MACHINE TOOL BUILDING IN THE USSR

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00047R000100500010-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 7
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 14, 2009
• Sequence Number: 10
• Publication Date: August 30, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
INFORMATION REPORT
COUNTRY USSR DATE DISTR. ly
Aug 52-1
SUBJECT Machine Tool Building in the USSR
PLACE
ACQUIRED
DATE
ACQUIRED
THIS 00 CUMENT C0N TAINS INTO RMATION AIPECTI NO THE NATIONAL DEFENSE
OF THE UNITED STATES, ?ITXIN THE MEAN I NO OF TITLE 18, SECTIONS 793
AND 794, OP THE C.N. CODE, AE AMENDED. ITS TRAMSM19910X OR NEAR.
LATION OF ITS CON TENTS TO OR RECEIPT ^Y AN UNAUTHORIZED PERSON 19
PROHIBITED BY LAM. THE REPRODUCTION CF THIS FORM 19 PROHIBITED.
.NO. OF ENCLS.
(LISTED BELOW)
SUPPLEMENT TO
REPORT NO.
THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
the name "Kramatorsky Heavy Machine Tool Plant" was the correct,
name of "Stankostroi" after the plant had been put into operation.
Ithe name of some Soviet leader or event, connected with the
Soviet Re igned to the plant, since that procedure was followed, in
'all cases UNCODED for enterprises of that kind.
Ithe plant was called either "Stankostroi", or the Krarnatorsky
Heavy Machine Tool Plant.
the construction of the plant was begun approximately in
1937. UNCODED re world ryar II, only preliminary construction
of the plant was completed and put into operation. The designing division of
the'plant started its work, with an incomplete staff, approximately from the
beginning of 1939. The plant started production in 19I~0.
It was a new plant.
the plant operated under the Ministry of Machine Tool Building
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In the autumn of 1941the plant was evacuated to the city of Novosib
s
its last "echelon left in the middle of October 1941.
the lint was returned to its original site after the end of World Jar II. 25
a part of it remained in Novosibirsk where a new plant has
been built on the base of this part.
'th
ere was no used equipment at the plant at that time. 25
at least before evacuation the plant was Partly en2aged
-i in
manufacturing of military production
the total number of people employed at the plant before 25
evacuation were on y 000-2500?.
X1
Designing'and manufacturing of large metal-cutting machine tools was a task of
the plant. The following machine tools were included in
7,mh7
tolls produced-by the plant: roll lathes, lathes, and
boring machines.
plant trade mark should be on machine tools produced by the plant.
The following were some of the leading personalities at the
plant:
(a) Nik61di -Hehftkh6vidh Tevs
~ highly-qualified engineer-
designer who, before World War II, was chief of the lathes division of "PKO"
(Projecting - Designing Department) of the machine tool plant.
(b) Platon Feoktistovich Bal ov the same but a somewhat 25X1
younger man Mr Balyunov was
the head of researcn group at of the machine tool plant.
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The plant before evacuation had four' manufacturing shops: machine shop,
assembly'shop; pattern shop; and foundry of non-ferrous and small cast iron
castings. Moreover, the machine tool plant had a plant laboratory, and had
to have a repair-machine shop-and apprentice shop or apprentice workshop. The
plant got forgifigs and large cast iron castings from "NKMZ" (Novo-Kramatorsky
Machine Building Plant). At the same time, patterns which the machine tool
plant submitted for this purpose to "NKMZ", were used for molding the molds.
"NKMZ" was situated at a distance of somewhat more than one kilometer from the
Kramatorsky Heavy Machine Tool Plant. The plants were linked by a railroad line.
The machine tool plant was connected with the main railroad line by the plant rail-
road line of "NKMZ",
the definition of the category of metal-cutting machine
tools in the technical literature of the USSR is approximately as follows:
"Machine tools for the machining of metals through the cutting off of shavings
from metals by any method are called metal-cutting machine tools."
