SOVIET ARMY INTELLIGENCE SERVICE AND MORALE FACTORS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00046R000300320010-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 11
• Document Creation Date: December 14, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 5, 2001
• Sequence Number: 10
• Publication Date: April 20, 1954
• Content Type: REPORT

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,.CONFIDZNTIAL
COUNTRY USSR/Austria (Soviet Zone) DATE DISTR. 20 April 2954
SUBJECT Soviet Army Intelligence Service and NO.OF PAGES 11
Morale Factors
DATE OF INFORMATION
PLACE ACQUIRED
SOURCE
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THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
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SOVIET INTELLIGENCE SERVICE ADD MORAIE
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Current policy con dependents
FACTORS
f Soviet person,
ne,i ;a5..,outlined in report
BURG (4821H-162'Ck), had no pass pr Vi1eges whatsoever,
other .than .,.Sve sr6ehniki, ei'the 23& AAA Div,,
2. For" explanations given-to Soviet personnel by.So let.
authorities for not freely admitting dependents to Austria see
report
3. There were no restrictions imposed during off-duty
time, on officers stationed in the Soviet; Zoe of Austria. They
child come - and go be they pleased with ee exce;ptiona they
could not fraternize with the Austrian pp 'lace- They were
permitted to make pta.rehaeaa iii ' Austrian ;,stores and . tc freely
visit bars aud restaurants. Howeverp they had to avoid. doing
anything that-could be construed as fraternization. Seeking
the companionship of Austrian girls was.- expressly forbidden.
erkhsrocbniki" (reenliste i, were permitted to
leave-casernes or camp areas with proper . aU.thority. They could
enter stores to make purchases. Restaurants and drinking es-
te~bl ;s ente were off limits to them, and, fraternisation with
istri ans was forbidden.
easerneaa
and. were forced to remain in the vari VU s unit
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4'Officers sought the companionship of Austrian , girls,
e , ah Lustriana. .
but exercised extreme a ution4 ''Sverkherochniki" often entered
25X1X bare or restaurants but never Vemained in them long enough to
25X1X b .r caught by the Komman.datura i .trols.
e, , ea 3.ftO a c1ar,zor. a. gulcx,,4r3.nX* .4U aa4zti~vu, .
25X1X frequently smuggled alcoholic ever
c. -se in o~ n o the caserne of D ;F'.Eq,, .23x1 AAA. Div. A .l
25X1X section were : known by sig t ..to the Kozamandatura:
ce,
unteri telligen
tio
of the S eeiil Secc
Th '
6d
i
, dEi
6y
pass pri'ile.ges,
making "'it possible. o Vw era u _.KOR1 EUBQRG with proper
authority, and meke purchases iz stores.,. They could not enter
drin:f g "establishments or restaurants, `and could not (rater-
days. EM could be authorized 10-dayy leaves. Officers and EM
50"" Soviet officers -were authorized annual leave of 45
eQt ld;,,te`ke their leaves only in the USSR$
.the family the other for outstanding soldierly performance.
. of know what percentage' of personnel could.
b+e lowe eave ae any one time. However, only two EM
Seeten were allowed leaves in x.953, one becauseof a dead
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there mere wascya$
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7. Serious illness ardeath in the famiily,.outstanding,
.marksmanship, outstanding soldierly performance in training,
and political work constituted the criteria for leave con-
sideration, For outstanding soldierly performance or marks-
mane-hip one or two'soldiers were selected annually for leave
from each regiment. In each case, the length of leave was 10
days. Travel time was not counted as leave time.
S. The EM were extremely bitter about the poor leave
Polio y? It was unusually poor in that only an insignificant
hber could take advantage of it. Peraotalfeelings were not
taken into consideration.
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9. no specific incidents revealing
di g good or
p new .e EM seemed to be more or less resigned
to the fact that they had to serve three years. 25X1X
a. no idea as to how man
m
"
y
en
AAAwere in the 23d
Div guar ouse i> ..--STOCKERAU (4823]F-1613B) a
b. Drunkenness -was quite prevalent 91 ' fi+aong the officers,
although it was confined in most insetancee to off-duty times
EM were limited in procurement of liquor and.other intoxicants,
so there was little drunkennesa'among them. Liquor could be
purchased in the division "Voyentorg"' (pI , but not in the
regimental "Toyentorgs3"'< It cost 14.schi1lingss per bottles
Since a private was paid only 40 s"chillitgs'monthly, this price
was prohibitive to him.
