~ e~a.na~tes
u s~Lerrrt cau~,d' not ~.ch~.eve; it rn es
ound Y
~:ndex, which even ~. comp
1
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it po sib1c to ?1owcr the prat urc 1ixni,t i,n the boa,Le withOut
1a~aex .n~ tha cocf'fLci~alt a;:~acfen,y bogy 12 'tmospher
x
>9
M heron ordinarily taxed ' id n eor;fpound en"
rf-, a,d of the 1 atmop
pines,
SuA~ rheRtti n ax' tc;cwt proved to be o convenient; and profit"
'~Oa locor~oM
abl() far iacafnati.vas that as e; r1y a~ 1909 more than 3,
a sc ~ ~nsi.
nu .n nuropc
tives equipped with st c~Sn ;~~~pc.rheater~ wcr
America. In the entire: history of x'ailxaadS, no other s1na1e in"
vent Lon has been widely incorporated .n locomotive bui1diri with
such rapidity and energy' In our country, as well as abroad, cozm"
;oiuotives which had not justif'i-ed then-3elves in oper~ tiofS
paund l.oc
tax'ted to be converted and their design ,was adapted to
r du ally , s
the appliG ation of superheating
The first compound locomotives :f'ox' passenger traffic, of
ti-te type 23'O, was built at the Kolomria plant from 1892 on under
a sc,zn.c,.~ ~ designation A~ At first the series Aappeared. Later
the,
all of them were converted and supplied with superheaters>e new
series resulted: Ao
I?t:1 is not difficult to sec that the letter designation of the
series to a certain degree tells a person devoted to.
locomotive
his job the history of the given cornotLve design
At the present ?bb e, series Ap locomotives, being obsolete
and low-power, operate on less important sectors, and are frequent
ly used for all sorts of secondary operations.
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Declassified
, ,~. ~~ ~... ~ ~ ~,~? ~ ;
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[ Picture on page 19 of text Freight locomotive, Ser^,e Ea
with suporh fated stosm
Mang the; compound sy;rtems` belong aJ.so the ex'ies ' 0 1ocomoM
tiv'es built. in 1900 in tha l ryanwk plant.
They were dist:tngui-
able not only by the, complexity off' deign, like all compound loeorrno.
tives i.n grneral, but also they surpassed the: planned weight, :t'or
which rea,sorl they were used on a limited sca:Le. In the course ofi'
the next decade they were all converted into ~r mplc locomotives with
superheated, steaxri. These are called the Cr series.
The U aeries locornotives, of the 2u3wO type with a 1i.-~cy1inder
compound engine, are very interesting
They.. received a good repuM
tation, beindis'tinguished by smooth motion at high speeds, but
their boiJ.ers did not produce enough ste trn. They were redesigned
in 1912. Superheaters were installed on U locomotives, the cyiiraders
were intensified, and the fire gate was expandedo he resulting
series was U ww that is, series U, intensiiicd? 't'hese locomotives
operated for a long tune on the hyazanr -Uralsk Railroads
Series Ch, Sh, arid Shch also had a compound engine o of
these, locomotives of the last series were the most widely used.
They were designated by the first letter of the last' name of the de-
signer, Shchukin, and are sometimes encountered on our roads eircn
now
The application of superheated steam must, be considered the
most iniportarlt improvement of the locomotive. The saving derived
from superheating steam comes to appro cLrnately 20 percent in lower-
ing steam erpnditure, and l percent for fuel expenditures,
l1
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