THE PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTION OF AN INDUSTRIAL BUILDING/MATERIALS USED

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00047R000300200006-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 6
• Document Creation Date: December 14, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 20, 2002
• Sequence Number: 6
• Publication Date: August 5, 1953
• Content Type: REPORT

Approved FaAttipplem4M/ONSFFIRMRENA9RER00030020.0006t41 tb
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE REPORT NO.
CASE 1252S
INFORMATION REPORT CDNO. 25X1A
DER 6e6
DATE DISTR. 2 53
SUBJECT The Process of ConatruCtion of an Industrial NO. OF PAGES
Building/ Naterials Used
COUNTRY USSR
DAT' WO? INFORMATION: 1934-1941
TOIS 1001.1118110 OOOOO INS I OOOOOOOOOO AF000TIN4 TNT NATIONAL NNNNNNN
OP TOO UNITIO NNNNNNN WITHIN TWO MOANING OF TITLI IS, SICTIONS /SS
All TOO, OF Hit u.$.?I ISSION On 0000.
LOTION OF ITS O NNNNNNN TO ON NCONIFT IT AN UNAUT001112110 PINION IS
PNONI OOOOO IV LAN. TIII OOOOOO OCTION,OP THIS FORM 1$ POONISITIO.
25X1A
- NO. OF ENCLS.
(LISTED BELOW)
SUPPLEMENT TO
REPORT NO.
THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
25X1X
=TALI=
le n, the initial stage of the construction of in industrial building; the section
Of the ministry to which the future plant will be subordinated; prepares an
outline. (In accordance with the live-Yew Plan approved, by the Government) of
the clasoification of the plant and its production capacity. It then enters
into an agreement with the planning bureau of the ministry for the planning
of the plant. Subsequently; the section of the responsible ministry sets up
S construction administration for the plant In,C fifers the functions of
supervising its planning and building to that Wetly:se
PIAN IoNG STAGS
2. The first step in the planning stage is the preparati f an industrial
assignment (formerly called a preliminary draft) by th MN; tumuli This
draft consists ofi
A description of the technological process.
A statement of the economic basis,
A general plan.
Designs of the main buildings,
0 The approximate cost of the plant.
The industrial assignment must be approved by the technical council of the
ministry.
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DiSTRIBUTION
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3. The eecOnd step is the preparation. of the tebhnical draft'which is prepared
by the same drafting bureau. The technical draft consists of:
,
(a) Mauebrinte showing the disposition of equipment, with explanatory
tliettibreAda.
Blueprints of buildings and initallatione? with explanatory
memoranda, end statistical estiMates.
(o) A general plan, with railrdad linei and, roads.
(1) Blueprints of the utter system teWage system, heating system,
, ventilation, and electrical installations.
e. A complete estimate of the cost of construction of the Plant
Occasionally, soMe of. this is:contracted to special bureaus of deeign
(eLgthe sprinkler system, a transformer substation).
4. his draft Stet be checked and aPProved in its entirety by the teohnioll
dOunill Of the ministry.' The building section Of the &rift must be approved
bY-thelkliontifio-Technical Council (N T B) of the Minlitty of Cenetruotion,
lettMatis must be OknYed'by the iPecial estimates commission of the
or -Construction. It addition to the above, septrate"parts Of the
draft 'ire Aubjeot'to the approval of: the'oblait and city enginierl'the
Medical department of the Ministry of Smith; the fire inspector's office,
etc.
The working drafts are drawn by the same planning bureau or She construction
trust,
ocempluoTa
Atter the technical bet has been approved, the construction administration
of the plant negotiates contracts with special trusts for construction work,
for the installation of the water system, heating system, ventilation, etc.
The cost of the work has already been fixed in the approved estimate.
The construction administration supervises the construction and the
performance of separate contractors, pays their bills for completed work,
and gives its final approval.
8. In addition, the administration prepares annual financial estimates and
submits requisitions for building materials. The permit that it receives
for purchases of materials are passed on to the trusts for purchasing.
All Inbar is paid directly by the trusts.
