METEOROLOGY AND HYDROLOGY, ISSUE NO 1 (SEPTEMBER 1950)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00039R000200170026-4
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 195
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 23, 2012
• Sequence Number: 26
• Publication Date: August 20, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

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Syr~pos~.~~n off' ~.6 ~,r'~a.a~.as?
Mn~eorolo~iy'a 3. Gidrolo~iya,
N o 1 ` (Sept 195~~ ), pp 1~8~,,
Lona.n~rad~ ~.9~~~:
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
M1~TN ~11~MTNT~`1'1~T~UN Q~' ~'~~ NXDI~~ {,~~Oi~gZaGTO~~ S~I~VTC~
A'~~~~,Af~~i~~ 'i'0 `~'i-~ CUiJNCT~ n~ MTNTa'~'~~~ IJS~~~
ME'~ry~~0~0LOCrY
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N, ,~,~ H~;1,i.nahJ.y~
~? T? Cxs,3~vo~~onsk~,y~
Zh ?~. 2ubyaris
G, ~'? Ka~.in~.na
G~ T. Marskoya
S ~ ~u ~ ~3~~~~.nk~v
V? N? YeT'remyche~~
yu, V? xs~~osh~.ny
M? S ? l~u~~.1ca
Kh~ ~'? Po~osyana
Lc~.,~o~~~ aT'~'~.cos; Mosco~ry ~,01~. ~u~, Gax'ko~;oa do ~.~~
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~~1~ o~ ~l~ JoV~~~ ~'lv>~~~~~o~o~oo~ ~>~~ ~~~c~~c~~oo~~~
~~.~
~fe~oc~rq~p~y and H rdxo~c~ r ~,s d~~i~n~~d fox a laxoad e~,xel~ of
x~ac~ex~ ~~ fox ~c~.en~~i~'~,c wo:~kArs ea1~~.no~~s a~2d ~achr~.~ians work
~,n~ ir, ~h~ f~?:l.tl~ of m?~soxo~o, hydxa~Lo~~y and a~,xome~?oxA~,o~y!
aid also fix ~pec~~~,~,~~s who arc woxlc:l.~~~ a~~ prob~.emo ~,mpass~b~,e
~0 5a~.ve suce~ssful~.y wi~hou~; a ~uf'f a.c~~n~L~.~r pro:Cound krlowl~d~~
o:~ ind~.v~.dua1 po~.n~s in the r~a1.m of ~he~o sca.ances, ao 1ax~e aa~,d
da.verse a ci.rc~,e o:~' r~tadex~ ~.mposas upon Ville ;j ourna~, ~ s od~l.~~oxia~,
a~aff a ~.si~~inc~ cab~.i~a~~~,on ~.n so~,ecl~a.or~ of ma~;cra.a~.s for pub~,:3.w
ca?~:i.on, bo?~h in re~.a~~ion ?~o sub~ec~ ma~?l.er and ~.n i^elat:~on ~~o ~h~
form off' ~xpnsi~l,onQ
Me?~eoral,o~,,~~ arac~ `H,yclrolo~y w~.~.l ac,ee ~t ar~;~.c].e
~,~..._ w...._...,~...........~.,. p ~ which may
~.n~l;er~~~~ a ,conslderab~,e ..number of readers. ~t wi1.1. ,be regtu?red
of the s,utl~or5 of bhese a~?1;a.a].e~, beyond ~t;he requ7:x~~men?t;s r~~
~,~.~L' .n~ ?~a the ~ubje~?E and cnnten~lr of ?r~h~~.x works ~o preseh~t ~~he~.x
~raberia'1 c~.eara.y and u.nde~~s~and.a'bl.y for ?~he ma~ora.~;y of reader,~y
bu?L s?~rict~.y enough so as no~i~ ?t~o ad~n~.?~ excessive popu].s.ri~a?~~.an
and sa.mp~.~.fica~:tonr Scien~~if'io works which have 'been accarnpl.~.sl~ed
~hr~au~h ?~he use of campf,ex and spec~.fic procedures sh?u~,d be
wri~?~en up a.n the ~'oa~m of a `descr~.p~t3.on of bhe sta,temen~~ of ?~he
rese~~ch pr~b~.em and the basic resu.~~s~ wi~t;h a suf'f~,c,i~n~~~y deg
~~aa~.~.ed ~xp~.ana?~ior~ of ?~heir physical, s9.~,nif ica,nce said of ms?~hods
foxy prac?~ica~. app~.ica?rion o~ bhese results,
~y se~,ec?~r~.~ end pu~~~i,~hin~ a;r?~?ic~~s on'scien~,if~,c~ ?~e:chna.w
cad, and or~~~niz~~~iana~. ques?~3.ons, I~~~;~nrn~.n~y and Hy~~y shau~.d
cont~ribu~c ~? ~;he f~~~.fi~.~.men~ of ~~he fo~.~.ow~.n~; aims;
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~,,. ~'1~? moU~~~,~~~~,~~. o~ ~}~o epwwpr~er~ ~,ra tk~a ~?Iydro~
metec~~v~o~~~.a~l ~a~~,~a and a~' ~,~a. ~Aa~~vn5 wc~x~~,n~ ~~ ~hq ~~,Q~d~ of
~zgt~avx~o~.v~Ya hydx~a~o~y ~n~~ e,~rvm~tec~x?~c~y ~'ox ~h? Q~c~GUt~,c~n o~
~a~~y ~.~~ ~vve~~~e~~ ~e~a~.u~~on~s p~~:r~c~.p~~.7.y ~.r~ departments wh~.eh
s,x~~~ cl~,~~ect~y ro~,~ted to ~hc~ d,bavawmr~r>.~i~ned ~ie~ds a~' sc~.erxec~,
2 f the ,~~~^u~~~,e ~'vr ~1~~~~~~.Si~M~ena.ra~st methvda~v~y ~~ tha
so:~u~;.ion a~ probe:?ms o~ me?~earo~.o~y, hydro~a~;y ~ncl a~z~op~etevrvl.o~y,
~~ ~'he stz~u~~~.e a~~,~i.n,5t adu~~lt~.bn off' fore,i~n sciQn~~~.51;s,
against easrnopo~.itism, ~~he stru~~~.e ~'ar the pra.or~,ty of ~~uss~.ara and
~aviei; sc.~.ence
~~ ~~he intezychan~c af'' expe~~s.en.ce ara sett~.n~ u~~ an,d sa~.vir~~
' scienti~'ic ~~ra'~~~ems conr~ee~Led with the hydromctearo~.a~;~.ca7. dada
service 'to the natia~~~J. economy,
t~~a.ss.r~~ the qua~.i~'icctitivrl,s cf' spcci~.].ists wo~~~cin~' an'
the ~~ri~ahery s.nc~ .yn'the centr~a~. insl~i~t~ui~~.nns of'' ~~he ~~I,ydro~
metearala~ic~~,1. Service, s.ric~ a.J.sc in a~trier departments which uti 1.i7e
hyclr,~ametearo~.o~ica~. da~La in thea.r~ work,
6. Spot~,i~hting thc~ ~ e,c~r~ivi~~y af' 'the best hyd~yometeara].o~;~.ce.~,
s~~ations, hydrom~?teoz~alag~.'ca~. bureaus, obs~rvataries, pta~y sa ~.s to
buare,n.tcethat the ad~arlc~d peapl,e in the ~'~.cld wi~.l be da.sp~.e.yEd
to the end that the?.i.r .wank experience may be dif~'used thrau~haut the.
entire network n~ hyclrometcara~,a~;i.c~~i statians~
The ~'ir~st ~~^a~b7.am. ~.s salvad th~~au~h ~~h~ pub~.~.ca~~~:or~ off' ax~~?~
t9.cles indicating whys ..and ~~eans ~'or execution a:~ Party anal. GavernM
rnent decrees ~'ar speci~,:~ists e~' various gu~~.i~'ica~iar~.s in the: ~'~.~~.ds
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a~' ma~~Qr~ca~,a~~~ ~~'r~~^c~~,a ~~d ~~~^am~~aa~a~,a~ye '~'ha ~o;lu~~~,o~ off' ~ha.
~~,rs~~ rab~,cm w~,~,:~ a~,~a ba ~'ur~l~~~r~ad by ~~a pula~~.oa~t~,c~~ a~" ~rfi~~1~1A
c~.~~.r~ cona~~t~ ~~~mp~.~~ of ~hq s,ct~~l car~~,n au~~ p,~' maaNure
or~~,~ir~~~~,~~ ~:~ ~ar~y and Govex~nment?`daaraQS,
'1'ha s~cc~nd px~oblerr~ ~,~ so1~v~d throu~;l~ pub~~,ca~t~~or~ a,~ articles,
~'ar tha mast part o~ a cr~.ta.GS;~ chars.c'~cx, r~ve~l~~r~~ mathadal.a~a.ca~,
errors ~.n pulal.~.shed art~.c~.es s,n,c~ books ~ ~'or _=the sa,lu~~~,an off' th:~s
same prab~em Mew o, ~.o ,mod I~ly~ ~~~~aposES ?~o ar~~,r~ :re a seri.c~
of d~.scu;sinns on questions related `~a v~,r~.ous ~'2e].c1s a~' the 1?,ydro-
rfle~eUrC~la~;iCcil SCJ.eI1.Ceu~
~'11e third problem is solvecl through pub].a.c~ation of art~.cl.es
reeat;ablisha.rl~ the: hi.s~toz~~.cal ~~ru~~11 concerning; ns,tive cliscovera.es
arld a.nv~ntions and thl~s proving; our priority a,n science ~ Wh~.le ex
posing; :~'alsif'ier~ti.on a.ri the his~l,ory af' ~cienCe on the bass of
~zc~;u.al material, i~he ~r~t~.cl.es shot~l.rl a~ the wame' ~~ime reves.1. 'Ghe
los ai' pri,ar~.~~y wYaich is 'conriect~c~ with cosm.opolitism or w~.th the'
bowing; dawn a~' cer~l~ain ~c3.enti;ats be~'are farei~n scientiwts.
~'he ~'ou.rth problem is solved through publica~~ian off' arta.cles
con~~ainin~ new result, nc~~ wor1L rr~ethods in one or another i'Z,elc~ off'
hydrame~tear~olo~ic~~. science acid mare e~:'~icient ;f.'orms of aerv~.ce to
~;he ' na~iora,s.l- ecanvml. Subsec~u~nt discussion of ~Lhe~ ~ artic:L~s' in
prim will hElp the reader to unders~~anrl the~.r cariterLt and sr~ecif'it-
sc~.onti~'ic importance mare deep~.y ~.nd a~; the ~ ame time broaden. 't;he
practica:L possibi~.ita.os for. u,~tili~atiar~ oi' .the reault~s a~' this ar
~Lhat autha ~~ ! w work ~'
r~'he ~'a.~'th prob~.errl is solved through ~ubl~.cs,~Gian of articles
descr~.bing, the work o~ the beo1~ hydramet~aro~o~~~cal stations ar~d
1K4 I ~ ~ .
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~,asa,~,~.:",., .~ , ~ , , , ? r' `" ` "~,.~~' ti.. r~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~;! Declassified in art -_ PY p __ _ _ __ __
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bur~vs:us, ~~c~svn~~~,n~ ~h~~ w?r~c ~ha~QU~h eanvr~Atd ~~~n ~.es '~
~ ~ h~,~ ~~,mv
opal w~,.1,~, ba ~~u~suv~ by 'c~v~~r~~1:~~~o,n~ ~~' ~ Qv~~'~,c . rrl
~ ~ ~a~avvm~nts ~n one
o~ ~r~o~k~v~' s,r~sa ot` thc~ wc~rlr ~~' tl~v ~lyc~~or~v'~sa~olp ca
i ~. Svrv~,ev and....
~a~r ar~t~.c~l~nt of ~hv lnacl?~u.~cly~ off' ~,~~ waxlc~
as a whol,c~ anc~ _ ~~` ~;hs
woxk off' its ;~,n.e3~va,du~~:l, s~c~~.ans, a~,r~cv tl~v so~,u.
~~.on of ?Lh~,s prob~
~,~n~ ~.~ ~'~h~r~kslb~,v wi~hou~ ~hv c~~,~vc~ art~.c
~ ~,~a~~,an b~' m scan"a,c~v~~~?
al~l.v numl~~r off' tha ca?wor~ars off' l~ cl~~ametco r ; . .
Y xolo~~~.Ga~. stat~,ans,
bur~F,~~ug, vIG~, a.n the ~aurnal~s worlr ~.~ ,
~ ~.s ex?~zer~~ly des~,ra~aly
?~lla?~ al.l, r~marl,:~ ~n the a.nc~a.cated uesta,ons ~ ~,
~ ~r~d o l~her~- wh~.ch con
cern tl~P :ta?r~~~rovernent off' ~thc worlt off' the T"lydt~ame~;earal.o ~~~.cal ~ '
~ erva.ce
as s. wha:~F and af.' a. ~s .~,rlcl.~.va.dual sec?~~.ans be c~a.rec~~ed
by workers on
the ~eripheryM to ~~he ,journal. ~ s editor:is,l acldress~ .For ~ ~ ~,
thy, c].ase,~t
pass;i.bl.e rela~~ianshi~, be?~ween ?Lhe ca-workers. of ~;he lI cl.~?ams
Y tear~-
ol~ga.ca;l. Service aricl the ~auxnal,~;~ editor,, r ,
~.~1 sts,fif ~.t ~.s also de~
sa.rabl.~ ?~hsx?~ :l.oco~. adruinsl~rl,~.~.ans a~' ~~h~ "
GMT [klydrometea~ol.o~.cal `.
`service a should conduc?h,, ?~r~~^au~rk~ a.ns . ~ ~ ~ ~'
~ ~ c?tars, ap.l~~ ol~r~.ate .e}~~lar~a?~ox'y
worlr at the ti ?~a1;i.ons ~ ~~he el~ie~'s o:~ ne~~worlr r r
SeC~~~.On,~ and 0~' seCM
bans a~' 'the ~'or~castin~ service u,nder~ts. ,
~ nc1~.n~ ~,he ~.mporta.nce a:~
this msttwa~y should ~a,~re 'the es aen?tial a.nstx~ucta.ons are
d assi~nm~:~nt~s
to tl~ie ins~ec?~ars~
From ~~ll. that has been said, 9.t should be clear that
N1ctEaz~aJ.a . a.nd I~l droa.a ~, r ;.,
.-.~..~,..,.~,..~`,.,~.,,,,~...,,~,y has sa ~ ~.?t~e~.f comp:l.e?~e:l.~? de~Cini.te
prab~
l~Wms whicki differ essc~ntial.l.y 'ram than
solvecl b~~ ~~he cal~l.ectio,ns
of works of scienae~rese~,rch inst~.?~u?~~.on~
ar by the I~yd,r"ome teo r M
ol.a~ical. Serv~.ce's .~.nformat~,anal, col~,ect?,
.~.ons
Declassified
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~(?~~r~'UI~` G~R~UT~~~4~I . ~N ~'N~ ~'~N~~~~i~
I~ ~ T ~ Iia~h~,n ~r~d
Kl~ ~, PA~o~y~~n
~,'l~ap n~a~,s~~urQ c~x~culal~~ar~ :~,n the a~mcs~hex~ ~a~,ays are ossA~~
l~s foi^nlatlon and d~,~s~~~~.but~,on off' pre~~.~a~,~~~;~,oz~ ar~d
~lal role In ~
n the ~'oxrna~~.on off' ca.~.ma~~~ ar~c~ the dls~,~a.but~,on a~
consec~u~nt7.y ~
n ~~ resent no a"u~'~'ic:~cr~~~ly camel?`~e and F~CC~1z~ate dew
ve~etat~.o ~ ~
on ex~.a~l~a o~~ the ~yroce~s o,~' mo~,s~~ure ca.rc~a~.st~,on and ~h~
,~ cr~.p~l
~' ~ ~~s consta.tuent ~aarts, ~l con;aa.dcra~~.e ~~~,mbex a~' research
~ o.~e o ~.
works have been devo~Led to se~as.r~~.te cam~aon~;nts a~' the maa.stura
balance. '~'o tha.s number bela.n~,~ ;Ea.z~st of a17., wants devoted to
:Elowof~" to ~~>.~ c~.s~l;ra.bu~ta.an of ~arcc~.~a~.ta'~a.ar~ and, ~'ra~mentur~.ly,
to evapar~~'~a,on, ~'o questions a~' moa.sture c~.rculat~.on over srnal~.
areas anc~ aver l~,x~;e areas on the order. off' carltinen~~~ on~.y i,so-
ated works `have been devoted, e.rad theee are mar. red. ~ inaccu.a~ate
1
metr~ads 'o:f' calculat~.on wh~.ch ~.es.d to ~;ncarrcct oanclus~.ons
An~an~'such works :i.s that o~ ~'r~o~'essor V, V. rl'sinLerl~.ng,
the results of wh~.ch were ~ubla~s~aed in brief' Farm a.n lq~~ rya
W~~ shall dwel]. beJ.aw upon tha..s authaz~~ s ba,ra.c canclus~.ons and the
resear. ch methcacls tae employ~;d~
It .should be' men'~ioned that ~.n 194~r Gh. D~ ~ubyan ar~d Kh.
~'~ ~'a~;os~ran per~'armcd ca~.cu~.at~.ons off' maz.sture circulc~,tan using
metrlads ~rh.ich ire ~rery close:: to ~r~hase wha:ch we accept
Howev~e~~
those s,uthai^s so~.ved the problem set be~'or~a ~~h~m wi;th a~p:Lioa~Li.an
to a, sma~.~. basin ,~itu.atecl in complex topo~razit~.cal cond~.t7.ons~
In the present a.rticlo we propose ~ inrres~~i~dte .the role
o~ evapar~'~ion From a continent, over small and lame areas, ln.
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~h~ mo~~t~a~~ c~rc~~l~~~~?n o~ ~ha ~~mA~~h,~~~r
~h~~ ~hc d~~~~d~lbu~~.an off' p~~c=1~~.~~~~on Qvcx
s dc~~Ab~,e c~e~rc~ da~~~m~,r~o~l ~~ 1~hc mo;~~~u~?
can`~~,non~,~ ~,~ ~-o s~ ce~n ~,
~h~ ocaar~~ ~ ~~ ~.na,~,yz~,n~ ~h? ca~~~c o~
wh~,ch ~.~ earx~~,Qd vvex fzarr!
on Qf ~ r?~~.p~:~ta~~.a~ over s.n~r con~~,n?nt ~,~
~h~~ ar. ~Y1a~ c~,~~~xibu`~~. A
, ~9sa ` `Ga c1~~Gexm~r~G `GYtie c~h~,~^ac`~~r off' ~h~ ~ar~~
.i.s fig s~ of a~11, nec
? avoa.~ the con~t;~non`~ and `~h~ oc~~r?!s which acl;}oa.~
vs,~.l.~n~ Gl.xcllla~t~.on
reci ~.~ta~t~.an on. a con~ta.nen`t u~ua~.a.y cJccxe~~~as
~ ~tl~~ ~ xeva~.l,in~ a~;ln~~pheri,c ~,r~nsf~x~ a~.nco
~.n Lhe d.~.~acr-a.on a A
mas haa~~.c 'transfer' is weg`t-ea.lt~~ ~~he annual
the fundar~
~~~r~7 ~ ar'a ii~o; svi~lYt~i~~E~C u~~~'?y~,i~~~~iY ~"~
gR r{ i 4d;i ~~r~o~ti~iri~~i~~ i ~ r
r~~~ I ~i i~~ 't~? r ~ f.m~a~~C~~6 ~l~~~K~~1ti~
fi Y ~Y n 6 ~ ,I J?IY f, i ~ h ~+~ ~ d~ 1! I r" w ~ ~_ _.. _ _ _ _.
ec assi ie in art - ani ize o rove or a ease
~~ e i tG ~~~ E~ r,,.. _ __ PY pp _ _ _ 98000200170026-4
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C~Qt~~~ ~ihC CO~~~~~+~Ol~a ~~C~ man~aar~ ~C~~`Y~r'~~' ~~ ~~~ t~'~naf'~~' Q,~ ~~~'
f~~Qm the ~n~~~~ Qc~AS~s to ~ha m~~n~,~~~1~ '~hR e~~'GU~a~~a~r wr~~.al~ `~~
?v~ked bar tl~e ~r'~~ehc? a~ ~~~~ ~ou~LharM 1~~~~~~a 9umme~ do~r~~e~?n
er~cc,rn~,asea~ ~ha re~~on~ ~,~~n~ s?u~h~ off' 'the pr~,m~x~r mou-n~a~n ch~~.n
a~ South Aa~~~ ~'ar ~h;1.~ reas~an ~~,ha ~r~r~s,~'er o~ mo~.etur~ frc~,m the
Tnc~~,~,r~ ocean does not d~rec~~,~ a~'f ~a~; ~~~e mo~.~~u~'e a~,rc~~~,a~~.An over
~~h? US~~~~ A~ for the narrow Banc at tk~e extreme ea.s~~ of Aaa.a where
there is a ~.a,r~ae ~maun~~ of ~araca.pa.tati.on~ ~,`L' ;~s z.nc~e~ated ~a the
cycl.anic circu~,r~l;a.on wha.oh f'requ~rit:L~r xec~iz~s there -end ~~hanlcs to
w~~~.cl?r a ~~rans~'e~' of rnaa.sturc From the nea.~hhorin~ seas is ~ro~
duce d,
An aecur~a,~~e solut;lon of ~;he ~rablem of a~Grr~ospher ie moisture
circ;tilatian may: bra obtained frorrG ana~,y~is o.~' the role of ~~h~ rnost
impor~~ant f~3,ctors ~.~ the consta.tuent ~ar~l;s a~' .the bal.ance~ r~'hese
factors areas (a) the tranafer of moa.ature in 'the a~;mosphere,
(~,) precipitations, (c) ~'lawo~'i' Nand '(d) 'eva;~oration~ The role
of. ~~he enumerated factors wi].1 na~u~^a1.~.y diS'fer dEPend~.i~~; upon the
d~,mc~nsions of the area aver which the mois~,ure ba~.ance is beira~;
de~;ez~nlined~
~.'he Quanta.t of .Moisture r~',rs.nsferred in the Atmos~ahere,
I,,..I...MNwO~..MVMMN ..I
For determa.natiorl a~' ~the'c~uar~t~:ty of moisture transferred by
aix' masses one. carino~t ~.imit one s ~ co,~,cu~.~tions a~' moisture content
so~.el.y to the ~.a,yer of air dt 'the dearth t s sur.~Ca,c~, ~t ~.s l~nown that
a cloud invo~.ved in the ~'a~,~, off' ~~r~c~.~~ation is Located an the
average at an al~ti~tude o.f up to Four or five kilom~;~ers ~ ~~ is
also ~Zno~rri, that w~.~h high relativehumidity at the ear.~;h's surt'ace
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~/r i
`
~r
~ h S tl~~! ~
tr ~ 4` J ~
`'
'
"'
'
~
~~J i
a.. Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 : CIA-RDP82 000398000200170026-4
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
canv~c~~~ro ~x~e~l~~,t~t~~n ~oQ~ nat ~'~~~ ~,~' the ~~~~t~,v~ hun~~c~~~y ~~
bo~Aw ~gp~.~ ~arocr~~, u~ to ~~ ~~,tltu.dQ off' dour tQ f~,v~ k~,l,ometers~
~~'h~; .sang A~~~,a,es ~o ~h~ ~'a~l, off' mQ~~e Q~^ ~,~ss con~~,d~rs.i~~? frcan`~a~.
prcc~~~t~`~~.o~~ ~ ~~ ~-~ ' cl~a~~ that the f p~~mati?n ~~d ~'~;~ap ?f ~~ec~.~:l~
tat~,on :1.s~,nf~u~~lGed by the mo~,~ture content of `~11? whca~.e caa.~unr-
of a~,r i~o apt al~ti`~udc a~ a~ ~~~~`~ f our to f:~~~e k~.1.omG~~ex~~ ~ Qna
mar
suppose `~h~.t the glas,~~t~,~y. of mp~.s`~ura contc~;~ned ~,n `~h,e ~~,x~
above f ivy k~il,oi~~eters a.s extreme:l,y en~~~l.l~ -a.n 'comparison wa.~h `the
c~uan~~~.~cy cantan,e:d in tc~e f~,rst f~.ve k,l,omEters, ~'~1`~,s suppo~:i.tion
~.s found to be a.n a~x~eement wa.`th the da?~a of aerolo~acal, observa?
`~~ians~ Thoreforo, ~,n calcul~~.tians of `the c~u.arl~tity of mois?~u~^~
~~-ransferrecl ~a;y the a~.z~ o~rrer ~~ny territory` a.t a,s necessary to taace
into account ~Li~e whole c~uan~~~.`~y of mast~ure wl7a.ch is coni~~~,n~cl ~.n
the cal.umn of aiz~ from ~~he: ear`th ~ s surf ace up to an altitude of
'five kilometers
An accura`l,e d.eternl.n~~.tiari of the quariti~~y of moisture
`transferred by the air for a ~;iver~ t1.me .i.n,terval, mar be dera.ved
in accordance with daily data of aerol.ogx.cal observatians of the
wind velocity and moisture content off' the air over the ~;7.ven re~ion~
The overall quantity of moisture transferred in the five~k~.larneter
l.ayc~r, shaulrZ ;be calculated as tho sum of the m~~,s~ure .try-nsfez~red
by [cons~t.~tuent] layers. With. the aid of such a cal.cule,~~ion ~~he
dis~~x~ibut~.on Frith r~espeat to altitude of both....winc~ ve~,ocity and
humidity is taken into account, `thus mak,in~; a.t possible to de~
~termine the nvEra].~ quantity of transferred mais`~ure with. the ut~
mast `accuracy,
~'or clarification of the ~enera~. ~ictux~e of mois?~ure cir
culd~~ion a, simplified method of calculatian may be cmploy~d, ~'h~.s
,~ ,..
s w i ", ~? ~;~ ~~ ~,
1
wr~~r~~~'~~ " ~" ~ ? ~.; ? .~, ~,-, Declassified in~Part- Sanitized ~~~
" ~ ~' Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 .CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
.~~'~I,~. ~~i~.~ f Y ~~ ~~~r opt ~~ P d~sn _... _ .... _. .._..
,f ~., ~r. _ai. .. ..y
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
~' th? d?ta~m~,~a~~or~ off' the ~ot~~ q~~~t~ty of ma~~tu~a ~n
ovn~~~1~~ a
M r~a~~x co,.umr~ off' ?~,~r~ Tha e~~.eu~.at~lar~ ~,~ ma~~?
tho cr~t~,r~ f~vp ~c~~.o
us~n s ~eci~~,c hu~,d,~t~'v ~n adc~~t~;vn the
evnvpn~,ent~y pex~c~rmod ~ 1
w~,th r:es pct ~~~ ~,lt~,tude) ve~,oc~a.ty off' tie px~v~~1'1~~ txans~?
~vexa~e ~ p
ch ~'px xact~;c~.J~ purpases ~,~ rep~,accd by the.
f vx ~,s ca~.cu~.a~ed, whi p
~~ th? 70?'m~.:~~~bs,r ~ux~aca., cox~a~~sponda,n~ tQ
veloc~,~y o~ ~x~n~~'er
. ~oxa.m~~te~.y thx'ee k~.lom~texs ~ '1,'~1u~ ~~lle pxoduct
an e,~.t~.tu~da off' ap~a~
' ~ ~ v :Lvca.~ ~ anr~ the tv~,a~. r~o~.s~~ure convent :Ln ~~he a~,x~
o~ -~,hc wi~Ld a ;Y
' e ,~ha uanti.ty' off' mo~:s~~a~?e ~tr~~na~'crxed `~,n una.'~ t:i.mF,~
co.l.uinri wa.~.~. ~a.v q
For tYi~ rnoi~tuxe baa,ance '1;he: quanb:L~y of ~'a1.:Lin~ prec~.pita~tion
~~], talcen not, From. the data of sepa~~ate s~ta~tians ~u~
aws.;more car~ver~a.en y
. , ,.~ n charts composed i'or the time segments in wh~.ch
f xom pxec~.p~. Lati,o
,One 1S inter'euted,
~'~'~.OWa~~~.
~~; is mop t expedient to take the magnitude o:~' f1oWO~'~'
summarily' by' rivei^ basins,
~?va,porata.on.
'11he ~rea~Les~L` di~'ficult~' is presented; by the dstermin~t~.on of
'~.tion earn onen.ts a~' the ~ra~~er ba~.ence', '1~17ey mad be de?
..the evapor p
' ' n~ the a. roximate date, wh9.ah ire obta~.ned .from direct
,~~erm~.ned use. ~, _ ply
ations~ At tho present rnomen.t, however, the methods o:~ thewe
obsexv
y a,.ro ex~Lremel incomplete and in canser~uence the results
obser'va dons ~
this basis are very ircansistent; in the sarr~e re~~:ons
obta~:ned on
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
off' eva o~~1~a,on ~becx~~~~.n~; bA ~111~ d~~~ cf ~o~Q ~u~~o~~~
~~ e ~aa~~~, tud p
r ~~~o m~ n~.~uda Qb~~~ncd by A~~a~ au~1~A~~
~,~ A~~~n doub~o
1y~e/~~.ry ~7 ?+I e1`~, ,SI ylyl ~`b~~ ox Ad.~~n~ ~c~ cic~~~n1~,n? ~Y~o m~~n:i,~u~v
'~"Y~aAs ~. ~RN Ilhy'.: MI tl Ttt~ '1r
~ed~n .from one wats~' b~~~~r~cQ of ~ basa,r~~
Af ~va~axsta.an by pxoc ~
,~T f the cvm ~an~n~s o,~ th~,a baa.a~ncc~ may be deM
inasmuch as the r~~~~ c
. ~ b maze ?~ccu.xs.te~.~~ one ~~y cao~e~rn~ne ~~,~
tex~ma.nec~ con~a.ciers, ~y
:~ ors b ?I~h.a.s me~r~~lod on7,y ~.n the case w~erl ~hn
ms,r~a.tu,c~o o~ ~ti spot s ~~. y
.~ ra~ta.ozl, occ~apa.?s ~ ~.ax~e tex~r~:ltory and .:the ~;~~,~?
basin u,ndex c.onsa.da -
tecl usa.ri ~ data ob~tainEa over many Year's ~ ~t
cu.~at~.ons axe conduc ~
is known a.n face tha'I, the watez~ ~wh,a.c~i soaks .n'~o the sca.l., pax~
ta.c1 ata.n~ :Gn the water balance, enters a:~tex a ccx~~a~i.n tirl~e a.n-
p
terva1.:~n the foam of the subtex~xanear~ f1.aw a.n ra.vexs; .ri con-
sa:cl~ra.rt, a ;Large b~.s:i.n we have the xa.~h'L to su~apcse that almo~~'~
~'
' ch 5o~,ks ir~~Lo the soar, en~;ex~s by w~~y a~' ~~he sub
a].~. he watc,x why,
irita ~Lhe ra.ver~ off' the same basin ~'or a small.
terrs.nean flow
basa.n rneanwhil.e, ~tha.s su~apasa.tion wa1a. not a~.ways be su~'ficiently
a
wel'1: f ouncaed, sa.nce p~.r~ oi' '~hzs ~wa~~r may:; run ;k~,y way of 'the subw
anes,n rhanne:~s out a.C the bounc~ara.es of the basa.n 'be:in~ conM
text ,
siderecl, It sho~a,l~ a:Lso be zLOter~ th~~.t considerab~.e timC is rew
ua.recl :l"or tale com~~~.cta.an off' ~~~e x'un o:~' inJ'i.ltratecl wa~~er through
q
~t;,he subterranean chani~e~.s, which in iso~.ated cases may amoun~~ to
many months,
ROI~~~ ~1~' E~'A~OI~r~'~ON IN 1~Ul~:CDII~'lCA'1'xON OT' ~1'I~E A~MOSI'~t~~
,l I~~
x~ hs.s a~.ready been Mated above that s.s ~, cansequence o
the :fa:LJ. of preca.~i~L~.tians moisture tx~ansferxed from oceans
,,
?4~,~~~;~ ~.,~~~,,w , ~ ~ n ~;;~ ~ ~~~,~' , , {" ;~ ~ ,, Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04123 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
~r~dua~.~~ ~~~r~~~~~ l..r~ ~~epc~~~~,on to ~~~ ~~v~ne~ i~~A ~~~ d~~th off'
~ha con~~,n~n~L~ , ~~ ~~.~, 1;he ~~1.~~n pr~~~,p~.t~t:~oh waxQ to ~?~va th~vu~h
~~~a ;~'~aw into ~Y~4 ~QS.s end oa?~~s' tha c~r~,~~~ ca:~ t~~ ~atx~ wou;L~ p~o~
card ~x~ramQ~.y r~p~,~1y ar~d the ~~~or,~e ra.~~~,c~~,y ~,IZ~ r~c~r~ the ~,r~risf ~xx~ed
a.i,r masses wou~.d take pert ~.n the cyc~.ar~~.c c~.xcu~a~~,~,on. As ~ ra~
suit of ~lZ~s end w~.th the great e~pan~~s ~o~' the con~~~:nent~, the~~
eaNtern rega.ons woul.c~ as a rule turn out to b~ dry; that is, a~.M
1
mo:>~ no prec~,pi'~a?F~ion wou~.d ~al~, `there, Tn ac~~~a~itY ~ha,s '~.s not
observed. sa.nce a eansiderabl.e pert o,f' the prec;I.p~.t~~~dn ~'a~.:l.a,ng can
a eon~L?~.nen~~ is once rnore returned to the a.trr~osphere as a eanseM
c~uence off' evapor~s.ta.on, rl'he c;vaparating pr~ecipita~I~ion :~s tre.z~sf'erred
gx~cater r~i.s~t~ncEs a.n the ~~resence of at~t:i.cyc~.anic ~~,y~c~ wec.ther~
P~oreover the ~~ng~h of the path off' ~,rans~'er off' raoa,stux~e from thG
p~.ace `off' evaporation ~.s a~'fected'by t~~e process of warliX.ng o:I' the
air (wi~hdraw~.l. From sa~I;u~~a~~7.on) which occurs witl'z greatest inM
tensa~ty in south~;rn ~.at~.tucl~s,
~t is se~.~'-~ev~a.~l,cnt ~~ha~t the c~.r~ect ro~.e of eva.par~ation .n
forcrtation off' the preea.pitatian which ~'a~.1s on this same area wi~.~.
dif'f'er in re~.ation to the dimensions o:E the territory. From sma~.~.
territories almost af.1. the evaporat9,rig moisture wif.~, be carried off'
by air cur~ren~t;s ~,nd. will add a.lmos~ nathir~g '~o ~;he hum~.dif'ic~~,ion
of the air and the .i.ncres.se`of precipit~tian-in ~Lhis same ,region,
I+Irr~ ~, rlix~ect inl'l~~.ence' on ~;he f~.l:l. of proc:i.pita~~~o1 is exerted
by~ evapoa~ation fro:tn t~rritor~.es d~.sposed in a d~.rect~,on con~~rary
~o the :fiul~damenta]. tr~.nsfer a~' af.r masse
~raceed~.:l7.g f'rr~m the stated conrfitions~ ' le~~ us pr~sen~~ arr
example of c~,lculc.tion of the com~onen~~s of 'the moisture t~aJ~ance
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
and ~a~ u~ d~~c~^~~~c~ ~I~~ ~c~~ c~' ~vc,po~r~~~;~~~ ~~ ~Lh~ ~~~~:~~.~~~n~~~~y
k~um~,d~.~'~.aat~.an a~' the ~~;~~
0l~~CtT~~'~'~ON 0~~ `lii1~ COM~~O1V~Nr1'~ O;h~ '~;'1~~ W~`l'}aN ~~Ia~~~~~
,.
A~ an a~ara~7.~ ~'qr ca:lcu~,at~.on wQ ah~~,J, ~-r~ke the Ol~~ b~~~~;~n-
'L'h~ ~~~;~ata.v~~ off' ~-h~,~ ba~~.r~ ~.~ ~xp~,a~,nec~ by ~;1~~ ;~'~ct that ~,~ i~
'1,ocated :i.n ,the:. eent~~aJ. l.aw:l.ancl ~cct~,or~ off' ~~he USS1Z~ e Luro~'ea~l
`~err~.~ory and h~,~ k~eexl ~u~~fi.~;~,en~J~y iJ.:~um~.na~t;er~ by d~;~~ a~ me~G~or~
al.o~;ica~ anc~ hydxoJ.o~;iaal, ob5exvar~a.ona, '1'hc a., 000 a(~1~1~1''e ki,J.ame ~frr~, the 1?,~~in b~;in~ eJ.an~ated ~.n ~ J?at~.~
tud~.na1. direct:i.on a.nd being; .~ppro~:ir~i~,tely characteri~~Eel by the
~'~1.7.owa.xl~;` d~,raens~.ans; 1~~00 lcilorne~t~:r~ ~:l,on~ the mex:i:dia~n and
`C~00 ic~iJ.ome~~ers aJ.on~ ~i~he pax~aJ.J.ei
`1'he avera~c annu~.1, quanti~ry off' prec~.p~tat~:nn in ~Lhe Oka
basin amoL.nts to appra~{~J.ma~~~ly X50 m:i.J.:Limete~^a, 1a~~ic~i ~.~ equal
to 13Li.~ 2 cubic l~ilome~er~s~
'1'he ~'J.ow of the Oka at the l~ovinka ali~;nrne,nt s,mounts an
the s,vers.~e '~a 3~,? cubic leilamete~^~ peg year,
'T'hus 'the ev~:~~~axcLtion 'ram the whoJ.e ..basin clurin~ a year
is equal. to J.OJ. cubic' k~.:loraeters. ;
Lei us a.nvest~~atewhat ~~a:r~t~;on o:C i;l~e tat~,J. quc,nti~tJ off'
1
E mais~ture tran~~'cr~sd ~y tY~c ~~~ir ~:n the caurs~ of a year over th~.s
~ ~~er, ~rito~r is attributabJ,e to evapo~~a~~~.o~.
~re~~;n~Led in ~'s.bJ.~ ~. are.:' aJ.:L ~~he ~.nitiaJ. `d.ats,` used i,n caJ,w
cu~,at~.ans r~~ ~~he ma .sturp ~~r~ns~'erx~ed by tht/ a~.r aver the Oiea basin
'by season e.z~d ~'or the dear C~a a
i
I '. ri'
a ~`r 4~fiiP' Fri 4r~~ n h~ a .h a i ~ ~ i lyvr~~ ~~! ~'y~~:
,,, , ' Copy Aproved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026 4 ,~~ ~ '` ~
I -
4'i,r?~~7.e, Y
omei~ers} arnaun'~s ~0 Less than
whpl.e 0~:~ basa.n (~Z~~, OQO Uq,ua~, e ~ca.1.
~y '~~hc a~x over.
,~l,ur~e wha,ch 7.S ~iT'~rla~ex r. c,d ,.
ea,~h'~ ~ercen't off' ~kr~: mop.
~~~~75 ~~erxa.~~orv~
~~ ~ n ~'r~onl resEx"vo~.rS of re1.~~~G~.ve].~ sme,J,~, area
l.~ ~ ~v ~,~,~o rc,ta.c~
ax~'~ ire ~~he su~~~:l.ernen'Lary hum~.d'Lf'a.cs~~a.on
cars :C~~-aY eCax'ce7.;~ any' .~
~, ~er~a't,a.on off' 'the s~s~ern o~ ~~rec~.~i~a~ion.
off' the a~l'~nlos~~her~e ar c~. the
off' ~.~~~~e swarltX~ areas haS no e~'~'ec'l~ an
'1'h~rei'ore 'the dr~a~.nc.~e
an~,~.~ o~ ~'allin~ pr~~~,p~,~a'~~.on,
change n.n qu Y
s?~ca~,J.ecl ~in'~es~na:l. mo~s~~~ure cir,
~, ~'he coe~:~s,c~.en~ o.E'
. ~rex~ri'Lnr' 'l1SSR obl~ai.n~d by ~ro~'essor
cuJ.e.~~~,on ~,n the ~ura~ee.r~ Y
does no'L corr~s~oi~d ~o rea:l.~,~~rs
V ~', rl~e~.n~er~.~.tig, ~c~ua:l. ~o ~. ~,
e, ex~~Led bar a~rnas~. eeven ~mese
Ike has ex ~~
ve ~"o7~~s~ be].~s, as a ~~c~,Cr ~.t7. ~,he ~.n~
6a ~'~.e~.dw~xotec~i
~oce.:l.~~ s~~i.pu~.a'~e a cer~a~.n. .ncr~e~,se
`cease n~' the xot~.~hn~ee o~ ~,he Y~
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
s~ ~ha c~u~z~~~~~~" 'vf ~x~c~,~~~,~~~~on~
R~aT'1~~EN~~a
1~,y1~av~ D~ D~ y `1,'he Avar.~~~~
3?
4~ A
~"~,ow o~'~` ~:r~~ :i.~~~ Da. ~~r~.bu~~,an fax Yea~~
r ~' ~h~ v~aS1~, '1"xu~1y N~tl ~rUGT~1Sa number 21~~
~,n ~h~ lex~ ~,~ax~.o,~ o
~.~~-,~.
~ ~ ~ ~":l.uo~~u~,~G:i.on 'gin '~h~; G~nar~~.~, A~mo~pheri;c
~a~o~~-an., ~h, l., aea~cana~.
..~ '1'ruc~ ~'e~~' nLUnbc~~ 1 (2$), 1~?~~~r.
~:~YCL,~.a~7.01"1~ ~ a
A '~' ~e , of C}rc:l.one 1'a~;hs ~.n Lurap~ ~ ~.~~~.