A. The situation with the shortage of metal-cutting machine tools in the USSR has 25X1
changed - great deal-at the present time in comparison with the period before
Woxl3.. dar II. Since--the end of World War II, the USSR has imported a large
quantity of metal cutting machine tools from dismantled enterprises in the
Soviet Zone of Germany. The USSR also got a rather large quantity of machine
tools from German in the form of industrial supplies as reparations. Large
German machine tool'plants were considerably destroyed by bombardments during
World War II and for sometime completely discontinued production. Some machine
tool firms of East Germany had a considerable number of finished and partly
finished ' machine- tool-parts. Besides that, a large quantity of machine tools
damaged by bombardments; burnt machine tools in particular, were at machine tool
plants and at'many other machine enterprises. Some machine tool plants of East
Germany, after their partial restoration, started to produce new machine tools
(chiefly on the base-of old finished and partly finished parts of machine tools)
and to repair damaged machine tools in 1.917-1918. The following firms are
included in the above-mentioned firms: the "Niles" firm and series of small
firms in the cityy'of Chemnitz; the "Pfauter" firm in the city of Leipzig, and
others. 'A part of-a plant of the "Reinecker" firm in Chemnitz has been recon-
structed. Thhe majority of the most valuable machine tools manufactured in the
Soviet Zone of Germany, has been sent to the USSR as reparations which, in total,
amounts to a''considerable number of machine tools. A number of machine building
plants in-the-USSR began to receive dismantled equipment including dismantled
machine tools, from Germany in large quantities shortly after the end of world
machine too s, together with erman machine tools delivered as reparations, have
relieved the acute shortage of machine tools which existed in the USSR for
several postwar years, In the spring of 1919 there was still a 25X1
large quantity of machine tools, scheduled for the USSR, particularly at the
railroad transfer base in Brest-Lit s . These have been gradually transported
to plants in the USSR; in 1919, E= there was no longer an acu125X1
need for most types of metal-cutting machine tools at working plants of "MTM"
(Ministry of Heavy Machine-Building) of the USSR and it is obvious that the output
of machine tools by-Soviet plants has alleviated the shortage to a certain degree.
A very important circumstance should be pointed out here, however, and that is
thata considerable number ofmachine tools belonging to enterprises which were
evacuated during-World War II, especially large heavy machine tools. which were
dismantled for transportation, were damaged considerably by careless handling.
Furthermore, the conditions under which they were used in new places during the
war were, as a rule, worse than they had been before the evacuation. The
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-iu.ttjj'/biuUK1T1 1NJ OENATION
following factors were the causes of this: worse shops; large numbers of
poorly qualified machine tool operators; low shop temperature; shortage of
lubricants and wiping materials; shortage of"spare parts, necessary tools and
devices; bad maintenance; and, in particular, repairs which were untimely and
of`bad quality. All'this'was aggravated by the extreme overfatigue and ex-
haustion of the majority of machine tool workers and administrative-technical
personnel of the plants. In particular, at NKMZ in Electrostal, abnormally high
wear, breakdowns of machine tools during operation, and the exploitation of
machine tools which urgently needed overhauling became quite habitual during
World War II. The majority of machine tools was very badly worn out by the
end of the war. The following machine tools are included among the metal-cutting
machine tools for which a great need has been felt in the USSR since world War
III.- gear-cutting machines for cutting teeth on gear wheels and on pinions with
large modules by the rolling method; gear-cutting machines for cutting teeth on
bevel gears with helical teeth for high speed gearings (Gleason, Klingelnberg);
precision gear-mill.ng'machines for cutting teeth on gears for high-speed gear
reducers; large slot-broaching machines; some types of boring machines] and many
very large machine tools and special machine tools,
Machine shop mechanics and technologists told that the Soviet-
made'metal-cutting machine tools were worse than American, English and German
ones.
insufficient preciseness and quick wearability are the main
ae~ecs of he--Soviet-made machine tools, from the view point of shop engineers.