P"TIKEE-9ZJSI
The equipment in the plant is installed partly by the personnel of the
Oftstruction administration and partly by the contractors Who supply the
eqUipment. After the installation is finished, the plant is officially opened
for operation; all the personnel of the construction administration go to
work in the plant, and the director of the administration usually obtains
the post of director of the plant.
- During the first Five-Year Plan, steel was used, on rare occasions and
by-ifecial authorisation. later on, it as used in shops where dawn, of fire
existed and there was much loading by cranes.
ll. The German methods of planning and work, which formerly were in use, were
muperceded by US methods prior to World War II. A special plant producing
structural steel was built in the Urals where, for the first time, steel was
perforated by means of a multiple automatic punch.
agatasimoiouarri IliromazzoN
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12. During this period 1934-19417 pneumatic -supports made their appearance
(pneumatic hammers sad.been'IOng in-Uae),-and so-did-craniel-VhiCb:Were
calIed-"Derik"-(copy of US-type derricks). A special Study vas made of the
tt-MithOd-Of 1Ui1ding,#RY6Craper6-and this method. was adoPteetin'the
construction of the'Palace of Soviets" in Moscow,' (During lrorldWae:II all
of the structural steel installations - Of the "PalaCe_Cf'SOViets" were
diaMantred-and remelted).The-basio.permissible tension on'iteel is
1400 kilograms Per square-centiteter, which corresponds exactly to the
US'Standard Of 20,000-lbS. per aciUare inch. weldiiig Vas VidelY'etplOyed
the-lastdaya priol, to World War 11. Electrical arc welding .vas
MObilY used, Automatic toolsfor welding were in the process Of being
WO-rked-ciut and had not yet been put into industrial use. Arc welding was
done solely by hand.
13. Siall-ateel-parts, Which were So Widely used in the US, namely; steal-sash
fineitra;-ateel'pahola, steel-toOrs, Q.-floor steel deck, uniatreetslateel
inserts, etc$Were non-existent in the USSR. Steel windows were
fOrbidden. Although small-profile steel was listed, it was almost
Unebtainable, because the Steel plants Preferred to roll heavy-profile
steel in order to overfulfill their annual plan.
A. Steel-GonCrote (formerly ferroconcrete) - During the first Five-Year Plan
iteelsoncrete (reinforced concrete) was substituted for steel structures
iii-nonT4ireProo!-shops.-.In other shops, steel concrete was Used for cOlUmns,
and -girders. Later (1934 and on) it became more widely used. The Soviet
-tiatheds of planning-and their technical standards are close to tbe German
standatda and differ sharply from US methods. In planning, the prinetpld
attention was del/eta to the economy of materials regardless of the increase
in labor involved.
,
15, Only tlain or smooth "reinforcingbars" were used. There were no "deformed
10,re% In aonnecticin,with this, all of the reinforcing bars had hooks bent
at-eaCh'end. As ft rule every building trust had a "building yard" vhere the
reinforcing bars were usually bent.
(tit
The minimum size of the bars in use vas 6 mm (1/4"). In ULU thelodamam size
of-bars is 3/8". (kermissible stress in the USSR was 1200 kilograms per
square centimeter LT71000 pounds per square incg. The minimum percentage of
reinforcement is half of that in the US. Shear stress is borne mainly by
bent bars and stirrups.
STIRiCip
0
///e4.m?CONC/411Prir
' /
SMArIG441" STIFIEL 'RODS
(In the US a part of shear stress is borne by Concrete). Stirrups were
Obligatory along the entire length of a girder. This'prO/ides agreater
,datety factor for shearing than obtained in the US, but it _requires more
labor
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16. Cement was of medium quality but very variable. Therefore, the uae-of.
cOnarete of high durability was difficult to achieve. -Usually, cOncrete
of Ultimate'compreasion stress Of 110 kilograms .per squire centimeter "
(1600 pounds per square inch) on the 28th day was used. Concrete of 180
kilograms 'per square centimeter 'compression stress was used. lees frequently.
