SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT NUMBER 58-1

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• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000100100001-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 113
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: December 2, 1998
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: July 11, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

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C.' PB 131691-T1
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY ~J
SCIENTIFIC
INFORMATION REPORT
Number 58-1
11 July 1958
Distributed Only By
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
OFFICE OF TECHNICAL SERVICES
WASHINGTON 25, D.C.
Issued Somi?monthly. Price: Per year $28.00; Single issue $2. nn turn
.JinMPIi,7fi4 ~jG!- .Uja
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PLEASE NOTE
This report presents unevaluated information 'extracted from
publications of the USSR, Eastern Europe; and China. The in-
formation selected is intended to indicate current scientific
developments and activities in the USSR, in the Sino-Soviet
Orbit countries, and in Yugoslavia, and is disseminated as
an aid to United States Government research.
SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT
Table of"Contents
Page
I.
Astronomy
1
II.
Biology
2
III.
Chemistry
it
IV.
Earth Sciences
30
V.
Electronics
31
VI.
Engineering
41
VII.
Mathematics
43
VIII.
Metallurgy
4+?3
IX.
Medicine
44
X.
Physics
83
XI.
Miscellaneous
109
NOTE: Items in this report are numbered consecutively.
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I. Radioastronomy
"Relative Intensities of Discrete Sources of Cosmic Radio o,i5sion
on 4.2-Meter Wavelength," by V.A. Sanamyan, Dyurakan Astrophysical
Observatory, Academy of Sciences of Georgian SSR, Dokl AN ArmSSR.
1957, 25, No 2, 49-56 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- F z ca. No `E,
Mar 58, Abstract No 6693)
Interference measurements of 20 discrete sources on 4.2-m wavelength
were made in 1953-1956 by the method of phase Inversion. The results ob-
tained are compared with those obtained on another wavelength. The sharp
difference of spectral behavior between A Tauri and A Cassiopeia is ex-
plained by the young age of the first'soue whiF~ continues to generate
relativistic electrons of high energy (1011 10" ev) responsible for
increasing intensity with increasing frequency. The same increase of in-
tensity with frequency of A Virgo may also br due to high-energy electrons
and may explain the partially polarized visible light.
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II. BIOLOGY
2. Absorption and Distribution of Radioactive Phosphorus in Tomato
Plant Organs
"On the Absorption and Distribution of Radioactive
Phosphorus in Tomato Plant Organs," by K. M. Sitnik;
01 Kiev, Ukrainsk'iy Botanichniy Zhurnal, Vol 15, No 1, 1958,
CPYRGH!'p 22-22'
"This paper presents the results of a study, conducted with the
aid of the isotope -tracer method, of phosphorus distribution in tomato
plant organs with the normal interrelationships between the organs, as
well as on removing the leaves or the entire aboveground part of the
plant. The leaf apparatus was found to determine a more intensive
absorption of mineral elements from the nutrient mixture. The dis-
tvrbance of normal metabolism in the root system on, removing the leaves
or the entire aboveground part gives rise to grave alterations in the
absorption and distribution of the elements of mineral nutrition in
the plant organism." -- English abstract
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3. rhyiogene uc S,yc tem of Green Algae Studied
"Remarks on the Phylogcnetic System of Green Algae
Proposed by K. 1. Meyer," by A.V. Topachevskiy, Kiev,
Ukrai.nc'kiy Dotanichniy Zhurnal, Vol 15, No 1, 1958,
CPYRGHT Pp 8u-
"The author agrees with the assertion of if. I. Meyer (Moscow,
1951 and 1952) that the central chromatophorc is the primary type of
chromatophore, but considers that it could arise only in amoeboid forms.
The amoeboid movement in primary organisms placed the chromatophore in
the center of the cell, and only the appearance of hard cell walls
caused the displacement of the central chromatophore or chromatophores
to the periphery.
"The central chromatophore has survived in a considerable number of
species, which in the h.tstory of their development had no flagellate
forms, or which diverged at the first labile stage of the flagellate
level of development.