Narrowness of'nomenclature of types of manufactured machine tools is also a
great defect of the machine tool industry of the USSR as such.
lat machine tool plants of the USSR, the intraplant normalization
embraces a large nithber of'used machine parts and such members as threads;
profiles of sections of machine -parts; diameters; and also tolerances and fits
used'in machine tool building; materials of machine-parts and recommended and
obligatory heat treatment, normal technological processes of manufacturing of
machine parts and'so on. For'all this, plants of the Ministry of Machine Tool
Building have intraministry standards, Plants worked out normal types of machine
tools and have standardized units of machine tools,
the following bottlenecks are the most noticeable in the Soviet
machine tool building: Unsatisfactory supply of materials; the absence of a
sufficiently-wide network of cooperating enterprises; lack of qualified workers
and specialists; low quality of production; general weakness of research works
lack of means for experimental work; and insufficient and weak perspective
planning.
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each-Soviet plant has so-called "Shtatnoye raspisaniye"
staff sc.e u e- . A staff schedule is worked out by the ministry for each year
for each plant of the ministry on the base of norms. Norms take into account:
technical data of the plant, the nomenclature of articles manufactured by the
plant, and the yearly plan of industrial production in tonnage and in. terms of
price. The staff-schedule points out to the plant a total staff of workers and
employees riecessar'y to the plant, and gives its division as to the number of
workers and employees separately, showing their categories and functional wages.
Limits for wages approved by the ministry are assigned in conformity with the
staff schedule.-. These limits also take into account the so-called "tariff zone"
of the enterprise,-determining the degree of tariff rates of workers and employees
of the plant'in accordance with its geographic location. Plants have no right
to violate the staff schedule and pass over limits of wages,
Assuming,"that the'numbe'r of working hours per month is 200 on the average, that
a yearly recreation leave is-100 hours, and that the total sick leave is also
100'hours per year, and not taking into account hours of overtime work and
state"holidays,'we have approximately, 2200 hours working hours per year for the
average productive worker.
The chief mechanic's department - of NKMZ in Kramatorsk did most of the repairing
of non-Soviet-made-'machine tools and manufactured a considerable number of spare
parts for them. The chief mechanic of the plant had a large chief mechanic's
department, a large and well-equipped machine-repair shop, and mechanic's divisions
at shops at his -disposal. Supervision and-caring for equipment of the shop.,
ffidihte'hdnce_w6rk_an4 planned-preventive repair of equip-
ment-were performed by mechanic's divisions of shops. Each manufacturing shop of
the plaint _ had this- division. Overhauls of machine tools would be made by the 25X1
repair machine shop.
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Ke number of skilled workers being trained corresponds approximately
"
a
the' i umber' required` to'
not enough engineers and technicians are being trained. The level of gcalifica-
tion of trained workers, engineers and technicians, however, is undoubtedly lower
than the level necessary for the industry.
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On manufacturing. herringbone gears and pinions, the presence or absence of a
groove for relief of a cutting tool is determined by the type of machine tool
on which the cutting 'of teeth is performed. At the machine building plants of
the USSR the majority of gear-cutting machines for cutting teeth on
cylinder gearwheels were-made as gear milling machines for cutting with gear 25X1
cutters. Thus, only gears with a groove for relief of a gear cutter could be
cut-on'them. In machine building plants of the USSR, however, there are also such
gear cutting machines, as gear planers of the "Sykes" type, and gear milling
machines for'dutting teeth with milling cutters--end mills. Herringbone gears
of the continuous tooth type, having no grooves, are cut on these machines. 25X1
Speed in metal-cutting machine tools of the'USSR has been obtained mechanically
ih"all._cases At the same time, depending on the machine tool, the
process of shifting has been realized either by hand or electrically. 25X1
the controls have been electrical.
up to the middle of the 19IO's at least, electronic controls
were not used in the machine tool building of the USSR and in those machine
tools of foreign firms
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