Concrete of 210 kilograms per square centimeter (3000 pounds per Square
inch) compression stress, whioh is in general use in the US; was used only
on rare occasion e in the USSR. A.ri example was; the foundation of the "Palace
of Soviets" spetial concrete plant was built for that purpose). The
aMoUnt of cement used. for nard concrete was 250 kilograms per aubic miter.
Since' the USSR had no ready mixed Concrete; aSSregates Were UsUally deii*ered
to the'construdtion site in the form of separate unmixed sand and separate '
giieVei. It was difficult tecibtain a good granulometric (relationship of sand,
gravel, cement and water) composition of aggregates.
17. The quality of concrete suffered considerably from insufficient mixing time.
It the number of mixings exceeded 120 in&gilt, hours, lwarkmencreetitieditionuees ?
Concrete of disastrously pOor quality was obtained by "Stakhanovite methods",
.When the number of mixings reach 500 per eight.) howso. keveontretamealumped
out Of the mixer immediately after the materials had been poured into it.
Vibrators were seldom used,
18. Determination of stress and =MOO in rigid frame constructions of reinforced
concrete Was done very carefully by exact methods. The use of methods of
approximation so common in the US was not recommended. Before World War II
noW' Standards of planning were issued, which were based on the estimate of
ultimate stresses.
19. During th, first Five-year Plan "sectional ferro-concrete" (reinforced concrete),
Vie itdely used, i e concrete columns, girders, and slabs mire made in advance
at "construction yards" and asseMbled at the construction site, (like
US LITS-I-BAB, Holland, Michigan).
sikoa
Cohie Mier Ir
Slit !emu F).5
The manufacture of readymmade concrete producte, however, did not run
stoOthly, and gradually this type of construction was used less and less
frequently, except for light slabs.
Roo
CONCKETIS
20. Wooden Structures - During the first Five-Year Plan, wooden structures were
very much in use. They were even used for shops where danger of fire
existed (such as boiler houses, small forging shops, etc);. During the
second Five-Year Plan the greater part of the structures were burnt down,
rotted or caved in and were replaced by? new concrete buildings. The
quality of wood was very pear. green, damp, wood fresh from forests and
in poor condition was used. Later on, the use of wood was limited but it
still played a large part in building; namely;
(a) Wooden trupses and girders (fastened with boltS, rings, and nails)
for mechanical shops, warehouses, and other auxiliary-type buildings.
(b) Wooden roofs (under RUbberoid - a tar paper with less fibre than US
tar paper).
Stinkup
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f
(t.)- Wooden partitions.
(0 Floors-and ceilings.
(0. Windows, doors, etc.
Permissible tension 6 correspond approximately tc those in the US. 'SinC?
the quality of the wood was poor (green, damp, and knotty) wooden structures
had a very short life.
21. Walls The-basid material used. for walls is bricks. During the first
Pkve-Year Plan the mortar for laying bricks wa6 made without cement (lime
to.whiCh 'brass Li form'of volcanic 847 and-Puzzolana Were added). Later
On; a46IUtion 1:2:12 cement-lime and sand were perMitted. Still later
slag Cement.blOCks were Used. Various slabs, asbestoi-panel, fenestra-........
PaneIi, etc.. which are widespread in the US were not used. Partitions were
usually made of wood,and plastered, or of fibrolite (panels of wood shavings
in magnesium-oxychloride cement).
22. goofs - Industrial buildings With flat roofs and with a slope of not more
than 1:1Q'were-covered.with Rubberoid over a concrete panel or wooden
sheathing. -The latter, as a rule, leaked. During the first Five-Year
Plan, peat was uied as heat-isolator. Since during construction it was
itPoiiibla tO escape rain altdgether, the peat became very wet and most of
the roofing rotted and was destroyed by i fungus (msrilius lacrimus). In
time, the use of friable peat was given up, and pressed peat blocks' began
tole used instead. In hot shops, where heat-isblation was not required,
corrugated iron, and later corrugated asbestos plates were used.
23. Heated buildings with the roof slanting 10 or more were usually covered
,iitllEteriltite (Slabs made of a mixture of cement and asbestos, measuring
12" x,12") over wooden sheathing.
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