purchased liquor in town`for 15 schillings
a b P" w we he smuggled into the caserne. The EM then
Ax ed it to produce larger.qu ntitiese.,
do
no officers Q_ EM rho had venereal.
no instances concerning the disobedience
of orders,
Other than the minor breache
f
s o
discipline alred
ay
lis~rted, several instances of.:soldiers falling
aslee
p on guar The normal punishment ,'for this was 10-20 days
restriction to unit area and loss of privileges. Sometimes
. sold ,errs were , given 15 days of strict aarre*t,. which meant con-
`ln9ent in the, division -guardhouse in STOCT,1Ed'U, one full meal
Yer other day, otherwise only bread and,water ration. Type.
of p niahment, was. at-the .discretion of the unit CO.
e4 no sped,t is orders `from hi
h
g
er headquaar*
-
era;r;calling a ;en on to breaches of discipline.
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4
146 The greatest cause of low morale we.'=the inatequate'
leave policy. Even though conditions. in the fiSSR were poor,
they were far better than the prison-like existence of the
armed forces in Austria. The l piy o
1.1 d 60hillings month
II was also resentede Lack of,~female e mvbnl.;,uship irritated.,
11.. The EM did not particttlArly resent, the privileges
given,to. officers .since they kn w that t .e officers had to
serve their-.entire lives in the'army, while they (the EM)
would complete their-term of service in ? tbr.ee . years. However,
the NOO "Sverkhsrochniki" resented the -fact that they. were not
permitted to have dependents in Austria'whi1e the officers were.
12. There were no complaints about medical care, PS supplies,
food, etc. Although the food was, not particularly good, it
was better than that in the USSR.
13m nothing about officer promotion policies
or `:so ap a OR s against the policies by the ;officers. Very few
men even bothered to concern themselves with the army promotion
policies, Promotions were available to EM who successfully 25X1X
completed various schools.
146 no one returned to the USSR
section pr or to expiration of normal tour of duty for political
unreliability, courts-martial sentences or physical disabilit
For returnees to the USSR from other military units
15. During political lectures, de- 25X1X
sertion.to the West meant that defec?ors, RPM e considered asp
spies'and returned* The lecturer cited the example of Gen.
VLASOV's troops being.returned to Soviet control at'the end of
WW II, In addition, the oath taken b soldiers provided for
punishment by death for desertion. nothing concerning
the fate of deserters to the West from associates, local popu-
lation or from Allied propaganda,
to .,.FRATERNIZATION,
1. Fraternization was officially forbidden. Violators,
were subject to'trial by courts-marial and.return to the USSR
upon conviction, Many officers fraternized, but they used
extreme caution.
2. following information on the, control
of fraternization:
ae control was'exercised by the
Austrian P___oe n en.~orcing ,,tee non-fraternization policy.
a. Party members were expected`to help enforce the
ildn-fraternization policy. However, most, of the officers were
Party members and violated the?policy. The young Komsomol
members were not to be trusted., as they would turn in violators
to enhance their own positions,
oo Eommandatura patrols were-actively-'engaged in en-
forcing the policy in KORNEUBURG. the 25X1X
patrols making periodic checks of a ars.an restaurants as.
well as patrolling the streetso
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d, the CO of the Special Section
of Counterin.e M gence9 9 25d AAL Div9 It Col Aleksey
Ivanovich OLENIN, concerned himself with officer violations
of . the non-fraternization policy. OLLNIN normally wore civilian
clothing while checking on other bfficers. At the time of
OLENIN was checking the activities of a'
za or name unknown from one of the 23d AAA Div sub-
units in STOCI~RLU, the major was "keeping 25X1X
company" with h-a pros u e in G.
e U -OKR- "S RSH' units.
doubted that such organizations existed at the
present time,
f there were no longer any ZG"3
units, is been known as MGB until a short time ago.
Immed a e y o owing the death of STALIN9 all MGB units were
redesignated as MVD0
CA SECURITY, GENERAL
1s Unit Designation
cially informed of this designation by the se
unit designation was also written in his service book,
No equipment whatsoever carried the unit designation.
No unit designation was ever noted on r trative
correspondence, any other
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type of correspo . we a no signs in
any unit area to indicate the military designation of the unite
In service newspapers9 the term "N-skiy" was always
used in place of the unit designation.
2. Security Duties
a. The Special Section of Counterintelligence9 MVD,,
23d AAA Div9.consisted of seven officers and 14 BN. The EM
had no MVD duties9 and their main mission was to provider s,
guard unit for the section. This guard unit was headed by
a junior sergeaht who also acted as first sergeant,
Pour men of this unit were responsible for mail
taining a one-man post within the section building. The post
was maintained 24 hours a day, and the men relieved each other
at eight hour intervals, During duty hours they also served
as receptionists. Their duty station was on the first floor.