~,yl~achev', M. . ~ ;Y~
'~"he Da.e~Lra.b1.1~~,an o~~ ~~tuma.d'i~-;,' over Nloseow~
Khr~:~an, A. Kh,,
1.0 ~a.ca:l. pb,exva~~ory, numbex ~., ~.~~~?
'~'rudy off' ~Lhe Acro ~,
~~, : ~ ~ V ~'r~o~'essox, `t'he Inl;crnal ~la~ex Ca.rc~~J.,a~~i.on
~s~.nzr?,rl.~n~, V. ~,
~, ' t,ax USSR and i'~s Sa.~naf'a.cax1ce far. Wa1;er
xn ~~ie European Ierrt Y
olc~.acl volume T~, numve ~~ '? ~.91a ~
Dc,~nomy, D Y~
~~~.on'of A1~er~~~ian a.L" ~,~ricu~.~~ura:l C1~.
Sha~~av, x ~ A. , l he ~hxc s .
~,~ ~~he A~.1,wUn~,on Ac~ad~my of A~r:tcu.~.~ural
ma'~e. Dok:~ady
Sca.ences imen'i Vo :C. Lenin, numbez' ~, :~9l.a~~.
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~~~~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~ ~Q~ ~~~ ~~i~~~~~~~~~~~
~ .
yyMe -..
~, ~~ ~~~,~.r~~n.
~~ ~.~ 1~now~, ~Gh~ d~,~~~x~,~bla~~on of ~xec;I.~~,~~,~G~,a~~ Qve~ rho
~h' ~ ~ur~'ac~ ~~.~ c~a~~E;~~ra;f.r~o~l ~~~~~ ~'u~d~r~en-~~a. ~'s,c~ax~~;
e~x
'~ b ~~he mo~,~i~~1x~e can~E;n~ off' ~ha ~,:1,x ~~.ow~n :f,rt the
(r ~ y
ra ~xo os?here (ors the or~dex off' ~ 1~;~~,o~~le;~ex~) :l~c~~.:~~y;
1,0~ ex
~ b}r ~hE? chax~a~,E;i" Q~' 'the a~,mo,~r~xa.c c~.r'cu~.a~~.on;
()
by ~~he ch~r'ac~cr off' ~~~>e under^1:ya.n~ sux~'~ce
A~G ~t;he ~~xE;~ E;n~r ~~~,m? m~7i a.~ I1~ii"d1y :~n ~, ~aoa~.~L~i.on ~~o ~a.~~ex~
~,~t, ~~he ~thLxd ~'ac~ox r~4~s a1.r'ead~~ beErn ch~.n~ed. 'cons~.dE.rabl.y
' ~h~n his~toxa.c~l ~ti.rnE; ?~h~nks,' ~o man's acla~.va.~~y (thy ~ea.la.n~ o:C
wa.
' ,~n ~ d.~'a~.na a o:~ sw,anl ~ corts~Lruc~~a.on c~~ xEr exvsixs ar~,d sa on) o
foxca~s, r ~ ~ ~
I(ow~evex, un~~,~. na~~ long, a~;a such changes boy"e a :local. c;he.~~acter,
Oril.t' a.n au~^ soc9.al.i.stic caun~~xy~ ~;hanl~s ~~o the xcr~~~.a.za~t.on of ~l~c;
J
~xee.~; ~'~al~.r~ plan for bhe ~x'ansfox~~l~t~a.on off' n~~.~~uxe, has ~;he a:lw
~E~r'a~~.on a~' the under^J.;~.n~, eur~'~ce o~ex v~as~~ e~~~a.nse~ ~al~cn. on ~n
ac~r~i.ve, l~ur,~`~o~,efu~. chs.rac~~c~"~
:C~~ ~.s ~,~pra~,r~.~~~~,~ to ~recral.l:~~~e ~rnrds a1" A~ ~:. Voyeykav,
who, 9:n, h9.s wont "'~'hE~ ~.n~'l.Ltierzce a~' Me,n Ulan I~~~uz^Er'~, wrate;
~~ r
~~.
e~~. ~~
":Cn ~Lhe ayues~~.on a~' rriarr's ~.n~~.uence upon cl.~.ma~~e, the
mab~cx has 'l~eerl vi.au~,l.zed u~an ~l,oo `~xandiose ~ sc~,~.e. ; ~'roM
cE;edin~; Pram ~h.c indub~.tab~.~ ~ru~~l ~Gh~i~ m~.n ca,n n~~.~h~~~ :~.n~'~.u~nce
so~.ar- r's,tl~.atl.an nor sh.an~e brie d~i.s~~~'ibu~tion of ~h~ ~Er~exa~. ai~~
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
cv.~~a~t~, wa h~v~ ~ucha~i ~o' ?c.~~c eonc~u~~on thn~, h~,~ ,.~r~f'~u~nce
a~~l~pr dAe~ nit ex~,~~ v~ :f,~ ea~fi~x~r~~~,~-~'n,e~~,~,RLI~~e~ bud hnv~a nc~?~
?~a~?~ ~.~~~? ~.ceo~ 'bhp ~a~~E ~rrat t~~~
~u~~t~Q?~ ~~ ~~' ~h~ ~:~w~~
~,ay~r~ a;~' a~.~, wYlca~e ~ar~r.~i~~on~ aye ~o ~ con~~.dar~~,bl.a ~e~re~
sub~ec~~ ?~a hurnnn ;f,n~';I.uenGe, ~~
'Z'he underE:,~?l~a.rnat~,Qn off' rn~n' ~ a~~~~ic~,t~.e~ ~'or~ ?~ran~~'c~~~lia.n
na~~ua^e, so characte~~i.st:tc a:~ w~stcrra sca.ent~.s~s, has a~.so
penetr~a~~ed ~,nto t~~e r~,~.c~st o~t' sov~a.e~~ c;~a.ma~~olo~a,sts
~n the ~~resEnt ar, t ~.c:le an at?Lem~~t 7.s mG~.de to deter^m~.ne
g1~a7.a.tata.ve~.y what cha~~~;es a.n tl?~e sys?rern a:~ ~~xcax,~a,~La?i;~,.on may
be evoked by :~ie~.d~~ra~~ecta.ve forest p].antir~~rs
't'he maa.stu7^e content a~ ~tl~e aa,r ~.nd ~;he cl~aractex~ off' the"
~t~rlo~pher.c crculata.ari e~~an~;e very ~.itt].e over d.~t~.nces off'
eevera~ ~teris o:C ki].o~r,e;~ters ~ At 'the same ~ .mc, such art impor~tanl;
metcorolo~;ic~,1. e:Lemen~t as prec~~.p].tati.nn a.s dstr~.butecl e~:~tremely~
irre~uJ.arl.y even in :f:':l.n.~tl,and ~.ocaLa.t~.es, 1'~oreover the var~.~.~ta.on
~n quc~,ntit;~ off' prec~.~a~.ta~L~.an aver Extrer~e~.~~ share d~.s~f;ances,
mes,sua^ed in a ~'ew 1.t:I.~.omEters, reaches sever. al, tens of percent
xt ~s na~tu.ral to a,ssumc~ th~~t the cause off' this v~.~^~,ab~,~.~.~~y ~,n
atmospher~.c ~x~ecipita~t~,on over camps.~a~r~~.ve~.y~ shirt d~.stances is
rrot tale vara:a~ta~,an in ~.a,r~e~sca~,e a~tmasph~r~.c processes but vari-
a?t~.ar~ :gin the chars,cter off' .the undex~.y~in~ sur:E~.cem
~?~ is ~~,sa ~~.to~eth~r abv~.ous that the' ca?use of the indiM
cited phenomezlon c~,nno~ ~,a.e ~.n ~~he vara.e;bil,:ity a~' evaporation
over the ~erra.~tary, since, on the orae hs,n~, the qu~.nt~.ty a~'
~va,~ara,l;~,n~ water in ~ sma~.~. ~terri~ax~~ is ex~reme~.y sma~.:~ ire,
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
~an~ps,~~i,~c~n w~,1;h .~~~ qu,~hl~~t~ o~ mo~,s~~~r~ tr~;n~~~~~e~ evQx^ tha
tt~,v?r~ tsrr~.tar~ (a~ the raso~~ah QF ~~' T~ K~sh~n a~c~ Kh~ P~
Ira Qs an has shawn)~ ~rld, are ~~ho o~~heri l~anc~, ~~h~ ak~~arv?c~
~ ~''
irre .,u].s~rity aF ~va~parat~,on o~rer the terr:ltaa~' amust ~ ?ssan~
t~,a].:ly' e~ua~~,recl ~,c1 .the prace~s aF axahanga aF ~~,r ~lasscsv
Ma:r~caver ~,t is a known ~'ac~l~ ~~h~,t there a,s a ~aure~,ss ~n the
u~,nt~.t ~ a~' prec~.pa.~~at~,on ovez^ ~,arge r~s~;rvaa.rs, ~.n spike of
~ ~
the fe,ct that erra~~orat~.an i'rc~m ~~hem ~.s can~~,darabl.y ~re~i;er
than.. 'ram dryw].and are~~s
r,~he Natter m~~~r be exp].ai.n~;d by the Fact ths.~~ aver ].arfe
.reservoi.rs ?~hez^~ta]. canvFC~an ~.s as a rule d~rn~.nished arid.. dynema.c
~~urbu].ence sharp],y~ decre~sed~ 'the d~.rna.nu~~a.or~ off' therr?a]. canes
vec~~ion Fo]1.ow~ f ror~t: the Fact that in the surrun~r p~~iod, during
aay~].igh~~ hours, `the wate~~~ suz~face .s usually' colder than the
cry lsnc~, ~~he decrease in dynan~lic turbulence f',inds a.~s er?
planation in the f'ac~~~ that thy: water ,surFace is less ?irx~egular
then clr;y land.
't'hus both the ae Factors decxease the vert~ca]. ~~c].ocity
components aF the aa.r mot7.ons~ which, as is known, are causes
~~' p~irs.mount importance: in the Forrrtetion aF precipitations
~lence one mar rnalte ~til]. another conc:~uwian, any change
i~n the underlying surface which s~~i~ulates a considerable inM
cre~~se' in the ve~~ti.cal velocity of the air must le~~.d to a,n ina
cree;se i,n pr~cip~aa,tio~.,
~f'he question oF: the in:Cluence of phis or that variation
in the underl~r~.ng surface u~~n variation in the: precipitation
rsgime m~.st in the first p]ac~ be considered s,s a que:~tiort c~F
~~n"'~~`~~~~t ;Ga ` ; "" ; }~~k a ~~~ " r~~~'1~~,~``,, ~~i~h~','~~~,~~,~~;~,~?~ Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Aproved for Release 2012J04123 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
v~,a~~~~;~,o~i ~,n v~~~;~~s,~ ~~mo~~hQr~? v?~:ac~1~~.e~~
~sN~n~~a~ ~'~c~~,o~~ ~~~,f~.~~ncl:h~ i~hs ~~~~,~~~~an caf vax~~~,c~
~~mospl~~ie ve;l,ao~,~~,~s ~,~o the ta~a~~~~a~y a~' the lo~a~~,t~ and
~a~.~.d fo~os~ r~~s~~s~ ~'~e ~,r~f~.uanc~ of ~ar~~;Q la~.~~,a ~r~d ma~u~~a;t,~~a
on px~ec~,~?~~,~s,t~.on has been par~L~,s.1.~.y s~ud~.eda whexe~.~ ~h~ role
of smm~,~, ha.~.:ls s:nd hia.~,ocks has nod begin clara.f~.ed up ~o the
~x~~en~t ~:i.nie
Melr~wh.l.e ~,he ae~l~ua7. d~,s?t~ribu~~.on of prec;ipa.~e~ion :I.n a
f~,a~land re~~.ora S~'1QWa ~~ha~t even re~,a~i~~.vol~y S111c ~,1 vax~ia~~,ons ~.n.
the ~o~~o~raphy ai^e i~o~LCEab~.,y r~c~'~,ec~ecl ~.n ~~~~e quan~~:l.~y of f'a1,:1~
ink; ~~reGipa.~ation, .and on~.y ~r1;~s can e~p~.ain ~Ghe r~reaks in i;he
srr~oo~Lh contour a.f.' ~tkl~ a.~o~.a.n~s of mu~,~t~.onnu~tl pz~eca.~~.~~a~~~,an in
tanotll.~ss xe'pi.on
S~~i~,~, J.es~ s~ud~cl, i:s the 7:nf~uence ai' a forest ~~ a
rau~;h,n~~s factor' 7.n~tens~.fy .n~; the ~tuxbu~.~;n~t e~~ch?n~;e direct~.y
above i~t~ Hawever, sr~ia~.~. hi~,ls and forest strips may be con
sidered as rou~hnesses of 'the earns oz?der~ '1'~,cx~efo:re a more dcM
~ta~.led e~cam.inat,.on in a spec.i.fied i~erri~tory of even. only ap~~ro~i~
mate c~lar~.r,~teris~tics of ~topo~;raphic~a.~. die junction pi?esen~,s con~?
s,~.r~erab:Le intere~~
To serve a,s such exbrern~~.y appro~ima~te izzdic~s of ~th~
rau~h~~a~s nr~.~tural bn the ear'th's surfs.ce we have ubi~.ized, a chax~~
of average ~.nc~;~.na~t:i~ns off' ~th~ sur~'ace of the i'uropean hex^ri~o~,y
U~SS~, drawn up by S, ~e Sobol.e~v in accardar~cc w~~h data tin the
fx~equenc~~ ~f' ernsiona~. r~~j~.nc~tion and :'the dep~~hs off' ~:aca1,'
eras~.on ~.e~re~.s. r~`he ave~a~;e ~.nc~,inations of bhp surface pr~s~n~ted`
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
pry ~abA~,ev ~ s cZ~~~r~~ ref~.ec~ 'the ~ve~~~~ ~,~'fexer~ca ~n ~hA a~.t~,w
t~udas of o~,n~s ?f tie su~fac~ loc~a~ted ~~ ~is~~ar~ces e~us,~ to
p
ur~~,ty, end ~;h?ref o~~?, ~1~~~ serve as known ahars.c'~er~.s~~.cs
Compari~or~ of thQ raentionec~ chard off' suxfa~~ ~,nc~~.z1a~
~l~~,on w;l.th '~h? r~.s~,r~bu'~ioi~,_of ~areca.~a~.ba~ion over tl~e who~.e
European terri,~ory off' ~~rae Unian verifx.es what~L has bean seal;ad
oai~~.a.er, Tn re~i.ons with a c~.car:l~ expressed a,r-crease ~.n S.nM
c~^na~~~.o~,1 0~' up to ton percent a c;Learl.y ex~~ressedincrEase in
prec~,p~,~~at~on i.s ~.ndeed a1.so oba;erved~
in
~~r, is not di~'~'icult to show simi~.arly that the var%s,'tion
~~he ver~Lica~, da.s~un~tion of ~;he ~ar~;h ~ s surfs,ce whichi,s
crested by~ ,~'ore~~t be~.ts' atta~.ns the above Mmenti.oned.limits and
even considcrab~,y' exceeds there Let us ass~.~n1e th~~'t' 'Lhe forest
belts ~.n a large terr7.tory az~e lacs,ted at d~.stanc~s opt she
order of 0 ~ ~ k~.lome~ers from orie another,
'~'l~e '~,ir currez~,t
crossing; nea.~hlaora.n~ bel~~s a'~ a d~.stance of Q~~ ka.lorrte'Lex~s
wil'J, be once l~,f'~ked atad once :l.awered~
The aver~a.g;e adc~."Lions.l ~.ncl~.natior~ oi' such rises and
falJ.s of the a~.r (in-the 1o~~1ex~ ~,a;~er} w~.l~. b~,
~. M 2 ~ h
~.
add t ~. L
where d h ~:s: the height of 'the forget be~.'G a~.d L ~.~ the
dis~~atlce be~we~n beats@
lf, we ~~ake ,~ h w l0 meters and L - 0~~ kilometers,
then
:.the ~,vere~e ~.dcl~,tioria~. inc~.ins,~ion due'to the presence c~~' forest
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
ba~~~ ~~1 vun~ ~? l~Q ~s~c~~n~~
q ~ ~,nd~x Q~' r~,u~l~n~s~ Ln~~~N
Such,' a ma~n~.~uda o~ ~h~ ~n~,?i,~ sa
con.~~.dcratLon~ c~,~~~d-above, E~u~~
r7,~~~,on anal', ac~orc~Lr~ ~o ~ha
;~,''-a;t,~~.~L~~rl~ iioraa hawav~x~ ~,hc ~uo~s"'
s~an~~.~:~,~,5~ ~.nc~~~a~c ~r~hc~ ~a~~~ h
~Ls c~r'xr%c'~ ~o a~a~~.y the s~,111G A~'o"
~~~a.on ~~r~.s~?a as '~a wl~a'~he~ ~.~ ' ~ M
~~ ve~~Lc;s,~, ~1.~xula'i~Lan off' '~hc ec,~~h ~ Aux
cr~dur'a a~ mca~uxc~nr.,nt ~o
~,r~ n~:1.~ra.LYiss, a1 'thp one }sand, anr~
.C~.c~ '~o ~~a~o~x~~l?h~.Ca1. ~ ~
'u~'~1V'G :~arC~~ ~~a.'~~ on the a~hex~
;~'1.e~.d xaroL
~,xa~.n has been ~Jerir~. ~1,ed a,n Ln~I;expxe~~~Lon~
Gsr~a~.n7.,y sale s ,
nce an z'ec Lp~.~aY, Lon ~~,here exLS'~s
Su'~ i,n c;ve~~y?~Yr,a.n~ re:~a,~ed ~~o Ln~~.ue ~
.~ ?~ ~,~ r be'~ween a.z~rr-~~u:l.ara.~;f.es LIZ ~Lhe car~h ~ -~
an Lndub:~~ab.~.e s~m.~l~r~. y
~'urthermo re ~ .fore s'~ be ~.'~s ' c re ~~~e a
sur~'ace and ~'ores~ ~~~~s4
, , . ~ ., , ~ `~~lle ~u,x~'ace ~~han a,~'r~:~u;1~ti^i~Lss a~
shc~r~J~:~' vex^~lca1 d.>~a1urJ~~.an a
~, ., ~ ~, seer~is prai7~,b:l.e fi~l~at' '~lle ~.n~':I.uerice off'
'~ha es.r'~h ~ .lhere.Core ~.
? ~. ~ en rca~~er ~;han ~;he ~rL~CJ.uence of px'o~uherances
~arcr'~ ba~.~a .~s ev
o:C sim~.l~.r dL~nerrsLOns b~zY, srnpo~Yier ou~l.~.rres.
~hc~.n~~.u~;nre off' a ~'ores~ on 1~re~;LpL~at~.on
~1'hc; qu,es~t~.an o.~
, va~.um~.naus ~,~,~~ex`a~ure Ls deva~Ed ~~o ~~ How
~is r~iany Yeats oJ.d end d
' rL~~ of Lnvest,L~a~ora off' ~ha.s cl'uea~LOn hs.ve occupa.a
ever, ~,he m~~a ~
n, G ~.~h ~Lhe 's~~udy off' the mLCroclLme,~~e off' a,
~~hemse~.vea, ~.n cs~~,nc ,
s ~' a ~'o~'es'~ o,s a ~'ac~or Ln .rhe ~'ar~
`fa~~w'~~ ~n ~h~.s ws.~r ~~he ra~.~, a
re cL;~~."
. r Lis .i.t~':i.uenrc' on the s~'s~l~em a~' p
md~~ion o~ ~Lopo~r~Y~hy ~.nd
' 1>.dv~e been comY~~e~e~.y ~:as~ ~'rorn ;vLew.
to ~~.on
' 'r~ dais, an bhp fares~~step~e zr~ne a~
A, ~. ~'oyeykov~ c~~~. ~
' he UnLan wh:i.ch show ~, no~~.ceab~.e Lnc:~'ease of
the ~uxo~~~n '~Jar~ o.~ ~ ~
27 ercc~n~~7 Ln r~~LOns ~c~here sm~~.~. ~rove;~
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
~l~ wvAC~;IQ~~ ~v~~~~?n~~ r~Q~~d ~L~~~ '~~t~~ ~nvx~~sv ,
~~~s~ ~~ c?m~~x~c~ w~
~~ va~a ~.,~ ~~,~.xac~or~~~~~,v fax ~~,'~. mc~n~hs,
:fin ~~oe~,~;~~;a~~.arr ~,n ~hv f~xs
~ ~~l~a ~,xz;~~u~?cv Q~ ~ vast `ar~c~ ~h~,aac
Ito~rov~r h~ ~~sQ assurr~v~ ~~~
~, ~a ~~~~a~vr tl~~n t~ha~ of, ~,~~~~~~d
f'ax?s~ mass on .pxoa;~~~~a~~on w~.~, ~
~fa~os~ p~.a~'~ln~sw
fax ~,o a~.ar:l.~'~r '~~ha ?rv~,e o~ a ~oxos~~
~1'hF~xe~'or'o ~ ~.n oxdar ~~~
a~ae ;I,n uan'L~.~~' off' ~xec:~.~a~.1;~.~;l.on wa hav'~ can.
:~.n ~~he ~en~xa]. ~,ncr~ q
a? a~. ~o ;9,~a a.n~'lu~n,ce as ~ ~'~a~t;or c~~ea~l~.n~
sr.tata.on~ 0~' couz~sc~ a ~pxa.e~ off' ether ~~.a~~o~s (thn
o~ ~a~?l~.n~ prsc~,r
to ~o~xaphy o;E the loaa:l.~i.t;T, iaos~.t;~an ofi' the Forest i,n x~e:~at~on to
I
.. -car ~a.n r winds etc ~ } ctlsa ~txan~~ly in~'~.u~:nce the r~ad~.n~s
~~,~~, S ~ tdxe xy ~7
at indlv~dua~. stata.vlla~ Thexe:Eore, ~.n ord.ex to obta~~n avexa~ed
~,nd~.coa of tine a.n:E~.uenco vf' forest c],a.stribut~.on~ the prc;c~~.p~.'~a~ti~.on
norms aa1c~ the len~~~hs o:E fora at cvntou,x corres}~ond~,n~ 'L?o ahem ware
a ed b f~.v~ ~ of stat~.on ~ (rayon ~ } ~~nc~ .n accaz~darice w:i. Lh th~ra
aver ~ y
~ ~'unct~.on ~":ti~uxa ~.) ~.1~1.ustr~;t~,n~ ~~he .nf'luenca oi' faxes~L d~.sM
~h . (
t i btition on ~^ecapa.t~~t~.vn was p1.o~l-tec~, ]dear the points o:C th~.s'
r. p
~'unc~Lon ~~rie v~~,].ucs off' the inc~,ina~La.on o:E the 1oca~.~.~Ly, whose n?
f:luence `may be'tr~~,c~d ,rather clear1.y~ were also p1.ot~ted~
~a.f~'cr. ent~.a'i;:ivn off' dynaxN,c and thermal, e:E~ec~~s a.s extrcme:~y
impvxtant~ Ms.ter~a:Ls ~'or ~Lhe lattex zaay be obtained usi.n~ rayons
'th excess Yium].di~'ication, wl~~ere thvxma~. hamo~ene~.ty is xe~.ative~,y
wa.
~.qW
~:n Figure ~. ~.t is apparent thr~,t the in:E:l.uerico o:E a ~'ox~est
attainu substanta.a~. nrapartivns ~'or Large va~.ues o~ ~ ~d It
shou~.r~ be no~~ed that 3.n the cited resu~.t the incxease v~' prey
ci nation as a consc~gixence o:E, Fore station is undoubtcd~,y assisted
p
b the e~f~c~~ v:E' the ~ener, a~. c~.~.matic ~:i.~':Eerences bet~reen ~Lhe .
~''
~ortk~we~'~~rn :and ~outr~eastsrn rayons vf. the Mosoow ob~.ast~ x~~ ~.s
~;3,~'~'icu~,t tv d~.s~~ngu~.sh this climatic ef~'ec~~ vn the f~,guxe; howev~;rs
nne ~~,ance c~,t ~.~t; ~u:~~'ices td judge ~ilat this e~'~'~ct ~~.n in na case
,'
a, '~`~"'~ ?` ~ ~~:~ ~ ,, ~' ~ ~ ,~ a' , ,, ' Declassified in~ Part - Sanitized ~ py pp se 2012J04123 :CIA-RDP82-0003980002001700
Co A roved for Relea
'~ ~~~3'~ ~a~ n _ 26-4
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
~~ ~J~s p~p~a1~~8 ~~~~ ~ c~,m~~~x
~ ~l~s ;~ra~~~c~nc? a~ ~?x~s~La~~,Ar~~
n~7,~,~ ~
~~~~?J,an rri~,Y ~a a~sa f oun~ ~,~ ~l~a
118n~~ Q~ ~c~'~r3~'~A'~~0~1 4C1 ~~~'0~~,~'~
~~~~
aa1~, `~'~tex9 ~~~~ ~,n~7.uencc~ w~:~~
m~~~a ~ol~thoxr~ ab~asts a~ ~Lhe ~
' ~~ the da,~'~'exLn~ t;~pe a~ c;~~^- '
o~~~.~~~,y be ~as~ y ~ri con~act~.an w'~
p ~ ,
h~ ,xe~tex ~x~~~ess off, .the ~~~`~
au~.at~,on a,r~d ~ ~ ,
M!' ~
('~:{
avg (1v~a,;~r~QG~t~
~r'a
o' '~~
~'+ rd ~ /
~+~ ~ ~ i-~
t~!) ~
' "` .~ ,~
?~ ~' ~ ~
G?~ A/
0
a ,r /
~r~ ~I ~
f'~ r~-~
a ~~ i Sure o"~"~,c" ~Lhs-of ~'o-rest contauxs
~~
~~
~~`
r, ,
' ;
~ ond~.ng ~unct~.or.~s a~' annum. prec~p~.-
,~'here:Cor~e tha cox~re,.p ~~
al ana:L~sis by seasons (Navember~
~L,at.an wire subjected to add~t~,on
A xJ.l and Ma~'~O~taber}
p
Y
. .- se: the rec~.p~.tat~.~ar~ was averaged by
~'ox; c~nstruct~.on off' the p
~' be~.n a~^ran~ed in order o:C' the ~~
~'~,ves a~ stat~.ons, ~~he stat~.ans ~
F~. lure 1
a ua1a.`~a,~~a.ve repxeserata~~.on o~ the
F~,~ure 1 ~a.'v'rs or~~.y' ~.
a ~ ~,en~ the of ~'~res~~ conl~aurs on 'pre"
nature a:~ ~,Y>~'luene~, a~ the ~
' ' l,atlon for calcula~G~.on off' the possa.bL~'
c~ipa.~~at~.ona xta u.~~.~.:t,
ianti~~ o~ ~rec.i.p~.ta~ion wou~.d. J.ea.d to some
vaz~iat~.an a.n ql ~
e art played ~bY ~ f o a^e s ~~, since the ~e ne rd
e~a~~erat9.on of 1~h p
.., ; ,. etw~en ~,Yie narthwes~~err~ and southeastern
c~.i.mG~ta.c dyf.CerenGe b hc~xe.
Zast lave not been taken ~,nto account
xayons o~ the Moscow ob.
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
de~~~~s~ ~.n ~r~um~~~ %; ~~ H~~? ~Lh~x? s,~a~~~~~d~ ~~a ?x~ram~~.y
~~?~ tY~a ~~~~,~~~~~~~,ox~ d~~~~~ ~~~ cv~~ p~~~~a~
cux~iou~ e,~rov~ma~~~c~ ~1 ~
~~~n a o~ ~, ~ (~,~DO ~~u~ro 1~~,~oai~~~~r~~) was. ~n~
for ~1~~ ~va~,~,~b~,~ ~
~VQ~~~~~ ~ ~' ~,A ~? ~~~'CP,ri'~~ '~h~ A~1f1t1A~, ~rea~~~l~aw
cxaasod on,~b~ ~, y
c~~n~ ~l~d ~~o ~ax~~c~,p~.~a~~on dux~a.n~ ~1~~ ws.rm park
~~~,an by al~ou~ ~.~ p~~
a~aou~, 2~. ar~cen~, ~~h~.s c~x~cj~m,~~~~nc~ ~ss~~~~as ~':~rs~~
o.~ ~h~ ye ax by ~
~' 41.x' ~o ~LhQ ~'ac~ ~ha~ ~.i~accura,c~.ss off' m~~sti~remsn~ a~' pr~c:~~a~'~~M
a~ ~t
s c~ b r ~;~~e la7,owl,n~ 'o~'~' [off', proc:t~~.~a~~~.on] From ~~hc: r~.n
~~.on cau e S
~ ~aa.r ~~he re~.a~~~.onsha.ps f w~.~~h ~'ur'~hr~r ana~.ys ~s w~ saris w
~a~~s ,lr ~
Vied ourse~.ves in a s~;ra.es o~ adda.'~~.ona1 ~rroeessa.c~t~,s ~~~~a~ ~~he
in~'~,uerace off' ~tr~e s,ddi~~.or~~~. rou~r}~neas cres,~ed by .L'oresi~ con~l,oua s
on kT:~r~~er ~~rec~.pa.'ta~tion ~iC som~;wha~L ~.ess Arlan on summer ~~recipi~
~~~a~~.on~ ~~'his may be c~c~~l.~ined,'by. ~~he al;~ove~inda.ca~ted cause anc~
.b the decxease dur~ir~~; ~t~le win~~e.r, i~on~F,11s of ~~he p~~r~~ played
a7.~o y
b~ decz.duous i'ores~l~s as a :t'a,c~or in'~erru~~'~in~ the natural sLruc~
,T
1;ure of .`the `a~,r ~':~ow'~
'~';ls fi.~uz~es ob~;a~.ned above on the pare ~7la~ed b~ a ~~oxes't
are 'too h~.~;h on r~ccaun~t o:l' 'the ancom~,~:Lcte ca,lcula~ion o~ 'the
para~.:lel~.srn l~e~twc~en ~;he decreases off' woodcdness and off' ~~rec.pi~
~tu~t.on ~;oward the sou~theas~t~
~'or ~;~.i.mi,na~~LOZ1 0~' ~b~iis ~'~,c~tor a s~:z^ios off' ca~,cu~.at~.ori
worn conduc~~ed, 'the pr~~.r~c~.p~~. ones amou.n~;in~ ~n the ~'ollown~~,
`(a) el.~i.rn~inal;ion off' ~~he ~;eo~ra,phica~. ~'ac~tory by way o~
z~edti~;c~t:ion 'to one .sohye'L'
(b)~.n~trodu~l;a.on off' a corre'c~~.on, ~'or Mgscow obl.as't,
~'~r ~Lh~e a~.~~~.'tucle off' ~;he ~.ocal~.~ty, wh~.ch ~.s. s,s is known, an in-
d~.rec~t char~,c~;pr~.s~t~.c off' the re1,~,~~',
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
'~h~ ~~e~, ~~A~~or~~ ~h~~ ca~~~~~~~~ w~~~ ~~r~~~?d ~~~ a~cn ~~oup .
., a~~ to bhp ~r~t~x~o~ off' m~~a,~m~n n~~xn~,~~ o~
o~ ~?~.vc ~ ~~t~.ons accard~,
- sump o~ ~ar~~th~ ~~' ~'orea~ oon~our~ to or~o ~~lotho~
~~he v~~,ue~ of t11e
,~ anent a,n F~.~urv 2 ~a,s the ~eno~r~~~, ~,enclc~ricy towaz~d ~,r~exe~se
~~
~naun~~9,n~' '~o about ten p~rce~~t .G'ox tho r~n~o o~
o.~ p~~c3.p~, Lat~.on,
' s~~a.cs a~' /'ore ~'~ can~aurs (].I~t~Q ki~,omc~tez~~) ~,v~~.:1ab~.e ~.n
cl~~raeter:l,
f I~
~:,~ ~
~t?I ,,!'~ r5
~~ ?~~'
Qa .--~
~ ca ua
Sum o:t' ~,enE;'~hs of ~'aros~k~ 'contours
r~~u~~ ~
L
Since e1.a.m~r~atian off' 'the in:~:~ue,nce aZ' cl.imat~.c f'actars and
tapo~raphy' by~ th;~s rnethad ~.s 'to a ccY~~~a~.n extent canditiana~,, an
~;~tempt was made '~o so:Lve the px~ablem a~' eJ.~im~.nat~.~on a~' general
c:l.ima'L~.c e~~'ects and .other :E~,ctars wh~.oh d:~sturb 'rhe con~'orm~.t~'
to haw bar ~,no~ther m~:thod.
In ardor to rna~e such a deterrnnat~.an abject~,ve, ono mus~~
a ~~,~ a somewhat provi.s~.ona~. but sts,ndard scheme. :Lt proceeds .from
pl J
the ~'aat that to cnmpaxe the change off' p~ecip~.tat~.on o:C s'~~,'~a.ohs
loc~~.ted close ta~;c~~hor a.n cannect'~.an w~.~h the change ih-the i.nd~~
a~? w~aadedness does no's seem possa.b~e, s~.nce ~t~he accepted characM
~,~wr~.s~Lic off' woader~nes~s re~'~.ects the r;andit~.ans a~" ~"ari~.t+;L~,an a~'
rec7. ~,tat~.on ~;n c~.aso~.;~ ne~ghb~r,~.n~ ste.tians, On tho other hand'.
p p
"~ P~k~~~S.i 'e ilk l~~ 'r, r r r ~ ~ .~ ~ ~ ~, ~ ~ ~ ..._ _ p pp._. __ _..
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~~ _ ~ ,s~, ,k, ,~ _ _ _ _ _ 200170026-4
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
o~ ~~e c~~,~fer~nce a~ ~~~~o~,~~~~~~on b?~wean ~~~~~?n~
~n ~~~~~~'~~~.
~uca~e~ ~'~~^ From one ano
. r ~ ~ cand~,~~.o~~~ ~,1'hE~T'Q~o~'E~ for es,eh s~~'L~.or~
rho ~.n~~uQnce o.~ c~,~,mr~~~,
. ~ ~~a~~~pn w~~ c~~cul~~ed ;fin rc~~.a~~on ~o
the d.l~ f erance ~.n ~reo~~
~ ~ ~:i.~~~a~~~o o~ ~~a~a~^ox~n~~~r~;a,~ ~UU l~a.~,ame~~exs
s~~~;~,ans ~oca~~ec~ ~
c~.~.~'~'axence waa ca~,cu~.a~ed ~n r~e;l.~.~~~,o~~ ~~
Fox ?ach s~a~~.an the
ocat~~c~ ~~ ~t~e ;~nd~.ca~ed d~.~~~~nce~ T.n ~h:~s
~Ghr?a s~a~.~ons ;~
cQS ~,n rna ~n.~~~de~ off' pr~ee.~p~s.~:~on were a~~
m~~,nne r 3UU did ~e ~e n ~
he ra~ ans off' MQSCaw o~l~~.,~,s't `1'h~ carxes~a~nd~r~?;
~r,~?~.ne~l :~'or ~ ~
d~.~'~'ere:r~ce 7.11 rna~n~~-ude o.~' ~,en~~~is off' :~arc~s~ can'~ours was a;1.,so
ca,1.c1~,~a~ed i'or ~~hese s~a~:l.ons~ 'When ~;he average ~~recl.~a~.~~~a~~.an
~~ comes ond~~nf;:Ly ca7.cula~L'ecl ~'or cases off' c~.~~'erence ~.n 1Fn~~hs
wa
,~ ~,.o~.
a~' con~toux ~ ~()(),, from. I~UU ~~o ?,U~., from 30U ~~a 2U~.
. ~'?~nure 3 represeni~ the; re~u~.~s a~~~ained u5.~n~;
~'he dai~~~ p1.o~~etl on ~
UO d.~.~'~'crences ;,i.n pr. ec~ ~~.~~a~,ian ~.'he ~'a~urE shows
- ~~he ~.ndicated 3
~~ , ~ ed r~,n~e off' ~'1~uctus,t~.an a.n 1.en~~Lhs o;E' fog^ea~~
~;h,~.~~ ~ oz the o hse rv - ~7
' ~ ase .tin ~rec,i~il~ation i.n Moscow a~l~:l.as~ a~moun~;s to
can~aur _i~he a.ncre ~
].'~ ~o ~.3 percent,
x
~ ax~,nuaZ ,~'
~.
~.....,.. M.. ~.. ~.,............. ~........... _..... ~.
~..~
Average d~,~':1'e~ence ~.n sum o.~' con~c~ur ].c~~~;hs
F~:gure 3
sou~Lh~rest; ~ ~ Moscow ob~.s,a1~
~9 ~?
~'~~'~~'r4P;,' ?~ w ~ ~~~ ~ ~1~, ~, ~ . ' ~~ ~' ' ~ `.'`~ ' ,,~. ,`, '~ ,^ ` ~~ ~; Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Aproved for Release 2012J04123 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
?~ ,,,fir
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
~r~ vr~v;~ ~v bv~ s~~-~,s~'~,ed ~w~~~~ ~~~ ~us~rasss Q~' tha vb~~~~ed
~.?~ svu~}lwos~ Q~ `~c~svaw vb~as'~, ~n~~,oaus w?rk
r~su~~~ far the red
n the ~rao~.~nskw~~~,p~r ~~,ra~;~~an; ~~h~~ re~~lts off' th~,s
w4~S conr~uc; fed ~,
t a ,so reserr~~~d ~n P~S.~ur? ~. ~~ is ~ppa~carl~ ~'r~1i1 ~}~~
WaS'~. ~rC 1 p
~; 'car ~}~~ s~uthweste~~n re~~.oY~, as arae otil~ht ~~o ~~poa~~
~.atter ~ha
an~e ~.r~ roc .pi.~~ata.ozl proves to lae sprnewhs.~~ 1ss,s; howev~r~
Lhe c h ~, p
'aye ~ rra ~ortlons a. L' ~^er~a,~s ~,h~ same artd ampiil~~s ~,o ~2
~,n ~~e~rGent ~, p ~
1en~ After the present wor}~ was e~arna.ned ~.n tll~ Conw
'~0 7.3 per,
? ~ ~ ~ ca~ta.n r Institute a. ~ was ~re~'er~^ed bo ~L}~~ Ma~.n C;eo~ahys~ca~,
1,xa~. ~ ax e ~
Observ~~,tary when an e~~erls~.ve and ~.abo~^~consurnn~; checlc o~ bhp
obtaln~d conclusions was made using mass rnaterJ.al.
~;lm.ina~Liori afi' the climatic efi't'ect on ~~he basis of cal-
~u anon of t}~e cl.m~~tic `and ~hysico~eo~;raphic 'conclatior~s by wad
~1
a~' reduction off' tree sununer prec~ipi~;a.t Lore to one r~nbian was also
~,r om l;i.shed in ~~he GGU CNIa7.n Geophysical O'bserva,tory ] (b;Y 0. ~~
c ~C p
~Jr. ozdov) .
~{'or ,~}pis purpose the `rerr~itn~~~' under consid.~ratinn was
divided into six un7.~orrn r~~.ans~ ~.~c~rd~.~~a~ to the exis'I~inf;
di.~'~'erence in surilmor~ precipita'~ion narrns :for uniform l~en~ths o~
Forest contours, their wE're redueod to ono rc;~ion. '~'hcsP cal
c~z].ations a~.so a1.=Cow one to conclv.de that ~'ar the summer p~;~~iod
a.n }~Snsc~w Oblast the -~vera~e :i.ncrease off' p~~eca.pitatian ~'ar ~~he
v ,~'.lab~.e range of 1Pn~ths of Forest contour (ll~c.~n ki:C~amete~~s )
a s~ ~
is equal ~Ga ~~ to ~.~ mi,llirneters, w'nich arnoUnts to lU to ~.,~
pexc.an~~ o:f the '~,atal quantity a~' preci,~~i~~atior~.
On .L'ho basis a~' the mass procoss ink af. ~iydr~~metcoralp~~.cs,l
ms,terals wh~.cl~ was carried out, it ,may be cor~side~~ed ~~o b~ asM
tabl.ished ~;ha'~ the var~.~us 'oornb~.nations a~ ~'orest,s a~.r~;ady e~~i.st~
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
~,n~; ~~ ~~os~~~ ~~ r~r~~u~~~ car~~~~c~~s can ova ~~ ~ncxAasa ~,~ ~ax'~M
,.
