THE MANPOWER SITUATION ON A UKRAINIAN KOLKHOZ

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00047R000200070009-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 3
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 5, 2003
• Sequence Number: 9
• Publication Date: October 31, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
INFORMATION REPORT
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COUNTRY USSR
SUBJECT The Manpower Situation on a Ukrainian Kolkhoz
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THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS INFORMATION A//CCTIME TNC NATIONAL DEFENSE
OF THE UNITED STATES, MITMIN THE MEANI IIS OF TITLE 16, SECTIONS 7i'
AND 714, OF THE U.S. CODE, AS AMENDED. ITS TRANSMISSION OA REVS.
LATION OF ITS CONTENTS TO ON RECEIPT S`I AN UNAUTHORIZED IERSOM IS
PROHIBITED ST LAM. THE REPRODUCTION CT THIS FORM IS FROHISITED.
SOURCE
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THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
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1. Q. What is the ratio of women to men on a typical post-World War II Kolkhoz?
A. The typical kolkhoz in the postwar period had about 60% adult workers, of whom
about 70% were women.
2. Q. -Why did a relatively large number of demobilized soldiers. return to their kolkho?es
after World War II?
A. The reason so many demobilized service men returned to their kolkhozes is that
191.6, the year of demobilization, was a famine year in the USSR and soldiers
knew that even if they were not entitled to any pay in kind from work days, they
could still get something to eat from the garden plots belonging to their
families.
3. Q. Is movement of workers from agriculture to non-agricultural sectors heavy or
light sporadic, both absolutely and in comparison with pre-World War II exper-
`idnceT
A. Movoment of manpower from the farm to industry is mainly marked by the fact that
kolkhoz workers are now drafted for work in industry where they had formerly
gone voluntarily. A kolkhoz chairman gets an order ("naryad") calling for a
specific number of workers from his khokhoz to be sent to a specific industrial
enterprise. This is a compulsory draft and cannot be ignored. I would say
that a greater number of workers were leaving the kolkhozea after World War II
as compared with before the war.
Is there any return movement, seasonal or permanent, of workers to the
agricultural sector?
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Those who left the kolkhozes left permanently. But there is the practice ot" drafting
workers and soldiers for work during the harvest season. Of the civilians drafted,
few are factory workers; people like barbers are more likely to be drafted for work
in the kolhozes. Soldiers are not paid by the kolkhoz; the only "pay" consists in
the kolkhoz responsibility for housing and feeding the soldiers while they are at the
kolkhoz. When a military unit lends its motor transport for a kolkhozes use. the
kolkhoz pays the government in kind. Seasonal workers remain on the kolkhoz and work
until they have completed an established number of work days. Uivilian workers receive
payment in kind according to the number of work days they have completed. However,
the payment is not received in full immediately, but is paid out during the course
of the year.
Are workers required to remain on the kolkhoz by law (that is, by laws aimed at
retaining the kolkhoz labor force, not by laws which generally restrict freedom of
movement in the USSR)?
A. Yes, according to provisions of the kolkhoz charter by which every kolkhoz is governed.
The provisions of the kolkhoz charter differ somewhat according to the agricultural
region, but basically they are all the same. These charters regulate the size of the
garden plots and the number of head of cattle etc, which the kolkhoz has a right to
maintain. According to the provisions of the kolkhoz charter, all kolkhoz members
are obliged to submit to the general regulations of the kolkhoz. Becoming a kolkhoz
members involves submitting a declaration ("podat' zayavleniye") of intent to become
a member. New members are received at open.kolkhoz assemblies. Only heads of
families are kolkhoz members so only they are obliged to remain on the kolkhoz.
After World War II was over, all the kolkhozes that had been liquidated by the German
occupation had to be chartered anew, and all members had to declare anew their intent
of becoming members.
Do young people regard non-agricultural employment as preferable to kolkhoz work?
A. Yes. There are some young people who work on the kolkhoz during their summer
vacations from school; this is compulsory. There are others who failed to cowplete
their education on account of World War II and after the war married and had no
alternative but to remain on the kolkhoz. But there are almost no young men remain-
ing on the kolkhozes. There are a few men for such work as running tractors, and
kolkhoz chairmen are forced to hide them so as not to have give them up to the trade
school (FZO) draft. In general, all young kolkhoz workers would prefer to got
specialized training and leave the kolkhoz, but they would prefer the kolkhot to
being drafted for semi-skilled work under the FZO program.
Did the kolkhoz imeni Chapaeva have extra labor which could have been recruited for
industry without damage to the kolkhoz economy?
A. No. After World War II, there was no kolkhoz that was not short of manpower.
How are students recruited from the kolkhoz for FZO schools? To what extent is
recruitment voluntary? at are the attitudes of students and families to the FZO
system'
The attitude toward the FZO program is negative. Recruitment is compulsory and
there were many cases of flight from the FZO school or factory. Such persona were
returned to their school or factory under guard. At the kolkhoz level, FZU recruit-
ment is carried on in the following manners each village council ("sell sovyet")
receives a plan for FZO recruitment from the regional executive committee (erais-
polkom") which is in turn distributed to the individual kolkhozes. The plan has the
force of law, and the list `"apiaok") for recruitment has the name and year of birth
of those who are being recruited. They are sent to headquarters of the regional
administrative apparatus where they are put on a train under guard and sent to their
destination,
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Q. Soviet statistics show a 2/3 decline in FZO enrollment since 1948. Can you give
possible reasons for this?
25X1 during the w.x education was interrupted for many
children. Having failed in some cases to complete even a four-year school, these
boys were ineligible for enrollment in technikums or higher educational institutions
and consequently were drafted for the FZO program. Dut after the war, most boys got
their chance to finish a seven-year course and were eligible to go on to school or
to go to work in the city. Incidentally, there is a provision in the kolkhoz charter
guaranteeing the right of young men to go to school without interference on the
part of the kolkhoz. 25X1
10.. Q. What can you tell about the Chief Directorate of Organized recruitment ("Orgnabor")
.k,
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of the ministry of Labor Reserves? 25X1
Orgnabor draws its recruits chiefly from the villages. The nature of the recruitment
is "voluntary-compulsory" like the State Loan. In 1943, 21 people were sent out from
my kolkhoz, of which only four were volunteerse A break down of these 21 shows that
four were sent to the Donbas industrial area, 11 were taken for work on the railroad
and six were sent to work in Glavlves (Ch- ?f Dirpn+.nrn+.a of Fn.?ea+ Tna?o+-4 1
0
ll. Q. Do you know of any recruiting for resettlement into border areas? 25X1
A. In 1947 or 1948 there were two families sent if or resettlement on the
Polish border. I am not familiar with the organization that was responsible for
this project, but I presume that it was the Ministry of Defense. We got our orders
from the Regional Executive Committee by way of the village Council. The recruit-
ment was purely voluntary and the two families that left had their transportation
costs taken care of by the State and their housing was already prepared in their new
village, also without coat.
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