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.--6
The section offices were on the second floor and the guards
controlled traffic to the second floor, Within the guard's
duty room there were two cells that could not be seen by
visitors. These cells were supposedly for political prisoners.,
never saw these cells occupied during his entire
service with the unit,
The other guards were responsible for the main-
tenance of atone-man walking post around the building and
grounds of the section. The post was maintained only during
the hours of darkness by six men who relieved each other every
two hours.
The remainder of the EM included two cooks (the
section had its own mess within the section building), one
janitor, and the CO's driver. The off-duty cook helped with
the outside guards
b. The following procedure was required of Soviet
officers and.EM entering the caserne of Div Hq, 23d AAA Div:
A duty officer was located at the caserne entrance, He. ad-
mitted unit officers whom he recognized without further
identification, All other officers had to present identifica-
tion and authority for entrance. EM had to show orders or
authority to enter or leave the caserne, and their service
books were also checked. All vehicles leaving the caserne had
to have an officer escort.
no information on identification re-
quired of Soviet officers and EM to enter maneuver areas or
other military areas,,
3. PoEeign Nationals
the following Austrians employed'with
the 23d vs two in Div Hq PX, four in the officers' mess,
one in the PX storeroom, one as PX chauffeur, and three clean-
ing women to Div Hq building and the officers' dormitory.
There were also Austrians working for the regiments of the
23d ALL Div, no information on their
number or du es..
no foreign nationa
t ese 'us tr anso
not list the names or addresses of any of
aniy Austrians employed by a unit could enter the unit
caserne. They had unknown documents to'enter the area which
Were presented at the gate. No Austrians lived within the
caserne of Div Hq, 23d AAA Div, no Austrians
living in any other Soviet mill ary area, 25X1X
4, Military Intelligence Section
no information on military intelligence
sections within the 23d AAA Divq other than knowing that there
were reconnaissance troo s razvedchiki)living in the division
hqa compound. they were a` part of the T/O of
the Div Hqs, bu no details,
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the Special
Section of Counterintelligence, M. 23d ALL Div.
The section was subordinate--to the Directorate of-
.Counterintelligence , BADEN (4801N-1614E),, Austria, It consisted
of the following personnel.-".
CO
Deputy Co
MVD Agent, 36th AAA Regtq
23d. AAA" Div
MgD Agentq 64th AAA Regt,
23d AAA. Div
MVD Agent, 68th ALA Regtq
23d AAA Div
MVD Agent, 42d AAA Regtq
23d AAA Div
Name
It Col OIENIN
Sr It Sergey Ivanovich
MUKHORT OV
Sr Lt MUKHORTOV
Sr Lt Konstantin
KOSTUCHENKO
It Vasiliy ZIMOVT'EV'
Cazpt (fnu) SENATOROV
(Note: the MVD agent officers
mentioned above were concerned w e' political reliability
of all Soviet personnel in the agent's assigned area.
no other details.)
Secretary-typist (female) Jr It Antonina Ivanovna
MAKAROVA
German language interpreter Jr It Anna Pedorovna
(female) MIIYU SKOVA
Guard. Commander and First Jr Sgt KOTCHE!KOV
Sergeant
COgs driver
Janitor
2 Cooks (also served as outside guards)
4 CQs> (interior guard post)
5 Sentries (outside guard post)
The entire section was located in an Austrian house
beside Div Hq, 23d AAA Diva the following descrip-
tion of the interior of the ousel
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a. First Floor - six rooms
(1) CQ*s room
(2) Living quarters for Deputy CO
(3) Guard Commander's room
(4) EM quarters (two rooms)
(5) Kitchen
b, Second Ploor - seven rooms
CO1 s- office
office of secretary-typist and German
language interpreter
Deputy C0$ s; office
Office for regimental agents (the agents
also had offices in their respective regi-
menus)
(5) Secret Documents room.
(6) Visitors$ room _
(7) Photo lab
The keys to the Secret Documents room were kept by the
secretary typist. All paper work, documents, and correspondence
were handled by officers only*
specific type of work the section
his office6
prisoners were
no 25X1X
was 25X1X
responsible for the organization oa Beare for'two soldiers
of the 23d AAA Div who defected to the West early in 1953?
no further details on this.
All officers and EM of the section wore artillery
ahoulderboards with the crossed cannon device..