~~,~~~~~~4M" Q;~ u~9 ~~ ~?~ A8~'~QXl'~~ ~~~~ lrl~?~~,I~u~ll ~~~~'~~~~ A~CI,I~'x;~r~~
~n x~~~.or~s c~arac~?~~~~d k~~ msac~m~n 1e~~~~hs p~' c~nl~aurs,
~t ~o1,lows ~'~om ~;he ~~~'~'~~~lcd' ~~~~~ys~s ~h~~ the S~~?~~~~
~a~.an fax ~}1Q ~a~aris~'orm~~~,on 'off' n~~i;u;r'a: x'ee~u~.r~:~' ~'c~x ~.~s ~ea~,~.~a~L:1.ox1
'a su~~~om?r~~~a1 hu~t~ld~,;~~ca~t~an a~' ~Lhe ~'axas~Ms~e~~o anc~ ~~~e~~e
re~~,ons ow~.n~ ~~u ~h? :i.t~cr'oase .i,n a~r~as~h~x';i,c ;~xec~.p~.~a~ion~
`;L'o }aex':~'or~tr arr accurate ~uar~~G~,~a~.~.vG ca~.cu~,~i~~.on off' ~~he
charl~a ;1n quan~l'~y off" prwc.,~~;~~a~~~.an ow;i.rr~ ~Lo =the ~I.nc;x~ease ~n
sur:C's.ce rou~~~,esa and ~~her'rna;l. narlhomok,~ne~.~y crea~cd bar ~'a.e;l.d~
protective for?s~ bed.?~s does nod ye~~ seem poss~,b~e, sa.nce ~~}~lere
a.s sij:i,l~. nor su~`~';i.cient ex~~eri,r~Pn~a1 and ~~hcore~tric~.;lr data, and
x~a~h:Gn~ ana;l.oF7ous 'to `such a '~r~nd.iaac ~~.sn exa.s~Ls a.n his'Gory,
Nr~vex~the:l.es~~, the research wha.ch h,as been cox~duc;~~~d ~,~ro-
jades a.:fo~ndaton fox9 de~~prm~.ria~~a.on o~ de~x~~es off' ~nca~~ase ~:f
precip~.~~a~;iar~
I.~n~~~}is x'ee}caned arcord.a.r~ j ~~o sma:ll~sca~.~; maps are, we
}snow, ser~.ousJ.y underestirna~~ed, Corn~ar7.san off' the 1.en~~f;hs of
~'ores~r can~aurs meC~.sured acaax"da,n~; ~~o ~Ghese rna.~r~s ~.nda.ca~~es ~rhG~~
~}~ese lengths ~.,re abnu~; r~ri,ce tc~? smal.:l.~ ~leasur~rnen~~s by charts
o~ ~.ar~e.r' 'scale would comp nearer ~~o ~~h~ ac~t;u.a:L va:l.ues of tk~.e
corn~ttted lc:n~ths. ~:n~Lh in the ~.ima.~Ls oi' accuracy o,~ calculation
ane niay cr~ns~.der the len~~~11s aL" ,forest {cal~tours in the a~'eas we.'
as~.ected as ch~.racteris~; :c ~'or a st~.tian ta. b~ ap~ro~c~.mately
three timc;s gx"eC~,~er khan 'phase ire o~~~a~.ned cc~ns~quen~~.;~ ~~hei.x
1.~,.mit~.n~ m~,;ni.~~ude for ~f;~~e cafes we ha~re ~,naly~ed wauld amaun.t to
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
~~aa~~~ 1~,~~a ~~,~A~i~?~~;~~'~
. ~x~o~s ti~nda~~ ~~ric~l~,~u;r,~,~ cu.?~t~.v~'~~,aa~
~~~ wa ~.s ~u~~ r,h~~ ~,n
,, ~~ be:~~~ w~.~~, ~e nr~ ~~e avox~e ~ ~ ~
~~re d~.s'~~r~ce ~ctween ['axe a
~ ~ 1~:i,~pmn~exe (~,on~,t~ud:l,ne,~.) ~ ~h~r~
ki~,Amo~~~x ~ (tran~vexse } ~,r~d
.~ .~ . ~ ~ our ~'ox^ the ~rc~~ unda~,~ cpn~~~.dc~rat.~on
the a,en~;th o~:.far, c,~1, con ~ , -
w:i.~,~. amount ~;a _ ~.a ~ QQ~ ~c~.~,o~le~Lar~
(~?~~(~Q square ~;i~.amotez~~s}
~~, , , ~ u t~.c~n ~~ `~hc re7..c~~: ~Y Forest ~~~.~:n?~~,i7~;s'
1 n.u~ the d~, ~ x ~
. " ' ~ ona W~~h .rd ~,a ane ~~c~~~.r~'~h ~.e s s khan
which 1.s o~k,~~erv~:d a.rr ns.~u7,e ~.
' .Hated by ~a~.an ~ however i'l~ ;;cems har~d~.y
'~l'~a~~ whi,c~~ iu desi.~
~e ,~ cu~.r~,ti'~y oi' prec~,pi'Gatian would b~;
~aossible ths~t the :~ncrea i
~aae a.n con.'~our ~, s:i.nce '~lle w .a-d
di~~ectJ~y ~~roportional ~o ti'ie a.ncxc
crh ''f;~1e ~.Ox~a"~ Ue~.'~,~, ~1'1~~ ~i}le ~.~Ve~. 0:~
will par's ~al:~y b~.ow throw,,
r _~ n aoll~hEx^n ~h~xl zn nor~~~hex~~~ x^e~7.on~~
candenaat~.on w~.1.~. b~ h~.~her z
_; ; , , , ~ ~.n~'l.u~nce off' ~dd~.'l-~.ar~e,:l. rou~~~ne~
but ~:~ on ; ~rix.s accoui~ ~ ~,he
times we ~ 'l.l:l. have ~~, ra.~h'~ to c~pEC~
drops even by thx"ee or ~'o1a.r. ~
ec i. ~its.tiot~ by ~~ ~o :~~ ~~ercent ~'
an ~.ncr. eel ~e of pr ~
~~ ' , a. nnx^ed here ~~he s.n~l,ys~:~.s af. add~.~ion~,:l.
we }nave cnm~.~lc ~e1y ~ ~~
~, ?.r~ rec~.~~~i'~s.tion by ir~~cx~ca,ge off' ev~pax"~~G~,on
pos5~.b~.J.a.t~.es iax chrn~; ~ p
~~ :~" r7.~rer :flaw, crCa~ic~n o~ a.rri~;a'~ed c;u~.tivation
~~hrnu~~~ re~u1.~+.~L.~on a
~? C~ ation~ rJ,'hi, pra~bl.em, wr~ich has a h~.stax~y
~xr~d dove ~.a pm~nt of ~~ f o r c ~.~ ~
C c~.de,ted i.,n~, other 'wor~~s and rocs beyond
many years o1.c~., h~.a been e1u
't,l"ie 'J.im~.'ts a~' ;t}~~ie ~~,x~tica.e
w whic~i have been estab~.ic~hed in the
'the c;on~orm.~~~,c.s ~o la
ranch knew bhp c:l.ari~'ica~ion' off' th.e
'present warn a~.7.aw us to app
-e c~~ cl.ims,te ~.n d~.,re~~9.ons ~necessar}t :far
~7nss~.b~.~L:~t:t,es .for chal~~
the n~.'~ic~na~. ecc~nomym
It :i.s essen~~a.a:>r to note tha,~ e,s a resu~.t
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off' ~lah~ m1~~u~~, a.~'~~~c~a~~~~c?r~~cc~~ c~ hy~x~cm~~aQ~o~?~~~~~ ~'~.c~r4~~,
C'1`l~n~E3 U~' Q~1~ ~~~' ~hQ bf~tii?},C ~~1~'~1T1~~+~~'~ ~1~~i0111~'~~,C~~,~,;y' ~~?~~~du~Q~ ~`
chs.n ~,o ~;r~ ~~}1a ca~~h~~~~
'~'l~~s ~~~z~~.~,t~~ ~r~,in~~~~?l~ ~o ~h~ ~G~1~,~x~~~1rr~
end h1.~~a~~.~~y off' 1;h~ ~~,~~ ~n ~'~c~l,, ~~ ~ ~Qa~~~~`uenG~ cai' ~x~ ~,~
cxc~~,,~a ?.i.i~ ~rcca.~~,`t~~~~cn, c:>.ca~~d:i,rlos ~ end ~v~~ox~~~~~.o,n, ~Ghc ~~~
~or~~o~,~~~u~~ a,n ~h~ w~1~tr1 ~t;ar~c of ~~ ~r shc1.~.~1 :~'~1:1., ~~~d ~Ghc; hu~
I(1:}.d1.'~!J C?~' '~}1C? ~?I.x aholl:l.c} 1~;1.5~~
'~}1o ca~,cul.r~~ta.ons of ~n~'1,uencc o.f ~'a.cld~~ro~~cr~~~~v~ rox~~~~i~
b~~.~~s upon ~az,eca.~,~~~Ls.'ira.on corl~auc~~;c~, he;xe s}~1o~1J,cl '~0 1,ooked u~aon as
rough Fs~i~,i.ms,~Les of ot~1.y ~ua~a.'tG~'L' .v~ si,~r~a.~'a.c~arlc~; ~,h~ ~,x~erid o~
t;he ~,roc~s ~, however, is b~,yorld c1ol~b~l,~
It is esson~;i~.:~ i~hc~i~ bo~~h' ~~hearet~i.ca1. ~.nd ~x~~exi.men~trs,l rc-
se~.r~ch on ~~ha.s ~rok~:Lem be con.~t:~nuec}. in ..:order Rtha~~ ~,'cita,axi~a.~ta~~.ve
es~a.m~~te m~.y b~ m~td~ ~f ~Ll~ie ~assa.ba.l,a.~ty~ a:f 'chan~ir1~, c:Lim~t~,c,'
}1~dr~ol.o~a.Ga1. ~ncl soar. canda.~:.i.ons a.n i~h~ d:Lrec~a.an ra.ecES;~ax~ :~"or,
l;h~ nra.~~~ions.~, econorr~r, end a:l.r~o ~,o cora,~~.e~k,e bhp des:>.~n:iwn~, s,nd Ln
~~}~re ver~r near ~'ui~ur~~e 1;}1R; exy~:l.o~.~~a~~a.on, off' ~'a.el.d~pz~o~l;ec~t.a.ve f'o~^~;s~
be~.~~s r
.~ 1,,, ~ w
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
0~ ~;N~'~~U~~1~~C~ 0~ `~~1~~'~~1D~ 0~ !~ ~~~?~A;,
~i~ Q~~~~ON .~
ON '1'~~~~~~'~'U~ ,~~,p ~~~C~~'~`~`A'11~ON
c~1. c~.,~~,r~lau~~.c~rl a~' ~~~lrZ~aar~'~uro :fin maun~a~rz rc~~.ar~s
`the v~r~~.
j ~rr~ :l,o,, ~lis.rr ~;j.n L?~'~p ~'x~e a~~mas;ahr.r~ s,~.nG~
~.a carl;~;t.~lc;r~~,b~.y raox ~ cG ~p
. , ~ ~ ~ , ,. ? s c~er~'t~ci ulaon ~'u, nab a~~~.y k~~r 'Tic ~;I~sr~1u.~L?e
subs~l:~c~zl~,a.~t.l. a.ni~.u~ncc ~.
a~' the :laca~.i?~Y ~rbovG se~,.:l.evcl., bu,~ s,J.sa ~;y' '~hc Farm
e1.e va'~~.an ~,
j .a ,x~a h~ and ~Ll'it~ ~enera'~ cl~rrr~t~la~c coc~cla.i~a.ons a:~ ~~hc ~:~vc~n
of tanc, ~alaa~, ~ J
'~erra.~aa,;~~
A :1.. Va~rcy'kov (2J cor,s.ders ~.~~ r~.~ky~ 'La r~c~uce 'thc ''l~emw
. ~ ve7 a.n '~hosr/ re~~.ons ti1Yr~re ~~he ve~~r,'~cal ~;emw
~pex arure ~o ~~ea 1e
' ~ ~? r~o~ beery es~s,bl~.shed ley caa.rec~ abservat~.on5
~e.ra'Lure ~raclJ.e11~ has
r a :E' ~thE ver~b:i.cc?J, ter~~erG~.'~ure ~racli.cr~~L 17as be~r~ rep
.Chc, vcl,ue o
~? ~. c~el;ex~m~i.ned., bLtt nab us ~n~ r~a~~crial,s off' abserve,~~.c~n ~'rnm.
~c,,~.l,e ~'
a ~ krai.ne. 't'he da.ver's.~.~y' a~' ~hr--; rc;su~.~s o:~ ca.1.cu~.at:i.orls o.C 'L?he
~h c. )
~' ~. ~ ? rn erd~~ure ~;rad~.en~s in ol;her x~a~~ans [1.~ ~, 3, 7 ~ ~.J
vez ~,~.ca.L ~e ~
~roYn~~~ecl us '~a dex~~.ve the va~.ue a:~' ~,hc verl~s,c`~~. ~~;en~pcr.~~.~Lure
rac~a.en~Ls far 'the U~;ra~.r~e
are~'~~:~ anal. s~.s off' absc~rvat;ions rrrade by several.
~~~ex c Y
r ?` n~ we dT~swo~ in the occ~.usion
s s~eni r. escrl~Ls a l~~.cture s~.el~ as a,s schen~a,'~ica~.:l.;~, ~ivca~ ~in ~'a.~;~ure
Y ~'
la.e '~J'az'm occ~.u,sion :fronts off' the given s~~r~uc~G~tirc arc: a.tx ~L~.].]. a~i^Cew
sent with the structure-; a:~' th+r th~r;,rlobaric i'a.eLd~
~'~frU~~E )a,~
1~1 A ~ M.
C~pL~
.....~..~...~...~.w.......~~.~.......~~~...,~...w,...~.,.,.~:.~.~,..r,~........ .~....~..,a.~. ...~..~..
~` " r
~~,,'~Y,~~ ~' ~ ' ' "' `' ",A~ ~, , ;,, , ; , occ:~~us ion
acknow~.eduemen
~~~~ ~ ~ CaT1S'~l"IJ.Ct10T1 a:~ diaC;rs,ms off" +'doub~.e" and +~tripJ.e"
i+~,l~es pos,a.~b~.e thc. _
oacl.~~sions~
:Cn the ~a~:~esent work we have scat aursE~.ves 'the ~~urposc o:C
veri:C irk one ar. the other po~.nt o~ view o~,1 thc: be,sis o~ availab~,e
aeral.o~;ica:l me.tex~~iale ~:nvcsti~;a~iri~ :i.n va,~~iaus sea5ans numerous
:Crones associated wa.th var~~.au,s s~~no'ptic si~,us.tions given on the
{ ~~~.i~r,r xns~r,itu~'e's ~;raund ch~.rts as "bc~nt'~ occ].usinn
Cent:~a:t ~'~ ecas ~~
'~ ~ reses.rch w?~.th the aid off' isotherm cha:~~ts off' vai^ious
.E ron~L s (a. he
,, ,~ s was canduc~,ed, can the bas~a.s off' t~~~c ~7o;;ition set
~.sobax is sv.r~ace
., we came ~o ?~h~ ~'o~.J.owin~ canc~.usion; alb. a~' therm,
{orl~h above),
with tl~i~ pasa:~.b~.e ~xc~~r~ion a~ cane case ~of which
sam~~~~h.r~; 'wi:l.;~ be
4i ' b~~.aw raved ~o b~ in actua~.i~~Y ,econda~' and ardinax~r ca~.d.
sa~.d ~
' msa~~ cases hs;vine su~~icient~,~~' ~.reat te~n~~;rature
'rants, t~~e ~.e,~te~ ~.n ,~ .
,. ' - :Declassified in Part -Sanitized Co A roved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
l
;~ ~ , S~~;cx~~;~,ri~a ~~' ~~ A~~~;~ ~ql.~r~
~`~,ku~Q
~~.x^~, a~~ ~ ~~~~~1~ ~ ~ ~7,a,x~'~~~ ~ ~ ~~c~~11~;xn~~
~, w, ;~~riQp~~~ cY
~~ A~ ~c~c) ra1,J.~~i~~ ~
.~ a.~u~ e
~} nc ~t~.c cha,r~ a~ ~ax~h ~ s suxf~,cr~; b M ~.ao~;~~~xm~
a ~ ~
OO, r?.~.~~.~.b~xs; c ~ isa~h~xm~ a~ A'~'-:700 rr~:L~.~~.b~~~;
a~ A'~ ~
rl w ~.~o~~~iexms at A`~' ~~~~~ r~;i.:l.:l.i~~ax~~
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
ec~r~~~~s~ ~~a .fie d~~1~~L~d ~~ ~~a~n~ea~,~'Y ~~~~~~~;~'l~dw ~~c~,~ded eyc~
:~. ~a dee. en ~~ baar~ ~a ~~e~ar~axatca ~us`~ whea~ such
~.a~,~es can~~.nucd
~^e xese~~ 1~i~ ~he~.r~ s;~~~c~ra~ as ~aad a~~ea~^e~~ ~~ a c~ns~~,uenc~
~ron~s we ~
? ~ r ~ ~ r~va?~lnr~ ar rlew ~'arraata.an cad no`~~,cea~le ~emlaexatur~ cen~
o~ ~h~, . ~~x c~ s e
~x~~`~~~ ~n ~riex ~e~c~r~s
The e~cel7t~,orial case :ind~.oa~ec~ wave, When ~ s'.~^an~ a.x~ `Ehe
^ ne r~:~~kzt h~1ve begin d~s~.~;natecl-as an pccluslon, be~
zrax o~ a cyc~.? ~~
? ~ ~ thy; ar~c~cess off' ~ar~m~~,t~.on off` a. 1Ja,,^`~a.c~.~~.o,r cyc;~J.one a`~ `the
J.on~~ ~0 1
~o~,nt off' GCC~.l,15].U1.1~ 't'hen the oac:lusiori ~'raxr~ janEd the old c~~cM
1
~.or1e ~ri.~~l~ the n~;W, ~;~~e,erv`~.~; ?its tructuxe as a cor~~lex system
~J~.tll 1~1)1~E1~ ~'x~ants, but on the Ck)~al'ts o~ isathGrrnS and rE~latavQ
~M , ' h ~;hexe co:rr~es~c~nded, .~o a.~ a w~crm cres~~ ~rh ,ch was traced
~a~o~,ra,~a y
? ~ . ?? ,J:`t?~.`Ludes. l,et 11s rcr~.a~lti tha?r~ in ~klis case file occlus~.on
to ~,rea~ a
i'ron`r was ~^c;'~.a~~:~ve7.y .~unobi].e~
~~'hc~ er:cryaneaus no~~.~n ab~a~.ned concex~n:~n~ ~l~e passib~J.i~~f off.
? ' ,? ~ a:C ~~bea~ltti and ilot one 1au't~ several, occl.~ctisi.orl ~ron~s ~.~
~,~~.;~ ~,enC~ a
the conseglzerLCe off' a cornl~:Lcte:l.;~ aneMs .ded ~.rl~e~~p~^e1~a~~~.an a~' the
roce:~ses, f'ounder~ on the; e,,ra,mi~~ation o.f.' k:?a.xlemiat~.c condi?~ians c~nd
~ron?L? ~.:~nes excl.~~s.ve~.y an the synala~t,ic chaxts of the earth's s~.1rM
face ;fit is as i~ a~.e ~'ax~~;o?~ that o~c:lusi.oxl ~'xan`i;5 a,7~c~ camp~.e~:
s a,tia,~. ~`steras, with u~~e~~ ~'~~n~~ and upper warm sec`Lo~~~, ,and,.
k~ancl.- :ghat `the Y~~ar:~c :~l~~d and the sy~'~e~rl a~' w~.nds
on tkle a Sher ,
~~iven on tkYC~ '~roilnd, sy~c~~'~ic chart chaz~~~;e consic~erab:~y .with a,],titta.cl.~;s,
~,
Pct ros an anC1 ~' ~ ~~ ~ Tabarovsl~~.y aa~c r~.~ht in cons a.der~.n
l~h~ ~', i:~ ~' ..
u ~ n'~s in a,ccord~nce Frith the ' stru~`h~ure of the high-.
tha.~ occ.~us~.on fro ~
? ~ ~ in a c c;].o~~c, _canr~at'~ ancp ha~rin~ ben`L, bass `~o
a~,t~.i~ude cu~ren~s Y
tit cif tl~e c~ clone ~hr~u~h ids ccr~te~" ~~.~
the xea~ ~~ ~
.~a 1 .i..:.c, ?~ .u r iruaa ,+rr , ae...,... ,,n. ,r~ ~uiv ~, _~rmzu.n...~ o-r~.:.f ai , v.._?r,~.rt a.. ni i~...:~:n , r., nici ?~ ,~ .r,.~.tin; ; a. ..; s..w' ;~n!~^' r ? ~. ~ - v;vs
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
~~ ~h~~ w~ ~Q nc~ h~v~
~~'v~~ ~~~Q ~,~ ?~~ ~~~
~~ ~~~~h ~ , h~~Q ~~~
~ ~~~r~'~c~ ~u~ ~l;h~
w,~`~h a.~N w1~o~,o a~cl~~~.ar~ ~ ~ .
ta~~aox ~'x~car~~~~~ ~r~ ~ ~N~o~n
` ~ano~j~~' ~,~ one ~~lc
o~~c~~~~a,~~, condlt~.o~~ ~ ~r~~to
~ ~^~~,~~~,1 ,. ~: ~cov~an~ ~Ila
~~~~~ ~~o ~ .. eta o the ~~~~~~,~,~, s~trll~~
~ ?,C ~l~rc~,r v ~ ~ tlna Q:t~ c~c~'onasa
o~~~~c~ ~~~~ a~~~
`ta'.~tu,d~ ~h~ ~ncx-~~,,~~ off' w~r~
' ~~ ~~ sc~rc~~ ~ ~'~~lrh ~,~,~,
y ~ossa.1a~.o bra cdrrs~x~~c? r, ,
?yc~an~ w]la.ch ac~1~,~ ~ ~ a ~pat~~,~~ mod
s ,~ hand 4,~ rho occ ~~. o~ ~,
t~~tr,, laax't~ ~r~ ~hc a z11~a~x~,~
~;~,;i.n ~~ I- , s`' a~;'tam~~~;s wa s.l1G ~ '
~ ~~~a~tux~~~ o~ ,thl~ c ,~, ., '~~ ~~,w~~.ys obi
~ ~~.ura~ a~~~~'a,~s~d ~n ~~ ~ o
?~ ~ha ~'roni~ ~,~ lc ~ act ~th ~ ~ ?
~ha a~x~,h -s sux,f~cs ~ti ~,ha ~~ine
~n d~..{',~ax,a end 'tl1a uPl~ex ~'x'on~s , . .
n~t d~xac~.~ons ~.. ?tha . ^ ,, wa.~.~ mova
cyc~ona~ anda.n~.:i.r~~o ~ ?~, ha ~ns~.rla o~~
~~a xa~x l~~r~;, and .. ~ ~ha
cafe :from ~l,ho c , . thc~ sacond ~ri,.l1,''xrusll ,h
,Yc.lona sYS~aln, mova,zl r ~o cu?
~tiorl ?;~ ~ ~o Villa he~.~?h~;,s Vin: ,~
~tl~e wind, ha dxz~cc.
.f'ac1;~
~'he~al.raa~Y ~enax
a~-~Y ~{r~own and ~p~.~
~h,a.~,, ~ccaxd n'~r ~ ~ ~'~d ,a.n c~aa~,?r
~~ ~o ~t,ha ~ woaka
da~rea ?~' oc c~.~a ,~, an
cxaa?t c0rxas~~onda,n r , . ~~ ~ cyclnn~~ .~11
b to ~. E ~r~,x^ln -s~c?L~x .~~~ ~ wax, m
is ~'ourrd ~o be ~ bx~dtral~.y ~'aaxs
xn ~'u:l.~, s,t; ~o ~ha t3.i.rla,
~~'ealnan~t wi.~t~l the 1~,?t~ar, ~ , .
~~x ~11111,5't~11Ca~
~'hE~ ~'aseaxch rasu~.~t,,
s sad .~oz~~th a~,ovc ~~a~.a'Li .
of. the ithor~~;it ands o va ~o ~hG x,, . , ,
~ ~n oc c;Luson ca,~ 7.`ty
s~;al~cs ' orr ~ha ?na h~l1c~, sncl 'tl h`' ~ ,
~'h`~~ ' ~%ha jo~.nyn~J~ o:. .
?~' ~'rol'l~ts is ,~ ~ ~ c~.z ctrm.
~~~ar' off, ?tha ~~, x,nl~~;ad ~o one.: ~h
?~psp~iaxa al~rc~ ~h~~~ ~Y a ~,owas~
~0r~ ~ha ,occ;ll.ls~.c~n ~:''
x use V ~xY h~.~~h
on ?th~ .tna cs;ni~a~,
o~th~x~ ~~] va u,, ~ho ~, , ,
a.l~~ da.a~r~mU ofi ~cdouh~a ~~ ~ , . ~swcr~~; ~h~,~; ~tlaa
~,nd it~,r~p~at~ ac~~,u,s.~or
~'ox?nl ~a rea~.a.~t , .. xs do
y .fin ~~Y Casa , . no?t cpnw
alp ~~ ~ .our ~,~,~,amp.ts ~to ,~~;
tss~~~y~n nd ~1~~ ~-s'o~.~-t~d
~.~r .. ~ ~ ?to ~ha ra,~.~~.t ex-
a ~'e~ul ~t~s, Y ?~ such ~'~ ants
~~v'o no pos~,~w
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
'~h~ ~~s~a~el~ ~~~~~t~~ ~~~ ~o~~~ a~ac~r~ ~h~w~ i~~ t~~ ~'~?rs~
l~a~ ~h~~ ~1~~ ex~~~~~n~~ r~p~~~~nt~~L~an~ c~,f' ~h~ ~~~~~~~~~. s~~uc~~t~~~a
~~' ~~~~~~~~ r~~ay~ be l~rca~~s~~~~- end acl~ mp~c ~~~ocJ.~~ ~n~l, J,r~ thQ ~~car~c~
E
~lac~ ~a~~=~ ~,sa~t~~~~~ c~~~~~g ~a~~wn u,~ ~'ot~ vs,~~~,~lxls a.~oU~x~.c s>~r~'ac~a
a
~'~n~r~~~ sut~~~~n~~~.~~ he:L~a ~,~~ ~~c ~r~c~~i.ca~~. wox~~ o~ ~~or~?~ ~n~a.~~a.s.
a~>~~
~Z~~~~~1;~~~~~
l~ ~'o~asyan, Kh ~ P ~ end "Tauox~ovsl~~y`, N ~ ~ ~ , l~c~vec~~~.ona1~?n~mtic
~a~es off.' 'G~'r~n~aa.o~;a.c~,~, ,~,na].~5~.s~ ' `~'r~udy 'S'~~;1', numbex rl,
~ 3~~~) ~ ~~G,~
2 ~ ~ve~ev, A. S ~ , ~l'hc;xrnor~ynar~ic Ana~.ys~.s off' 13ar~~.c '~'o~~o~z^a~~hy Ch~x~~~s
~nr~ ~I~p~.~,ca,~~a.on of Mahe ~c~.vec~ion~:lMDynazn~.c 1'fle~hod ~o ~recil~a.M
~a~~i.c~n 1?~'oxec~~s~a.n~, 'l~':c~~c~ '.~s1P, nu?>her ].li., ],~~~6+
~~1'1x~1110V
~1~.1nc~.am~n~;a1s of aynop"tic ~'~G~~eoro~.o~y ~Tz.c~^ome~L,,
I~, }~~rzheron, 'I',, Goardn~~~c~ '~'hreeM~~.xnensa.onaa. Syno~~~a.c ~,ns,].ysa.s,
pa~~ 2, ].)31~.~
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
' a:~.l maa~~'~~~ne a'~1Qw~ ~I2a~ ~~~ ~~~~w
~~~~ ~ r~~~'~ ~ Q~ ~~~V~1,r~,t~~ 0~ ~
~ ~' 1
~~ ~ti ~a1~~L~.1a~.'~~~a.a~~ ~~~c~Qrn
' ~,~~x~.~ox~~ s ~?~ ~ha ~ ~~Q~ ~,umr~
' a ~au~1,~~ off' ~r~,~~x L~ cva~
8f'1aa~Q'~ ~Q~' ~~ ,
aom~ '
~,~.~~1ti~~'.aa~~~d ~~~a,'~ ;l,~y'~x' ~.~
~k~l~a~ a~~ex .the h~,rve~~ the xcao
~~ian, so n t ~~er~e:~~a~G:~an c~~ ~oa.l.
a.na~a~'~~.c~.ez~~~.;}r mc~a.~~
,~^1 ark e~ ~~c~~~' ~e7~c~ae~~'~~~uxe
", '.e~~ve;e 7aec Any ~,~~1~r .x~ ~;,~~e ~~~
Ti1Q:l.a~l~~ Q ~ ~`~
~a~.~. ~:n ~.u~ur~ln~
' J1UCQa~'~ ~ . w
phi ~ ' ~ ~' `~' ~' e na
xe~c~ ;s~.~;na.:Ca.oanGe a~ ~
~ri ap~~e af. 'I;he
come a.nVe~>'La.a~,c~xe ca~neiclex
.. ~ Yaeen ~.~.~,~~~.e ~~~ucYa,ed u~ ~o naw~ e ~"ew
~uY, e kl~~'~
,. ~, ~ ~~ e~: xc~o~r~W~.rih~Y7i~~ec~ soa.]. ].~ye~ ax
~Y~.~ znoi5~u'z'e xea~~~vea a.n l,h
1,hara ,.~';; ~'a.1.~,e~r'a.n~ a.rt~Jo Mahe saa.~.~
eci ~~,~~~~~.or~ anc~~' ~G'naw wa~c
s'~o~~c~d ~-~~' ~x 1 ~t'ri~.a })~'OL'Q5S ~c~ ~~he i~~~,w
1~~~~,~are a,].a.a~ 'rho ~~,~, xo~.e ..n
,,
~~1~Yi~r ~,nve e ~a
~, , r.; ~C na..Eh~~~ ?
:La~rer~~y~:~.1,1~ ~.c,ve~.,~
, , ' rnavE~7nen'i~ af' w~'~ex' ~z~c>ra
~,xasc~:~~.
,~. wa'~~~' ~I1oVC'?a ;~rc~m ~GILe
~a~^c~a.z~~ ~a A?z' ? i~~;u~~.e:~l t ~ ~;,hPn;c~~ a ,.
,sec
., ~~ ~ ~~c anc~ ~h~.e r~~oveirle;r~~
. a , .: a.r,. ~r~.ra:~ c;x in ~h~; vapa?. s ~~.
~,c~~,~tar~l a,n ~Y~~ eu.l.l of ~rGt~~;x~vapc~x ~xe;~eu~^e
o~ ~~~~a se~eorlaJ. di~t~"~bu~~?r' .".
~ ~ ~, CC) n~ C~ C~U.e11~C C , . r ~, ~,.~
e~~~, ~u:l.~~ea ~;y er~~..L ~em~ex ~tuxe ~~
he ~,'ai~. and, bo'~~om wh~.c;Y~, ie Y
a,n ~
~yen~~~
7~u~.a~~an a~' :1.~~"fie cYu~i~~~.~~.c~5
ms exp~~~.ns the ~ccu7
7. ~~
V
~a
a.
,~,,.
V
... o~ 'the ~~u~^:~ sa .~.M~'a~r~z1~, ~~~~'
a~~er ~n w?n~c~' ~lncl.er ca~~c~.~~~.ans , . , , .? '~7x o~
a~ tr ox~.~orm Lx~ns~
.r~,b~.e e~~c;nt a.n ~~exme of ~~~
cesS to ~ ran~~.clo
y, ~ ~ ~~ ~ wa.~~h ,'~h~.s he aa~tir~aw~.ed~;~a a
' ~;~u.xc ri ~,h~ sa~.~..b a~,d.e by ,~],..~,
~mo~.e u~.d s~a'~e
r~en soa.~M ~.~~'~~"~ ~?~ the ].~.~,
~,xans~'e~" o~ ~r~'~ex ~o ~~ne ~'xa~
y ,r ~,~ ~ ax~~~,~,7.;1.~.~~~~.c~n phennxr~na?
~?l.ea, c;~,p~.a~.r~~.n~ ~
~"ti(~Pi,~?n.. ~'~{ v{M1i i~t.4+f~her'r31i,~'~rhi~~'.~' r ~1?,~ .?t't+:~tF$` o? ({ ' r. t'r I it; 7,(';r ;. ~,',. J P ..),',,' 1. ~ ~', ~i?S lift{ ~ i J~ vd u~~. I r ~ . rr r:, w h ~ ~' 11 ,~,il~ . ,, i, A ,~. i t , r i ~ in r .Yt r i i 4 +1 i.~',r t V { ~ 7 i t ~
s .~, t ,
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-00039800020017002, "~'? ~ '' `'~~ "' ""' "'
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
~f~?~? ~~~~,~ a~~A~~ ~~ ~~p~G~,~~~y ~~~~ ~'o~Q ~~ c~y~~~~,~,~,M
N~~~c~~~ ~~1~~~~o~n~r~a? ~n ~~~~ w~rd~, ~~~ ~'r~ao~~,~~,, ~~~~ a,~;~or~ ~.r~ ~~~o~~i~
~~~c~~~~a~1 ?~ho ~,~~x~~~~,~V off' ~~~~.si~u~~~ ~,~ ~ ~~v~~~ ~~~~,~~ ;a,~ ~, ~'u~ic~;~~l~ a,~'
~l~; ~:'~'LE?~,~.2~. ~??~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~ 1~1~,? ? ~ui~~n ~ a~ c~p~n~ico~~, rroa.~~~ur~ ~.n ~h~
so~~ ta~y r!ri,~ar~~e 1X1 V~~a~r s,7~d l~.~u~,d ~'ca~9~?I~, ~oscra.b~.n~ one cif ~Lh~
e~pe,r~;i,men~s ~~'~dy~:~n~ w~>,?Ler ri~J,~;x~~a~~~x~, he ~sser?l~ed ~~x~?~ ~n ~~i?i.s c~~
p~r~.~i~c~~a~ ~;lic~re occurred. a, ~~,?~~~^~J,~~? olav~.a~~,~ ~x~~n~~'c~r aJ: w~?~ex~~ ~,n,
~,ic~ua.d, ~'arii~ a~ ~11e ,~;a.r~e cal' ;~r~GC~a.t~~
off'"'~hr ~~~~~~nc~, ~h~ wa?~~r 11av~~
ink an~ved upwa~~~G~, i~1 s~~ .fie off' ~l~ie J.aw a~' ~ra,vi~;~?~ion,
Cane o,fi ?L11e cau,~es off' auc~a~ con?Lr~,d~,c~L~.ons a,x~ in?~~;x~raz~e?~aw
lion of ~hia ques?~~.an is ~~i'le ab~erice of widcJ.~~~ Canduc?Lecl obse,rva-
?~ions ~.n natural c~~ndi~~~.oa~s
Tn ~11e ssr~~?~~e~rt o;C ~~>,F~ ~~ydrome?~eoralci~ical, service U-JS~~ n~a?~w
er~.s,J. is now col.Lec?tecl which ~acrn~.~;s expoaure of ~hP basic feaW
?~u1~e,5 of the aro cess a~' re ren~rat,ion ,' ^ ~ ~' ,
1 ~ of sc~~l , mo~,s~,ux e reserves a.n
~;he ?Lex~ri?Lo~?a,ra off' ?~he Lurape~n ~~ar~ o~ tale U~~iI~Z,
~ns.l;~sis of ~~~e mass soil.~mois?~t~r~observai~ior~s of a~~o-
arid l~iydrorae?~corala~;ica:L s?Lr),?Lions shown ~~11a~t in au?~uniri, b~~ the
dime the average cl.aily air ~ez~ae~?s,~ure has ~:'a:1.:l~en be:l.ow ~ dew
greet , ;which prac?~icaJ.l~? caa.ncid.es with ~11~ cessa?L?ia~~i aC' '~~he ~row~ _ `
j
iax~ pex~~i~d for a~;ricul~ural cro}~,,, ?Ghe ~?~ores of pxocl.uc?Li.ve z~lois~
?~ure ia1 soils of ?~he ~uro can ~err~.tox C~~~SI~ va ... ; . ,
p ~ r~r w~.~h~.11 ~.de la.m~.?Ls, ~
decreasa,ng .from ilar~hwes?~ ~a sr~u~,heas?~, In ?thc nar?l~h~res?tErn rayons
?~~he ~ills,ble soil :Lcyer carrt~~tiins abc~u?L 6U millime?~ez~s a~' proc~ic?~ive
raa.~.s~ure, wl,,ere~s in the ao~t~,heas~~ern rayons i?~ coni~ains only 2UM2~
mi~.lime?~ers in all, xn a `meter ~~yer of sn~.l ?~he mais?~ure s?~ares
amo~~n?~ ?~o ~nU~22U and, ~U.~~U ~~~llim~?~cr;~ r~spec~~~rel~r; ~hs,t i~, 'they
si~r~.lsxly~ decrease ~o' app~~o~~~.ms,~ely one W~hird ~'~or~~ rior?~h~r~s~ ?Lo sax~,~h~
eas~?
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
` ~~~~r~~ ~~yon~ ~~~ m~,~~Y~~.~~'
~n the same ~?~~~ the ~ou~l~a
T~'
too ~to~^~~ a~ mo~~,~tur~ ~.n
~l?~c~ ~,oxthwe~t~rn m~,n~m~~~,~y ~
wettoe~ ~~
n~~th~raa'~ t1~a~1 x.11 the sautll
s ~~a.~~. ~~m~~n ~~ea'~er ~n the
- ,the ~~~~.
~~~`~~
. the temper^a~~ur~; pas~e~ ~ ~~~ree;~
X11 tree p~r~.oG~ :from the tame c ~ ~n~
U rye rr~os t11e xnaa.stizx~e ~t~~'ea arc
to the t~.n~ ..when i~ passes ~ o~ inoa.~~
' ~~ tic~r~, ~~Iow~vex ~ `the proport~oll
cx~aasea' o~r:~.n~; ~o p~ecapa. ~
~~~ the ,~io i.1 in the va>^a,pu~
rs,tion ~~ ~c;pa~z'~tc :l.a~'ers o~
tore sstu ,
~,,,. rerc~~.na as be~'are~ ?na.y ~Lhe
`,~ the ~'urope;all t~:rr~.tory U~~1~
2Q11GS
].e ~~' et~ ~.eve1.s o~'~E some~aha'~
' aturC content o~ the ~~a.~.J.ab ~' ~ ~0
r~oa.
UreatC~ obl.asts conta~.ns 200 ~
.r ~,e,, er o:C sa~.a. a.n tY~c nort~l ~ ~ a
mete ~ P a~ wa.nt~r
? clucta.ve 17~aastux~e by tale be~;a.r~na.n~;
m:l.l:limetc;x~s o~ pro
aductive moisture as 'beM
the. s'~ares o.E px'
:fin the extreme sautheas
., t Y^c~ch a.00 ma.~.~.ir~le~texs
Hof E clo na
o7.ute quan'~iti~;s o~
,.~ ~ :~..in~ica~.,~,~~ d:~~'~c~x~cnces- .~.n abs
the e,bav'~
n the ~~'op~~~t~.e s o:C the w~~ter
' ~~~ure a:l.sa s'~~~,~tG a ai~::Ccre;nce 7, ~ o~
maa.~ ^ tY~e be~;inni~?~~
oiL:~ off' x.ndiv~.dual ~ ayons by
av~.~.1.eb~.e a.n ~~ne s
the seasana~ ~'reez~e.
nd beyana tkte L~~,a.nilYU.tim :~'ieJ.d
~~ i~ l~r~nwn that lnaisturG above ~ t~c~
x
~'ic~.d m~,?;.sl~tilrc capaca.t~' ~s a,cce
re capacity (r~he m7.nir~~um ~ , ~~ o~
ma~.stu ~ when. the mix xa
.. water rctanec~ by the saa.~
~,~ the quan~L~,~y a~ ~ .a.. ~at~~ra~~a:on ~-y-'
tha~L the ~a~rex' off' cap~.~~ ~"Y
~~^ee watEr 1.ics so ~~.ep ~~~trcmel~y weal~.y
-reach the sai~.~) is bound
ink above it does nod
,...: art~.c~,es ~.nc~ t11~re~care
:. ~ ~ bcn~nd at ~~.~. to the su.~,1 p
becs~ti5e i~ ~,s na
aw ~;he ma.n~.r~~a.m ~ir~i ~ mo:~s lure
~; mo~~.~.i'~y ~ 1'~oistux~e bel
ha. pron~unCe
- nd hs,s ~.itt~.e mobility
~~rotil~l~' ba~,tind to tk~e so~~. a
cap7,c:~ty ~~ s
oistux"e s~ar~s in the
th~res'~ern ~syo~n;~, wl~.exe the m
xn ~11e ..,nor..
~`; ~.
.5LLi6S'lAk
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
~~~w~,~~c~~, per~Ad ~~~~~~ ~1~~ ~n~,~~rr~~~ ~'~~~,~. ~nc~~?~u~e a~~~e~~y al~~~'~
~~~~ ane~h~~~' ~~~r~~~ ~ ~~~j~e c~~n~~~y a~' rna~a~,~,~ r~c~~~~Lu~~ ~1way~
c~n~
- ~n the cen~x~~, arl~~ ?~cl j u~,h~.~,~a i~~j~~~he~an ~bl~~~~~ ~'ce n1o~~.~~ure
~~ ~oruew~l~~h~ 1~;,~~ ~1~~~~ ?~.n ~h~ r~a~?~l~~r~a~~~~~^a~ ~^~~ ~n~' bu~l~ r~avc~~~~Y~~~.~~~
~~
~ce~c1~ ~1?~c rn~.ri~.rr~ra :~a.e:Ld ~~caa.,a~~ure c~Yat~G~,`~y, anc~ 1~y ~k~e U~E~ .nna.r~
~~
~,h~~r a ~~ik~Z~,~r ~uc,r~~a.~,y~ a,~ n~~ob~.~,G; ~n~:~~~Lure a.~ abs~rveci, ~.n i~11e
a~ w
who;~e s~7, ?~hticlrri~e~ a~' ?l~Y~.e~e ~~~,~o~~,
~~~r~Y~ex~ ~;a ?~h~; sau~he~,~~, ~.z~ ~~~~,,e nar~Gllc~r~1 ha'~.~' o:~ ?~iae t11~ra,~.nc~
iaz the ~en~ra~. Y3;~,ac1; ~a~x"~~lz Ar~~ ~nc1 a.n ~l~~a~r ~'ava:lz~h ~ ~ whoa ~~he
tnc7~.si~ure s~~ox~ee c~a na1, c;xceecl ~~11e ma.na.~rn~rn :Ca.e:Lci. rnai.s`~Lire ca~acz~y
1~y the b~~?a.~~~nir~; a~ wa.~l~;cr~y rr>,~bi:~c ma~.s'L?ure is ob5car~ved ona.,y in ~L?he
l~~a~acr Sa I.~, .~~yera~
13eyancl~ ?~Y~c~ ~~ne~~~aY~~~~~~"cavsk~-Penz~-~~aaan ~ :La.na, where `~i~~ saa.:l.