"The author admits that an amoeboid stage of development is in-
evitable for all algae and outlines the probable path of development for
Centroplastae and Parietoplaste.e, but does not agree with the assumption
that the development in the subclass Parietoplastae cellulineae followed
the straight line of Volvocales-Palmellales-Chlorococcales. The
Palmelloid form of structure -- and, consequently, the order Palmellales
as well -?- is a lateral, unprogr_-3ive line of development of green
algae." -- English abstract
14. Czechoslovak Academician 85 Years Old
"Academician Bohumil Nemec -- Great Friend of Slovak Science --
Reaches 85 Years," L. Pastyrik; Bratislava, Nasa Veda, No 4,
Apr 58, PP 172-173
Pastyrik's article is a biography of Academician Bohumil Nemec,
described as a plant physiologist with a wide view of biology, who was
85 years old on 12 March 1968. A three-quarter-view facial photograph
of Nemec, who is presumably an academician in the Slovak Academy of
Sciences, is given.
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III. CHEMISTRY
(Chemistry and Technology of Fuels)
5. Combustion of Dispersed Liquid Fuel in Turbulent Air Flow
"On the Combustion of and Heat Transfer by Dispersed Liquid
Fuel in a Turbulent Air Flow," by G. N. Delyagin and B. V.
Kantorovich, Institute of Mineral Fuels, Academy of Sciences
USSR; Minsk, Inzhenerno-Fizicheskiy Zhurnal, No 3, Mar 58,
pp 24-.'39
A combined theoretical and experimental investigation has been made
of the processes of combustion and heat transfer occurring when liquid
fuel burns in an air stream. The specific characteristics of combustion
and heat transfer in a turbulent air flow are brought out. The relation-
ships are given which correlate the burning out of the fuel and the heat
transfer between the gas and the walls of the chamber with parameters
characterizing the operation of the combustion chamber and its geometric
and hydrodynamic characteristics. Reasons are given for the separate
consideration of the combustion zone and cooling zone in the calculation
of combustion chambers or furnaces. It is shown that the use of a
relationship of the type T IT 1, = f (Bo) (where Bo is Boltzmann's
criterion or number) in thg calgffation of furnaces is essentially in-
correct; it can be applied only in the case of a furnace in which the
fuel burns out in the whole volume, i.e., when a zone of pure cooling
is absent.
Chemistry and Technology of Nuclear Fuels and Reactor
ConstructL)n Materials
6. Oxidation of Tetravalent Uranium Under the Action of Gamma Radiation
"Radiation Oxidation of Solutions of Tetravalent Uranium,"
by V. G. Firsov and ?3. V. Ershler; Moscow, Atomnaya Energ:ya,
vol 4, No 4, Apr 58, pp 343-348
It was found that when sulfuric acid solutions of tetravalent
uranium which ontain 0.8 N H2SO4 are exposed to t}?ie action of gamma radiation
emitted by CO 90, the yield of the oxidation of U'*-1' [i.e., the value of G]
is close to 5.0 when 02 is absent and the concentration of U is aF
proximately equal to 100 milligram-equivalents per liter. No oxidation of
U by the molecular ion H2+ is observed even when the acidity of the
solution is considerably increased and the concentration of U4' is lowered.
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After the concentration of Ulu + hti,s been lowered, the yield drops
principally because of the recombination of the radicals Ii and OH. An
e%tation has been derived which expresses the dependence of G on
[U} ] and is in agreement with experimental data. Furthermore, the
relationship has been established betweep the velocity constants of
the tthree reactions H -j-- OH, H -{- H, and. U ~-_k OH. When the concentration
of Ul~"'is higher than 110 milligram -equivalents per liter, there is a
decrease in thj4yield G. This phenomenon is apparently due to the
reduction of U by H radicals. Some mechanisms ar discussed by means
of which uranyl ions may inhibit the oxidation of Ugh. On the basis of
a consideration of these mechanisms, the ratios between the velocity
constants of the reactions U02 +'* II and H -t- H have been calculated and
the relationship determined between the velocity constants of the re-
actions U02 .}. OH, H + OH, and H + H.
On tht basis of the proposed mechanism for the oxidation of
tetravalent uranium in dilute solutions in the presence of uranyl ions,
an a uation has been derived which describes the dependence of G on
[UI'' ] and (U02 ]. This equation is in agreement with experimental
data obtained in an extensive range of concentrations.
7. Nature of Insoluble Substances Which Form as Result of Interaction
of Uranium and Thorium With Hydrochloric Acid
"On Some Chemical Properties of Thorium and Uranium," by
A. G. Karabash; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii,
Vol 3, No 4, Apr 58, pp 9-S~_
The insoluble precipitates have been investigated which form as a
result of the interaction of metallic uranium and thorium with hydro-
chloric acid. It was established that these precipitates have the
composition of complex hydrides the constitution of which can be ex-
pressed by the following formulas:
U H
I I
U (uranium hydr)xyhydride) Th. (thorium
HO OH
Schemes for the reactions by which the hydroxyhydrides of thorium
and uranium are formed have been proposed and confirmed by determinations
of the reaction balance. It was established that oxidation of the black
thorium hydroxyhydride with hydrogen peroxide, oxygen of the air, or other
oxidizing agents leads to the formation of the thorium peroxyhydride
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0e
Th -- 0 -0- Tb , which is colored yellow.