The officers were assigned to the section from the
Directorate of Counterintelligence in DAMN Two of the EM
were alto assigned from the Directorates.. The remaining 12-E
were drawn from the 23d AAA Dive 25X1X
GONFIDENTIAI.
not know what 25X1X
CO was rarely in
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nothing about other W troops, except
that he saw or er troops when crossing the border at'
"SOP (4825N-2211E) in Oct 52. These troops wore the standard
type EM uniform. Their shoulderboarde were' given with red
piping, and the service cap had a green crown.
6. XGB
no information on MW units.
that all former MG unite were redesignated as er
STALINrs death, changed from ffiGE to MVD,
7, Arrest
Only MAD officers could arrest Soviet Army personnel;
none of the EM in the section had this authority. They could
arrest army personnel only at the direction of an MW officer.
8. Oensorshir
. Mail to the USSR was picked up by the unit CQe and
delivered to the regimental postman (one per regiment). The
regimental postman sent mail to the Division Post Offices
which in--turn sent-it to an u/i-censorship unit in VIMA
(4815N--1.620E), Incoming mail followed a reverse procedure.
The soldiers were not allowed to disclose the name 25X1X
of the unit in which they were serving, what they were doing,
names of 00o, the food, pay or any complaints. All letters
from home had to be burned immediately after reading.
of no penalties for violating censorship regulations-.
Sending mail to or receiving mail from Austrians or
Germans was forbidden. heard of anyone who received 25X1X
mail from or sent mail to lua r ans or Germansg Soviet troops
were also forbidden to use Austrian mail facilities.
9. Photos
Cameras were allowed in unit areas, and pictures that
did not reveal any military installations or objects were per.
miscible., Bowever, soldiers were forced to do their own
developing but had no, facilities, for doing this?. The noyen-
torgao had no film processing facilities, and the great
majority of the soldiers could not leave the caserne to go
to Austrian stores for film processing. It was illegal to
,take undeveloped film to an Austrian store, but this was often
done by those who could get to the stores.
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10a K.ommandaturas
The KORNEUBURG Kommandatura was located in the city"
hall and police station building in KOB1EUBURGO The members
of the Kommanda.tura.lived in the building,
The only duties of this unit were to' 25X1X
enforce-law and order among military persons, ---- -- -NEUBURG9
and to enforce. the non fraternization policyb
11, Kommandatura Patrols
The 23d AAA Div did not furnish any troops to the
Kommandaturae n the Kommandatura who was
assigned-'there irec y We replacement center in BUCK
-- ' - __ .c --A #n ft 7^mma"Act
12, Document Sections
Psection had a Secret Documents
rooms bu a o contents of the room. Jr Lt
MAKAROVA was responsible for tie rooms and kept the keys for
it. She often made deliveries of secret documents herselfe
There.was a subunit of the Division Post Offices; known
as the Secret Post Offices (Se kretnaya Poahta)s which served
as a courier service for the 23d AAA.Div0 The Secret Post
Office had a room in Div Hq building directly over the Division
Post Office. Capt (fnu) PINYAZ.s assisted by a sergeants was
in charge of the S cret Post Office. There was also a branch
in each regiment. not know whether or not Capt
PINYAZ was a member o e no other information 25X1X
on the Secret Post Office,
13, Civilian Clothes
an order was published.in 1953 per-
mitting all officers to wear civilian clothes off-duty. Unti.
this time only personnel engaged in covert activities wore
civilian clothing. any officer take advantage:
of the new orders an cou g no explanation for thisb
The officers often wore civilian 25X1X
clothing.while on du s civilian clothes
IMILML
more than in uniform. When the CO was on a case his EM driver
also wore civilian clothes and used a German Opel Kapitan
as a cover vehicle.
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140 Foreign. Broadcasts
Russian-language TOA and BBC broad-
casts On a-. o g ven Po the men by a former major, This
radio was later exchanged for a cheap "Moskvitch"'. On. both
radios the interference was heavy and reception was poor,
ZK* _A
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.turned., off the radio and threatened to re or the.
r-i' L ; . i .. p.
25X1C en o he Co. The others
a f
'si+" ~uGli
25X1X a .. others were asleep, --At-first-
t first a road- 25X1X
think about them and became convinced that they were the truth.,
25X1X the VOA pro rams from 0500-0600 hours
and als -ou? hours, recall the hours of 25X1X
the BBC broadcasts, or the frequencies o the BBC or TOA
stations d
Officers in the re Div Hg of the 23d AAA
25X1 X Div had radios, If EM in the regiments
*Ore permitted to era os, u he never heard of any EM
who had them4
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