~~~u,re in ~hc~ xewin~rr. ~aeriad ~,~ ~~~ a r~.~~.e ~u~as~~aY~~~a.d:l.~.~. b~~.ow
rna~.~
?the m.n~.na~m ~: it;l.r~ mn.s~Lur~~ cap~c .~~~ s,ncl ~~.n 7abaLzh t '~~ncl ~Gr~T?;er loo
vo~~11 ~ arno~~n~Ls ~;a ori].y 20-~I.~~ ~~~~rcen~~ a~' ?~h~.s, ma~.s`~~tre ea~7aca.~y a.n
aJ.1 af?~er the hay"v~c~u~,, 'here :i.s na ~nol~a.~,e ma~,s`~ur"e; ~`~ a~1..
~11e; di~'~'E~'encc ~.n mob~.~,a.~~y a~' r~o~.s`~ure exis~Lin~; in ~~11e 5o~,ls
h
a~" sebar. ~,?~e p;ca~~~c,~ha:cs.~. xaya~ns by ~~'r~e bc~~innin~ o~ w~.n~er stipuM
L
~.~~r-,s the ahs,r~c~~cx~~,s~ic ~'ea~ures a~' ~~he dy~?~~rna.cs ~~' so~.~. rna~is~~ure
ire ~,hese ~^ayans ~.n ~~he w~.n`~er Y~e~~~:~c~cl~
~n i^ayons wi`~h hi~~~Y mois`~uz"e a Ccarisidersb~.e Cha11~e iri shares
a~ sa~.~. rnoi~~;ure occuxs in w~.r~~er~
according `~a the ~~'e~^~ged d~`La n~' ~~he Le~.a~~arsk A~;rame~earn-~
o ica,~, Sts.~ian (S~ening,rad fJb~,~.s`~ ~, whose s,~es, is char~c?~er'i.~ed by
~,
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
~n ~h~ ane~~x~ ~,a;~4r ~ht? a.~~cx~m~n~ caf' rt~ca~,s~ux~~ ~~ar~s cluar~. ~~
the ~~r~,.~?L~x ~>?iYa~ln~;~ can ~h~ wha~,~ ~~ ~~ r;a~i.a.1?irne~c~x~s ~ ~ .~ . , . ,
~~.~, rr>aa'~:~,l~.im aGC;uw
mc,~la~,igr~ of ~~0:3.~~u~^~ b~~n~; r~a~rd~~, ~.n ~"clar~ar ,
Y
In .nc~~.v~,dua7. ~?~~az~s the ~.ncre~,ye a.n ina~i,~tul^tM ~?~ox~~a can a,c,~
aoun~ off' 1.n~r~as~~~ ,~. rrla've111~;Y1~;s ~'~caGhes cc~nsi.dex~r~bl.,y xr~.`rYe~', ~.a.rr~a.?Ls,
'~~hua in 1~3a~3G 'Lhe ra~aa.;s'Laux~e caf ~;hr;~ .~o~~ h~~,~.:t~~rrr~ter ~.L~fc1^ a~,? "'/he
su?~,~. 1'AaG~ :I.n w~.nter ~0 1~; rn~.:l,l.imc?~crs, :gin ~hca ?ti~.~.ab~,e ~.a? caz~
Y
(OM~O c~n?L~.rrurLcr~a) ~11e ~llaa.s~~.l~~~ s?l.ares ruse ~a ~~ ~ ?
t~~ ;;u.~,.].:~mo?~cl~s .and..
ailYOUn~,ed ~a ~1~ p~rren~ of ?thc fu11, moia~ure ca}saci?L - of ?L}~i.s 1`~~
~ ..ay~~
iri .L}te ?~h~,wcd sta'~e~ (r.~he; ~~~:I, ~ia~.s~~ur'c c~,.aca.?~'~ mn?.~ t~ ~> ,.. ',~
P sl ( s ux a ~ Lox
a~;e ca~aca.?~y) 9.s ?~akerl ~;o be ?L}~e c~ua~lla:i.~;y of wader cc~,n?Lainrd i~7'
~h~ soil, when is}~.c~ wa~c~x~ malMrar ~.a.es on ar1G ~.evc~. wi~;h the
Sll.x'fS,G~~
?Lha'f; is, when alb. ?Lhe ?ares of 'Lhe soil, ar~P c>cC1.1.~ic?Cl b~ wa'Ler~. The
:Clr>.~.~. rnais~,ux~e ca~a,c7.~~? corres~and,5 to ?Lhe ~o ~a~ porc~.i~L~ of ~?,he said.,
}
xn ir~divic~l~a1. ,y'ea~rs ?Ll~e ab,sa~.l~~;~ c~uan~~.~ie^ of tno~.,s~ux~e in
nr~e or ano~Lher J,ayc~7~ ahan~;e, bu?~ the ~~ropor'~ian cafe mois?tu:r~; ;~~a~,tl,ra~
~~,~n of ~L?hc ~,c'vG.~S e;nd, ?Lhe rYa~urc of ?Lhc moverr~cn~ of ma~.s~u:x~e ~.n
r~;1,a~aian ?Lo the soil ~ara~:'i~.~ ~l,t iah~ dime of ~'ree~in ~ 'r~ec?,in
~ the same,.
Analysis a~' ?Lhe z>~~t?Le'~.a:l.~ of :Cif?Le~n ~~~s,x~ ~ c~b~~ez?va~f;ic~n shcw
~;h~.~ ?Lhe w~,~a;i,, sa,~~ura?La:Un ~~" ~h~ nail :irl ~r~.r~~Ler a].wa 0
J1'~ (~ ~ perceYa~,
of cases) exC~;~r~s the c~,pi~,laz^y rnai~~};urc ca. ~.c~~.~~ ~'h c '
tnais?r~ure c~,~~ac~.~y is '~~.l~en ~a be ~h~ aualy~i~ ~ of wa~e~r ~rhi.ch ~
. ~ he so~,l
~,r~~~n~~vQ ~~~~~~t~~~~~ Q~' ~h~, ~~~~ ~,~~ ~u~umn a~~ b~ ~z~~~i '~1~~,~ w~~a
~ ~
v~~~d~~ ~~~~~~n ~~~~~~~n~~ ~n ~h? ~~~ 1 ~n w~n~~a~ ~ha ~~~~ . ,
~ a~u~'~ ~~Q~~~
~n ~1~~ ~~~ ~aMe~~n~~m~~Gar~ ~a~~~ry pf N~~~ ~,ncx~~~~~ 1a cd ;~
~~ra.n~ '~~~~ ~r~n~~~~~ Thy ~~~.:1. r~a~~~ur~ ~n ~h~ ~a>;J~~ ~.~, G
Y~'~'a chr~n~~~
:~n~~,~~~,f~.~:a~n~~.~y, and ~h~~a ~~~ ~~~~ ~~.~~c?~~,c~n df ~1~~cr~~~~~
!~sa
,~"'
~~R~~g~~;~~~!'+~?~~, ~7a".~~n'~ Declassified in Part Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
c~~ r~~~~r~ ~~ a ~u~~a~dAd ~~~~~ abav~ ~~~ ~~~~ wa?~~~ ~~~~~A~~ ~h
~~~Q1~~?t Q~' aa~~~~,~,~~~ry
~'Q~.~~e (~a~r~r~ ~Q the d~~~~r~noQ ~,~ sur~'~~
~~~~1~~,a~ ~a~tw~~r~ ~h~ w~~~r ~r~ the cap~,~l~~~y: p~~~s ~~' ~~h~ ~~~,~ ~~d
Qn that ~la~~~~~ a~ thy' w~t~r ~~.~~~px~ ), atad ~,ag the ~~ cent~,~~~t~r 7,ay~r
wh~~h ~~ee~~s ~hr~~~~1~ c~;~t~n ~ver~ ~o~s b~yv~d the ~,;L,ni~,ts p~ t1~e
xje cs, ac~,t off' ?~h~ ~c~ ,~. (max~~ ~har~ ra rae~~~~er~?L cad' cases ~
~~.~,~.~. ma~,stu p Y
~~he p~~eGess az' excess accumt~~a?~a.on ~a~,' rao~.s~~u~^c a,n ~h~ wa.n~a~ ~era.Qd
~s e~~press~+d most sh~,r,~~7.y ~.~~ tale tx,].~ab~e ~,aye~~ (Q~~Q cr;~rL~a~~ete~,s )
h~,cx~ ~~^ee~e~s ?~l~~ou~h evar;~ yea~~~ ;Ln ~ ~.b~.tia.~~~S~ c~ncl 1'~~~ch ~~he mcaa.~~
w
~~urc: s'La~~es in ?~Izi,s ~,sy~~r ea~coed, a,ts ~"u~.l n~o :s?Li,l~e c~tipe.c~i.~G;~ a.n ~~
~~~c.r~cent a~' the cases
'1'h~; moa.s?turc dynarrd,es off' the lower ~0~?~.00 cF,~~'~a.ri~etcr layer,
wli~.ch does not ~'ree~aE~ 'throu~;li, are en?~i.~~~cly d:~~:~erent~ :fin ?~ha.s
layer no wa.~~,e;r a.ncre~lse o~ m~i~turc is observ~d~ hc;~,i1~ a.n a state
off' cc~ntinuou.s c~pi~.J.ar,~ lnoistenin~- below, ?Ghc ~O-lOO ccnt ~metcr
sail la er .s :la.ke ~ '~r~7.nsitianal a,r~ea'throu~yh which the water
,_y
moves from the..nver~moa.s?~c~ned ~.~ncl,erl.yin~ l,;~yer,~ ?Lo tl~o5c al:ti~ve.
xn certain yea~;~s the ~~eis'~ure off' the ~U-lOO cent~.metcr ].ayes
drops be~..ow ?the lir-~its of c~p~.~.~.e,z?~r rnaiaturc~ cs,pacity (~.7 percen?~
off' cases in i~~larch) ~ ~n~.ysis off' the rna'r~er"ial.s shawl th~.t these
years correspond to si~ni~'~.carrL slao;cta~;es a~' prccip7:~atiorl in the
sv.ztimerMalr'tumn per?~.~~,~ 'his i~ obviot~~7.y ronnectcd with a d~~op .n
t~~~; soa.l'~ c7,p~.lJ.arJ moisten~.n~ fx^on?~ wha.ch 1~r~.n~;s abo~.~?~ ~, brc~a~k in
the c7, i:l7.s,ry s~x~p~.y a~ water from soi.J. J.ay~era iyin~ deeper than a
p
muter
a~
Only o~~e year out the 1,~.~ear's ob~~rva?~~o~ pei^~.ad ~ra,u ~harac~
?~eriz~ecl 'by a di~"~'erent soil. mois?~ure xe~ime ~ ~:n ?its coa~dit~.ons ~~~~~
i~c~unce~, mn~.s?L?ux~c accun~a.l[l?L~.c~n wse not abse~ved. ire the we~.l In w~.nter~
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04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
PY pp
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
~var~ ~.n ~h~ ~a~~~c~ Q~ n~~~,r~~ ~n~x~~~~~, tl~~ 'ma?~~~uz~~ ~?LQrq~ ~n ~h~
~a~ h~~.~'~~n~t~r' ~~y~a~ can~~~ n~~~~~~,~a~~ ~~~~~r~.a~ ~1~~ m~~:~,r~~ ~~~~~~~,~~~
r~~~~tur~c~ c~,~-~,a:l.ty~~
`~h~ ca~l~ac~ Af s~~~l~ ~n a.r~~x"~,~~~.an a~' ~h~ w~~~~x ~~~;r~~ ~~~l~a,~~~..
~'c~x the '~c~enchul~ a~~pm~t~c~ro:t,c~~~.c~~, ~tat~.an re~~c~ tu~n~d aut to
b~ a ca~r~~l~ta ~;l~Lal,ra.n~; aut a~' tl~i~ ,g~~~~, ~a~na~~Gh a ~zeav~ gnaw c;av~n ~.n
~-~~.n~~x^, wh~.ch e7.~l~n~n~~ad `~h~ ~a~ss~.b~.~.~,~;y~ a~' m~~;x~,~~~c~n of ~la,i;*~1~re
From. the ~,aw~x~~~:,~a.n~ :l.~,y~~1^,~ ~~o ~Lhe u~a7~cr a.r~ ~-h~.~ ;yre~r. '1'l~i~,;:, a~~c;e
rnare c;r+r~~'?~.x?ins ~Ll~e cl~~.;1?ec~L ca,~ncac~,~.c~n ~cWi~waen ~ha ~.ncreas~ off' mc~ ~s~
~a~ix^e s~tare;~ and the ~rre~a.n~;~~hxau~;k1 of the aa~l ~.n x^a~~ans w:~~~h
high r,~oa,st~,lre, a.nd acc;ax^~7,s w~,t'.~ t~~. ~ e S~~ri~;~.n ~ s th~~>r,~~ a~ tz~i~, nri.~;xa~
t~.an of rnaa.5t~arc .r~ tie ~c~i,l.
~'he c~ynam~.c~ af' t'rlc wa,ntr-~r~ w~~~~cx~ r,~c~~7~.me a.n a ~,~~Y~c of unsat~
ur~~ed so:i,~.s re~~x~esentEd. ~~y the dada of the '~e~cA~~chu~c a~;~ome~eax^aM
].o~a.caJ: s~l~at'iorl ~.s charac~l~c:z~~.~cd by ca~~~r~ary ~'~~~,urc~s. '~'l~is s~LaM
lion; ,situated "l0 1~~.1.om~~;ex~s ~'r~om i1u~~hyshev a,n ~J.i,;h~L].y a;i^~;il7.a-~ -
ceaus chexno~em conditions, is chax~ac~{~cr~.z~ed ~~y a caJ.d and ~aers:~s~,
tcrlt t~:i.nte~~, a ~.aw~~o~rer anow cav~,z~ aild x~:.ther ~.aw s~~i~. tG~~~aera-~
tines. `1'he water~wvapoa^ tension ~r~a.cl,x.ents ~.rl winter in the so~.J.s
off' ~~ez~,nchu~: a~;z^amc~teox~o~.o?~.ca1. s`~s,~,ian ar~a, accar~~:~~~~~ to a~ve~a~;ed
data, a~~~ro,~. rna~~1.;~ one ~tind one~ha:L:C' tirrles the ~rater~~~vapor tension...
gradients in tl~e ~~~.a~arsk station ~ s sai~.s; the n1.1~111~~r of ~;,o~es
fx^ee foam watc:~^ ~cfora .the l~a~ inna.n~ of the se~:~;~ana~, frieze-~thral~~h
of `the so~.~. is ~rer~Y' ~rcat ~.n ~~ze.rLChu,l~ x~~~,~ran; ~~he~^c; is s,:l:r~as~l, no
maba.~,e water..
~,ccc~rdi~~ to .the data o~ :~ez~~nahul~ a~;~~nmateora;l.~~~~.ca;a, s~~s,t~.on,
the incz?e~lse of mo~.s~uz~e sores ~.ri wa.r~~~c~1 0~1~.~i~~ to .n~,~ya~a~.:l. maven
menu a.s scarce~,;~ observed at a~:l.~ Un s, ~r7,.nte~~~ca~o~ ~'~,c~.r~ andcn
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
~, o~ ~u~r~~~ ~~~~~ ~1~~ ~~~~~~ ~.~ ?~~~ zip"~Q~^
~~~,Q~~~~~~~d ~'~~r the 1~~~V~~
~r~,i~~~r ~,~ av~~~,~~d ~n'~~u~,~~~ ~ ~~ ~n.~~
~,~y~r ~,nc~,^~~~~ dui, ~,~~; rho ~
~~'~ ml.~~~,r~~t~x~~, ~,nd ~~ ~
' ~, mc,~,~tu~~ ~~i~~'a~ ~,~ cal~~~x9v~d h~~~ an;~~ ~.n
~~:~~11~c~ ~.Tlox^o~~~ c~~ ~~~
'~'1.1~.~ ax~ve~ ~l~o b~ ~~1~ r~su.t
t1~~ ;~~ax7.r~~, ~`~ `~1~a t.~nl~ o~ thc~ ?~h~w~ 1
' r ~~~a~h,~ra 7.nta tl~~ ~a~.1. ~,11d ~~rx~ nc CQn1'1~C""
off' tla~: ~: ~.;I? ~x^~;~~a.c~n a~ ~11~w
4, ~~ ~~ ~?urc:~ ~~.~.~~^~`h,~.-~n~ '1'h~~ ~~a~~a.~'a,~d Crllank'e
ti.an ~~,th ~~~1e ~r~~ce~~ o~ mu~s~ ~.
` ~ ~ r,?~,~ t71'1 ~.~ off' a z~e ~~u~,a~fi 1~a`~ux~e, roc~r~
.n ~oa.7. Ino:~s`~ure ~.n 1~e~~n~l1v,1 .l
r~.n~, ~'r~ort~ hoar `~a '~roo,r,
RM oz~s~ ti~1~le;re G~caorcln~, to .(~eJ~ ~ 1,ebc,rl,~~v's i;Yleoz~y one
~.hua 7.11 1~a~
' tune; s'~ox^c; ~; ~,n `~Y1c~ ~U'.~c~. c~z~w
o~;~~;k~t '~o expect ~,rrc~.rl~ ~.narease~; 7.11 r~1c:~,s
,,: , ~ ~ v~~ment 7.11 'Ghe ~r7.nt~~~r, the4~ axe no's observed
7.nu~~ ~~o :l.ts va~aox .L.~or1~~ 1no
? ~~ '1'~ 'rrL"1e1~E~ V~l~~~r7.~'ar.'I'~1 111C)VGI11C'nt C)~ Ino:l.5turc ~n
(~3c.~~,enrhtil~c), 1au?L :1.I1 1 ~~?01 ~
. ~ ,r a~ ~ n~ so:~1, mnisture ~.r1 ~kl~e ~r7.n?1;eI^ per-
?l'?1e soa.~.:G:s h~mpez ~d, a.nc.x w
N. ',n~;:l.o~~or~cs) ~ ~`cansec~.tir~ntl:~, ~.~, is
od 7:s obsc~x'vcd vc~xY 1i14'~I.lticd].~v ~ ~
.: ,.,P ,' ,, ?~.. ~Crl ~rfl1'~I.Ch Y~x,o?vcs tc~ be dec7~s:i.ve ?i.n 'the
r>,at tl~a.s mecha,n.Ls~'1 tea. m~~:,x ~G
1 ~ ~~o,~,~,, ~n ~,li~ soa.], s.r~ wLxx~
rocesc~ o~ re~,rnGx:~~.1,oI1 r,~~ ~,~~~ lrlc~.~.s ~?ur~~ ,:~ ~ ,y ~a
p
'~ox~,
? ~, ee~ s?~and o,~ ~ro~~.nd ~aaters and un~~`~ab~.e win
.Cn~.z,oneo~d
? o ~,~rer~~.~ ed dat ~ From ~,Y1e S~.ne~. t nilcc7v ~?~;ramcteorow
~;ers, ac,carrJ.ir1~, ~ .~
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
the ;~~e~~e Z~~z^?~ o~ ~hc Ukra:~In~
b ~'re uerlt m~~~,t7.1~~ o~ ?~lxe 'snow cov~~:~ and
and 7.s character~,7~ed Y cl
. ' n, the m~..dd~.e o:E 'w7.ntt~I^, dur7.r~~; the
cnm~a~.ete `~lxsw:~n~ off` .the so~.~. ~.
x ' ~O~ccnt7.meter: ].aye1^ off' the sa7.~.
~x'ee~rw~hrou~h pe~:~:~.ocl ~.n the uz~pe
. :, ' ti?~ur~` stores 7.ncl:~e~se by' :1?? In7.~..~.~.M
a.~ ~. w~n?~c~r~cro.~~ ~Ca.~J.c3. ~hc. mo~.~
b - ~,~. ~a~?~:Limcte~~s ~ '~hc 1r~x~irrntim 7.1'1w
m~;tex~s, and ~.n the mc~',R~x 1,ayor, ~
the 1n.~.r~r3~.e o~ larch, ~1 en the sa~.~.
creme ~:x1 stores 7.s ..observed ~.n
?l?1e ?~haw waters ~aenct~~te to the deep
:i.s cornp~.~te~-~" t~~awed out and t
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
c~o~~~ ~~rloun~~ ~p 1~ ~~~,~
t~ `pM~~~ ce~'t?~,;~~~~~x^ ~,~~e11 0~' ~kx~ so~,~, ~ _ I
~~~ r~.~;~~,me~ox s ~i1 ~h
, ~ . ~ cl~arl.~'e ~,ra ~rQ~,s~~~~ s~ca~^os ~.u~.~rr~ ~11c~
~n :~n~~~.va.~,lla~. ~ed~s ~_~~ .. ~7
~~~?~umnM~?rwr~~o~ 1~~~~:~.c~~l ~-~ ~oansidox ~~ ,~f, ~a
~~ ~ ~,; ~ ~? a ~,GC~x~r ar~;~c~d b'y ;~'u;l,~, m~~.~,;1.r1~ o~ ?~Yxc snow
the a)~ar~ u~ ~ a~.~~,~,~ lrh~~ a }~
i ~-~~~ r~~n ~a?~~,tix'e s~~o~~es a.ncz^~ased a.t~
cover ~,n~l ~l~a~~a.n~ ca;~ the jai ~
? .. ^ ~ ' 7.cj, h ~~ .!n~.~,,,1. ~me~Lc~?,s grid Qn p~.c~iti~;h~
m:i.cl.wa.n?~~;~ on s, wa.n?~or cx op ~'~.~ y
1anc1. ~ron1 ~,tinc~er surr>,rnex, whea'~, b~ ~i~ rri.;l.;l.~,nrc~~ers~
~~, ~~ , gone afi' dee~a~s'~wna:~n~ ~;xau~~d ~a~~ers ar~~
u~anse~,uen~i~, ~.n a
he 'kas,s~,c f's,c~ox cle'~Gr~ma.na.ri~ ~l;he a.ncris,se in so .:l.
11n~~ ~a~~.C, Zd~.ll~re~'S ~+
w~n~tar~~.nre tis ?~he .~a.1~ra?~a.on or ?~l?law wa?~ers a,n~a
rnoa.s~l~re s'~ore~s ?a.n
? ~~? ~ ~.~h ~;h~,,~' a.n ~~he ~,l~per `laJ'e~^s ~~,E ?L?he sofa.
?r,he saa:l.~ ~~u~ to~,c~h~r w
' ,, . ., ? .. ^ al.`so lla,ve s, de~ir~a.?~e si~;ni,.~i~;ance~ ~n
~hc~ m.t.~;r~,~a,on a? wa~~~ Y
? ~~ xl as :gin o~rhrr, rs,~,yr~ns, ~~s ~our~d ~a Us
i~h.~is cannec~a.nrl, ?L?he m.a.t.~x'~,?L?~,o ~
? ?o ?L?he de;r~;e ax' ~clic~~.s?~eria.nc; oi' t;h~~ ~o'i~.,
in a dc~~a.ni.'~e; rel.a~~~.onsyr~.Z~
^' Q~ cuari~i?~y off' mc~l~i:l.e rnoi~5?~trrc in :I.?L~
~11a?1:, ~.s, ~o t11c fir. es~,rlce ai s 1
5 _ canduc?~Ad ~,abora'tox'J' erpera.rn~;n~s in orde~^ '~a check
~c have
.. ~ ~;~~men?~ ar~o, ~~o make rnox~; cle.~x?~.~y ~l~l~~rcnt ?~he cand:i.?~i,ons
?Lhe ~a~~ex s ~a
? ?~a a.n~~en;~7.:~yed mav'e~ien?~ off' moisture in ?~he saa.~., ~'~'
~,nstx~amenta:l.
r~~ous de ~?r~es c~~:.~YGO~.stona,n~ n~ the sn7 ~. w~rw crew
~~hese pur~o,ses v~ ~
^, rs according ~o a scheme ~ro~~'lc~d gut bt;M
ted (~w:~th the heir o~ dl ~e ~
. ~ ~'r~~m these vai^ious~.~ mos?~~ned s?Lra.ps
forehand :~n .~,~.~;~,d cond~.t~.ons
r ~ ens were taken witl~alxt r~.~.sturbin~ their
off' tkae ~~.e1~1 ,~o~.~. spec:~rn
? , tau~h inla~ora~or~1. conc~.itons~ ~.Che
structure, ~o~' ~'~ee~~n~ ~
r, conduc~~ed in ~,he :~rozenM~~'ound 1.aUox^~.i~a:ry
~'ree~a.n~ of the so~,~, way
..~ A tho;~it r ~nstitutp o;~ ?~}~e .~cad~r~' n:~ ~ci~L~ce~
a:~ the ~'ro~ er,~ ,~raund u
an9.zec3. in ~~.~c~tr a war th~,~~ the i~'~.aw ~~'
U 5S~ ~ 't'he c,L ~r~,ment ~r~,s c~r~
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
~~ ~.~~1~~~, or~~~ ~~~~m ~~c~r~, ~~ Qe~u~r~ ~~ ~h~ ~'~~~~~.~~
~A~~ way ~c~
~ ~~~~d cat~~~~~or~~ ~ 'l~l~~ ~~~~i~~~ A~ ~1~~~
~h~^ou~h oaf ~o~.~. ~n n~~ur~
ow~c~ ~h~~ a.n ~.~~~ ~c~a.1,~ ~ wh~ro ?~h~x~ ~~ ~A moA
~x~c~~~.men~ G~.c~~~.,1 ~x1
u~' mo~.~~ux~ can ' gccux Ar~~,~ ~,n v~~~x ~~rm or
b~~~ w~~~r anc~ movemezl~
r~~,~~c~rin~~tec~ ~'xorn oy~a ~~o~;~ex~ (~11~ ~~n~
;~n the ~ ornl off' ~hix~ ~'~.~.m~
o~ mp~.~ten~,n~ corxespon~~
~o ~~he ap~~~ .c~.~nt Q~ w~,~,he~~a.n~ end ~~
, ~ ~~
~e~?c~nt o ~ '~h~ ?~:l,n:~rniara ~ .~e~cl
rno~,~~ur~e ~~~~~c~.ty) ~ m:~~x"~t~,on off' mo~,s~
axo~e~~ o~ ~'x~e~irz~ throu~h~ ~i~
the
t ~
~
,
.n
n
?
tu~~; ~.~ pr~,~t.~ca~.~?,~ `~b~e _ C
the m~,n.rrp.r,ra ~ ?e:lr~ n~o'i~tu,~~~ ca,~~~,~;~~~y, wh~r~;
so~.:1s mo .s'~ened u}a tc~
.. ~, w ' , mob~.:l.e mo~.~t71xe ~nrl a.'Ls rrlravemen~ pcc;ux~ ~.n 1~~ti L~ ~'uxrn, ~
Lh~x~ a,~
'.c~arn~:n'G o:~ the u~p~,x" J.ayexs ~~~ observed, duxn~ which
~~x~l1C~l~nC2C~. Pnx7
a~ off' thr; bot~Lom l.aycr,~, wh.cl~l is list to ~xee~~; thxou~h,
the c~x~'~.rl~,
Q~? 0 ercen~ n~' ~.t3 ~na.n.r~ium ~'a.e7,c1. moistu~~e ca~~ac~.~~,,r~ !~~?..
xeaches 6 7 p
' ~ ur1e a.s ~^oc~u~ed in c;~x~~.1,1~.~~y~Msa~v.xa~ed
~axo~~.m:~te~.y t~~e same ~~.c ~ ~
~~ uan~tit of mc~a.stuxe moving u~~ .from 1~elow
so~.~., :Cn ~h:~5 case the q Y
ry ~ off' the bo'~tom ~.ayex wha.ch .s ~.a~'~ to
a.ncxeases~ but tl~e moa.stu~e
.., no ~.n~'~.ow o:~ w~te~~ re~~hes it fxom be~.o~~r; ~"ew
~xee~e thx~'u~h, ~.~'
;i.xl ~~he ~'oxe~;oin~ vartian'~ (20 ~acxcent
ma .ns ~,t the same ~.eve~. ~,s
c Ltel r rJs we~~ht ox 65 pexcent a~ the m~.n~.~razm f~.e~.d
4~ the ~b S 7~,1 ;~ ~
. ~.~.~.ax~ in~'~.o~~ o~ ~~~tEx :~xnm w~.~~hout (thy bottom off'
~'~. ~h c a~~ Y
I ." with ~ rn7.rxoz~ o~~ Free wd'~~;r) alb.
..the so:~~. spec Lme~a was ~.n contact
'.n the xoces~ o~ ~'xe~~La.n~ w~xe mexkecll,~
-,the ~,a~yex s o:~ the. so ~.1. a ~
~' uant~.t off: ma~.stur~:~ en'~erin~ ~, so~.~.
~nx~.chec~ w;~th w~,~ex~ he ~
hi. rh amouxrtec~ ~o ~'~ m~.].].ime~~~xs. ~,~'tex
samp~.e ~.~ cent~.metexs ~
reached ~.Q~ ~~excent a~' the ~u:1.J. ma~.s~uxe
:~xee~ ~.n6 a the rnoa.stuxe
ca~pac~.ty off' t11e so~.~..
' he ~.aboxatory ex~ae~^9.ments descxabecl
~'r. om the xest~~.ts o.E t
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
~b~~r~ end a~ ~~~ld ~1ss~~ch ?~~~ may ~?r~~~~u~s ~h~~~ ~h~ m?v~~m~n~ a~'
Form ~~~~~P ~~n ~~~,~~~~~~ p;~~~~~c~~.l;~ s~~r~~~'~~~~
m~~,s~u~s ~,r'1 ~,~,~,u~.d
~~ ~en~,s1~~~~n~ ~;~ ~,~~ s~~~c~~ ~,M ~h~ s~~.~. ~.n wir~~e~w
p
~har~~.~rn ?~' 1nQV~nxer~~ ~~' m~~s~uxe bra ~.a,~u~d Form c aa~
The me
x~~are~~n~L~d ~n ,rho `~'oll,p~ca~.n ways
? ,the onse~~ off" w~.n`~e~? end the ~s~ab;~~.shm~nl~ a~' ne;k~,a~~.ve
W.~~h
n ~l~e u a ~~r so;~l ~.~yGrs ~ fog^ma`~~.on a~' ~.c~ c1;y~~,a1.~
?tempera~~uxe~ a. ~ 1
W~.~h ;Cx~~;ez`i.n Mlle ws,~er mol~clr].es G1rG ~:i~awn a.a~fi~p the
be~~.ns~ ~ ~~
cti^~ s~~a], ~.a~~~~.c;e o:~ ~~he ~,ce~ !~s a conscc~uenco o~ ~Lhis ~~hG ~ha.cl~~
Y
ne;ss off' '~hc' wa~Lcr :~~.lm around saa.l ~aar~:i.cles lac,~~Led nea~^ an a.ce
,~ ~ ? c~ec~^eases~ k difference a.s c;ree.`~ed he~t~aeen ~~he ~c~ns~.an
czys`~al
a~' the ~i~.ms around sa~.1 p~.xta,c].es l.cr: aced in dirc~c~ px~c~:ri.mi~y to
~,n a.cc; cry;~~~al and :the '~c~n~ian of ~hc ~'i].ms around: soi]. par'~icles
is~Lance from an a.ce crysts.]., in soil wh~,ch a.s not.
a~ a,~xeater d
yep f'rozein thz~au.th
A,s a cansegl~ence off' `~;le tension cl~"~ez~encr~ ~h~ mais~ure sure
cn~ndinf ~;he r~ore dis~arit sail par~,icles begins `~o advance ~~oward
r ~
~~hinner wa~~er layers off' the sai]. parti.c:Les :Loc abed. ~.n dircc~
~,he
roxirn~.t ~o an icE crys~a~.~ ]:n ,.the process off' ~;row~ti~ o:~ the crys~
p y
new wader molecu].ew a.re ~;alt~~n in~~o ~-~~ as a resu:1.t o~ wh~.cl~ a
tat.
nc~ is s, ain ~~sa~ed in the ?tensions of the ~~],ms~ inducing
d~..~~ere ~
or~icns o~ w~ter~ ~.nd SO o11~ ~n Casks where
~;he r~ov~.n~, a.n o.C new p
. , , in ~hc ur~'roz~~;n sai,]. layers, `Lhe disrup'~ed
moba.le wa~cr ex].s`L~
a ~ of ~'rc~e7e~`~hrau~;h cal:Ls ~'ar~~h s,n ii~'~.aw
equ~.].~.br~.u~n a~ the bound. ry
^ m ~,he un:~ra~en coil layers '~o t~1~e :~r~o~en l~.yer,
o:~ mob~.le wager ~'~ a
,. ~ ?~ cozXd~.~~.ons where the stand o~ ground waders or a
dui ~n~ wh~.Ch, ~.n
' a~' wa`~ex is nearb;~~ the drainage ~on~ spreads r]ownM
fop ac,curruala~~.on
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
w~~d~ ar~~. ~l~c~ ~~~i~~;~,~~ ~a~ ~~~ ~h ~Lh~ ~'~n~~r~ ~~~~r ~,~ ~r~cx~~a~~~d ~~~
~n~,y ~t~ iah~ ~x~~n~~ ~~' 1~hA m~'~~i~ux~~: ~1~(?~`'~~ ~Ia ~Lh~ u~~~r~y~~r~ :1.~~~~,
bud ~~~~ ~?~ ~h~ ~x~a~n~~ of ~}~~ ~upp~.~m~n~-a ~,n~'~c~w ~f na?~.~~~~x~
~x~m irh~ ~L~ ~~o~~,;;~~,aia~.cax~. o~~ ~~c~m ~1~~
' ~ ' ' ~~^ou~r~d~wa?~~~~ m~.~ra~^~
~'h~a r~a~c~~,b~d ~ch~i~~~ of" m~v~~r~~ni; off' ano~,~iau~~ ~.n ~~.c~~ua.d ~'c~~zn
~V~s a. ~aQd ~xp~~n~?~~on v~' ?~1~~ ~ax~sanc~ a~''~ax"~~ ~uant~.~a.~s p~ ~.n~
drawn w~,~~x" ~.n w~i,n?~~~ ~.n r~e~az1~ a~' sux~~a:lu~ mo~.~i;~n~r~ end ?~1~~ a~~
s~nc~ off' such a.ndrawn c~~~~n?1.9.?t;a,~~ :I.n re~;~.c~r1s a:C a,n~u~'~"~,ci~rai~ mo~a.sM
~~on irk,
On ~~~11~ b~sa.~ cai" ?h~kto ,n~i;~rz.a~.~ which h~,~r~ bc~n sai~ ~'oz~irh ana
rl~,,y di~i;in~ui,sh ?~h~ ;L'a~.:tawa.n~J ~~a~n~s of mai~?~uz,c enz~icl~mE~nir a:~ ~~hG
soi]. in_?th~; wini;~z~ ~Eriod-
. ~ ,'Type a~ ni,~n~.i.v4 moisture on:~a.clamcn?~ : af' :the 5a i:l:
.1..~.1../~.u.wMl1 ?MYww~.~..lY~~.~'.Y....i.rM1Y.w.lln.wlww~rWrwwwwMMW WwM...M.M~M1..11.W
ch~az~actex~~.zed bf a ~oxlc a~' hibl~ moisi;u~~~~ ~EO~ra~hw~caL~.y encouni~~red
ih x"a~rnr~;~ w~i1~h a, c~.ns{w sirG~nc~. ~~' ~r~~u,nd, w~,i;ex~ ~ anr1, tht~ pr~uc,rxc~ o~
1~a~ accu,rrn~lc,i;ians; i.n the 1~`~.tx~apear~ ?t~;rx~ii~ar f a~' iJhe U ;~i~ masi; c].eax1?y
exp.c~esaed. i.n i;h~~ nax~i;hwe~?I~ex~n r~,yans ~ Gd~.?~hin ~L?he l.in~i.i/s oi' i;his
i;ype iahe change in mais?Luxc ~i;aznos ~~^acaad~ on ~acaun~ a1' i.xz~~raso~.~.
mav'ex~ez~.ia~ a~' w~,ircr i.n 1.~a,c~z:~~~, ~'a~?m ~~,nd am.o~~~n?~s an ~ha ~,ver~~;e ?~a
Z~Ow~O mxi:l~,m~iJer~~ duri.n~ a ~r~inte:r, btilir ~.n i:nd9.~r?i~?~ual ~?e~rs exceeds
~.~~J ,~:1:~1.imc;~~ers; accomp~ni~;~l by pa~onaurtoed aweJ~.~.nr~ ~.nd rernen~~i;ion
a~' ~~he said. in w7~ziJe1?.
~~~'~~ 'off' .ins .~n~~'~:carl~t or ~ract~.cai~.~r ns~;~.~,~~.1~:Le chan~c a~'
~MrMw.M.YnwnrlMrMM.MMFMMr.Yw.Y.~M.~.gMY~M/M.MM..FIYNM~wM W ~.M~..Y.Y.O.~wIwNM...MiJ
raai ~urc s~~o~"ea :~n w~.a~?l,or (~J~~,~ rr~1.~.~.a.mr~l;oxS~ M~ cc7nd~.~~ioned by t'~].m
ar va,pa~~~~.~'orm i~~?~~~~Sr~.i wa?tex movemen~~, ~eo~r~p~~c~. iy encaurii;e~ed
~.n ~~s~or~;~ ~~ri.?~h ~~e~ stand a~" ~roun.d w~iJers and s'i;ab~.e win?Lers ~ within,
?~he ~.~.m~.i;s ~~ European i;e~~~~.~o.~y~ US~~, mast c~.ea,riy exp~~s~ed in ~~he
~.au~~1le~,si;ern r~onsM
~~?. ~ ! ~ ~ ,, ~ ;~ ~ ~. ' ,; ~ R? ,~, >~'. ,~ ~, ~;; , ,;,,'', Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Aroved for Release 2012J04123 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026 4 , ;o~ ? ,~; ~ ~ ~~' ~~ G ~~~ N.'ati~ht~'
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
r ~ ~n~~ tea ~~ ~.a~f~~~,n~ u~a~ ~~~ w~~~~ ~~~u~~~~,an
~ ~ ~a ~n~~~t~
Qr~ w~rx~~~ acand~t~,ar~~, ray ~~a ah~~a~t~r~~ad
c~;~ ~~~ ~Q~~ ~n autumn end
~ur~ ~r~;~a~~rn~~~t a~' txl~ ~a~.~,~ ~haracM_
~catl~ dry ~.ntaa~s~,v~ and waa1~ nxa~,s
aGUxx~~rxc~ a~ ~~~a~r~d watQr~ and ur~s~~~1~~.a
~;~r~.~~d ~y ~ ~ara~ a~ c1a~~a a ,
~ 7na~,~~cn~n v~' tl'~r~ ~a~~ ~y t~~aw wat~~s
~a~nt~~s~ ~t~,~au~,at~.x~~ ~~und
~~~ ~~ ~.c;~x~. ~~~x^a~sc~d ~,xz suutl~w~s~~~rn aid
a~- ?~h~ ~~~~~ v~ ?~haw~ moat ~ Y ~
~, ra ~ax1 ter~r~.tcax~y a~' the Un~.c~na ~haxmc-
noxth~rn x ayon~ o~ tha ~
, ., , ~ r zaais~ux~ exam the '~.r~y~rs a~ sa~.1.
.~~x?~.2ad `~y n~~;~.a.~;~.~1.~ ~.~axata, an a
and ~ ~ rath~x ~a~onaui~cad a.ntrasc~~~ xna~v~-
~.,~:~.n,~ d~c~~~cr than a mstsx~ ~
rn~~~t o;L' Gaatcx wa.~~h~.n the 1. .zna.ts o.~' the ta~aniast ~.a~y~rs
~Za~~~1x'1~1;t~;N C~~S
t ~ ~ ~r~xzera~.:x''~r~in~.n~; nn a Soy.]. ~c~a,enc~~ ~ias~.s ~ ~~ i~ew
~.. V:~~. yams, V ~.~. ,
A~xicu:l.~tLti~a~.~,s~~'t ~~1 ~sha.n~; i~ous~, ~.?2"~
.Yxau.nd C~l~t~~~s ~ 'J:~c,~~ ~,a~c~~x~' of Sca~~nces
2 ~ Lc~1~~d~~', A, F, , ~aa.i.l an~~ C
U S~C~, 1.36
n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ `'I'a~.,~~~a..l~~~, i~ ~ ~ ~ end '~ums~, t , V e ~~ ~ ,
3 ~ Sum~~.n, 1~~, ~. ~ , ~~s,~,h1~~ ~,n, S? a
,., , ^ ~~ ~ ~ , ~ ~urxc~ ~~i~na4,~rl.~rrl,~ ~:~c~, ~,c~ci,~x'I~ U~ Sc~.~ncea
U r'nGl c~.~ .f x C L C'ri (.rx~
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
~ ~ ~~ ~ ~VAnav
'~h~ hy~lra~,a~;~,ca~. ~~.n~~'~.r;~~1e~ ~~ ~'or~~~~ hay ~.on~ b~~n ~hc
~ul~~~~~ c~~' a ~x~~a?~ d~a~ ~~' x~tas~r~x~cl~; ~uaa.~~n ~c~,~n~~,~~~ have clone
eslaec~.c~~.;l,,y r~u~ah a.n the r~ee~r~ch ~n ~1.1~a.~ 'c~;~~s~a.~a~~ Ha~J~vc~x^, a.n
e~~ati~e a~' ~h .~, ~~l~~exe ex~e~r;~ a wh~a~.e ~er~.es a~' ~ue~'~~.ora~ rr~1.a~ed
~~a ~;I~~c I~~~yrlx~atia~;a,c~. rate a,~: ~ ~'Gaa^~~~~ ~a w~~~~~ch we ;~~a.~.~. cannal~ dive
~enera~. answ~;x~~- 'a'o ~h.~ ~a;~^o~~~I~, ~':ir~~~ a~' a~.J., bob, anr;~ ~,h~ quc:~"~~.~~a
a:~^ ?the ~,nf.luence off' ~~Iie c~~~~;2^~~e a~' wooc~or~ne~s off' ~.^a.va~ b~~ina un
~;i~r-~ :Caxr~~a~~~ian a:f 't~h~ s~~z~ .n~; ~'~.oac~ ~n~., x.~~ pare Lcu~.a~r~, an ~.~~s ~n~h~.zn~
u~,tn c1~,~cllar~c;~ name resu~.~L~ a~' z~~sea.r~ch are ~h~~ c~uas'L?:~a~1 rare ~;a.v~:n
~.n 1~~i~; px~,sen~~ ax~~r~?c~.~
r~'he ~'1~,I1daZ11C11~a~. pri.nca.I~~.es a~' ~hc ~,n~':~uence a~' a :~or~s?L' an
~h~ ~'ax~nf~~~ir~n o.f ~;iit~ spr:~.r.~~ ~'~.aod ~~c~i^v :Ea.~~~+~, ~~~~r~~~~~c~cl: by ~h~ ~r~ry
~,ra~,~~ l~us~~a.an ~c .ent~. ~~~ ~~ :r ~ ~royeyl~av ~,~ eaz^l.y as ~~~hc; a:L~;h,~ies a~
~ha ~.as~ con~~ux^;ya I~IE:; can5i.c~er~ad 1~ha~~, aS ~. cr~nscc~~.~ealce oi' th~~ ].aw~
er~c~cl ~.n~~~en~:~'I;y of ~~haw~r~l~ a:3' snaw I.n ~, ~'ar~c~e~, and ?~~IZe ~.ncreased inw
~'iJ.~rya?~a.ana]. cap~,c~.?~y a~' ~or~at ,~a~.~.~, a ~'ax^c~~~ J.c~rc~ecl ~~ltit xir;~.~;h~l~
aJ' ?~I~a ;~~~r~~.r~~; :C:l.o~c~. ar~d incxc~ased i~~s dux^at~,on. '~hcso ~r~~.?c~.p'~.~s,
~.xx 5~~~~~e r~i' ~~h~ ~ac~ ~hG~?~ A ~ ~ o Voyeyl~av ~asc;d ~hcr~ upan ari~y ~:'~,~a~;.,
mc~n'Lax ~ ~.n~~~r~ur~~en~~~,~. claw, :have r~a?ta,ined ~~hr~.r uc7.~n~~~.~x.c va:~ue ~l~a
'~
~Yl~.s d~.y
~n clo?ve~l.al~~.rt~; h~. S a.ra,eas are thn rrydra~,a~ic~~~. x~a~.e al~ a :Eax~e~~,
~~x. Vc~~~eylcc~v [~., 2~ na~Ed ~,~~a~ aS a conS~~,~.~~ncE a~' ~I~~e nansynchr~an~
~~m off' snowM~r~e~.~,izi~ ~,n ~~.~:Ld and :Care~~ ~i~~p ~r~ca'~c~~ ~.c~r er~.n~ a~' '~ha
rna~c~.rr~m d~.ech~x~e a;C ~~I~e epx~n~' ~'~.ancl ~.s nbservec~` :in con.d~.~~.art;~
where` t~:~^~~~.r~ ~.~c~~~h~.~as w~.~;k~ :~ar~~~l~ ~ix~ a ~~.var~ ba;ra~~.~ ,~~ axl ax~.zn~
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
~~,c~ ~~ ~~~~ah ~ ~~rt~~,a~~~l~~ ~~ ~'~~~,~ ~r~~ ~,'c~~~r~~~~, ~rl~l,cl~ Qvglc~~ ~1~
,~~ ~ ~c; ~~~ 1~~w~~~~i , cad' ?~~~r 1~.~~,~h~ ~:~' '~ha ,~~.acs~, h~ ~~,~~cl ~h~ k~~~~r~ ~~
~,~c~ ~,~ h ~ ~
~~h~ 1~~iQ~ ~c~w S~~v~~x'
z~a~~r~~vc~x~,: ~k~;i,s ~~~~~r~~~~~ 1'i~l~o~l1~;~~;~ a~' ~,~~~ ~a~~~ykav l~~s n~a~
'c~ x~c1 ~.u~~ x~~ ar~;~~ ~n~l ~~vc;~.alar?~~xti~ a.~ ~~11~sac1u.c~z1~~ hy~''r,-~~~;~,~~1 ~,~M
,~ t~ 1~
~ch~ ~"~~ a~.x?G11~aa,~s a:L` w~r~lca cc~a~c~u,o~~:c~,' gin. ~~110 ~cau~~~ a~.~ ~1~~ :La~~~
~o~~
2 ~~ tMeix~,;~ ~., la ~ :C ~ l~ach~x~i,c;~:, ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~calrc~~.c~vslr.,y' ~'~ ~ U ~ ~'E~:~y~vcl, i.y~
AY
~', ~., ~u~l;avsls ~y, ~1 ~ :L ~ 1~~cai~~.,,y'~,lc, ~, ~'~~ ~ 1'++'r#c~~;~~c~v ~az~l a?~hc~r;~~ MM ~,nsw~x~
~~h:~s q~~E~r~~a~an ~.n ~e~x~ms .L~~r,~~,c~.'~in;, ~h~~ ~l.x'lo ~~7,~o~.~~r~~~a.n~; a.ral'~.tx~nc~ af'
~az~os~ on ~tl'~~; r~~,~,~,rl~>~~,ri~ :f'~,aa~ ~~.ncx^c~,sas w:~'~h a~na:r~c~~~sc of ~'ax?es?I;aM
?~~.on ~r~c3, ai~i:~aa.ns ~~I~xa.~ru~r? va;l.~~~ ~~ri.~l,l~i ~~o:l~.c3 ~'ai^r~s~~'~7.ur1 a~ a leas?i.n~
1;i~ cl~'L~~z^~~~.r~i.r~~~; ?~'t~~c: c~a,~~z?~?~i~~~~~:lvF, cll~r~c;~t~ra.w?l~~.as a~ ~~he .rr~`~I.~.tc;ncs
o:~ t~o~ree a~' ti~oadsc~nasl Como aJ+' ~hc~sc au'~l~ars ~xd~ad ?~akc ixl?~o ~c-
~~~~~ n xja.~rax i~a~s ins ~~~vU~ :l?a,~s,lLh~
colln~ ~tl1c ca,s?Lr~:~~u?t~:i;ar~ c~' ~'ar~,~ ,~ ~.
/ ~.. ~ ~, a.rrcl ~tl?~~ com~~as~.?~~.~r1 a:~ ~'az^~;st ~~.~~r,,~~~.~~~s (~?~G~
~~~> ~~,a,~ev~,k.y~
~r~l 'v. A.V. ~~:i~'ovslt~.y, ~~ncJ. r~i,k~~~r~')
~n cor~'orlrl~.'~y~ ~~ri~'~1 1;h?~.s v~.ew, wh .clz is ~:'i~rl~~,y os~:,a,1~7.~.sh~;~. in
?~i?~~: ~.i'rox~a~~ux^c, ~ ~a^ca~G rxurli~or off' emp~~~c~,). rrynxrlnrl,~s h~vo b~;sn ~x~a~
os~d. ~'ax~ ss~;~,r~~?ta,on off' a ~'or~s~ts in~'~.uance an ?~he ma.xi.rrn.xm, f~,aoc~
cl~.sch~x~~ o- ~,J.J. ~~hesc forrin~~.G~.S p~;~ococ,d ~'~.^ar~~ ?~hs ~~c~s?~1.r:La~~a ?~~l~l~,~ ~~hs
.~? ~~ woaclcclnoss a:~~ ~a~~~a, ~;ha x^ar>.~o~ s~~~s~~ be ~h~ ~.aw~r~a.rr~
~r~s,~~cr ~hc
~' chax^ re a.t' ?rhe sl~r~.za~; ~':Lo~rl ax1c~ ?~'n~t, aorrsac~r:~sn~~.;Y~
of the rnaxlmu.m cl~.s ~,
:y ., c?~ off' ~: ~'ores~ a.r~a. ~.owex~~.n~ ~~hc~ ;~:Laod h~a.~h?~ ~.s aU~
:~ox~voc~ wi?~h so~.~~.d. ~'oros~~a?~i.~n ~o:~ ~~hc c;a~chrn~n~ ar~ea,~
Thus a.n no?L ono of ?~h~se ~'o~~n'~.~.~s ~.s .~~ ~, Voyc~yl~ov t s ~rina:i2~~.e,
x~a?~~.n~7' ~.rr~'Ju~ncc~ o:~ ~ fares, is mns?L s?~rori~~.~' r~.n.~.~"~sM
t,ha?~ the rnacle ~
' ~ n~w~. ,bud ~n~. ~ with ~a~r?~is,~. for cs~~~ion o:~ a ~as,~.r~~
~e~. nod wx.~h ~ , J
~,~,ken n?~o ac:co~un?~~
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4 ;?
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
v ~, ~'~~fi~ox"~ ~~'f ~~~ ~Gh~ m~~r~~'Gti~c~~ c~ i~h~ r-~~~~~~m d~.~ch~~~~~
lid y
~p~~~~~~v~ ~n~~,u~n~~ U~' m~~~~~ara~.a~i,~a~,
o,~ ~h~ ~~r~.ra~ ~'~,a~d~ 11~~
r? man~i~~~~-~~ a,n ~~~~~ rn~;~~~n~,=Gude c~' ~~~ n~~~~,arrurn
~aetc~r~ ~.~ u~~?~~,i~a~ ~~;y'
:; ~ Qw ~h~ a~n?~~n~~.~y a~' ~h~ ~pa;'~,n~ ~~awy ~trh~
~~ra~~x~ x7~ut~xV~ a ~n ~h~ 3M ~
.~ and ~h~ do ;~r~~, ?~' mcaa;~~l,~,x~a.n~~, o~ ~kx~ ~a~~.~
d~~~~h a~' ~c~a,c~ ~r~~xaa,n~ ~
d ' ~ x~x~~~d u aon ~~h~ ~'~,cac~d by ~opo~;r~~h;~'~ ~o~~
~u~~~an?~~.a~. ~.n~'~,u~na~ ~,~ ~ ~
~~ ~~ ~ far' ~~~~ acc;upy ~, spec~la:L ~a7~ac~ a~n ~,l~e
~aac~, ~,alc~a a,nd awamp~
~ar1 0~' ?~hc n?~~,xa.mtin~ diachaxF~c a~' the; ~'~aod~
~c~x r~ canopy is rlecr~~sedd
c~.~ai~a~;~.on roach~n~ ~h~ ~rau
anno?tr hawe?~c~~, dead ?l,o ~, suh~;~arr~a.a~. d~~.
~h~.s c~,rc,~a.rrtsl~ance C s
. h~ singe ?~hc rna~n~ude ra:C ?~h~ snow rescrvc~
cr~~s~ ~.n ~,h~ ~'~,oad he~.~ ,
5~. ni~'~.cance arr~an~ ?t;he ~'~,c?t;o~1a de?~~ez'M
has ?a.n ~snera~, nn~y secondary' ~
rrna~ian ~~ ?~h~ ma~,.~.rra~m ~'iooc3. disck~,ar~e~
rru,n~.n~ ~h~ ~o
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
r~l~a ~r~~~~~r~~~,'~~n~a ~~c~o~s~, ~~ w~ l~r~c~w, ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~?n ~Gho ~~aw
~~~~~a ~f' 'l,Yio s~~~:~.~~;, wl~~~h ~,s ~~o~~rm~zaod b~ ~~~ oa~a~~sa Q~' m~~~o?r4w
lo~loal ~'~c~~~~ors, ~1~~ rao~~~: ci~o~.a~v~ u~ ~~a~~ b~ln~ a~~~ ~em~a~~~~u~o
anc~ so~,~r~ ~s,c~~.~,~a.an~ '~'ht; ~a.~'~'o~?encc In t~s ~~' springy is d~t~r~
rr~l,nc;~d ~a~~.in~~~,7,y bar ~~~e v~;~u,~ Q~' cane o;I,' ~h~s~ ~~~~o~~s w11~,G11 v~ra,o~,,~~.~
a,:C~'ec~ ~h~ snowMr~~~~.~a,n~ ~r~~~,~as~
Tn ~'~.elcls, ~h~ wl,ncl ~.s 'a~' a~~}~~r~oc;iabz.~ ~,1~ri~~.fi~.cancc~' ~~n ac~el~
era?~a.on a~' 't~~e ,~a~awwr~lel~~,n~; ~~~^oc~~a~,, bud ~.n ~'oros~a ;S.'~;~ ral.s a.n
bh;~s connec;'G~,on is ~ns~~Fn~i~'~.can~, owir~~ ~,o :its law vcloci'I~y ~~her~;~
;C~ 1'GLS boon es'E~b1,~shed, by speca.s,~. olaservs,~~,on '~1~~'~ 'the veloci~Ly
of ~h,r wa.ncl ~n Ga. ~'orc~s'~ cl.ux~.n~ bl1c~ snow-r~ic;~~?~i~~~ ~,cr~.od a,s G~IU
'Mmes less ~;hazl a.n a ~'~.c~ld~ i~Ia~ura:l~,~', wa,'~h such 1.aw w~.nd velocM
a.'G~,es~ ~h~ he~,b exc~aan~~ be't~reen '~hP snn~~r 'cover and '~~'!~; s,ir ~.s 'less
7.I1'~~T1Se in ~ ~'oreM'~~h~xn `a.n ~. ~'ield~,
Tn c~res,'~~.n~; shade and scre~;n~,n~, d ~'ares~ a~ron~:l,;~ h:i.~ad,ers
~hc~ ~]ene~ra~l,i~h u~ solar rad?~.abi,on s,ncl redi;~ces a,'~;; ac'P~~.on are ~~lZe:
snow cavex~,
~'hus snow~~rtel'~i,~1~; a.n a forES~t ~~rncGeds }~x~:i,r?~~r~.].y o7x accoun'~
off' a.n~:law off' hc~a?~ ~'rotn the a~,r, wi'~17 consa.derab~,y~ ~w'ES,kcr ~ar~ic~.paM
~Lian of sa~,ai~ rada.~,'~~.oa~; '~herc~'or~e ~lZe curse off' snow~melt~.n~; under
~;he forest caz~a~Y .~s d~~err~r~ecl an 'the bas~.s n~' 'til'e ~,..i,.r ~erra~c:r~a'tri~.re
~31.~t as a conse~;~enc~ of 'the wealti ct.rcu:)rat~.G}z~s of aa.r a.n 'the surface
1,~,yrr~ '~hr s~.~n~.~"ir~s,nce of air ~~~rt7~ex~d'~u.r~ a~ a ~'~~c ~Gr :gin enow~n~e~.~
a.n~ ~.s cor~s~.clcxab~,y ~,o~rered ~n a. fares' as cam~~r~,~~ed ~a a fie:~d~
'Phis c~.rcumsbancE; ~.s a:Lso one of tl~~c bs.s~.c ce,use~3 of the re'Ldrdaw
~~or>, of snaw~me~.~~ng In a forest
~~he rc~arda~~~.on ~~' s~iow~me~.~.~.n~ in a ~'a~~es~ s,s cor~par~ed ~o a
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
~~Qw w~~~ Qcc~i~ ~~`~~~~ ~h~r~~
1~~~~ '~~~'~ ~lz~ xunc~'~': c~
~~~~.c~ ~~,~p~a ~ ~ ~roc~:cc1~
i ~ ~~~~ ~ ~a a snow rnc~,'~~.~~~ ~
c six r~~ `~~ V ~ ~ ~ ~~t~'~~~ ~v s~ ~~ ,~ ~~~ s ~~
!~c ~oxas~~ an~~ ~~~
.; ~.z~ ~~~ao ~,nd c~~~~a,di~~~~
~w~,~e ~~ s~,aw~y x~~?n~s_t~a.`I~h rapid a,nd
~c~r~~~~ ~~ a.~1 ~ ~;~,~~I.c~~ ~n ~
~~,r~w~~' a,i1 ~~.x ~ ~~hc a,r~~
Qrcl;a,.~~,~ ~a 1~~,a, sarn~ da?~~,,
,on~~,nuou s ~~h~w:~~~ o~ sn?w ac,c
c ~ 'r~~G~ax"~ pax1 21.E hours': a.n
~arL;~a.~~' o~ ~,z.caw Y~,~,~.a?nra~ars
n , ,~ a , ,~, ~Ja, hours .r~ '~aa~r~e, ~
~, a,r ' :l.an~,~,n~~s ~ `~ xrc.~.~.~.xrte:~ar,~ ~~c ~, arx ~~ hoax's
c ~duou~, and ~'x,or'~r a,2~:~~7 r~~,
par 21~, hc~ur,~ ~n ~,a
. r' .~a~s as ha?~~h as ~n c~,aaz~in~;s
~n C~,~'c~~~~~Tl~';wi j a,n
:~~rGr ~h~~?~ ~.n ~.in~;ex"~n~ apr:Ln~;s
Una ;~hou~.d ace;e~? ~.n rr~.nd, howc 9
;~u~.~, X11 'G~'1C px~~;CQl1CC 0:~
a:a.~ o~ ?~kie ?~haw px'occccls, as a
~ha second h wlli.cY~ s~,y~n~:Ld~~c 1?La.~;h ~.r~M
s,nd xzoc?~urria:L ?~enrpex~at;~Kr~~s, ,
ha.~n d~,v.x a~~.]. ~ ~;h~s ~a.rne ?~11
.. ~ZO'1~ 'in ~Lha :~z.e~.c~, ~nc~x'F U~r
s~,t off' snow~rlie~~~n~, ~
~,en Y
~_ersad., bu.~ ju:~a~ a.n ~ha ;Core
sx~~w ~a ~,a.r~ea~Y' ~,~.mc~s~~ dx.~p
~:
~,w ~ra~cx ~ irl , a ~'o~'as~ s.ra
~~;Cac~ runof:C o:E ~h
Cond~~a~ons o~ su
;C~.aldo ~.'laa d~..~':Ceranca ~~~
r, ~ ~ ~~ b~. c~~.:C~'exan~l?, :from Lhasa :~n a y, n the
con~~,dcx ~ '~ C~~~rc~ ~ r~ ? . .~
d :~'ox~es~ a.s n~a,ni~ew~c~d,
.. ~~ co nd'L~,~.ons ~n ~ ~-a~? ~ , as
~,~rcan ~Lna.C ~ ~, a wh~.ch,
,~ni~uda o:E~ '~ha ru,no~~ ~,o,~~c-~,
c~ . , ~ch works, is cans7.c~crah~y
ea?La~~~.ished 'key' numr~rous re,,~e~x
has be~Yl
. , orast khan ~,n ~:'ia]~d~
~r~a~ax . ~.n .~
d~s~hs,r~c.~ ~.o~ses ~n a
. aw the ~:ncre~sa o~ ~~h~~w
~~,~~ a,s wE l~n 9
?, cr~a~a a~ thy: ~a~~~ ;C;~oad
~ios~ s~~"an~,~~' upon ~,n~ d~
for^c~~, ~c~.~s
" ~' k~~ waoderl. '~h~; b~~~.n. ~Ll~
aodac~. ~i~~a-n~ 'the mo~a ?~~~~.c J'
volurna ~n a w ~ .~, ~~s ~'or 1~ha ~.~s.~.nnlm
?~o~a]. shsq~~p~~on o~ ~ra,~ex' ~n ~~
~res,-~ar 'the ~ ~.a scar.
i~ ~~n a conS~.dar~hJ.1
' cha~~a~ ~h~.s ~~,c?~a~'.:'~a~~.a, an , .~0 1cno~ur,
;C~,aod da.s
ot" ~ha znax.r~~rn r~.~.scY~ax~;a~ ~~
ee h~~~usc~ ~l~a md~r>.~.~udc ~ J a ~~.~ .~~.
d.a~x ~ cand~~~.an~ ba~.n~ ~
~y~ ~1~~~~~n~.nad, ' o~~h~x
~s ~o~ ~ha ~r~c~s~ pa ~ ~.tax1~~~Y over ~ha whola
. ~'no~r.~ma'~~~.n~; ar7.d ~~~ s~~.
~~ha -~,n~ans~~Y a~ s
radar cans~.~.axat~.on
,ba,e~xi u .,
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
v~~.o n~n~ c~' ~~~~ ~~~ad fl,n ~~,m~ a~l~ ~~,~ h~~,~~?~ da~~~?l~
~ha da P
~~~1~~~.~ 'aryl, .~~'Y'1~~'l~'gY1:1~~111 c~~,' thaw al~ld, ~ha
~';1,~~~~ Q~' a~.,l u~orl_~h~ x,11
1,1~~Q ~~h~ r~,v~x~ c ~1~a mare ~n~;~ns~ ~l~a,~
~h~d,~1,~,1~~ q~ ~~'1~ ~h~,w wa~Ax~
~h~ I11aX;~1'~ti~fl ~~,c~acl ~~,scl~la~~~~, ~~~ va~.um~ x?~
~~l~dd,~.n~, ~~~h~ h~,~Ylar
,~ ` ~n anal sus ~~' ~h~~ ;~n~~.uc:rlcs a~' ~~ha ~~M
lik'~,'~Tl~,n~ ~;f~l;l~,i? ~ ~'hqx~~, ale ~ ~
m~~,x~,Y71~m d~.~cla~r~,?, we sh~~ul~ ~aay a~~~nN
~~F'~ Q~ ~ar~es~~a~~.ar, an ~ha
lrias'~ `~.maar~~an~~ ~'ac~c~x b~~al'~~ and o~Lhc~^~
1;~.an i~a ~h~.s Z
'ox~s'~ bGd ?~h~ 1i.va.n~ cover anc~ ~Yla sa~.J. ~.n
~s ws ltina~r~ a ~ r
sh wa~,c;zr~al~snr~p~t~.vc; ~,owex; thcxe;~'axe, dux~.n~; ~~he
a ;~ar~es~~ has a h~.~~
a ^' obssxve s1~,x~a,cc r~t~lza~~ ~.n a ~'axos~ cansa.derab~.y.
thaw pGla.od, we
.. nse~~ o~ wa~cr d:i.schai~~;e ~'xom ~hc: snowy :C'~ he~a,ns
latex ~Lhar~ the o
-~ ~h~: Toxes~ hed and soy.], ~14~ve bEen sa'tu~^~t.ted u~~ ~to
on~.y a~'~tcx ~
. , as~ when the ~inl~cns~.~y off' wa~tex d.a,sw
~thc~~.x r~:lxi~.~m wa~ex ca~~ac~.~y
t~;r~s,}~saxp~a.ve ~ov~er a:~ ~;he bed. and
char~~: e~ce~ds ~Yle mex~.n~.~m era
ry u ~,11e shed a:i~ ~ha~w wa~?,ex ~'rc~rrt ;Coxe~t
` so~.1, e '~hx,s na~u~ al~.y xe~Laz d
., ,
.. ~ yes as carni~a~~ed ~ta ~a.eJ.d ~tcr~r~i~to~~~~~ua
~oxxa.tox
~~ ~^aCgGC~.s consi,clexab~.y ma~~e s~.ow~y' a.n a :~arr,s~~
5r~,oww~mel'ta.rl~, Z~
~~~ ~ ~~ '~,~~,~ both a.n s~7r~.n~s wi.~th a xe,p~.d and con~~.nuaLtis
?than ~n a f ~,.~,1.d,
. ~ ~ ,^ ~ ,, s x~~~.n~}~;.~ ~t?~he second ha1.~C a~' the snow~mel~~.r~~
,haw arld :~n l.xn~~a~ ~.r~~ ~ ~ ~
C,.. ~s chs,xac~tex~.~,ec~, as s, ~~u,~.e, by hi~Ylex a~.x ?tem~-
Y~cyx~.od a.n a ~'oxe~t
nd carisec~ucan?L~.y by ~xea~ex a.n~,ens:i~~~'?
pexa~~urc~ a
~~ ~ anal snawwme:l.i~in~ ~.n ~oxes~t lead.
'~hu~' ?tYte c?nd~.'tions ax xuna~:~'
. ~ khan ~.n ~ ,c:~d, ~.n o~tl~ex wnxd~ ~a
?ta a ~.a~te~~ shed.d,~.n~; o:i' thaw wader ~
wa~tex ~xgrr~ ~a.e~.cl: and ~ures~ in'tq a
a nansinl~,l'~aneaus ~.n:E~.ow a~
,~ ~ ? nce is a~.sa dec~.s~ve .n the, fog^a7ls.ta.on a~ the
x:~vex ~ '7,htiw ca.xcums~a
' ~chs.x re ~.n a ~e.r~~a.a~.l;~ waod.ed has~,ne
rrc~~~.n~ra ;~~,aod dr.~ ~
hedc1.~.n r a~' 't :C~.aldt4 and "?ax~ ~~i~
Nat~~xa,:l.~.~ ~tho nonca~.nc~.dcnco a~' s ?~
~~ ;r~,
,,.
.~,~~
... ..
.., . ~ , ,
_ ,
~ 4 .~ il.e
5 i
1.
~ 4 ~
i S 1 ' r '.
I 1 ~~
~ ~ I
hi , ~ I
' 'tl 1 ~? 1, C
I t~
1
1
Iv
~ ~ ~~ ' ~, I i I I I I~ I '~
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
at~r~ xov~c~~d the ~a~t~r~ '~~~~?rl ~.~ ~~~~~~d b~ the thaw, ~u~~t ~~
w ~~
~a~~ ~ ~~a the c~~~ o~ ~0r~~'~~t~.or~ a~ the ba~;~n ~~?
Yr~n~,~'~~~~c~ ~r~a~t ~ .~ ~'
na~~~~,;~ ~~~~ k~~a.~'~
xncl~Q~it, ~r~.th prr~c?:~s~~~' au,~h ~o1'Q~tc~t~.Ur~ of a b~~a,n rsfi~a~da~
? ? .~ ndar~~enta:~ ~n~~~ ~a,~C tYi~~aw w~t~r~ ~~c~~aa.n~ a,r~ta the x~v~x
G~oi~ p~' ~l,l~o ~'.~
~~ , a~~ lr~os~~ ~a. n~~'~.c~,nce, sa.rlc~ a.n th~,a case the n~Qr
~rc~zn..:the _~:ox,c~,t h ti
n _? ~ rr~~.va.n ~~ ;~at~r thaT1 the " i'~.~~dt~, p~.~y ~,~a~~~`a~ca.rr~~~e~.y
~~t water~~, ,~ ~
sz~t .x?1 ~'aT:'rliata.an o~ tale ~~.o~~~, as thEa ,~a.e~~d wat~xs
thc; sari: p
~l~o ?L?he c1~:~x~;e tl~~a?l, the ~'c~rc~s~i;ata,.ai~ a~ the basa.n ~.~ ;~urtlier
a.nc~^e~,~e,c1,, ?Ll?le ra1,c off' ?~1?~e .f'ax~e~at area,5 ~.n :~ox~ria?~i.r.~n o:C ~i;he ~'lncad
w~1.~. ';row rwvex~ ~r~ca~ter can acrount off' ~Lile dwind1.a.1z~ s1~;~11~.~';T.C~l1C~' o:~
thG o~~cn areas, and as a ca~~~sequerxGC o~~ ?tl~ia, the e,~;('ect a.i:' the.
. ~ ~ rence .n ~~rle~ a~' sh~dc~.~.n~ 'o.C thaw waters an thr?: he;i~;kit a~
d~ ~ e
the ~'1.pod ~ui].:~ clec~~ease corresp'ar~s~.n~~.~'~
'th soJ,id. ~Coa~estat:~on off' ~~hc, watex~'shc:d ti~rc p~~abability. off'
~rr~.
' ~?aneaus shed~l,in~~ a:~' thaw waters ati~c~~' cai~~~.t~.~rls b~~a.~~
nons.Lr~a~:l.L
e ua1. wi].~, becorlle considerab:l.y :~.ess than with ~C~~~aez'cc;nt ~'ax"EStaM
~ ~
.: on be~.n r caT?,d:i.tionsd in th7.s cs.se on~.y by' th~~ natur~~of '~}~e weave
t a. ~ ~
the/^~ :Cn this px'apar.~'l~a.on r~ :Forest b~,s~.n ~.s na d~..:C~'ez?rnt i"xaT~ ~z
~'~.c;~.d~ ~~Ae to the :l.awex p~~obabiJ.ity, off' clr;~.~,ya in Shc,ddin~ of
wa~~c~?, it should b~ ex~aec~ed th~.t ~ri.th i.clen?r,.c~.~. c;onc~itia~~s G~
. ,~ ~ ~ .; rrw~x:i,muri~ ~~'loocl di;~char~e ~w~.~.~. be Formed ~.n a ~ti~iiy
SaY11eW~ld~ ~X ~;a~Cr
~h~d than in a basin w~.th about ~0 percent forestay
torestod Wa~Lei 5 c
" ~~ , he smu~.ta~~ecau~ ~,n~'J.aw of thaw watex'~ comes TTOt ~rOnl
t~.an~ ~~.nc,e t
haJ.f, bu'~ fram the what a~'e~o~' the watershed.
~epend~.n~; upan the co~~rse a~' sno~r~rne~.tin~ in t~.me and upon
r, ~ ~ ~ ? ~ ~ he forest r s ~ f f'rct an the springy; ~"~.ora d' S ~ormatian
~t~ ~,T~tens~.~~'~
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
~~~ ~~~~h~ :~~ ~~~'~~~~c~ d~~~'~'~r~h~:l,~, ~r~ ~np ~~~~ ~~ 1~~~~ ~~
~~i~,~h ~a~~~r,~Rl~y~ ~a~' ~hc~~.~~~ a~ ~h~w w~tc~~~ ~'~Qrn ~~i~ ~'ca~~c~~ err
c~
~,aw ~r~r~ ~~~ ,~'~,c~~d~ ;1n ~,ncth~x1 =Ga ~.~,~r~~~~c~a. ~..rrt~n~~,~a.~~ c~c'
~n c crrdl.t~.c~1 ~ c~' ~ ~.~n~r~.r,~ ~~r~i.n~~;, the ~ncTrr ccvcl~ ?a.n
~'~e~da ~~.~w:1,;~ d~.,s~~~;x~~e ~, ~ax~;i.~nci~~~~;~r urrcle~~ ~i~~ actlcn ca:~' ~e~ax9
~~a~:i.~,~~~ur~~ ~r~ the ~'vx~e~~, hcxrevex', ~h~~ax~.r~c~.~a~,~. ~a~~c~~~r rn~~~ ~~~.~.~.
x~err~aan~ bbl ~~he ~~r~~ the ~'~~1,d~ ax~~ c~e~x~, and ~iat~ ~.~x~thGr thaw.~n
~~a~e~d~; ;inn the ~xe~Cnce e~ h~.~;h a~.r ~eyn~erG~tua~r~, wh~,eh evc~lccs
hi~fh :Lnteri5~,?F~Y off' snc3w~?nae~,~ta.n~~ ~'~~r r.vex~s whc~e ~aasing are ahc~u?~
~~~ ,percent wooded, the cct rse a~ t,~ie ~'1.UOCl :i,n a s~~r~.n~ of ?Ghi.~ ~ d
YP
is cx>~~,racte?:ra.~ed b;y two i~ealtis, thc, .First ~'orrned b;~ tl~e "~'a.e~.dlt anci
the sec;one~ by thc~ "~'oresttt thaw watcr,~~ Tn thc~,ae ,wino rivr~rs a
mn~^e ral7a,~ and ccn~.~nuaua ~l~law s~~i.~7ula~ce a r~~~ewha?~ ~~rc~on~aer~
:Fl,oaci ~wa.~~h a h.i~?;h }ac-~~1~ wha,ch is ~,~wcr ~~ln~~,n :i,n x~ .~rFrs wi,~h ~o:l~, M
d
1.~? ~'arestec3, basa.ns
't'he e,~'~'cGt of" a Forest or. the hei~;lti~l~_ o#" file ~':l.no~, de~~enclin~;
~~r,~ s~x'?in~; wc~aCher cond:~t~.ons, mi~.;ht he ~'i~rthex~ deinonStratecl h a
Y
series ~f exanr~.~:l.es~ ~s~~t these exainn:les ran to no extent exhaust
the who~.e vaxa.ety ~~' cond.:i.tions of snow~me~.tin~; and whed a~' thaw
wa~ex?S wh~.rh axe observed ~.n na~urc~ ;i:~~ is ~as5~.l~~.e ?~o ascer~a~,.n
triis ef~'ect only on the basis a~' ana~.;~rsis a,~ a ~.on~; series c~~' obw
nervations, which. wol~~.d ~.~'~'orc~ the mo, ~ re~,iab~.e de~~rm~.r~~~~~iarr
the ~x"obabi~.~,ty c~~' avr~r,~s,~;e snaw~rn.eLtin~ conc.:trta.ans~ }3ut ~~his
kinr~
o~ research, with itn can~ider~,b~)~c; con~um~~t~ic~n cif ~.al~ar ~.nd ~~~~ naM
'~ux~e o" ?~he raw ~'~.c?I~ii~,1. dada, ~res~;n?Ls :i,?~sc~.:c" ~,S ~. ?~~,sl~ o;i" ex~re,~
ordinary cain~~~,exity i;~' one ?~akes in~Go accc~un?ia ths,t the e~':fect off'
the forest is vei~,ed 1~y many other ~'actars,
~~owev~r, w~ have tr:ired, ix" on.:L;~ a~a~~rc~xima~;r~:~~~ ~o ~.~.~.ustr~~,~e
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
 +~ i zJ ~ S1B>t i~;
~i s ~, i ~ ~~f r1d ~ it l I~
~ .. ?~ ~ ~ h ~ 1!k~r r ~.~~ n~~ati~
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
w~,~h ~~r~~u~~, ~~~~~xva~~,~a~ rr~?~~~~~~~,~ ~~k~~ t~;4~^;~c~t~a,~~~ ~~ ~l;l~~ 'Gh~~~~
~~~~ ~'~~th ~l~~V~ ~cr~c~~r~~n~, ~~~~ n~~~?~~~ cad ~,r~~~,u~nc~ c~~' ~ ~~~~~,~
~'~~~~~~~~~~~,~,~ ~i~ the ~'1.~~ci, ~~~~?~r~~~~~~~~
~~'~~~~ ~u~ ~~;l.a,~n~ ~~' thr~,~ ua~'~, ~.~ wo~s~.~ ~~~ve 1a~:-~r~ ~~~~~~~~~'Y
?~o ~c~~.ect ~ ~~~~?~~,c~~.~r~~~ ~~~~~rr>b~~ ~;C' la~~~i?~~ ~.Q~:~~~~~ ~~r~ a~i.ma,~r~z~ ~~h~rw
ai,ccM~;ec~;~,~~a~l~a~caJ, cc~t?~~1~.~~:>w~~~~ ~r~~'~~~.av~.nr~~a~,r~, c,~l~,~ta.~~n tca a~~~1^ox.~n~,~~e~
a.~' ~q>~m.1~ ~x~a
7.?n~~ ~r;r ,es c~~' cbee~wa~~~,~~a~~; h~~t w;~,th each ~ ~tF~teme~'~ ?~~~r t~Sk
wc~,~;l.~i be unxe~J,~.zabKL~, ~~.~ce h~~~~1:~1~~ ~~r~ tlaeSC; ~~c~~~~,n~,~ a.t .~~ .zrt~o~M
~b].e ~~o ~~;1.ect sa.r~i:l.~:~1~ laasa.ns with ~~ a.~'f'ex~er~~L c1c~ETree off' ~'car~Ea~
tata.U~. (a.n ;1.~:n~~:~ ~ :~rr,l~ ~ to J.~~~ ~~ercerat) a.n o~1c .r~~;ron, '1'),~e~^c;~
:~?or~~ w~ 17~,~, i~c ~.~sfr ~~,~~1~a ran ~^~~r~~~s ox' rho +:'~ka ba~~~.~~, ~~ho b~;~ ~n rah'
th~~ Va~.~a ;C'r~oan the Sl~cl?lerb~kovsl~:,y r~;sr~~woa.x to t,l~~e mUU?~h ~:C the
Kama, the ~r~,m~~ b,~.~a.n ;tine, a ema~,l n~.ur~~r~;.^ a~' r~.vo~~ :i.n ~1?~e t~i~per
~aar~ts o;~' thE~ Soc~~i ~ ;Uc~sna ~,nd 1~~>n b~e~i.nS
Gn ~t,la~ wl~o~.o, ~b~c~xv~~t~.rr~e at 212 'a~.~.~n~~ca~tS ~wer~ u.se;cl,
d~.e~~~~.bt~~~crl over, a.23 x^~:v~i~,~ wa:~h b~~i:i o,x~~aS ~'~^arn ~0 ~o ~U~UQO
egiae.z~e ~~.:lor~r~te~:~a
~n the attached tab~,e the distx~.but~.nn off' areas off' the b~,e~n~
enter^~.~~~~ ~.ntQ tl~e inves~~~.~;a~L~,on ~~~nd, the ~7cra.od~ ~~:E c~ ~exv~?~ ,on o:E
the ~'~.caw_ ~.n them are _ ~a,ven, .~S ~.~ s~ec?,n :~~^c~m .this t~b~.e, bas:~r~s
~r~.th ~' = :1.Oc~~. ~? ~OOU ~c~ud~e l~iJ.nmetcr~S pr~er~iai~~.nate; they 'are ~,~,,;;c~,
on the who~.e ~Lhe on~S wha.rh ~,~^e criarac~~~;x:~~ed b~ the ~,r~~~te~~ rlu~a
~i',~.on a:E abse~vata.ol~ _.~ h~ ~~e~~cen~~ off' than lave: been urid.er ob~ervaw
ta,nn ~'or mo~~e than ~.~ year. s
[See ri'ab~.c ors ~'c~:].~.c~w~.n~; ~a~e~
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
Dis U-r~.bttt~ cir~ U~' Fas~r ~~~s ar:~ zfi-sioc~s ~y C~sEr~a~io~~ ei ~ ~ ~~~ ~ n T~~m
To-ta1 212 100
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
r~h~ ~~~~r~~~,a~. hyc~~ca~~~~r~.c~~ mc~~~~~.~~ ..~ t~l~~~ m~,z~u~a ~'~ar~c~~
~~r~~~r, ~.~.~~lti~;r~~~ ~n~ ~~h~~,~ x~~x~r~~ ~N arc, ~o~a;l.~~ ~'Qr ~~h~ ~?a~~ ~~ax~
~rQm, ~~~,~ ~c+lcra~.c~~r~1~;~,~r ~ ~ w~~^~~ ul~y~r~~~ca~:i,~~;l, r~n~, W~,~~~~~~~on~oa~v~~~.c~x~~,~.
~~,~,~u~,~?Ga~ar~,~ ~'or ~~11~ S~~~i~n~,r~~ ~~' ~tr~~?L ~,~~ ~~~ydr~~~,oe~r'a.~~~. ~~
~a.r+n~ ~ t~ ~ l~{Jh~r~ ~h~~c~ c~~~~ tia~re ~.r~~u~~~'a.~:+,~n~~ ~l~e~ w~:eo ~u~a~~~.~~ra~n?~era,
~'rcanl ~~i~Zy~~~~~,~~;a.Ga1. ~~~x^t~oca~-~l~ r~nc~ t~1~~~~~r~~~La un ~~1~~ x~~,v~r ~y~'L~m a~'.
'the ~~a~~~,"
A a ~ ~l,e~'a.c i~ncy In ~~he u~ila.~ec~ n,a~eria~,,~, ~~he c~~.~'~'rsrerl~ duz^~,~
~a.on and noncoar~cid.ence off' abserva~ta.c~~~~ ~~eriads in man; s~a~ions
~ho~.tla be no~~ed~ '~li~h shore s~:x^~,P~ oJ~1 oi~~ox~~v~~a.ons, mo~~; off' ~~'n~
r~~.~w.i.mt~ra di,~ohar~;es ~n a cc~nsidereb~.e, nu~l~l~er~ o,~ case; ~ho~~J.d ~1rol~~xbw
~,;~ b~ con~c~exc~r~ ~oc~ ~.ow, anc~ ~;he norm nod ,~.~.w~~ys eciu~~:l, or c:~osc~ ~~o
?the ~ac~ual, ~Li~a~ a.s, ~o ~11a?L? cc~~.cu:~a~~e~, ~ror~i a. ~.on~ six^.es o:~ ob~
sr;xv~,~iar~
U~~~~~r~~,r~a?~ion c~~' ?Glle pe~rcen~ off' ~'or~c~~t~~L?L?i.or~ 'car ].~6 b~s~.~~s
was accorn~~~.~sherl ixw~.n~; a ~Lre,ns~ps,rcrx~ sht~e~ ~liv~.derl in~a Sr~uares
ovcr;l.aicl. upon a ms.p, Ana ~'ar ~.G ~~o n~c7 :Loc~,~l~ec~ ~i.n ?L?he 1)nepx~ anti. ;ion
river l~asa.ns ~~~~c da?La were copied. ~'z~on1 I'~'racc;e;din~s a~ the I~ipv
~c ience~~~Zesearch Ilydro~.o~;~.ce~~. Obser~r~,~or~,tt number 3~~.), a..~l.,~~,
A~: ~hc char~,cs~h~eris?~ic o:~`n~~?i~.1m ~~,a~r~ ~h~ varia~;ican off'
whale' tna~n.~~ude is be~.n~; inves~i~,;R~~er~ a,ri i^e~.~?~a.an ~a rho v~,r~.a~~~.an
in .~'ox^~;s?La?~:i.an off' rho b~.ai.n, ~~he ~~~,x?r.>,mo~Le~~ ~, we,e ~ccep~a~. i':c~m l~e~a~
r
,S~l~o~.nvsls~.,y~ t,~ :~~x^mu~.a (Q, y = A~'~? ja ~ ~'~r de~ermina~L~.ar~ a~' m~,x.Lmuar~
n~~,~
s~~rin~, ~'].ood c~ischar~es a As we ~~now', the ~~a.rarne~er ~ ?i,.s a sumrr~ry
cae~~'+icien~~ Che,rac?~erizin~ ?~he rne.x9.rr~am :C:Load :C~.ow~ ~~ repreSen?~s,
w~?~h ~ kno~~n a.}~~~ro~~irna~iaxx, ?~he ma~irnu.m in?~exis~."~y or r~a~cin~in ma~na:?~~
u,ae ~~' the e~.er~en~ary ~:'].o~r~ r. eduoed ~a any s~,uare ~i~,rame?Ler s.nc~ ex~
caressed. in rni~.~.~.me~e~^e der hour o~ c~~bic ~me?~~re per e~Cand ras~ec~,:>r~r~~~rw
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
__ _ _
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
#'~c~~c~ o~~~~~
1~'ca~^ ~~~1~~~~ cad' ~k~~; r~s,?~ur~ ~~ a ~'cax~~~~ ~ ~ ~~,~~:c~G ~n ~r~~ ~~~~~.n~.
~~,ocacl-l~~a.~;i~~, w~ 11~rvG c~r1~~~1~~ti~~~r~ ~ ~,a~~,~~ v~ ~~Ll~ ~~x1~ ~^~;l,~~L ~v~ ~'ca~~,~fi~a~
~~,~,c~n ~~ ~11~ b~,~,in~ a,~ ~a~rc~n~ ~~~,a~~?G~t;~ ~, c~n~, ?L~c~ ~~asc?~,~aa ~r~c~ ?~hr~
~v~r~~;~ ari~~?i.xiA~n~ va~~~~ off' ~~~x~~,r~i~~l~~x ~~ :~'rarn ~;T ~ ~ul~ol,ov'1~~.~' ~ ~ ~'urM
rrai~.a, cx~~rE,~; ti~~r~ :i,r1 cl~~a ~c rn~?~c~r,a ~~~~ ~~cc~~~ca,? ~J,c~i?l~~ ?l~~?lE; c~,ra:i~n~?~~
~ ~~'~,~,~urc~ ~.) A
~i~.c~ur~~~ ~
~~ u~~~~,~~r~~~~a.~7.uT~
w..w
~MMNMwMWrMA'M^'~~ ~~
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A
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
As ~~~ ~~ ~~~n ~~~~n ~Y~~~ d~,~~~~m, ~~,r~c~t ~~.~,`~i~o,~o.~nt~ ~~~
cY~ tx~~~aut~~ ~~~n~ ~~am~ ~urv~ wY~~:lcY~ Y~~~ ~ m~~n~~rn~.~ v~~,u~ ~~' Ya~~~~~~t~r
,~
~, whin ~Y~~ :~prc~s~a~~,o~ q~' ~h~ ~a~~:l,n ~nlo~a~~t~s ~~ ~bo~1~~ ~~~ ~1q~~~~~71tr
~ .
~'Y~~ ~ ca~~~~~~,n~ off' ~~~ Y~o~n~h~s ~.n ~ r~~,~t~.v~~.y w~d~ ,ono bay
'~~~~an twc~ e~rvcs ~'~,nds ~~,s . ~~~n~?~a,ar~ a,n ~tY~~ ~aet ~.ia~?~ ~~ny ~aG
toes wer~i~c~t ?t+~lcer~ `~.nto con,~~.d~r~~;~.a~ near cv~..u~~~~r~ a.n ~h~h~ ccan~~~r~tic~.
i~~can ~~~ the ~~,~~h? to wh1.cY1 nurl~~r~ ~b~'~or?~~;
:Y.~ tl~e ~c~~nYa~s'lt~,c~~ and da.s~~r ,~ai.cta.can off' ~'oxc~?~ ~:~~,n~a,n~a
2. the Ai,ra^~~;~J.ara.~~ ~.n cYa.s?la.~~~.bu?La.c~n cad' ~hf~ snow c~~v~a~~ or c ~~
?~h~ tc;z~~1"a.toa~~.~~s o~ thra rayon;
3, th~~ nui~acr of 1,.~~l~cas and sw~s,~~Y~s;
~ o ?~he ~;oL~o~~;ral?~'' ~
~, the soa.~. laases, end other i's.cta,~s
xn: aclcla.tion~ co-~s ~derab;l.~ di.s~ors~ucan o~ '~~e Y~oa.nt5 ~s ~t1.ao
e ~:l.e.a.n~d b the ~xea'~ error ~,.n r3.e?te~"rc~a.n~~a.an 'off' thq~naa~~.n~ni ~.~.sM
~, Y
char, n~e nor~rw and ~y ~~hc as~'nchrUn~sm off' obscrvat9.on prri.ads e B~~?~
.i.n sp9.te a~ thc~ :fact that al,]~,th~;se f'actor,s ~vei.~. tl~~ e~.fcc?~ off' the
~'orc~st, the dependence off' '~lxe max~.m>rl~r ~"~aod discha,r~e ~a.pon the cla~
free o:~ :~oresta?~~.on o~ a bas7.n ~a.s c1.~~ar~.~~~ enough ~,ppaY~ent~
7n ;Ci~ure ?the sc,r~~e rc:~,~~,t onsh~.a is ~~resen'~ed, but ~.n ?it
we have tried to ~xc~l.~ude t~1E~ e~"~'cct o:E thr snow accu~r~:l.~.~a.an, da.:C..
~'erent a.n ri~,~ntudP ~.n the basa.ns under cons~.c~e~'atiorl, a,a ~ puxely
c~.~.rr~ata.c t'actc~ro ~n th~.s c~~.a~~^~m nre h~,vc~ ~,cce~~Led ~L?hc, r~~, ..o off'
ar~.~netcr ;~ to the nraxa.rlu~n snr~w xes~~~res norm }1~ (tsken :~rorrl, tl~xe
~tl~t:las a:C Nax:i.rrn~m Snow ~,es~~rves'~ p~~b:l.j.shed. by the ur~.~x) ~s the :~'uncM
Lion be:i.n~ stud~.ec~~ :Ct ~s ,not d~.:f"~'~.cu~.t to use ?~h~,?L :~n ?~h~e rs,se
the n~tl~re off' 'the r.~e~.~t~.~anship dp~~~.z~~ even mare c~.ea~~~.y~
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
...,
^ ~~, ~ ~ arcs the f' .~~~~ S'~a~~,e in the warlc ~ ~~+1zrM
~,'~Ze '~b~Laa.ned ~ e,~.a,1.~u
~.on~~ ~h ~7a~~1 of. c~~c~.~u~an of rthex~
~ther ~P~earch shol~,~.d ~~rac~eeri, a u
~?saabJ.e 'Lo
~ ~. ~'oa^e;~~; t ~ e:~~ec~'~; ~,h:i.~ ti~r.~,~. malcc a~'~ 7.
~'ac~c~~^a wi~~.cl~ vea.
,, .. ~~ ee off" fo~e~ta~L:~~~n on tna~~.rw.~~~ ~'~.ood d~~.s~
asce~^'~~,~.n the e:~.LecL n~' r~er~~'
~ ~ 'J'1~e xe:L~.~;i.a~~sha.~~ j~xeeen~ed ~.n ~~~~~e 2 can
cllax~c~;e more accu~ a~e:l.,~-
. ~, ~ :, `l,o have, been ca~.rul.ated; howev~.r, a.~
certa:>.~~y nc~~ be ccn~~.dc,xed
y an~~n~a~ ~~e :i.~ ~ha'~ the ~xeateSt, ~.n:~~,v.ence
we~.~. a,~~.us~ra~,c~ the fund . ,
.a ~~ is exerted, nc~~ b'~ saJ. Ld ~o~^es~a~:~an
nn the ].ower~.n~; o~ ~hc ,C~.ood
~'o~^es~a~~.on, c].c~se ~o ~~ ~~e~c~nt~
off' a bas~.n, bu?~. by.~.es~er
ee'~ f.'orth abc~ve9 one rn~~ mare
~umt~x.n~ up ~J.~ ~}.~a~ hae been
the ~'o~.~.aw~in~ conc:l.u ~a.ons
dn~~.mu.~.'~~.nei'ty c~~' sno'wWm~~.~in~
~d' ~~ ~ con~~guence off' the n
~~,~Ze~.~ off' S~tedt~..n~ ~~' 't:C'~.e]~d"
,,~e~.cl ~.i~d ;~are~'~ end off' the n,unsa.~u.~. ~'
:t.n ~
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_ _ __ _.
 ~i ~ ~~ z
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
~~d ~~~o~~~~~~ w~~ar~~, _~, ~'~x~~~~b ~r~~~~~~ ~n~'~~~~nec~ ~,n c~~c~~r~~;~
1~1~~ rr~x~,~~,~ ~~,~ca~i ` f~~.~cl~~r~~ ~,~ m~?~~~~'~~~r~c~ ~,n r~~~~~~~~c~n~.~,~~,~r~a
w~.~h ~Q~~~~a?t~~.can p,~' ~ha ~b~;~~.n ~~. ~~.o~a ~a Ana ~~~~'~ W~~;h v~,r~a~~.cn
A~' ~'ox^~~~~~~~,aa~ ~v ~?~~a ~.~,c~~~ a~' ~l~a.~ va~,u~ ~k~c~ ~'~~^~~~' ~ ~':~a~~ :I,~
nQ~a.ceal~~.y r~cr~~~~r~~o
~ a ~n a cQn~ n~c.~l~s:Ly ~Qxa~~~r~. w~,~or~a11~~,, ~s cctrr~~r~c~ Ica ~
ha~,~~?~ar~~~~~d and, `~ht~ :f'~.~cac~ ~.~ ma~~~ v~~~~n 11i.~;h~x~~
a3a~~1~~ ~~hr;~~` s?~a~er~;n~~~a axe car~x~c~, ccr~a~~.r~~,~, ~'a~:~ ~vo~aj~~
~~~r~w~m~:l.~~a~n~; cozlr~~.~a.raz~;~ o
3, ~~~,~, 1;11~~ e~~a,s~; .n~ ~rllpa.x~a.ca~. ;~'az~~ull.as ~'ax~ cal.cu~.a~~ .on off'
~;l~ir~ e:t'~'oc~ off' ~'are~t~a~a.o~t~ dGrnanc~ x~~Mea~a~na.na~a,can .n ~~h~ 1,~.~h~ a~'
~th~ c1.1.~~cuss~d 'l',Yxesr~sa
~E~'.U'~C~,~~N(J~JS
1 ~ Va~~ykav'9 A ~ x ~ , ~9~n t ~ r~~:C'~'~c~~ _i~~an N~,~uure ~ S~,~t~ ~.~~li~hin~;
1-I{a~~ac ~'ar Ceca~~ral~ll~.ca~. L~.~ex~a~Lur. a, ;:~~~~9~
2 ~ VayPyltiaV, A ~ J:. , ~'he Ri.vex~ a~' ~~ua;~~.a, 1~~32
3 ~ 1Zu~1,~a~rSk.iy, V ~ :~. , xhe II~d?rolo~~.ca~. F~a1.o a~ a l~ or o;~~ a
Gas~,~s~urn~. ~d~a~, ~.9~.y
~~?
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
~~ ~~ ~~~~~^A~~
~'lia a~~a~.~a~,?~~l?ia:1,a~ wki~, ~h ~:'r~:~~,~ ~n ~i~a a~~~~l~~l t a su~~'~ca p~,~~~~l,y
c~ ~~ ~1, ,l'~.Qw~ ~:i, ~~~1kr~4f};'.~i~pt 7qf ~;Y~1i.
y4"~~'CRrri~~~+~'.d't~.t~ :t"~tli~~jlwM tX~~~~~~F:`c'~St~'7.
~'
, ~ ~Y tel:. ~e
y"j~'~'~~~`~~E
. ,.. .: , .-: ., ::.. ,,, ~? :: 4.:. ,.., , ~ ~? ,,., ..,
I TJr,o-r i .. r. .. F, Y.r. .:.4 ... ,..~Jryp J I. ':,Y.. K , -1 V ,. i.. 9. .'.I?v.: r :.. i .:, ! .' i. l+r ': ! e r.'..~~: '~~rll ..::~.. r.r i!V .:'!!,:7 ,. .:!.,. ~.,~.
,/f, A.. ~.. L..., i. o- . ,.r... ?t d A r ti.l, ar. 1 s ?!.. a k 1,.18 6d.n, ,lF7 ...,. .F.. 4A. 5 r.
F..?,. uhf t t......: .. ,.,. s ~... ,.,.D f,. d.,. ., ,r., rrP .F 1. l to rw. .,: ! i,i L. ar..l u / i l :... ti ,..b .r t,r r..V.l !n. ,. n FJ ,. ,~ i..
1 kl,..i,. ! ., .., 1..~".nf o, {, { .^.~ ! ., ..~ ~ n b..1, .. r.. '~.1 ,.,,~k~: ,.1~,,Ip~,lir,.~c?.j7 _.lr.., h;~,tr~~'f{f,.a..,uh~J 1..4,...a~,L..N ~:., $:q t~{:J.![a, .,, r].A~.,MI,r .. ar~~., 1 f:, _.~::.v:u} ~ arm ,7,ei.u .ai...:rr ?.^i ~rv::~,f 1 ~. 7., ,.~',a
1$i}rt~ { )fit r ! !! ^.Mo-o ~kr ~hr fl idr t~ a~lmj ~Y,k1,t a~', i r~, Ib~l~s .,, ,.. ':~!.
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}~ I ;r ~~ w~ e~,r. rr.Jd .a ,.a.~,tl LYI IHl1 ~; ~'(~ r,1~6"J: .__._. ...._.._. _........ .__...__.. .__.... _..... _._._ . _..__ _.. _._.._.
~r a5~ ~?n .r .,. ,_ J,: .Fl. ~~ , F ~. r 7r. ~ r. __._ _ _ ______. _ PY p
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
.....sMA~Nh~F11RMwM
IMIRMMM~1y+yyA~yy~~MMIMNMMNRI
~ry~. ~y~,r~i ,L
J
Cex^?~??~~nl.,y, k,~:i.,s ~s 'c11`~ i'~?o~?, ?l~l~c; onl.,y ~,~o;~,~a.b~.o :~'ox~l1 ~h~.s
rr~rve carr. ~~~~~e? ~?~ wo~r~.d aecir~ 1:,~?~~~~ ?L'r~~;t~e c~~?n ~,1.~~a ~~e c~;rves off'
~no~~h~~r~ t,y~:~e, w:i.?~E~l two ar sc~ve,r~a~, rris,~'~.rrr~.?
Assti~,~r~?n~, :~~xnc?~a.arr ~~`'(s) ~La bo l~nown, :i.~a.s e~~~,y~ ~a obts,.n
?~he ~.dy~r of ?i'lo~woJ.':E' :~'rc~in a b4~;s .n, kr~own~ thy; ].a? er ~' ~, ,~ w: ,,
a ~ o.~ ~~ru G.l~.~.l.1,aw
?~Tan ~Cr
1n ~c~Lut~.~.?Ly, ~f' x a.s t~,l~e ~.ayc~r o:C preci~~.~Lrz?~~.arr, ?~hen
fl,owof:f cs,n obv.i.o~~s1y only or~.~,.na?r,e from ?~hose pars a;E' ?h,lZe bas~..n.
where ?L?he surface z^e?~en?~a.on s is ~.ess Than x? ~'he :~'~.owa:~':f:' 1~ rer
a.?~~5e~.f w~.].~1. be ~ti ~ 5? `the q~ran?~~.?I~,y (~ ~ s) ~' (s)ds w~.1.1 ~.~.ve ?~hc
1.ay~r of :cl.awo?f~' from th4~ e1.ernen?t~ry area ~' s cls in' ~h ; ,h.~
~ O ~ convE,a ~.i.on
to the w~~alP aria a~' ?~hc~ bas~.n?
Canseque~~t~,y, ~tho ~~a~s,~..~.ayc~r of f~.o~rof'f frorrl the whole
bas~.~n (bu?t na?t from ?~,?-~s wh~~.e a~^e~) wild. be;
s)rp(s)cls C~
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4 n.
.,~~'~~~Y` `' ~~ '~ '~, r ~~ ~P' ~ ~, ,~ ' ~~'.~~'~~':.,.r` ti.. ~ ,' Declassified in Part - S_ PY_ _ _ _
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
~t~~~,~~~r ~Y~a ~.~~~a~~r~~;~ b~~~w~~r~ ~~s~~i,~;~~~~~~.~~~ and ~'~,~a,~~r~~'~', w~
~.'. ~h~ ' ~,~ c~~ ~a~' ~,a,~~ ~~ (~aa,~~~~.~~c~c~ ;~o~ ~k~~' whca~a ~~~Q~ ~~' ~1~~
~~~ ~.~
s ~ (s) cG~.
A
(3)
~'ltc~ !~h~,~~.c'1,~.~r~,~fi,a.c,~ a;~ ~'o~~~~~~~~,a (2) ~ti:l..aw u;:, ~~,~a.:~.~r '~a fi'~nd
~'u~7c?La,on `~'(x) by w~;y a:f' ~~h~, c1e~.vr.~~~ ~ve~ c,~;' .Y ti~~:~.?I~11 r, e~~eC~l, ~l,o Y,
~'r~ !'~,c~, c~;C'f'~~~~en?tia~L.t~~ c~~l~a~t;a,c~n (~) ~w~,1;1.1 r~es~cc?~ ~t~a x, ~?~o ab?lJ~~,~,n;
X
r~(5)CCS } (X
ancl, - c1~.f 1'e.ren~L ~~ti~~~.n;~, once -~~~~a~~~c, wca sha~.:l h~~v~; ;
~)a.:~",~'eron~~:ta~~~.~r~~; e~,~~.~1~~.on (3) ~.n cx~c?~a.y ~Lhc ~~m~ w~,y wF, ab~~i.r~;
x
~~ (s) ds,
~'he ;~~~uc?~ur~ a:~ ~'n~~mu.~.a~ (~.) anc~ (~) ~;~~.a~as u~ to ~,ntrnducn
?~he in~~e_ra~ .~urlc~i.on ~~(~), wl~t~~.ch ch~r~c~~ax?i~es the ba,in~ S ;au~^-~
Face ~e~en~,~cn;
~,~
GP(s) ds, c~>
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
~o~nc~wh~~d ~~,m~~~~';~,~d ~~c~ ~~a1c~ t1~~ ~'~~~an~ s
.~ ~ ~~
... ~ ~ ~
i- ~ cs>7 d.s,
'~.'rlQ n~eG~n1.r~~ o~? 4. ~~ (~) a. a coa~'f~a:i.~~~cl :i.n ~M~ Fact tila'~ 'w~.th a
~..
'1,~~ ~ t11~~ valtix~ o ~' ~'unc t`~. on (~) :in
~a~~~,~, p f' ~,~~~c,i.~i:i~'~a'ir;i.or~ e~ua~.
ec ~a,a:l. '~a 'that ~ax'~ ofi ,~ hc~ k-asa.n' ~ a'z,'~a :fr~~m wi'l.~,ch ;~:1,r~tiuc~ t':C o:r'~.~r7 n~~t~~
~+1awn:f'lry 'cio~u nc~t~ o~.~,~.nat~ ~';r,~urr~ 1~i'ic: ~~rr~~,;~.n:~n~~., l~
~~ r~~l ~?c ~.~~. car Qi ~~rcr~.~:~:~?tP~'i~, ~.~r~ ~; ;~ ~''et,W~.' nc~ci: 'ti'~rY~t-~, C.luti~~.~.c.~u~:l.Ya
cau~c ,t}~,,c ~ fi ~ Y `~
.~ ?r, ., ~,?,~.~;~,'~~c~n 1.~,~yc,r ~cc~i~'i.~r~r~ ~,n a.rtr'~remGnt eri~7,r1J: to ci~~,, 'the
.f' tier, , rc c ~
~f'~.r~~~ra:~'~' w~.~l:l. acq~~i.r'e ~n ir~~:;~,'~nicn't~ ~}r, ec~u~~l 'ta
i1~~~much ~,~ the ~.rlc~~ement~,:l ~~~y'c7~ off' ~~z^ccz.~~i.~,~~,~t~.c~z~ w.i.~.:l. ~7,;1.~. ~'~.c~w
~.
o~:F' ~'xom a,n ~.~~ea BC~I~a~. to ~:~ (Y) a
Ic~~cc f'orln~~~.~.~ (~) and (:') ~:t~e a~;a~.n ol~t~~a.nc~d~ xridoed, nne
i'"
',p~11t ~;~: ect 'Gh~.s orl the has~.s a:~' a:l.~. the ~'o~~r kin?.i.nn a.n:C'c~~wencc5,
m~ ~, ~
~{ unct:i.on
~.s a nonda.ma~~~~:>?~~hin~; ~'u~~ction v~~.r~'i.n~ w7.tra~..n
~.~.m~.~l:~~~ ~'r~om ~e~~o to one r ~n con~'r~rr~it~ wa.t~h ~'~gure ~.a, ~~"~.~;ure 7.b
r7.uc~~ the most prol~r~b:le Form o~ the cu:rvG ~(~). Ong; may f'o~~rn a
~,?
? `e~~nt~'tion a:~ 'the ~ha~c o~ th~.~ curve b~ an~,~.y~~.n~; data,
ce~ta.~n ~e~r
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
~#' ~th~ ~~~~.nl?~ ~'~,~pd ~.~ ~~~~~~.nr~ ~~~ ~~w x~~;~Q~~v~~~
~n ~~h~ v~~,~~Q
c ~,~~~~~~~~ ~~~ ,~hc~ m~~~~u~Q~~n~~ d
~~~ ~naa~ ~~~~~~~ how~~r~~, ~~~~ ~
~' ~h~ ~rt~~~~u~~~ ~~~.~;~a ~ ~~~~~1,r~ ~~,ar~c~~~~~ nc~~hl;i~
~~h~ ~~~,E;~ off' ~~axa ~~~,an a
~'~ ~ ~ha u~u~~, ~' c~x~~r~~ ~~ ~~,h~ Fr~~~~~'t a~' ~c~~,,~'~~c~~
~~ r ~n.aw :~r~~~~~va~~ a;-~ ~~h~,`~ ~;a,c,?~~~t:~~c~ ~n ~'~,:~~ur~
Y?ra~~w~~r~ ~.~.ac~c~, va~~~nc~ ax~.~
,' ..,~ ~. ~~a~n,' ~; a ~~~~~.~ i.n ~I~h~~ ;~~tx~~~.~.h~l~?~~,.i.t~~3
~~h~, rnc~~~~?:uz ~rn~,n'G aaca~.n~ .Y ~,
,. ~ y 3 ~ , ~ ~l~}1a ;~a~l,a,c~ ~,~.n~ ~ '~'1~1~a c~o~;~aoc~ ~~~~~~ra cad ~h~ cu~v~
x~~~.t,r~i~~ ~~~,~~~a~cs~ hid ~,~
a~~ na~i~ raw~~~.~d ~.~y oh~~~w~~~a,an dr~~k~~~
~~~._~.=
~~ ' ~sc~:l~' ~~ a~ ~ ~~u,:l.r~ :i.nr,~L~.nerl somdwh~;~ ~.~ ~;~
.~ , ,~ , '~~ho ~,n~lc o:~ ~.t~c:l.in~~Lion r~~cl~a~o ~~'~
~t,han L~4~ de ;race ~o ~~he .~. c~.~z.~
~~:I. ca~es~ 'L'hE~e ire ahs,oi~v~d .r~ ~~~~c~c~.~a,~,
d~~r~;r;~ aril.y a~r~ c~.cc~~~.c~n
wa~':r. 1{'ar ~;he rES~~ o:~ ~h~ ca,~~S ~7.~'
sw~.mx~~.a~~ b~.~~.ns w~.~~,h ~, ~;nad :f~.r'
' u~.~h~.n ;
~ n ~:n rne~~i~.ad,a a,~ d~i.~~~~.n~,
pn~ d~.rE~a~~d.S ~, 'car~~~d~.n r~r~,~7, ~`~c~ as
awaar~ ~,ha'~ ~ha snow ro~~rves' do no's
~~he ~pr~n~, ~,o~ro~~) ano rr,a~
~~aa~~ ~ ~'or. ~E de~~:c~~.an a:~ ~l,hrewha~.d ~.os~as,
a~;~~ra,~.n ~,ha rna.~n~.~uda neca~ ~
~~' m. .~.a~' :~~:nc~ a,re ~ro~;c~n~k~cc~ ~.n. ~ha ~ra~~k a~'
Many ~~L~,mp~.c~, a~ ~ ~]-
e off' ~~hr~ ~~,r;~~ ~a p~~' a~k,~ont~.nn ~~a ~r,ha
V~ ~. Karnara~r C~.~, wha was an.
:Ca~.G a:~ su:~:~~ce rc~ten~~.ano
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
~.~.: wQ c~p~~a
:. ~~~ ~~~~ may ba c~~~.~a~~~?ca~.,~,~~~1 ~~,~~k~ =~Y~c~
~n 1,~.~~.~,r~~~~.Qr~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~a~;ra~ ~ )
_~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~h~ ~.~~~~~aca~~~~x~ w~.~i~~l~ ~a~~ x ~~~~ ~~ ~~~
~vr~ ~.."~ x ~w;i;~.l; ~a~vc~ ~i~Y~~ ~:Qx~m caeG' ~I~h~ tarc~l~~n
? ~.~, ~ ~, ~~ (~~'~,~;~1x~Q ~Kb) ~ ~~~ ~1.1~~ c,a~a '~17~ cl~~~i~~~l;1~~1~~.a~
?>m:i. rte ~??~
-, , .~ ~~ ~~~;1,1.a, l~F~ ~v~~?r'}~wl~~~^~~ ~~u,~a. ~l;,p ~~~~ ~~~ca~~ ~,n ~Gha r~~~?~.~~
t ~1~~. i;~..c~t~ (~)
y~Y~~~~~; ~,~~ ~a~.~.nl i~~~.v~ ~~ ~~r>,:f.'~i.~:i,~a~~' :1.~~^~r~ v~a~;la.
ca~~' }aa~,n,'L a, ~,
' ~ m~~i.n~>':~~ c~, ~~ ~akc ;~ ~t~h~ ~orm~
~~I,r>,~.1.~r~~~,~ o.i:' I11aca ~}:,a?~i,r~,?~; :~~l.oc~c} c~i?~c a.;~ ~r~:ry' c~~'~~c;ri nb:l,:i t+~.c1
~~ ~,
~:c ~},rt~;a ac.caou,n~l; ?Lhe; l'ar,~~~or, c~:f,' au'~~.~~rl~r~ t~ra~~c;~'~.t.~~~~ ~ 7: oi~c ~,c~s~vc:~
l,r~ ~~r~4
~~ ? ~~ ~ 7 ~,r. ?cc~~~,F~~; a~~r~~y ?Gl~cara once ,~~~~ sa1 ~~,`t~~ia?~ ~l,h~ xo~~ nf' ~,u~;t~~~;?
~(:~..1. l,~ ~.~, La.or ~
~. .~~,~' ~~~ ' r~ do F,'a,nori b ~~h~::f'a~;'~~ '~h~~:l; ?1;h~ w~a~~cr~ w}~t:i,.~;l'i is s~ccunlua.~.~~~G~
~a~~~t',c c a.nf, ,~.,~ y
.;~c1~~~7 r;a,
a.l~- r~.li~k,~~~;ir~ ~~c~;x~o~:~~c~~ ,~hc c~~p~~~~~:~~ty. o~ ~~
Un.. miry e~~~z?'~~~~ ~Lraaa ~.dE;a.
'oar ~.x~ ~~.n.c:~ ~Lhu~ 1.hL 1`:lo~io~'~' ,:~ inrrcresoc~.
~.e ~~e~.r~ c~{;' ~}~c :Co~~m~~1,~,r~ c~.i.~bEra. araovc~R ~~c'~ u~ a~~~t~:mc~
c~.~:i ~.1.~~~~ wa.~l,h ~~k
,' ' ~, ~' i?~at.on xo has ~.~,:i.~,or~' whcrl (toL~ ~~~m~].~,
~tha~i; ~, c~:r??~aa.rt 1.ayc~ o~ ~a~, c,c,a.}~
.. ~thc non~~.i.~ch.~a.'r~.n~ ~~art,~ o~ ~hc b~,u:i.n wc~~c ~;i?~~ ~~~'
.t, c~ au. t,~:trnn) a,l l
~, l~~~oc7ucn'~ lay'c;r off' ~~^cc~.}:~:~.~~~.~~x.on :~ (~a}~a:ich may ~e 1~17ous;h~1,
~wat,ez ~ ~.hr~ ,,~~
.. ~.~Z~'1.ow oi' wa~,e:~ :>i'x~ar~l ~l,}?~aw~ n~7 ;,r,.ow) :~'al~a un~~;~~ canc~a..'k~a.c~n.~
off' a~ Lho ~
r c;om:~J.c~r~of,i~l~.t?ios~ a~" ~}~~ nr,n.d:i.~ch,:~~hc,u~;-,h ?~,~~ ~~ s~~~;l,ca~
c,~' ~;~,~r~; ~~,~~~ d.i.~;Gri.lau~t~i.c~n ~uz~v?e: r~~l~~ ~;~~Q ~a~AVE; ~ cc~n~~l~Qr~el,~7~~,~jr mo~~G
corn~a~.~~ t~h~r~~,c~ar~^~
l~o~r~ ~ t~r~~~c~~~~.17i~~c~r~mo~~,b~.c~ 1~~,~~a.n, ~~~ra a.~,ycr~ off:' ~ar~eca.~a;i.~l;~~~~amo~ ox~
;a?f;o~~c oa:' w~k~:?.~~ ~^.?ve~:~ h4~~~:i.n~ ?Gi:~c S::an~~.e .r'l~na?~~.,~:~na I' -~ ~'(~~~)
~,n~~. y .. ~~(~;~ C~T1I1a~% ~~.~~~~ ~.i.nc;a w~~aa^ ~.n ~~h:~~ c~;~a :i~;~ a~c,~.~cndac~., nab
aY:tl.;y :i.n :C'a.1.,~l.a.n?; .i.:r:,we~u:l~,:~a.'~:,~.r~a ~.n ~Lha r~a.r,~~a~r^e~.;~e::L', bu?I~ ~,:l.sa :~.n ~aalc;~
~.r~.~ ~.n~La ~ha scwa.l~ '~hua :f"ar ?~h.a ~;a~m~~~.~~~L' r,;~l,~a, ~whan ~h,c :irn~G;nS:i.,?~~~~
a~' ~ac~Jt:i.n~' ?l,h~~~c~~.~ h ~~ncl, ?~ha ~.n?~i;r~~~:~.~i~;y a~' sr~aw rta,cl.?~:i.n~ ot^ ~'a:l.l. a~'
~x~ac;:i.r~i~~~?f;~:i.an ~,z~e con~~~,n?~~ ?I,l~a a1~:~~~~;i.c7~ts ~'a7^ ?~hc tc~~a,1. ~,i~sar~7.~?t-i.on
~,~,;ya~^ ~.nc~ ?I~he ~i~a~a~ ~.J.o~ra~'1' :1.~.~rc;r ?~a.lca ?Lh~a ~E'n~.1.c~Trr:L:~~ :i:''a~;~m,~;
sm(s>aS+
~~~, c,.
i-
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000200170026-4
S=X
i
F~K
S ~(S)dS,
wh~~;~a ~, a.e~ ~;1?r~ aan~?~~i~~?~ ~,rr~~a?i.?ta~~~~~a,car~ ~~rr~~~~r,~~,~y .I,n r-r;id.s~ ?4~
Q.
~~ i.s ~~.s~ ~a ~~~ ~;ha~l~ ~h~ cluan~~i~~y c~:~' wa~~r ~urhich ~.s ~~~-
~t~.i.n~~. '6y a wa~~cr~iin~erm~ab~.e ba~J.n ~.ia1 ~~ ur~7.1~ off' ~~me S ~~Wa~or~;an~:~
~L?~ ~~he in~~~n~~i-~y o:C ~r~;~~er ~.n~~.~w ~.nd ~c~pei~r~s an ~,hc; .~rata:l. c~u'an~~~~.~~,~
,,
v ve or a ease
_ - -
~r~~ ll f~~l i~ i i ~ ~ a ~! ~ ~~~ r i ~& ~ ~ py ~p _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __.
p~. u
,, .. , , ~ ,,..,.,~ nr? .
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200170026-4
i-(1-~)~ccS)dS
19
S:x
I.(l)5Q(S)i
0
US now dwell for a short time on the question. of average
anLCnsity or waLex abs `rorp aY :r ivet? b ~.t$in :Eo~? the c;nta.rr~
.' 'ba.on by
,.L1G' s `t iC13 is 0l' J. nt C~ x C' ,t
period. a~ sna>rr nieit~.'nT~; o1.^ X'~-t1. t1.~'~..l.~. . This question
'
or two reasons, l" ,.~., because one atbcai1a at `calcuiatlon of this
~.x;.~u
c,harc,ctc Jra.Stir ?'or real river basins usiriF; data on average :Lr`>tcrl,~:i.ty
of s. ti.ng is already known in the litcrature iii, and, second,
snow mel r~
because this characteristic is the eawiest to obtain from the data
of ordinary hydrometeora:Logical observations,
Tor derivation of ?thi.s i'unction for conditionu of a water
'n let us divide both sides of equation (9) by time
~.mt~ermc~able bas~.~a. _
T
then we obtains
hairg
crq x
~vCS)Sd
ark
, i 'I , . in Pad- Sanitized CoPyANyeproved for Release 2012/04/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200170026-4
~ .... Declassified i
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200170026-4
It a s apiaar?ent from this c qution 'that tho averae ntansity
or our i'a e ret nti,on water by a river basin its d?rQctly propQrtiQf-
r~ncl r~
al to the averai;e intent,y of n9W zrleiti,ng or rai.,nfaii h v
vers'1y proportional to tc total store of water "in snow x, remaining
imp1Q is:or any of their va1uc~a. For a series o.C cons Cant vaiu u of
x equation (21) ;i. gr~aphieaL1y expreed as a c1ustor str,aii.ght
line; i.Sruing :L'rom the o:rigin o1' the coordinate axes,
'iakini the value of apnfi:Ltrati.on intonsirt r rap be con.;3tant
Cc)nct)., 1.'t 1u ea;,ay to obtain an anal,ot,ou,3 Yprion :C'or
(iav}
conditions of a wa'ier-permeable basin:
S=x
ar
rat (hr 'q ~ L
S=lha '~arg~~
. "9
ha
thc;rrJue?.l.\rekn()tirl.eci e of 'the
y ,,, f(x, h, i.) , or tl~ c~ c; a1. c
~ ?~,s zio't? esasent ia~., ~~~Y~.rh :l"o:l~.aw~> :~'rarrG
d.a~~r. i.'I~ut:tron 1unc~.on ~ (~)
j
equation (2),
:Ir:LO~~U:~~' may thus be
racti C(l method :Co'r' calculation of
The p
f
reduced to the fa1:1owiwn staeS; i
bservs.0n data of t1:c i.ntr~,ral cup?~re
(1) carts~ructa.on from a ,.
'
.
or family of curvEs of :Ciowof volume f = z
a
curve of the water,?-?d~.ccha~~e coc:l~- '
( 2) c:one) tructIon of the Cu,i
I,
cj '
or ~ f'(~'., l J~ :L) by w~ Jr Of
I
~ 1'(x) o
:f'i.r,.ent as the func.~tian ' _.
cla.f:f.erentiat:LOn of the , u.nC ions y f(x) or y f( x,
i
. iotting the qur.,st ion: oi' thca i n ,c yral character's
In the f :~.rsL ~~
s
i is solved by i.t~elf' To To accorr~~~li.sh this
s~.c of water absorption
one may use the us rual integral characterist~e a of water reserves in
~
the 1
snow or ay quanLri~~y of :fallen prer' ~~pnation and, also data on
vole o the high-waters or rain :Claods. However, one should have
?~ r I;.
it i mind s; ~?ule these data do not su.:~':C'i.cC to I
n in addition that as ~
~' ~
` ;art of the Curve y ~.(x), and this
reveal the very important lower ~
creates an additional difficult..
',.ned ~.mteg~~a~, flo~woff curve y
~on ofthe o,1~t ~a~
1~i:ffr~ent~.at~.
9ydl~, j1 4ido it3 ry r iry.,,r ;r r~iy
tfi~h."Sri Yk r YI 1 i1'F r(~id.ri r~{r ~aiS?r, ~15~~~.;?":GF+rt` 5~. frwlrG+i~~std ~+~,/1~1556 iq{~~rFd~~yr~j~1~ ~fr~rllr.ri i~ y r ~Iir1YF.!'~i1!'11+1 ,i~}~~jf el
~~'l~felhr4~~furr~t7 r'lri;~:
z
ified in Part - Sanitized Co
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200170026-4
or fay :L1y o ourves y i (x, h, i) ancountex no principie
di tfi,cuiti s and can easily be accanpi:L hcd by to graphic rncthod.
Ca1cuiation of the water d.:Lschar~ however,roust/ be conducted usM
:Lng tho equation
hr ~ (x) , (27)
where h :i, the quantity o:f' water in rni:Liimetcr iaycrr~ which has
ontereci the basin per specified unit oi.' h,itne, and (x) is the co-
efficient of watc~r d:Lscn urge which i. s obtained in relation to the
integrai cum of water which has eri'bcrec the basin,
The pr, oposecl method for cai.c ::lation of
water absorption in
a river basin wachecked by the example of the Visht~r Ri\re:r?at
Mitrakava and fu; ave fu:Lly satisfactory r. esulte,
'jhy reiationshi.p obtained for this bash/ between the average
water-absorption intensity and the average intensity of snow melting
and total store of water in the basin -- the sum of tho maximum
storos of snow-water and lieu ,d preeipita'tion during the flood
period (the number near the points
[i.e., the small circles in
Figure L] ) is presented in Figure l~, The character of this function
:ctrmly conforms to the `theoretical inferences
~,1 ~. :(, ~ h .., Nip } .. ,. .~ ~~t, r ,i A J ua,. .. ?~to. ! i. ?,, ,? , , . ,~;,': ~ n r ~, iii i t 'dl
S dd
,~:t r y i t ?,,}: t,
,
_ : . . _ .a i J. __ :
,
_,
?Jt?iti~ ~v{P!e rd}i
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200170026-4
iw~vNMY~NwNy YINY4~ruwhM~Nr NYrtNNwNYrhMMMn~~N~Y~~wiwwYNYnFMNNYN+
2 3~ l~. , r 6 7 8
u 1
~i?Q
app
350
".,.
TE3iiT[ i
Average intonsity of adtrlis3ion Of water into the basin,
taking into account thy, fail o?' liquid precipitation
As an illustration, comparisons of the factual and calculated
hydro graphs of the spring flood for the same :river are presented in
P'in;ure 14 a
Declassified
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J';5NN5u~r tt~i`lm~rX.~r ~i r`l $1 4'~X. d~~ ~r5~~fiii~w:. l~fA Y([;9~wEKi~f,{N ~l~i ~~~~u Yt~.l33 c~s1 llF,/9e I 'j ;4
in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200170026-4
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200170026-4
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20 April 30 April 10 May 20 May 31 May 10 June 20 June 30 June 10 July
P'i yure 5. Calculated and ac'buai hydrographs of the spring
flood in the Visher River at, M tr knvo
l " actuaiy . 2 calculated
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50X1 -HUM
OBSERVATION~3 AT S]A
N, A. }eiinMkiy and
Yu, \I. htoshi,n
Existing methods of both hydrological and meteorolorzioai
forecasting are based in the majority o2 r;a,sos on the analysis and
appropriate proces;3:Lng o:f' obocrvat:Lonai mater:La1'. Poor quality
of raw materials cannot be burned upon the quality or the :f'oreca:t-
i.no; mc;thods. Conscqu:intly, in order correctly and effectively to
assure our nat,:Lonal economy of hydrorneteorolo ;ica1 in:f.'orrnation and
forecasts, it is first of all necessary to establish observations
on the seas and their shores correctly and well,.
T'hs. quality of observations depends 'f'irst on ho preparation
o:C personnel for stations or exped .tinno and on the quality of the `
appropriate instruments. However, it is not necessary to dwell
here upon these questions, which are given full enough exposition
in a series of instructions and handbooks. It is more expedient to
examine onl,f the important and principal, from our point of view,
problems of the conduct of hydromsteoroloical. observation at sea
which have arisen with especial acuteness in connection with the
sci.entif:lc development of marine forecasting methods.
Analysis` of existing hydromnteorological materials, Convinces
us that in many cases they prove to be either insufficient or entirely
useless for exploitation by marine forecasting methods. At least
two causes of this situation may be pointed out: (1) the absence
off' due purposefulness in the setting up and conduct of observations
at sea; (2) the imperfection of observational methods and apparatus.
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tic
1 t N'~iG: ;
? ct the participant in an oxpcd t,1 cn very oiten havo
no oie~tr a def or how or t'or what thq mater: ai,e obt tined a ra-
s .~
? will be uad; in the majority off' eases to
u,.?t, o .f. obvat.lr~l7 ~
ob jectiVe o1 obserrvatton ~ and off' rc~Se~~r'ch in the ~ri,.r,,st
,a ]
attof off' ,a very rnoral reprc;Sentati0n o, the
place 13 bon comb tl
hyt^oioc icai' r;irne oi; sea.
a a,ta1 .i oCt(rt oa pded. on the soi.utiof oi'
A greai, oeai of c
particular prot)ierlo;L apl'iied ocanoraphy, wht ras with correct
~, Lion of the pxp1oratory projects it would be ciossibla, with
?,.,
orga.ni1,
~ dr awing in of modest auxi1:iary me~asur`~es, to organize broader
~,hE .
~. rations. In pray tics, d! rferent depa,rtmerit5 are often carry-
a..nve ,at,
ch,
inl on a.parallel parallel research projects in tho same sea region, on which,
natu,.a'l,oc- much capital. ie being spont unproductiVClya
~r
:1..~,
ryeYlc~3 Or purpose and'irnperI'ection Of methods of obser-
~,he c~ba
vat .on and a.nr ' about such a s:i.~~u~rti.on in the study
~l,~utnent~ ~r~.n~r,~~
of the spats charac Le:r a h i nde7"S oar' Further Lorwar. d progress,
pec?aily in the r eal7'n of deveiopmeni, of mcthodS of rijarine fore
pals
casting. Here we have in mind the scourge off` oceanograpiic research -..
~,;].nge ~
'ts epsod cit,r~ seasonc~iity. Actually, the majority of e }7edi tionary
re conducted in the summertime; to autumn and
~.a observations at sea at
winter rc~ less fully elucidated, and very few
agn.mo,s are considerably
observations are yet available for extreme weather condition., that
which are especiaiiY important for ob
is, jusi, those observations,
t -
mete representation of thr seat e reg rle and
taming a correctand : cornL.
for the development of forecasts,
lfevery visit of a :research ship to some ocean or sea region
in the past has s yielded observ&Lian materia:Ls of exceptiorxal value,'
,~.e.L
. J LJ `.
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then now, when in tho ?ir t approximation the question of what i
obsarved an ocQmns and seas, whet phonomen t `ntay be encountered in
one or anoth n marl nQ zone, may be con idercd oived for the overM
whelm:ing majoritr off' c:aasa 'Ihe expenditure of capita,, for separrta,
epi sod c obsarvat1on :i.s not ju atited, Right now o rora complex
i robiem 'has sri,sen before researcher' eafarers ~ invostigati,on o,l'
the ph3nomena arid proc~essea which take p1aca in thc~ ocean and seas,
above all their variability in timc.
To this one must add the necessity for definition of th~i..r
mutual inte~rconnect.ona and also for ciari.fication of the ,incrde-
pendence between the processes which take place in thc' seer and those
which are observed in the atmosphere .above the sea and above :i.ts
shores, :Cn other words the iiwestigators t goal Is to make [our
knowled, e o C j th general' physical regu:tarities more prec .se f'or
concrete geo;rap,r1:Lcal r;oncb.tions. But the ne problem dcrnancls new
methods for its ;ao1ution and consequently also new rncthods of ob-
Ser,ra'tion,
Let U3 examinc, for example, how things stand with tho study
of marine currents , 2 t is known that the drifting current theory
cannot by far always ho used in pure form for calculation of the
currents in this or that rc;ion of a sea, given the wind. At once
there arises the necessity for derivation or corrF,ction of all the
coefficients which r. elate the current of the given sea zone to the
wind which gives rise to it. Turning to the materials of observa-
tion of the currants, we discover them to be useless for the pur-
poses indicatedo Why at best the few 2L~ or 12-hour stations selected
for observation of currents in a given sea rcgion are as a rule
operated only in calm weather. It is altogether obvious that these
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epi oUic ourren ~11e ur' roc 1~ t , pcrfcrm d th tha l Banco orf wind cr
with :i'a rit winds, c moot t)c u'Ljli ecl ?o ' oom truct!.on of the r L
tionshi,ps and detc rmin t:ion of tho ess nti,o L wind cot 'icicnt,a,
rl'}.re e obsevvattona. are of usa only 'ors app,'oxirnate current char~ao-
ter:i tic3, eh ei2y cbb-flow characteristics; for ;comp1 to ana1y is
oI nonporiodic, drift:Ln g currents they are a eles , How, then, cia
we e$'1:,ab1:i sh ob~aervatian QI' the current
Two ways arcs :t,sosibJ.e
(a) eithcr the obsCrvati.ons must be conti.nu.ous in time and carried
on over a comparat:lvei;y protractLad, period, which i.~ impossible with.-
out broad :introduction of machines into oceanographic practice, (2) or
observations must be set up to con.i'onn with establi.~hed c}raracterist:}.c
conditions of the wind regime, that is, for d:i;STerent direct,Lonc, and
velocities of wind, inciudin, high veloci t,ie s.
Gcneraliy spcak:in~, the :first way has the advantage ovor the
second, With the car?r.'yinr,-out of protr'actecl, continuous observa-
Lions of curr'c;nts, features of the regime arc brought to liht w4rich
may be overlooked in isolated observations; protracted observations,
made under various conditions, allow us to make a detailed harmonic
analysis of the ebb-flow currents, etc. However, depending upon
certain. conditions, the second method may be preferred, for example
in deep regions of tideless seas in 'a period of more or less ::'axed
wind regime. In this case the setting up of self-recorders is made
dif:N cult on account of the great depths; the monotony of the wind
field, on the other hand, makes all-round study of the currents
difficult. Under such conditiorir one .must willy-nilly resort to
a
ob ervations i.'rorri ships working for^more or less protracted period
in fixed regions of the sea
.The state of affairs is analogous with other elements of. the
+G~i
n
~pli! ~} 5 1 } t ~j[ ~~ r h e m.7 - U a
? '-
i, a
> : )
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The ha ha ar-d ,y" conducted obcerv i4ons of tmp? ~turc and.
sa:Unity do riot a Low us tQ form reprryescnt tion of the tern arai
var'L{rye i cns of the tharmal and sa:Line ea r 14 1rn 3. Norc than that,
such QbM T Vttions arnot a,~LW&a;{ 3 in a eonUitic r`r to throw 1.t; ht up?n
thc~ rc~girne cat:' arv cronc1or'3b.e area cat' tale sc (;V(f ciUri,fr
tirncr int?rvai when they are earr:Led one
that
sa
The haphazar'd, observations, among wh .ch are even l the
caLel.ed hydro1o:::Lca1 surveys of a sea conducted once or twice a year,
are e5peci LU.y intoierabiE, in thr?; case o:l' , S( which lua been
rather we:Ll stati; ti,ca1iy s'bud .ed. '1'l1eae observat1c'n;3 Garr add very
iiL,t1.e to our knowledge of the reg1a~ae of su,r.h a sea, and the majority
of them involve a completely unnecessary ex:)encliture oU capital.
We do not here intend to deny the necessity of a similar kind, oC
hY, dr1oloic~a:L survey for special purposes, f'or exarapie' for thr. needs
of the :C.shin; :Lndustry at characteri.:..ti,c tsmes In its business, at
tbo spawni.rrg tirrre of the herring, etc. Never'the:l.ess, we take the
liberty to assert that even in this case it i.s bettor to organize
matters 1.II such a way that the network of hydrological cross..
acct ion 7 include the basic standard cross-sections pilr.s a certain
number" of sections or stations essential for a fuller and broader
spatial elucidation of the hydrological regirne of the c;ivein sea
region. In the future, observations at the standard sections in-
eluded in the special survey should be conducted regu:Larly through-
out the year. 1. We thinly that the State Oceanographic Ina t,itutle and,
the Oceanology Institutes of the Academy of Sciences have done very
little to put right the study' of temporal variations of the regimes
of oceans and seas in limiting themselves to the conducting of
episodic expeditions This idea has similarly not .b ecome leading
in a series of marine observato?ies', primarily in the Vladivostok
d
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obs rv to;:'y.
It IIIay soern up ri'iuou, a in our timt to peak off' th r~ e ' jt,r
for taken Stanclar^d hydroio~ a oti ero Nw~ ct.~on of a Boa. Howov~r,
the enthu :La3rn ior^ pi odic rnar ,nc surveys to thq detriment of
syNtomati e observations compe1 u to dwe11 upon this question once
1r,ora.
It soe,rn~q to a 1nper;ut~ive that compU.is()x^y ~ d regular; obaer'va'
tions btvconducted of standard hyclroiopical ~ectiorru, peciL.Led once
'in many year. These ohSe1^v~rtiofS liou1d b.e paror,rled at i.cast
monthly and preferably on the sarr~e date [ clay of the rr~orrth] . Surely,
with arloxath:Ly obaetva'tiorxs o:e the hydrologica,l factory; at standard
Section one may plot graphr~ of the ;yearly cycle o.!' thG,sc factors
and then wi help of those ;raphS quote the values of the
hydrolo )ical facto t'oe` any date. Ilut i,t i.s nevertholes~a b'ottor
as far as possible not to resort to this or any other procedurE to
avoid the usual errors associated w.th any deduction, but rather to
conduct observations at a pr;cified period of the month, let u.s >ay
n the first week of evory month, Thee frequency with which these
o s r'~rations should be conducted cannot bc' standard for all as and
all regions. It should be deter rt:i ned in relation to the temporal
stabilit1y of the hydrological regime in each region. rfhe less stable
the hydroloF'ical regime in time, the rrtore often should observations
at hyr?r'olog;i.cal sect:i.ons be conducted, In this connection it will
not be superfluous to dwell upon the ivcn question at somewhat
greater length.
In practical oceanology the frequency of observations at sea
is determined on the basis of formal consider~ations? Let us say
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h i U,)cara no a ddqua to a . L a auonth iy i.ntexva ix d between
ob c r,v tion aril, ocls a ; lryuro , i,c sc~~atl o~i ,, Let u j1iu,trate
this with ,stn, exanNpie t when it is a qu art ti.on of a:lr ternp~ r'aLur~
the char te ,,ttc telnp~ratux'e 'o a month 1& talkc;n the averago
tea?rlpexaturc oi' tbM} month, which s. der;ivod as the: ave~'ara;e of the
avera;,e daily ternper'b tur, which taro ;ln turf aV I O 3 Of 3tandEU d
obsc~rvatLons, 'l'be;c, cairuiati.Qfarcs necc:a awry b cau$ e it is
mpos$i1D1e to U,se the. separate observaations or clven some of than as
the character ,stiC air ternpc~ra~laur:'c f'or the rraorrt~h. In oceaanogilaphy
thO cluc,stion, to what dcgrecn thc~ temperature and salinity of
watc,r be chaTac er1zed by one obse:rvati.on per month, has as f'ar,as
we know not ovcn been. poscl. It goes without say:Ln , that on the
stren~;bh of the great hydroioE;i.ca1 inertia o:l'water' masses, c aiiy
or rnor, o :[requentobservation ~.t Sea are not r"equ.lred, but with
no peci.ai quan?titati.vr 1nvest1fation5 at all for various physico-
r)eographi.Cai Condi tions it is impa$Sib:i,e1 to ;DO1 Vc3 this quest ion.
+ 1! IJ
In thc~ first place, a : it sor r~s to us, :1t is essential for
th .E~ purpose to utili:?e materials of hydr'o.ogical observations at
standard sectioraa which have been pcrf~.rmed on certain seas with
increased frrwa,ucncy, for ex~nipie every ten days r If those materials
turn out to be. insufficient for the full solution of the problem,
then special researych aided by self'-recorders should be uet up.
Particularly great interest was presented by the deep-water observa-
tions which were regularly conducted every ten clays by the 'Umb
station in the White Sea in its time, but this was subsequently dis-
continued.
One may say beforehand that such more :frequent observations
should be conducted in the tran$itionaJ. seasons of the year, whon
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Qurv~ Q th c'y
e Or:Lnarjy observed
io~ ?b$~~,Vat,LQtas ;is
that
~m Luc Q,caneni,s la
w.i,ci~,l1
re re ~e~''a~i~rreci b ~~
nd au,bJby eye" an Cc;otlt~t?, off'
Q:(,` V~.suG~~, abs~~v'~.? ~ ~}~r~ :1rr~~e~ux?~ry
~~ri~c~'ra~~n hc~:Lz~ l~?i;j,.,o~ ~i?lr cc~rre~ .,or . , oaa fion co
~ ~ci~~~lnc r~w
t7. orls of 'Gerr rr
c~~:i,t, and ~,s i~c~e
orn given'om e.Y
s:i.rnp:.m c
posa.bir ?
7'he defects of v:i.sua
?rq ll 1 Ob$er'va'~:I.Gna Ka.re1 .'
qeaJ.'Ger~~?Gi.on of ' a.ns~ ' .., ~u~''r~ae~~
r,xuG~:~rrrr on by
se?"va~;:i.ran," '(;;,mc ~ nccr of 'l;l~
sc;+~I,l',. ' 4 c~l~r~o J.orl*~; Apo to cony r , os ob
~J.GrI~ of ~~.cnlcan~L's a 'ta a.ns'i,x~~;lnlen~,
pb
cta..l.t a 'the; Ice x^ogj,c of a ~
~' t a:i.1: in u~,i:l.:i:~ ~~ ~'~~''
za,b:i.on o.f~ We ice n
de~;ertn.i.n~i,'u:ira of rl~e ~xncicar,~s sand r~orl ,
etc. ~~ec:i.a~. oe, cxa,j'~ :i;Ce
nla - ~.on~ the shore,
floss W~. ~ a,~,so}Je used ~.n Ci~,,~
~~ ~~ e,l.r-~a.nn.r~icet} ?' c1t~
raise .thc ~ oosc.riv~l?~jora,~, o.~' a ce
oi n.co o~~,se is im~,oto
i~., sU: ~ to r'vt:iaris~ ta~_~;holx~~
,o"~b1E, ~ no an iaha.,s a.~t :is
l~
.' in
casbs? arrrravernenI;nt:rz co ll~1 .
l ~..r. .~~l a~' a. ce ` ,'ore~.
Au~ ths., has be C;.n ,
Lu,rl~l.:l.o~ pc'z'~a~.ns equa,J.a, r
rice, ~P un~i~~.~ ~ ~ to ohsexvajons of
be most recent o.C
ta.mes s},o~'o and
In tk~e mrz,~oof , n ~hJ , , ,
performed, not but ~~. ~l.,~. ~e~f;c~ obse,r'v~~ta o
r.~tn~.na?~~.G of wave al.cmor~a~~s,
b ns of the degree o
is ~t,:l.me Lo reject b~~, rv Lu:rbu:lFrlci;; In ba:>r:1w
j e tjri1 t.~ Now
convert, ~ cans o:r' tu~"~~tlj.er
to abseyiv. j. nns er g re~~ end
of wave e~.emgn~w ~ ~o
in passim Upon one
exc'epb~one.3 si ~ ~~~. ? gUew~,~.on ~rl1~.c~ '
~~n.:.c~~r1ec~ ~'nr ~.s o,~'
effec?hh:i.vto the nationi
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200170026-4
tic O\)Xvo
C U by the
~r dreet n cba v ~,i ors
jct that 'in them such q1Ql hE~ T1~EaCU'~'~~~
'god 'by; eye w On accoUn ~a of ~'a
?,ero and Q~,I~,E~a~ ~,~z~a E~c~tea,t ,. :" a,c~r~ or cones
iucii obEdX'va'~,ar~e, their utaai
and aubj~E~;~t~a,v,,y oi v
Eat.~~~ ~ricl,Ea ox'~~eme~~'
of the corrC Por cl:l n ; fainctaol
aka u~? ~~c~n
. ~, evE;n b .mp1y a;X~t~a~c~.
d~l.a.c\t , and :~~ somrr~~~
The de T'l, f.'alr't,hE;x' c~,~41,vC1 by
., ~
:Coct~a of va.~ua1.
~ ~~~' an an the tthe ~or;fa~''rli~a,nco of ~,hc5e o M
a~,~t;cr'a?~i.on of a.n~ ~,auc,r~
frQ,~uen~ 't~ ~;o~.n~tr~,menl~a1 ob~
c., t., .mc carne :l.onr; ar o to convcr'.
so1wat, ..canw? ~h We secs no d~..~~..
e1e1 c~rl~w afi the icc ra imG o;(' '' L
~(?3X''~' ~lallwa Q~
findO'i;'a and Fax!~~am~;~~cr:r fox'
uti11'~Z.an of ranee
~' at all a.r~ the shore,
cu1.t
drift c)t: 1..GG ~.Gn
a.dth U ~,C1.I1C1 :E':l,ac~
dE;~,c,~.'ttlin7.X1ice ~t~h .clc-'
dc~~~e~ma;naoxi a.etC. Spcca.al apparatus may be used in
s,,~a ~b:t.C
~ 1~0
1. T(C~:~a~al
~,, (;
nes 7. Without :i.ns'tJruincnal absG:rVatans off' jo
w~,.ihaut ~~ra.s :i.'t; is ~.nl-
raise thr t~, oi' ice ob servatton5, and
c ua~.' a. c uaJ. .'t;,~ of ice areM
~ ~'~
, na't;abl.e impr'aveI~lor1L in th c a
r~o;~s,~b~.e to expcCJ a
c&Sbs.
~a~.:l.y? to observc~.l~x. of
ons All ~fiha~~ has been said per'~a~.n6 egu rl~
A~. times ....and ship ;,'.'~ia "
i the most recent shore
?t;u:rbu~.c.ncee ~~ unii ~. ~oof f wave e:lrmc~7:~~s.
of cases p(rf ax~necl, not obser
in the mama ~.1~'
of turt:~t1~.r';nc;c in ba~.1.s ? Noy
? , suds. detr~,.?a~.naG2:ans of the degree
but ' nd to
rv~~'~~i.m~.Lf.ons off' qua^bu~.cncc e~~~t;~.~'e -Y a.
~, 7.s time to re 7 ec~L ball e,~
obser.1vat,b0 ns of wave e1ements4
convert to
one qur stion wh~.ch is of
We should dwell in passing upon
cna~. sir~nif:icancE? for effectiVC service to the national
except' ~. ~
Ld ii
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200170026-4
jconotny on tho pact c t1 Q~;;4na a C thc Hydrc mgt a i ? i rvioe,
we have :n nirrd the oor ? r~ ~~ on of hydrorlietoor'oiogi,oal ob ervaw
;Lon raateriais obtained, by cthcr departments in a zinc' 1e center.
A sp ieia:1 re ol,utican on this auction was at on@ tirie pa~aseda coon-
f'arv'in?' the :unction of sy,atenratizti~on o?' the M e rnateriais upon
the Ilydrornateoroiorr':i,cai Ser'vice? Howeve i, ceta1rr dapartnients'
evadod, on onca or anotbc;r pretext,, prc~sent,atai.on of nnater'lal,s of
expccii.ti,ona.ry rc:sGar'ch in u eaw conao n:Lnr marine hydrorl1ot.eoYo1og'y
to th,e FIydrometeoroioical Service (Soyuzraorproyok't IUnion Marine
pro)ectJ, the Mini,atry o?' Fishing Industry rind others),
1111.10 lack of concentra'tai.on of obscarva.ti.onal inaterialc; i.n one
puce i171pc:des ?f'uJ i any; a:L1-i ourid service to tho' national economy,
since to .interested organiza:t;i:on : are often deprived of the pos-
sib i:Li.ty to farniliariz,e them:aelves with materials obtained; on the
eXIT~ec itions or other depar, trnents,
A treat share of the b1amin this matter also rests upon
the organs of the Hydrometeorological Service, and in particu1:r
upon the StaLe Oceanographic Institute, which up 'to now has not
fulfilled lts function as the planning; and coordinati.n oran in
the business of hydroneteorolo iral study of the sea.
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200170026-4
SCMa1~a RESULTS OF TH ; SERVI CE 'I'C) Tip NA`PTON,AL CONO'1' FU NDEithL
J Y 'i'JIE MA1 IN D:LvI : oN OF Ti-1E CN`]'RAL'
S
arf';l N!cx INS']'I1"11'1" D1ll ;Nc i?EOENT1' :AS
P. P Ni,k:LIorov
In rc ccrt yoars tho Mar~ .ne Foreca,atint; Division of the
Ccmtraj. Forecasti.r~ r Iri,atitute ha~r taken part In ;apc~cia:l. ser1ricc to
( C rta:lnl branch c;S o,r tho natiorla'l. ec~onorny. For this purpoe one or
sevcrah co~w()rkr;rS wcr(; Selec'bE.d and, departed for certain Beau.
The first exexapie of such. service, not from the center, but
on the 3poit wher(- i work wau conducted, was the organization of an
oceanographic k rOUi) within the staff of the special hydrorrieteoro1o-
a.ca1 bureau. of the GUGMS [la?in Administration o$ the Hydr,ornetcor-
c?l.ogicai Services on Sakhalin. Hyc]romnteorological service for the
spring herring fishing; season in the water's southwest of SakFi1in
entered into the task of th bureau as a whole and the oceanographic
;rou) in particu.iar~ Included in the staff of the oceanographic
group were Senior Scic~nti.rie Cowworlccr I.utoshin (T'siP) [Central
Forecasting Tntitutei, leader of the roue, Engineer_Ocean,oingist
Cherezselt ski.y (Arizhangel'sic UGNS), and attached to it in addition
were Junior. Scientific Co-worker Sirotov (CroJ;N), Senior Scientific
Co-worker Pakhomova (COIN), Junior Scientific 'Co-worker Gersharlovich
COIN) Senior Technologist Radayev (Vladivostok U?1NS) and Six stu-
d,Gnt~aperatarS from the Viad.ivostok Ilydrometearological Technical
School.
Preparation for oceanographic work was carried out in close
contact with, the Sakhalin Division of the Pacific Ocean Institute of
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200170026-4
F;L::h:Lnt: conorty d Ooo mouraphy (Sakhtinro) whioh dQ i mated p cia1-
i. tc to he1p the gro p conduct cxpedi,tion~ ry wo l~ (tkht=trrro Oce n-
o1oga s t Linber and others), Sakht1,raro' M directoi Pr'oi'cisc or
Probatov, provi (.'Ied ~;arlc~.r, al. sci('n tific gniciance for the group' work
Tho extent and n ture o:r
ocearlot r;;phiC WOI'k 3 WEU dert'1ned by a plan
app11ov?d by VNIR0 (Mos cow).
fir( at holy) w1 render>d to the oc~aano crap sic group by
Akinicnko, Chief o:fi' the Kholmsk Hyr roreteoro1o ri.cal. Station, and by
Senienova, Oceano1oF1St at this ~aril~, >f:ation,
The r~;ro1 pt ,a basic as a i rrlment wa,to accomplish expeditionary
hyarolo, ital. works, ch:i.ei:ly with the ' p1~1rpoE;e o1 clar:Li'ying the tern
peratur, e rcgi.me in the t ride [ fishing.] region. The approach of
spawning herring toward `Sakhai.i.n' 4 western shore in ,springy: takes
place in definite hydrological conditions. In the waters southwest
of aakl'taii.n th((; herring do not approach the zone of the stationary
seines when the ternpGra~:uro is negative or close to zero: the shoals
of hcr'ririT going to spawn approach the shores in the strr~ams of
relatively warm water in the Tsus rn k current. As a rule, before
goirr in mass numbers toward the chore the herring concentrate in
shoals at some distance from it, appearing in the current at a cer.-
taira time as the object` of the so-called active catcho
For deterrria nation of the bask paths of the herring shoals
directed. toward shore to spawn and also of the periods of their
approach to the standing seine zone, simultaneous hydrological sur
veys, not only of the fishing region, but also of the neighboring
sections of the open sea, are of great help., Maxmwn catches were
undertaken in the zone of relatively warm water beyond the limits
of the throe degree, isotherm; herring were not caught in the littoral
.zone,
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200170026-4
I3oth; :1i- the prespawnin,t period end ire. the ii hi.ng Cason
a now temperatUre d?Lstributiof chart oi' th a water '.n the 'i thing
zone and the open, rea.Qns adjacent to it wa drawn up every
:Ci,\ve days. Thee charts allowed to $horcwlar'd di.1'ru taxi of the
trc an'-of r&Lative1y warm wa.t.c~r, favorable f'or fishing, to bQ
traced. Thc~ re ults o ' hydrological obsc;rvation$ at saa cornductsd
from thc~ industry's survey ships and i ttor from the TIN1O t s expior
atnry steamor '~Expiorer" constitutd basic informational rnataria1s
for a daily report for they gui.dancc of the Mi.rii.stry and
Thcse data, together with hydrolog:tca1 i.nfornation from the hydro?.
mcteoroio ;i.cai Servir+,e t s coastal network of nratearolo>; i Cal stations
and a];o from n the special network of observers orF;anized by
Sakht,inro on shore in the fishing region during the entire ,fishing
season were raw materials for they; drawing ' up of forecasts o.C changes
in they ternpera1'ure regime of the waters southwest of Sakhaii.n.
Professor Probatov, Director of Sakhtinro, applied the inforrriationai
data and the indicated prognostic deliberations with great success
to the solution of ichthyological. problems. The results of hydro-
ion icai observations allowed they fishing season staff to draw a series
of oprr'atinnal conclusions.
'i'hus in the very beginning of the :Cishing season, owing to
the prc,sence of cold water in the littoral zone of they territory of
the southen :Gish combines of Sakhalin's we,stern.shore, the herring
did not approach the stationary seine zone, whereas in the open sea
the drifter nets Gaup:ht fish in considerable numbers, 'The fishing
season staff was given the forecast that the unfavorable situation
in this region would fact at least three snore days,
True
this
forecast was given such a short time in advance that it did not
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200170026-4
a:Licw for
thduat,rjaa;` a1tl~~oul~ seine
Ceps wcr under:taT~Rri on this
. cQrt~1 Hydro1o is i .Lnvestj at )h~ conducted
-b'.L.~h?4.ng 1~4'a(*I,on Y11'r0ln. thQ.. ki I/blf~~~~~r "E r .~ t"
J,a~er shawc~c~ :hat :Ln the
ndrth~r~i Tatar S'tr~i;I.ia thcre `is a rori,
t of caJ.d and Warm waters,
that :L, north oL' the front (the djyi.. jon Jane
) ms of
ccJ.c~
w~.~i;er ire located In Mahe s ca wh;i;le south a1' the front lie rl1ae
cf warm water, Tha ca~warjcur~a of the h, 'c~r~ala: '
Y ,.,a.caJ. r. ou,p have the
sta1'f the forecast thai; these cold water's would
be rotained in the sane rcgjon ?'or? a long, time yet. This
i, ~ rn,.
~de it
possible .f'al^ the i i..,-~ h:i .ng.;~ e o'r staff
to transier ~L'lati'ta.rJ; equ:i.p.
mcntacl(lc and f.Lsher'rnen from the northerin rer, ~ ian,., to i;he sout;hern~
The' hydrnlojsts" far.ecast thai, unfavor'ahle :f.'ishing cand.~a.0
n5
wu7fl.ri. obr31.T1 in Aniva Bay ' at the end of ~~
~zil arrd b~ginnjng Qf' May~
also proved to be corpJ.cteJ.y correct. The f'or
eca~ L was s made an the
bassi s of a carefiiJ. study of this r' ~ r eC,rra.an w r egi"~ie from the steamer
n,r,sal.arertt
84, ~ ~,, ~ ads ~ tN
Together with. hydroj.op.s ts, the hydrornei;enrol '
a~;~...a.,l, bureau
personnel included e:;Vloscc~~a ~,drninx.e~~xata.an of the ~'
w the ~nc ., of the c;oztis~~x'ucra off' the i'71a.ce
71~.rh was ox'~at the ~,a_r ~,ac~.
S' i se1f in this questiane in the per
1939 ~,canduc`~~;cl. a gex''ies af' visual
1 ~'anu~' to ~~ April , l
from
' c1o~~d ~~1.t,~.~utde~,. In our apin
and ,pa,1.atballaan detexm:i.ns.t ox
~~.ons ? an~.c~,1
om ax'isnn have a cer~ain me'thodol.
,can the obtained results ac p
to come to pr~;:lin~~r`' cUY~cl~us~.onr ~ c,t~nc
Interest nand e, 11ow any ' nee ~.1t~.~udesa
ink the nature of exrOrs in determ1na'~~.an a~ cloud.
Claud a1tarran.n . ed ~,t .the ~-im~;,~ off,' piiO'~"
~.~ud~:~ s wexe detc
~ is at ~~ 1~ l~ hnu"?s~ x:11
balloon (brio) abs~;rVa`Ga.atis, that ' ,
~,ux~.ng the ~,bc~~re_nda,ca~pd pc~r~.vd
the obsex'~rat~.r~ns off' c~.a~ad~.news
wex'e directed' bawiX,d the lower 'stxai~um and by nvmbe? o~ as.eE;s were
d,ietxibuffed ~n the following mxine'
`.?:7w9~re~fG!,~F`~~'~i~~fY~.~'o~..,).da. .,G ~13. Ll~l~?~~~,.,f,`~~i ~~Yw; (~4~~.~i~,i~1~; kI'S~~'Y
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200170026-4
Several obadrvcrs took ptrt in t'l~e wxo1oioa1 Fed visual
observations o~ cloudiness,
G'he
toga], numb s;r o?' indidual det;exw
min&.tionF3 mounted to he visual ooorvations off' cloud altitude
pxacraded the ob ,ovations by pilot balls~on.
For the subac;quent ana1ysie o; the re ul'b$ oi' cloud altitude
detaxmi,nation by these methods the differ, ence a in the altitudes
obtained by the two roam, were computed. For this puMpothe;
altitude detrraind by pilot balloon ?was conditionally accepted
as to true aititude.
Ii' the aititude of cloudiness obtained by the visual method
was loss than ttiat obt7,ined by pilot balloon, thoir diffi rence had.
a plus sign.
Having made the above enera]. remarks, let us pass on to
cansidezaa,tion of the dependence oi' the absolute error in detr rmina .
tian off' cloudines altitude upon altitude o In Table l the factual
data of observation which characterize this depeiidncy are cited.
see following page for Table 1]
From these data the following things axe evident:
le
The magnitude o? average absolute error does not remain
constant, but changes with increase of the true cloud altitude, It
apparently has a tendency to decxease up to a certain a]:bitude,
above which an increase is registered.
The relative average error changes comparatively little.
the average, errors of negative sign correspond to clouds with a
lower-boundary altitude of 3O0 3 a meters, and those of positive sign!
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 from
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DT ?
T_W1J1!J
z
1
Lower ,~ .;, r of Cloudiness by the Visual !? h for
Errors y .on of the ~
~,.,-ots in OetErrLna ~~~
Various Actual Altitudes of Cloudiness in . e t _ s
Intervals of Actual 1 Altitude of Cloud s, 1 {eteArActual
;o Zco 150 200 2So 300 350 1~co iSa Sao 550
o SO loo 150 200 250 300 350 I:oo 1o Sco
CSI [2] [3] Cpl [5l [h] [71 [81 C97 [103 (11)
-- -90 f;o X75 -35 -x-25 +12; +210 +85 +62
-190 +30 -f.? 2~ +15 =125 =t5 -90 +135 +12
-31.eo +30 _+125 -35 +12y +l75 +zo +1E5 -38
-67 -30 -50 -3 ;.20 r21K -182 +85 -88
+8 ;-50 -21o +20 t90 -82 +269 _61
+33 sea _10 _190 4:e _282 +19}.. ~139
320 -10 -2i:o +1LO -182 =169 =139
-2 -310 +lo -77 +219 -61
_23 +90 _290 +23 _200 +70
+98 -10 =50 -Ti -100 . _30
-zco -]_a -50 t23 -100 ,.;_70
-50 o -222 e _220
-zoo +122 +2E2
boo 650 700 750
650 700 750 800
[];.1 [15] [16] [37]
+130 -170 +120
}230 _37 ^ -30
,,L ~
~t-;
_7C }Lt>
+2':1 +339
+2.'t;l X33?
;123 X289
T123 -137
_8 -166
_187
_$
900
~21ii; -11C0 +130 -a695
+19h +300 +230 =570
~1+,1s ~hO(3 +130 +70
~ .:-300 f230 -270
+35a X50
x.192 +3,0
x192 ~ssfl
+13
-187
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900 950
=353
~603
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200170026-4
-zoo -13 +69 -51 -33 +123
+3b2
x252
X212
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Cl~ [2] [3l [4I [51 C6} [fl [8] [9J .fl-o. 1i j121 t13~
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200170026-4
to clouds higher thar~ this
In other wo;~d, the chata aitad show that, in the _ ,i,r~t
)laca, J,ow cJ,ouc are 1oc ted with iess absolute oxrraai ?th~n ?tl~Q
higher ones; in tho second Ala . ~,
~ ca, with va,~u. detc~rmina~t~,caa1 thp
a:L itude of low c.L ud (on the ` orcj '
aiup to ,.3QO-35Q rne~r:,~`s) i~
givLn a va1ue which is too hi. }a
and that o1` higher c;1auds (above
3OO..3 0 meters ), on tht, con'trrry, a value
.Loa Law,
't'he; rrexi; Suest:ian meriting attontion ~
Cax1C.~ ~.rn., the errors in
detorrnina'tion adJnittc;d by sop'( ober, ~
v r~, .Cn the given cave
the l nited number of ohserva'tjons 1J i
ng to the J.ot oL' edcrla obM
server did not make it Posaa,b? a to link the evrars mwde by 5~para~te
observers with the true alt.tud~: of the c16uc~s . ? 1'iereforc t}zo
problem ',pOw,cd waa aflalyzed extrernE.1.~
y roughly. Gex`taa..n ronclusi,ons
were obtained on the bads of the i
23 individual date;rm:i.natians
made by each observer4 The condition of the , .. ,
hc, v,r.sn,vn o.C five abserv.
er, could be considered normal; the sixth observer was n~yopn,c, and
did not use h1s spectacles i~?
a de~Lerm ~njnp the cloud a,lti,tudes,
Shawn in Fable 2 in Percentages i,s the number ai' cases with
various magnit,udc;s of error in _
detetmanations of crud altitude
admitted by G'd,Cha.l.' the sc observer ~ ~ o Chjs table well illustrates
the inciivi.dual nature of va.su~~. determinations: same observers
Preeminently give the altitude as a lower than. the true, others dive
it higher~ Attracting a.tternti.an es ec?
p ~.al~.y is the Predominance of
case, with toa high estimates a5it
'
(p ~.vr~ duferencesa on the xL ..
the sa.xth near ~ part of
Bighted observer
j~ wi
~.y.'.r; .. :., ?;, ~?f '~,'~ "', ~: Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23: CIA-RDP82-00039R000200170026 4 ~.
i ., z...3, ~,..! :.. .___.... ._.._ ._.__ _.__.._ ._.__ .._._ _.. _. _. _.... - ___....... _._. _. __.. ___. __.__._. _ t:.~._ +.,., _,~w.. ,h:a ., i. 1... .... Ss. _. ,., 1,.. ~i4.M31~'
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200170026-4
of Cases 7 Various of Ei ror i Dete'r' iofl o
~ UL~ N~.~11.- L4 t t~deal
Number r u ~
_ __ ..rte
rer~. =~~~rs~.
!a nl e o~ ~.r ,_.~
0 0 p Q 0
0 U? 0 !\ O
m c\ CV C\!
i ! 1 1
0 O 0 0 0
0 11\ 0 z1
cc~\ c_ N CV r-!
5
O
'If'
r
1
0
O
r-
agrdtide
n _ O O O O 0 0 0 0 0
0, 0 L, 0 1f 0 L 0 0
i i ! I I I
O 0 0 0 O 0 O 0 0 0 0
_nt ut 0 2i'0 U - 0 0 +.
H r1 N CV (-\ - (Y'i ? --~
~
L 9 13 i3 -- 13
-- -- -- 17 17 lz 17 5 11 6 S --
9 9 u lb 5 -- 9 9 -- 5 --
7 -- 1: 7 27 7 20 -- -- -- -- 13
^3 i 4 23 q 9
C 1
o Emirs
Observers
III
iv
vi
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200170026-4
the Altitude ` or ~ the Lo-~rer Boundary of Cloudiness o V ar i oas Observers - j er ent
Meters
Nw ther of Cases (%) Giving
O
0 G O p o 0 o O O O Total
Ir 0 U\ O t .
-n O Ln O Ln o
'u-\ : '0 ' t`- c` Co cap (I' o-
i I E E E E E E E
G O O O Q C O O O
O Zn O try O Lf\ O to O u-\
~f\ t0 O N- N- Q) a? G\ G\
loc
100
-100
ice
1GC
Average :
Value of Cloud fl tirade
1J th an feeia'ac of:
-100 meters -200 meters
b6
35
80
-u)
]'S
6E
st 81
37 73
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200170026-4
r'1ai d t e:t.ted in the ri htX~and pert off` Table 2 11ow u to
1
anewer ~?1,1~'1, another' ~ ~ue tior, nanie1y, what percent off' visual dcter~
i-
minations o: o.. loud a1titud) S a 'o mach 4:' cxox' not exeeGdin a
Lox axm ie 100 or 200 metro T'ho
oertai,n.~ct magnitude,
?;tgur?~ show that ;Cox individual obsorvers the n~unbc~r o deter
inLnaL;tcans wi~Gh errors of 100 ranges ,i:rom 3 'to 66 percent, and
with errors oi 200 meters, from L.8 to 81 percent The averagea
Server s are L8 percent and 71 percnt respeo tive~Yo
.~o~ the six obi
The deviations, expressed in percentages of the number of
determinatiOna made by to individual observer, from the average
number rvatiofS for all the observc,r$ with magnitudcs of'
error' within the range 100 meters and 200 meters are as
follows:
g Meters Ob~yervers
I II Ill lv V VI
100 -12 +13 3 ..3 -6 +11
200 .9 +23 +3 ..3 ~10 -2
As is appax'~nt, the magnitudes of the deviations o? the
number o? observations made by different observers and answering
~
to one and the me limiting magnitude of error are comparatively
a
small, Therefore , from the data cited above one nay make the follow-
i.On as a first approximation for practical deliberation:
ing .Log co nC lus
in visual termination of the altitude of cloud nes5 (up to 1000
de
meters) L~8 pere ent of determinations yield an error within the range
100 meters, and 71 percent, within the range 200 meters
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It mint bA mediate remarked that the reuit wore
in corci.i'tiofe where the nbee~~vatica1 pcrcnnel ad the
obtained
pa~io acquiring axp)riefCa in vL uai detea,M
~,b,1.,~. ty
' eioudin s 5 ait Laude in the presence oi' p arai1ei pyiio t '
zna.na Lion o
la r ELtion . In ox dinary m6trporo1QgiCal t tiof OQnditiafS!
~~~..oon obae~'
whE,re the observers (10 not have such expel enc , the re uit i o 1
deter~ni,nc tL0ns must be lass accurateo
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CI.:tRQ I;wT?
T N T}il I1VNI 5AI OF T MOSCOW
r O jr QRO ICAL TECiINICAL SCHOOL
V. M, SktiyaZ'ov
th( Moscow 1{ydx'ometoorOlogica1 Technt.ca).
This ye a
School., the .. 11ycirarne~~co~^a~.a~~.cal educational ~.nstituopanad
~'~.rst ,
in the USSR, is 20 years old.
^ teora:tva~ica,l Technical Sclnaa~. was crcr~~ed
The Moscow ~iyc~amc
~~ ~i~.s~~a~^y o~ our 'a,thGr~,and, as the
in ~.9~9w~.93O, ,years known in the t
?~n'
period of the great Clnange, deriot~.g the large~sCale proress off
the rjrst serious progress ;in agriculture,
socialism in ?d3 Y,
be innifl of mans kolltho ~ rnovenent,s.
the
The development, trnendous in scale, of productiVC ;farces
.~
in condjt a planned socialistic economy demanded of the
.~ons o1. HydraineteoroloService US F solutions off' la' and complicated
.Cal
problems directed toward amprovunent off' ~,ydxoznetc~o.co~.o~iCal 3ex'v'1rE
to the branches 01' the national ecanamyo
xhc Mo5cOW H drometeorologica,] Technic al School Building
~'
C Photo 1'
re problems could be successfully solved only with the
`~he,~
presence o qualified hydrometearolog .Cal caciresa
time o1' the October ReVolut?an them
Although up to the
were great ~ydrometeoroiog.Cal scientists with world : amOUS names
n ~ussiaa practical workers were extraordJ.ni' dew.
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After' the ~evo1ution, the creation vi' a broad system -of
cot Lses played a considerable part Ln g an'be?i.ng the country
hydrorsteorO1o ic,al cadres; howovex, it could not finally solve
the problem off' preparation of hih"quality spec,iali$ts, the ab-
3OX1ce of which became in the course ,.o:C t ma an extre~iie1y large ob"
tacle to thv course o1, do velopnsnt oi' the hydrometeoxo1ngic1
snxvice .
Thanks to the care of the Party and the Soviet Government,
who paid constant attention to tl?le devoiopnent of thc~ hydrometeoz'..
ological service in our country, the problem of preparation of
qualified hydrorneteoro logic ai cadres was successfully solved.
The first Hydrometeorological institute: was organized in
1930 orl the grounds of tht Geophysics Division of the 'Moscow Sta'be
Universityo II year be?'ore this, prcparation o:k' hydrometeorological
specialists of intermediate qualifications had bt gun in the
Saltykov NineMYear Trade School, which w as reorganized by govern'
mentai decree into the Moscow Hydrometeorological Technical School
and subsequently moved to Kuchino Station, where it was presented
with a fine building 0
Since that time the network of hydrorneteorolog ical educaw
tional institutions has grown immeasurably. At the present time
hydrometeorologica1 specialists are prepared at more than. twenty
higher and intermediate educational institutions and, in additions
by a -large number of constantly offered and shortbter'n courseso
. However, even now the Moscow` Hydrometeoro bgicai Technical
School occupies a peculiar position in the system of preparation. of'
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_ 2012/04/23 : IA-RDP82-00039R0 02001_ 70026 4 ~.
'
. , ~. " ' . ,, ~ , ~
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200170026-4
al aac~e) a beif1 the 1aX' a s ttex'rn adia -e chr1i:M
.
C a;1, ~due at:lQn~1 jna~~?uLl ,,, o~~ ai' the 1~yc~m~e'~aaxo~,,c~, ~exV~.ce~o
,'.~
u:J. ed baea t,h two brai.~a;i,n~ sta'G~,c,ns
~, ~. a 1a:4 out on a w&.1 eq ~~
(hY r~ ~,'~ur' rooms grid ~,abaraGc,r~,e~
da'c1,a~:1.cx~i ad ~ieteo~o~.o~~.c~.) , J3 and special di.scila1i.ncs, a tra,inn~;
' ' ' U oil ap'pdrat?3 cheCk~UP bureau and a
:1.arEo ~, braeY'a n unbt,rLng ovoz' 36,000 voiu1nes
.: ~,
techniccti schoal is a stronf safi' of quii
Gathered in the
': st who have great experience in industrial. and
~G:d .~n~a.. uc, ~or.~
pedagogica:l ~aaxlt. '1he ''.' echn.cai $(;hQai' a s'{~ataiia pers.i,stc;ntly
to ~ 'oril.Y ~ '~ecl~nica:l,ly. 1i:bGr'r1tQ -~1aecia7 .sbut give ho country not
conunun,i'atic ,aocieby armed wjth the advanced
'.l'kae Techni.ca:l. ~c;hoo/,t ~ best a.nstruo
theory of Maxxa.sanMna,na.sm
tVa Kunits M. Vo ~ Matveyev, N. No Glaern,ava.
, ax's ~ ~ ~ ~ N ~' Fedotava, A.
V. V. V'etu';chnov$k G ~3i.sexov 1C~ M. J~amn~.tns ~'c.Q A.
'~'a, , A. ~
S 0koi +v, and ot1rers 4
Dur~in~r the ~ ~G ear s LtS work the Techr~Lca:J. ; choa1 17as pre
years
:a
~ 1Q i 'drorn?tcoro1o i.cal peciaiistcw of :Lntermcdia,te
pared over .~~. 1 y
. r -w number of whom a~~r working succc;asi'?.l.:l.y i.n?
qur~l..~..~:~.c;~ r,.oi~, a. 1.~~,~ ~G
rarganS o.C the h ~ HydrometG;010b0i.c service USSR.
of turn i., of the Mos coW Hydrometeoro~
A cansidex abic number
H~'drrm~,r tcarw
1ogi.r,a~,rj School occupy responsible post in the
.~ ec1ln:~c a~ ,a~. ac.~
an~r bherrlV:Co I~o~^zun .~?. Ck1a,e:C of
a.. - lry ~ex
o1aga.c 1 ,, ,va.c.,c, system, among ~
;raxk of obeerva.'tiona;L hydrame'teoraia;;i.t;n.l.
A~rna.na:st~^ata~on of the ne tt
s t ~,n.r , an ~1Ydxan'itr'beoral?oi~t;~t1 Sox'vir;ei,
'.,o ns GUCrM-a ~ Main ~Idma..l.,~ rx r, y
I. M. Ghuyko Gha,ef of the Ornsk J~drninistr,ti.0n ooh the Hyt'ometeOZ'-~
pl.ogircx~rce, P o k. Sokolov, Department Chief GUG1! 5,
~,~.1. an.
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a ~ ~h ~~tn~.~ v~,
c;',ng Cie
A, ~ ~ -a~ ' o'F,hexa ~ m
olo al 5exv ae ~xnd rna
"tYl,a~ t~~rdxo~~fo~' ~ '+A
' 1,uc1an~, body ~?~ ~rati~ .n~, ~rax~ year
'~echx~J.c :1. ~~chao~~ ~ a
: Ila re~,,c,hc~d ~,~o ~ t 00
o az ,,
over n ~ ~ ~.~tY o;C wl lorrt ~~' a tilos in
~
?1v ~ the ova~whe~ ~~~~ oz ?~1ua~~over ~t7~ paQYa a'0 rece~.~.r~~
tha YYyd~~ome'~c,
1 401 S eorx'e$por de1FcuMco~1.M $e
7.ri the ,~CY~
d, cof o` do.miory , ca divisi?e
? ,, ~~,h n~CC~~. ~cY1oo~
In ~~~d Doll-,~,xu
sudent$ wets
at the 1~1o sco~a1y'~th'o
workers and tuden~"~ , n
~e ~nca?~Z.c~z~ of
.. 'r Lli~ ~.x~~:~.ox~~M a,
schn~,cd,~.
~achoa1 a,VC exta?g 11 ord , ~ , c~~. uchao1 ~ra.'~h Y~a.gh
''
et ,~ uha.1 'o:C to ~~ ~eeYLf.LC
wti e ~" ~
e~' to greet the 2 0 ~ ~ d ;ao~,~.d pre~~a~
J
~,or18,. work, with tame? z1
?t,z.I~~>.d~xds in sc a.cnc~c-~cduc a
s
new a"i9sohoo~ yep' ?
X,a?r,ion fnX, the
'r~ Yn
'' M
)~4 arl7 S a - ,t 1 !I 6 ~t d~ X11 lY fop ~1~~ fd! tJp ! li~trt ;.~I., ..~.~i t{$~ ,tit 4-'b71y
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WORK IN G NJRAL OCUitaLS
Pc Lis?cl`xenko
.C':be l~I i.n Adrfif ~itrgti,of o ' :the lyd parr ~~~oxo~,o ;kcal erviet
~~
attached attached to Lkrea 3avi. ct of Mi,ntox'o lih ha's caxganisod centr~l
c; our ,~. i',~~i S ya, x 1' or raising thc~ qua1if:Lca'k~ions o;C ;upe;rv~isary
u c a ~~
worlu;I' . n thc; HydrOrn& c.oro:Lo ;'i.o ai ervlce
ThE; ains o:C the courses :L to 1cve:l off econorrci.,c rid
peCa:L kaxowledge of caclx'es. i 'h? courccs wi1i iurbher the
r
a
Ynore corr()ct solut .on of 4, eric;s of productional, open.tional c~nd
economical nrobIt rn( by :1.ocaJ. supc~rva.aory workerof the Hydroreteor"
alogical' Serri.cc.
T )Ey e:ducatioxlal plan in the cour;3iae is $o constructed that
k
togethr w stuI' of special disipii.n( particUi&x~ attention
is with d,
,a
s to~aa,rd ocio~econc)1r1.c disCi.p1inc; t, whose content i
is directed
subordinated to the i'undamcntal ideGi. of elucidating the principles
and practical problexnN of. the Bolshevist ty1e of ieadc~rshipo
'T'he fir,3t presentati.Orx of centrl courscas began, on Li April
and la.zxa.,~ shed 29 June 19 cs ' 214 peop1o in all wore taught (among them
c UQMS Chief s, 7 Acting UGMG Chiefs La, Department Chiefs and Li.
GMI chiefs)
A highly quaff .i'i.ed sta?' of instructors hcw been selected
fox the courses instructors who know how, not only to set forth
s
materials wel:L, but also to organize (under concl..ition$ where the
have large dail j stud; loads) homework materials and the
~
auditors
execution aa series aC practical projects by the students. .C'he
..
.i r??
,,?~
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tarp thculd taa p~cia1lY p1er~tiaf~d h ra M, Xa.
Raykay and 11. I o Chia?byal~av who t1? eoUG
-(Il~r~no~:plp~ i' acrVaAt
canQmy o~ - OeT'QV Q
~ ~-c~c~sl~.sm ~ ~
Goyx av (IIF'~:~nG~~~0~1~~ ?_cf' Sav?,ct 1~cc~nc~n~io a and
r
nmer~'~ ad ~ Q A. ~u~i,n
tal 1'r ac in t1la No,'~;~.c~n~~~, ,ucazlorfly U~~hll) o
e ~.ce o~ T~~c~sr.,h,>~~a
Unc~ c arlnot bu npta l,.,he s cx"icUS atCa:Lud(; ?Lhc s?t,udcnt~ abow
~
'
xaughaut the inetx,uc, ?, ? ~ta.orr period toward study c~' the subject being
th
to Araa tiVG courr3erviCe by tha economical de-
Prx.ven~ ~ good and c71~c~
~rtrrlent GUOMi aisa cuntxUtes to the regular work
pd
'.he i'inal PUOd pragrc;sr. k'~.X.cG~,~.ent end
' exaullinatior'S showed good
goad x atings were received by 8046 percent of the auditors .
nalys ., 'ourre ~. the('ax't preserittian)
A. ie o ~ ' the work of t he ea
and Lhc Lots :L sernh>" wuc1i:tors a;L~.otirs one 'to make the j'aJ.7.ow~
?' ?, ~,e _ of ~..
inb generct1 conclusiarls
instruction at CCntra3. coursOsreveals substantial gaps
in . the the ati tditor & knowledge a 'S'he: a,udttors head not noticed these
baps ?s until the courses and naturally had appiiecl no proper measures
to liquidate themy
dge obtained by each supervisor at the courses
(b) the >~r>,awie
w ~ work arr hi ~- par?L' toward raisi.rg his
,-
will pxornate future independent
awn quaff U is atians;
(G) the central courses have allowed each auditor to be
from all sides in his indi`) Lc ua1ity ? This
studied more deeply and
the Cadres Adrninistratiorl. GUG~4S more quick:Ly
cj.r'r7a~l5tanae enables
to solve ;t1?re problem o C adiraloement o this or that worker to
ified in Part - Sanitized Co
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altlothexj more reapon i1D:L jOb0
'tb ? essential '1ts in thc~ ti~ark o? the central
There were . cG.ca,~1
cuuxa(y, 3 wl7a,eh is e asential to c~.i."ninate in the ftture ? An th'
? .,i~. .~
rnt - moment in the) organi atiafl of the eollrsOS wac~ tha electiOf
port~r
of auditors.' Unequai preparat1o1 l of tud,ent$
off` a hamageneou$ body
c,fauGGGa'U.~.~.~
would make it iinpaible to organi.,ZC the educatic ra
.,h , . the .a ~ ho1e group might make good progreo Experi.encc~ in the
,~o tt w ~ ~
wmk a the i'.rst run of central courses shows that the educational
and CurriculUfll require re.exarnination in the cLixectiofs of
plan
of ementing them somewhat, making them more precise and eliminating
supx
ueatiols which encumber the training procG$s, and
secondary' ma.nor q
also .so dccrc;.a.ng r the daily y study load and introducing practical pro
a
iaiiZed discip1ir1ea a' The pr'esenta tion o.C each index
jec s??iza spec
t subject must be entrusted to one instructor, renouncing 'the
p..ndc11 ~
(
pxaCta.ce of bringing in several instructors for presentatior:i, of their
~-
.
own sections of the same courseo Particular attention must be
devoted in the :Future to sern:roar >tudies, which further good assimi~
lation of materials a
The regular work of central couxsru in raising the quaff.' .icaM
t.ons o!' Hydxiometeorological Service supervisory workers is a very
important and essential matters
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CRITECISM MW, BIBLIOGI'APH
A. I , BCRI$Ov, Ci natoio ya Giidromoteoizdatm
Lentgr ad, 199.
(Accepd by the Gadrea~3 Ar, aintstration GUGMS att~achcx1 to to Sovi&
o:' Mini,sterUSSR as a tz'ainin manu t1 1'o: bydreane taoro1o~;ic ai
tachnic al. zchooa.s).
When youtakethis book in hand and look through it rapidly
it produces t f' i.x~-t glance can altogether f'avorabie imprC3 $iOno
':L'he book is 3mal1 in and '- a g2'E 't virtue in a textbook
Contains many illu tr itions, which are executed sa'tisi'aciaorily
enough, Exrinining the table o.~ contents you see; that, in spite
of the book's small size, it includes XLi thu basic probieans of
climatology. 'T'hF: order o' presentation arouses no great objection
eitb.er. You begin to chE:ck the annotations, co ' .rrning than "the
book is a concise and at the s~rlie tine extremely campicte exposits
tion of the elements of clianatolo~y", and you rejoice for the
reader who is receiving a new training manual on his subject.
However, upon first acquaint~moe with the book' stext a
appointment arises which grows ever stronger with e ach page and
ultimately turns into vexation and occasiorially into sheen i.ndignaw
tion.
The book contains no idea at all, no general vies of the
;I,
presented subjecto A groat part .of' it represents nothing else but
a mi. c ure of extracts from other works on climatology, plucked out
just as they are. Many chapters rerrrind one sooner of a poor stu-
den't' s composition on an ass igned theme than of a training rnanuaio
Nor re the chapters ,fear where it is difficult to find a page on
f~ r7
I r
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wh1ch er~xQx, ~.nccans~,cno~', absu~'~,y or o1~A
_`~har~ ~. s no ~ ;~QSS
nier? obscuT'e are erupt pbras~.
T book' arga~~i1 ds~1 1~) MM its 44n~sVA~~~i'i 4~~~0~1d nV~Ar1$ MM
~1e~ s G ~G
' ,.].an b the v~,x~ s~a~~~racn`t Q
d~IsG~,ased at once, in the n?txaducls , Y
~ t c~,?~anate i$. ~'he au~tMox dais nct give
?l,l~c basic question o.t w~ ~~
~., an acc?;iaxs,tc dF~Cina.tion oi' the
what is trssen'bi(-)1 ;for a te~tbaQk
this i'ox a page ~r~d a ha~'~, a.gux`~
cancaep~ off' c;lairta'tc:w ~:ns'te~d o~ ~
cli..rnate, beJ?aiagIr~; 'to a ~ihQl.e series o1
different det~n~,ta.on$ a.~
authors ?'rram -atxabon to our own dj~, are ttohaec'tivelytt copied,
:.
',oc.+ cam le'tel'J uae~.ess and ou't~aMda,c? The
aman?~ them omwi~~.ch are ~ p
rrrd:car must guess ss ior lia~m elt' which off' hem is beat and how bad
the rest are.
. Maxeav'ez, on:finirig i hi aseif to , the truism that ttclimatology
is the science oi cla~natit the autYror sags noi; a wand about the
e, ~,h
climate and weather; he flocs not even menM
ja'terrr:lations between
? t climataioy is a brG.rich o: mcteorQ1Qgy. . It is
to learn ao.thirlg from A. A . Borisov' ;a book
siiniiax1J impossthie
about the . ,ar~. , ~ous methods o:s~tuduririg climate chaxe.cter~.s?tic s, alaou't
.. v
'x dia1ectica1~h0r~.c. deveiOPm.en't.
thex
r? severe crisis which claasiGal ciiM
About ethe nature ai that -h~:~
rnatalogy lived through in the twenties off' this ctrntux1 there is
not 'a ward in the baok0
In the short historical outline of the developxment oi' cli?
matolonly an enDmeration of certain facts n~mas' dates,
- .o~y' we ~.nd
the gradual quantitative dev'eiopment
ti~ies a~ works and data an ~,
of the meteoralOEical sbatiorx networkr
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M3 ?o the author ' own views on 't heethc~cls midis
o;L' ciimato1o r, they ire unexpcc'tod3,y dise1asad in Chapter VII,
which aatoni he the reads x in the very ?ir t line with the T11ow.
in ' extremely stxanga and comp1et?1y inadmissable doJ initiori oi'
1hc~ ainoff' c1imatQ1ogiCEI1 trw'tmont: 'The e ~eencs~ off' cl;1,iato1ogi
cal trea,tmtrnt consists 01 exposing vcx'ious urrars, corr,F$ctin . 1hean
and thus obtaining sound c1iina;toiogtical rnater alc~~
i slim; through this unambiguous dofnil4on one can only
conclude that the suns Of climatology consists i,n correcting the
errors rrlade in meteorological observ itions, and the whole diJ'.Cerw
once betwecn meteorology and climatology boils down to the fact
that uncorrected and unchecked observations may be used in rneteor-
ology, but not in c larmate to gy .
The author further. `reini'orces; this ridiculous 'idea with a
subsequent sentence explaining what climatological treatment con-'.
sists of, It appears that its whole business is this introduction
of corrections into the readings of instruments (?) , technical in-i
~pection, critical review and compilation o,t' yearbooks.
In general, the whole section off' the book devoted to climatology
.heal treatment o1' meteorological observations is not satisfactory
at all, About all bhs extremely diverse and long used on accepted
practical methods of cliraatoio ica.l trer t ,
~ a menu, completely essential
in all-Union climate service practice, what is said is so little
and incoherent, admitting so many tangles, errors and gaps, that it
would have been better to write nothing at all.
Let us take apart this chapter, so important for technical
lii
4 s i re it ' }; ~H .~rsp ". a r Bi+M,. ry u;,47/t~& r '=; + K sd FF d,stilq~'v , ;t:.' Gass 'gE1 i- 'fir +'Y,~'tir' tir ~k";r q, '
1 ' ~~i1 s~ r 1 9 i rsfrY ry ~X ~j : d ii , 4
i'y:r
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4
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i.:.. It Gax~sits oi' three sections. In the,xst
~cl?ioO1i3, in deta
is from tho OJ?icia1 nIn tructiQn3 far
off. than ~efle~ aa. statemen
E I~ Yt f.,
~ I o n~~ ~+ a 9 la
etooro1Og'1c ttl .l)atra and Compilation of Ce arbOOkS"
Treatment oC
aX'e repeated, tiah to~~a:~,C~~, tQ~~'k~boak is ~nnecos?~a~'Y rand
a.cYa in a cl~ma ~
out of p a e st atemen ts ' cork ern org 151.7a at~.axl' woxplace, s:~.nce tY~c
methods and teclln,ca n exosc~d in the appropriate ~,n~tx~zctioraso
~~, xula~ ~ ,~ _
in the fal ? an the author e~cpands Co.^ I'ourte~n who.L
~.aw:~n section
pales an exposition o?' z'ather pciali~ed and essentially' seconda1Y
the nonunai'or1TLity off' series oi' obcaexvata.ons
qU,est10Tl~3 Co11CE'rSli.TI
In this he often mixcs the
and reduction to a s1.ng1e per.lac3,o
second question ..a.on with the f ~.xs?h, (page .18"() , considex ng it without
a
fly rela nlature and causes of variability of avera.ge
a'ta.or~ to the
claarlatoJ.oga.cal magnitudes ,~~, and giving ,'tY>,c s?Lt~dcr~t no no~ta.c~rI at all
. ~
of cla.mata.c noz~n,~ r and anomalies. 't'he authax' s argumentation. an
r
these quest ted b a .dozen cxar~ple, unuystema'ticaquestions a. ~ represented by
of other books, badly cemented together with extremely
copied out
sloppily written explanations wherein one encounters sentences which wau be altogether unacceptable, even in a student comp0SiM
~.d
tioa., their illiteracy , as , for cxamplc (page 196) : ". r eshart
station B reduced to a long ,7 series (B),is equal Ito thy: average
valueo:Ctheelement of tor station A . o" etc . OTl this same
,
page the author goes so far as to say the . collowing: "The purpcn e
of reduction is to obtain. long series of observation 1'ar st&tions
which have observation S for a short p sriad"'o Representation of
the true purposes re reduced to absurdity, :'or it is Certainly
is he
1.mpassa. .~ble to trans1arrn a short serissof observations into. a long
one by any reductions
nn clo in paragraph of this chapter does the
~.y ' ~~1 the .. ~
r.
I~UIL'~S~ti.l
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Declassified
 rr~ l T j> I 'u I r f t 1tf III f. r 0'~
I l i '~~r 11f I, /r ti 00 b r t \r
~~ '
~~ r i 4. l ~ 7 a~4~ ~ n
, try r~
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~gp~'~`Ga
~ ' A:~ cl~.mE.tA~.A~.oa1~ txe~ll~m~ent p'
author ai the oarl~ent
?actaxS but we rind only a haphad co11noti0 s~ o
.~
, - ev~.n hcx~
unn stamut~.cy, i'Ay and
erta~l n c1ata, prese vt d, as usual, y
wa th nwnexcaus fro s exx'ox'$
sxatur, ~j- the. authc-x comp1r~tew
'thus in caflneat~.on wa.tki air tenp
ulatian and the physic al me oning
;~~~ ignores bath the means a.~ aa:l.c
. r,re and extreme chajxacter~.uta.cs ai the
of the ya,ou~, types o.~ aver a~
' ~ e and of nanpe~'iod~.c fl.uctuatz.ons of the
year' and da:~~Y Cycle
HE; daes nod even mention than, but for some
tr~mpexa.~tuxe comp
begins at once with the questioxl Of drawa.ng.
reason or other ~.sathe~ma
urn: agatn rc;tuxns to temperature,
oz~ charts, ;then Juxnps to pxeas
an cxa~1pZe of a` r'hiataaxamtt , the curve
a~id inserts in Figure 61, as
of the nnua:t cycle at somie, uliknawn point. but the
temperature ,, r~ada; "Nvmbcr of , day's with
caption undo the d~.agrran unexpec~ted~y
e rxees minu;~ five degrc;es,
average daily temncra.tux'e above zero d ~~
p1us five degreest! ,t r , the curve in t he diagram raatcl'a esit! an that
i to the method for its own construction as
it flocs not even correspond
exposed in the text.
The treesa data is s,llat~ted not more than
'~.trr~cnt of c~.aud..~' ~n
' them filled with r'econ~raendc~'tians of an eX"
~,~ dines f 'the: bulk of
tremely dabs-ousprac~dux 'i~.J..n in.:i.ris~'f'a.cien~t' abservons
for ~ g
oi is presented in such a way' that na'~hi,ng
' ~.awer ~;~oudx.n w~i~.c i
the diagram, are observations from
c n be understood, for shown on
Kazanr 3.tatian, while some two other stations are being discussed
roan ;off' the :Cundamonta~. meth.ad ai chax~~,c~,erM
in the text... k~ or explana
izing the annum, and daa,)T cycle of c:toudinessy :far explanation of
e rela to with solar radiation,' the author has no
th' 't~.oa~s o:Ethese da
ward.
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To treatment of huddty dl ta. s lines in all are devotod
which can only leac~ one into exror, since the author speaks only
oJ'some principle of prGV~hiiin values, and the methods off' t eetmont
of relative humidity are i.rieorrectl exp wd d to ab olute humidity
also; concerning the verymportant dataMproc acing problem
the humidity deficit nothing is said in genera1~
us.
Also completely om'Ltted is cli.matalogical treatment oI
data on frequency oi` precipitation, fogs, cloud forms and other
atmospheric phenomena.
In the section on wind one can find neither explanation.
nor, examples of how various types of c1imatoJ~gicai wand roses
art+ constructed, nor what tYieir physical meanings G,nd practical
significance are, Only one very exceptional and rarely used case:
is cited. Deterinina:bion of wind frequency is ttexplainedtt by the
following completely unintelligible sentence: "In aaiculatLng
the frequency of grind direction one takes the swrn of the winds,
usually for eight compass points, witii.out including the number
of ealmstt, Not a word about calculation of resultant winds.
On page 203 the author cites the rule for division of
winds from 16 compass points into 8, but calls this rule a
the definition ofprevailing wind direction according to Kaminskiy
and Rubinshteyn, And so on andao on.
It is difficult bo find a paragraph in which there are no
absurditiesm
The remaining chap'bers of the book are not much better.
Everywhere the same unsrupulous method of copying or paraphrasing'.
;kt
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frorn other taxtrbook 3 preva'.ls, evert hex'e' the s zrrea oxtxeme cares
a lack of information?) of the author in the basic
~.~~,~xlC;u6 (or
robierne of meteorology is disoiosade
p
t tr on r adi atianal c. matE begins straightWY with
e
The chap
defini;tian of the radiation bc,iance (page 11) o
two gross erg^ors in
ie; radiation balance consists of : (1)
Jccordi.ng to the author tx
the a.ricam of so radiationa (2) albedo, (3) the effective eradiasolar tion of the earth's surf tee, () the contrary era.don of the
atmo sphere; a
As is obvious, the author in the f irSt pit ce corisiders it
possible to lump together the magnitude of radiation with the abw
stra.ct nondimensional coefficient of albedo and in the second place
.
does not know that the contrary eradiation of the atmosphere is .
already included .n the magnitude of ei'ective eradiation of the
h ce? The difference between effective and underlying s total
under ura
eradiation in general is apparently unfari].iar to the author It
is therefore not surprising that he baffles the reader, informing
him on page 16 that "the maximUm radiation is equal to 0,284
Dies s ua'e ccn't ixnetcr min~te't and on page 17, ttthe earth
eradiate on the average no58 calories/square centimeter, mfr n.
a
Further { on the question of eradiation and' its magnitude is still
more hopelessly tangled upo From what is said on pages 16 and 17
it clearly evident` that eradiation is least in the polar regions,
~,s but on page lad, in the description of the radiation regime of the
h e followi ~ is written "eradiation is most considerable
USSR, h ~
in the polar regionsi'
The nature of eradiation is defined on page 16 in the most
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improbable manner t t~ radiation or 1o s oi' h'e a,t proooec1e by wad"
o ; O absoxvption by the atmosphere and (2) withdrawal off' heat
into the world &pacoti It appears that eradiation proooeds by
way of "absorption" and by way of tewithd wa1tt e -ho can undexstand
this?
In speaking o l' solar radiation the i uthor everywhere z'"
:ers to t1 an;ie compismentary to the angle oS' incidence as the
angle of incidence, this angle being capable, according to him
o taking even negative v~ 1ues (-2305 ci re)o
Further, the author explains the warming of the wlioie atw
mosphere (end of section 2 on page iL) not by radiational end conM
vect;Lorrai heat exchange from the earths S surface, but "o..by adw
erection (from where??) and ver'tica;L mixing of ai.r 1ayer's
Let us 'turn to Chapter II - tt Circuiat ion Factors in C1amatett tl
here the author helps htnmeif to a sample from thr fatuous 'tC1ima'
toiogytt by t'o?ur authors under the editorship of Ye. S. Rubinshteyna
l{owevE~r, in the proceee o?' his creative work the author was
carried 7wray by the saxnpie, borrowing from it everything that
suited his tab e; true, he did not copy everything, not every son-
tence, but with abrLdgments, omitting a series o1 important. point
end mixing up the. .dia rams that 1iustrate, the testa And he has
abridged, omitted a,nd mixed without thinking '- the reader will
definitely lose the meaning, seeing that the weather chart off' 3
May is cited as an example of winter weather, and the weather
chart for 28 November as an example off' summer weathc;rro
On page 22 the author explains` the thermal diferenco be-
tween `marine a,nd continental climate, riot mentioning the decisive
lt.
l l 1 ~~ I~ p t ': ; f t~L {~~ d 9 1
fC3I t4r.(rj 14~rl ~ si`
i
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?li
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c;anduc'ttvitY3 raducn~ it to "the
$:11tM:U'j,()anca o;t therrrlal
tharrual c apaoj ty A~ water and cry tai d which, in dafarrc~ oC
not with tha vo1umetri~3 but with ?tha
physiaal sans,, ha squab,
speo:Uic, heat capacitYQ
On PE 26 the author has "i'1ashf;d't hi5 ;,gnQxaxlca o: tho
~
in. tth3 nanos;i,s off' conv~cta.oal
i'aundstuna O? px.E,, ~~.a~
curra;at5 by the iact , that 1,nwc3x layer bacorat 3 lighter than
~
the upp()? one,".
tae 3? oC tlris chapter begins with a en'teracc: which has
o the preceding text or to the di:~.grm to which
no relation either t1,
this $c;ntence contains a r,eeX'encea
on page 38 the author ascribes to a cold aa.r mass na st~bl~
verta.c al str atif is ca tion" .
Pict
In Chapter V - uClimatc S o;i' the USSR
there stands out
amid the other absurdities axi into1erab1Y distorted description
aC the position of the arctic front in winter in the territories
of the o Or pa g e 148 the author w ites, 'In the cold haiC
U~SFt
arctic front, separting polar air from X'ctic,
of the year an
is disba.xlguished in the extrethe north of the Asiatic. territQX7
USSR. The arctic front di$aSapears to the west in Nq~ray'a Zem]ra
rion and to the east at t1xe mouth of the. Yana River" o
All this ci ,, o~npletelY contxadicte what is observed in nature
nd a,lsa , certainly, hat is shown on S. PO KhrorQv's maps, certainly, w which
are annexed to the booko
Included in this sine chapter, ari page 102, js another:
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suoh "di.3eavc~ry" ineeted by the author w ,rthout any re1aitiQn to
the pre din tort, At the tine o? a cye1onr~ the air taznperatUL'e
~
in winter may exceed the air tempaa tore which aecompani an
andoyclone b 8 to 10 percent" a but who does not know that ;tn
actua:Lity this d 'rDr~ mce of on amounts to 20 to '3O degreas and
more?
There are a1o many gross errors in the chapter on In:i,CrQw
Climate. Here it i~ reported that resistance and thermocouple
thermometers are one and the same thing (page L9), that "nor study
a.t' the dai] cycle of meteorologicol Lactors alOCt, radio mart;
('?) and pilot balloons are employed", etc.
The
obis sts better done than the others in the book. 7:n those
Cases where the author does not attempt to explain grid merely dew
cribe9 the climate one may find whoipages which are presented
altogether understandably and do not include a siiigie error.
However, the sum total, o: gaps, gra$s errors and contradiCM
Lions included in the book exceed cr~,y' 'rnorms t ? The criticized
work is a grievous example of bank waste. In deli.vc~ring this rut'
Buse into the world,, author, editor rnd publisher are guilty in
equal measure, their guilt is redoubled bar the i"act that this is
not simply a bad SCJ.entiL1C lttreatise~t, but is a training manual,.
accepted for preparation of specialists by the All-Chian Hydra-
meteorological Service. One remains puzzled as to how this book
could receive the "permit to ;/..very from the hands o.fb climatology
specialists who. looked it over?...
v? s' Samoylenko
I 0 t)
deSCrlPtiofs Oi the climates off' particular zones and'.
ified in Part - Sanitized Co
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CQ~NS
d4W y1r p
G' ; O'RAL' PRQBI MS
Aims 4f thfs Journal Me'beoro l,o ld Z . ~1o .. ? ? ?.
TE OROLOGY
K. I. KQ;ahin and Kh. P. Pogo-~yan, ttMo i,sture Oircu1ation
in the Atmosphere" 0 I ? ? N , ? ? . ? ? N ? N N . N N Y ? ? N N ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 0 ? ? ?
G. P. Ka1i,nif, "'rhe Part Played by a ForcSt in Distr i.~
bution of Precpi.tationtt ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . ? ? ? N ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? Y(3. Buchin kiy, ttThe QuestiOf of ':Eniuerlce rat' the;
Altitude of a Locality on Temperature and Free ipi-
t a't:L Jntt . ? ? . ? ? .' 0 ? . ? 1 ?
lL
????5IS?0??????N.111.I???????-?00 "
SYNOPTIC METEOROLOGY
Zh? B, Gubyan, t'"i'he Question o:C Siaatial Struc?b-ure of
0CC1usiOn *',Jlon?"" 1 ? ? 1 ? ? 1 ? ? ? ? ? ? N ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? N ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?. ? 26
AGRICUL1'U1 AL l 'PEOROLCGY
L. A. Razumo1ra, ~tVari.a`~ion of Soil Moisture Reserve3
in the Winter Period" ...??. ..? .???.???.?????1.?0.0.0
HIDaO LOGY
I. V. Ivanov, "The Question of Influence of Forestation
of a River Basin on the Height of the Spring Flood"...... l
N. A. Sa rov "Ana1ysis of the Development of Losses" ?. ?.. o L8
iPPk6~ ,a~ ~f'~fI
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CONTJJWJ'S
a G. Popov, C GU~,ion
o!. Sw'jco ~~ttontjan off'
Water in I~ivcr B&jj'~, or P
~xposeuji
the a'~{M1~p,'~0rrrirerr~
????I/rr/?r??Y?1.1???Y?????.1??/??r??d?
OCEANCX3RApjIy
N. A - DaJ.a.ns,y and ~u. V0 Lto ~Ila.I7,, :tor
o~~t,~ng Up ,Nydxolnotc;a~ra;Lopj0 7l Q
~)Sf~x'?V'a`~ia11 at S~;a,-r ./ ? r ? ? ? o ~ 6].
p. N~,Ica~'orav, "Some I~te~uJ.G~ of the uaxrr,
~.cca to the
National Economy fender( b the ;~
C~,v~,sion of the (;c;n~;r~~.~. ~+~vxr~c~~s~-~. :C r ? ' during
_
Cf n'~; Jear~". ? , r
?1'rr????Or?r?1r?to?~?r?rrrlr~?r1~errIrr00
65/
SHOI~'T 1 EPO ~'r'S AND ARTICL1
dji;y Nlc,asuromejxb by
Aix'p1anc It e e r r , r ? . " ? ,
?????lerrrr?rr???r??r???p00 70
N. A. KI'unin, UT'ha Magnitud0 of Error :l+I1 Dc~arma.na~a.an
a~ the A1txtud~ of CJ.nudw b the ' Nethodri. 72
C HROI'TIC
V. M. Sk1yax"0 v, rrTI',e 'l'wanth
rg.nniveruarY of the Mo,,caw
I'
F
J 'Qret'eora]og?cai Techna,c Schor 1,
p. Lisachanka, 'Work in Central Callx"sGSIf.
Irl-?r?Ir?r?????0 76
? ? Y 1 ? ? ? ? ?.. ? ?
77
CRITICISM AND BIBLIO p pH
V..5, SUnay1enlca, Review of A, A. I3orr s Book 1I9
i .,(t..~... 1r.;,~. ~ .... I (
y I i ,r{ ^Q
t r
t ~! x ,L
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0 ? ?opov, ""C 1ou1& ion off' 1 R entioh o!
A A r
Via tcr in river i3asin Cox' Purpose O 'arc~oasbi.f
the l~1OWOCf .. 1/11?r1,,Mb1A1??b/b?//1,I???a????a???????,,.01
QCEANOG'RAPH
N A 13C1inSkiy and lu? V0 Itohifl ""H,equirCmeltS or
u ,
Sorting Up Hydrometearoioic ~}~:) aeS'VF~ti411S at Sea" . ? ? ? ? ? ? / ~ 61
P. P. Ia Ni.ko'arov, '"Some Resuibs oi: the crv ce to the
National LOonpmy rendered by the ~7arine Forec ;astin
Division off' the O rural Forecasttf Inst tutE rjurina
R t c e f l t Ye ~. L s 1' . . . ? b ? ? ? Y 1 ? ? ? ? 0 ? . ? . 1 ? ? b ? ? ? ? ? 1
??-? 1 1 1 4 1 1???? 1 1 0 0 Va
SHORT i POE~i1S J1 D A}. T'ICLES
a e S. 5e1euneva, 'Accuracy oj' klumjd:>?ty Measurement' by
Airplane MeteorograPh~", ? . o .1.
??????.?b?e?????.1??????????060 0
A? Icarunin, 'The Magnitude of BxTor l.n Determination
o~ the Altitude of Clouds by the Visual MethodV' .. , ? , a.. 72
CEII:t0NiC1E
V. NI. Skiyarov, UT'1ie Twentieth ;jnniVera ark`' of the Moscow
Hlydrorneteoroiogical Techni.ca1 School" 0 , ... ? ? . ? ? . .. ? 1 ? .. o h
76
F P Lisachenko, t'Work in Central Coirr aesu o , .. ? ? . , . ? ? ? ?. 77
CRITICISM AND BIBLIO3R'HY
V. S. Sa ioylenko, Review of A..A- BoriSOV' s Book, C1imato1
s!;: ? ????b??A????????000 79
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IN'Q4A ION ?Q "1"
1. jo aGC~pt~ r~r'tic
71ai
col~ts trl t~ha ?ielc~rrs o~ ' met~c~
eh
~.srr'
,~n~.~~ ~~~'? r~,~ sc ~
ta.~.E~ s c~ ~va'tad to en r~x a~ ~ ~c~b~
ad h~rdx0lo , fld al~? ar'c -
o~.a g~'
of x ~c?t~a
rayphys~.G}a~. sc~encQS end the p
o Y~ sice~ ~~g~ar~ p~ ~, ~ora
the h ~, ~~ sec
~.a sexa,ce a Irl d.L'tiar
work of the ~,~c~ouletaaxo ~~
s of a cant:>,?0vc~~'a~.a1
b.o rah; includes article
ac,x :L'tiC:l.srn snd b~. ~ l ns;tuxe
m
grad critic a~., rind also s a p 1Y b1b1iaFar ph~.c a~
2 m ie sca, ~hou~.d be wxi,~tten in such a wad'
'enI ax~tlc~
a poasib~Ps
as wide a circle axc~~dex~3 as
5 to be unc~ex,~tandab~.e to t',hs sc ienM
. ~tfi,s.a.n~;d at the coal off' lpw.,,r. '
but ths ahauJ.d not be ~ ma'te~'~.a~,o
' ieve), of the exposItIan a
ta.fa.c :a~ld 'the0xc~t~.cs~.
ducted in sc~, dent .~a..
3 h , 4xts 011 the ~^esil~:;~ of work co n .
' tzon athe clx.xcc~ax of the
'. r??' t~,p115 sh01~~.d ~1~V() the autht)x',1.Z3.
:l~.ca~~on off' the wa~'k :Ln ota~'
institution as to th.right of ~ pl~b
~, the ~a.ven c,,1^'ta.c~,e IS n~~t a z,e
journal ~u~,a~
? ~a
' c~~~:rn~~ and d s?,;~?,nc;n't th
~.,. ch. subject o~ the the p:~ann~%d xe,~~ax
au~11poff: ~t~.G;J.es that they
It
is suggested to the their material in the most rc,rlci~, ;~exm coza~~7rm~.b~.e with
pxesexl
tiaJ.s s11au~.d not ex
'the length of the a,''
clarity of exp?s .tiarl .,
_afprin~i~ex'~m
c ' uthar? s sheaf, that is s ii pages
e~~ a ?~ a~ an a
n
e in ax1U article
'
c
ed t~x
c T, umbex, a~ dxaw':~ng$ shau~.d na~t e~cc ,I I , ~
e r~he be t fed doub~.e-spired on one
man~sc~'a.~;at~ should ~ ,th
~a w~.
std ~~d s~?sab athick ~rh p
s~.de a~ a ~ t copy i,s send ~a ~kle
jve fl' The ix
ana~"g~-rls a~.
editori. a;Cfjce ?
~.
~ 151 ....r.. ., ... ~ ,.. ..,. a . ?.). ~li.~. ~ u. it ,:
...
i .:.,i t
"' r''r ..b 1r
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6. All m them aUc al symbols d ? ox{anu1,s s should be clearly
wz itten in inky Indic&3 and exponents are to be write n in
esj)ecialiy accuratelyyo To avoid mistakes clear distinction must
+ h
be made between capital and srriail letters. Capital` lett '~ ors which
have the Janie out line as small letters (v, S, K, U, Cs P, U, X, x~
z) must without f:l be uncIerrco~^ed with two thin lines (fox ex
aiiiple, k~) 0 For the same purpose, one shouJ4 eare,Culiy Write in
such letters as u and n, e and 1, etc? E'ncitcle creek letter with
ooiored pencil.
7. All graphic material should be executed in India ink on
tracing cloth or thick white paper and attached to the manuscript
separately (without gluing to the manuscript) wi:1h a list indicab
ing the number of di grerrrls, the captions belonging to them and ex-
planations of the conventional signs used in the diagrams (captious
should not bo entered on the diagrars thcr aelvc s) n The author t s
last n[~Iie, the title o:r the article and the number of the ding ram
should be indicated on the back of the drawings.
8. References cited or mentioned are given at the end of
the article in a general list in the alphabetical order of the
authors' naxaes (native and :foreign literature separately) m The
list should include; (a) for books, the author's last naxae and
initials, the title of the book, the volume, publisher, place sad
year ? of pub:Lication, (b) for journal articles or articles from col
lections, the author t s last' name and initials, the title of the
article, the name of the journa:L (collection), the rmrnber oi' the
journal (issue or volume of collection), and the year.
It is prohibited to citeor make reference to literaM
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ubl,hod or not feet xa1osc1 by to ptero
tuxo whic,h io unp
10. he n ps pf i arai n autoxin to text o
article shQU1c1 be given wi'U~ou't i'ai1 in N,uss~,an 'trano~,:l,tax~'Laono
11. the manuscx:tpt must be i;ned by the autil?x and
-haUid inc Jude the o11owin , inf r a'tiota ;
the c~i thor s last nsila,
~ivcm nine and patronymic (in ?'u11) and his Cuii addxas- .
' board rest rver~ the right to mike n Cas~
12. The ed~.~tora.al
3 iI &3 i.tor.l.al correct Lofts, adciitlo.1s oz' cuts m
13+ Proofs oi' articles W11 not be sent to du'thors~
i..4 a Ton - reprints off' the article will be sent to the
author.
the cae o:t' 'ailure to obsc;rVe the above candi
in i~
Lyons, received :l or pubiiC tion by the edi'toriai
manuscripts
and will be re'turnCd to the authox.
star:C will not be considered
for finishing
~'~anuscripis which are not accepted for public at ian
16~
will not be -returned to the authors o
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