0
The chemical and physical properties of the complex hydrides were
investigated and some of them found similar to the corresponding propert!Ms
of simple hydrides. This similarity was established by a number of
characteristic reactions.
The results of the investigation described explain the unusual chemical
behavior of thorium and uranium and also some errors contained in the litera-
ture.
8. Plutonyl Fluoride
"An Investigation of the Physicochemical Properties of Plutonyl
Fluoride," by I. F. Alenchikova, L. ?,. Zaytseva, L. V. Lipis, N. S.
Nikolayev, V. V. Fc^:in, and N. T. .hebotarev; Moscow, Zhurnal
Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 3, No 4, Apr 58, pp 951-955
A method has been developed for the synthesis of plutonyl fluoride by
the reaction with liquid hydrogen fluoride of hexavalent plutonium in
hydrochlcric acid solutions. The plutonyl fluoride is obtained as a
precipitate after the hydrogen fluoride has been added to the solution of
plutonyl chloride cooled with liquid nitrogen. It was established that
the composition of plutonyl fluoride corresponds to the formula Pu02F2.
Investigation of the elec,n and infrared absorption spectra of plutonyl
fluoride indicated that Pu ions are present in this compound c+n:i that
quadrivalent plutonium is `absent. Plutonyl fluoride was found;to have a
rhombobedric lattice with the constants a = 5.797:9b.005 A and Q~,= 42?f 31.
The solubility of plutonyl fluoride in water was found to be 1.07 grams
per liter at 20?. It was established that the structure of this '.ompound
is modified as a result of the interaction with water.
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9. Acidity of Plutonium (IV) Oxalate and Its Solubility in Water
"Investigation of the Physicochemical Properties of Aqueous
Solutions of Plutonium (IV) Oxalate and. Determination of Its
Solubility Product," by A. I. Moskvin and A. D. Gelman,
Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences USSR$
Moscow, Zhurnal ITeorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 3, No 4, Apr 58,
pp 956-971
The solubilities of the Pu (IV) oxalate in water and in H2SO ,
fINO3, and HC104 were determined. Data on the solubility of Pu 0204)2.
6120 and measurements of the pH and electric conductivity of saturated
aqueous solutions of this salt indicate that aqueous solutions of
plutonium oxalate have acidic properties which, however, are not quite
as pronounced as those of U(C2014)2.6H2O (A. A. Grinberg and G. I.
Petrzhak established that uranium oxalate is a rather strong acid,
while thorium oxalate exhibits practically no acidity). It is assumed
that the mechanism of the acid-salt dissociation of plutonium oxalate
is analogous to that proposed by Grinberg and Petrzhak for urar:ium
oxalate.
The solubility product of the i'u(IV) oxalate was calculated on the
basis of experimentally determined solubilities of Pu(C204)2.6H2O iil
perchloric acid d in HNO - (NHl~)2C204solutions. 1t was found to be
equal to1~X10'" 22 * 3
10. Oxalate and Carbonate Complexes of Pu (IV).
"Determination of the Composition and Dissociation Constants
of Oxalate and Carbonate Complexes of Plutonium (iv)," by
A. I.,Moskvin and A. D. Gelman, Institute of Physical
Chemistry, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal
Neorganic::.oskoy Khimii, Vol 3, No 4, Apr 58, pp 9 .674
The solubilities of Pu(C201F)2.6H2O in ammoniam oxalate solutions of
different concentrations (0.001-.0.35 cool per liter) in the presence of
1.0 mol of ENO were determined. On the basis of the data obtained, the
composition and dissociation constants of the complex oxalate ions of
Pu(1V) were determined. Investigation of the solubilities of the
hydroxid6 of Pu(IV) in potassium carbonate solutions established that
there is an increased solubility of the hydroxide at increased concen-
trations of potassium carbonate and that this effect is due to the
formation of a complex between 'u(IV) and. carbonate ions. Calni..-
lations showed that in the solutions investigated the coiositio:,,
of the complex ion is [Pu(CO ) 'and that tine d.:! asociattion
constant of this ion is 1.1 X iC-47. Investigation of the absorption
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spectra of carbonate solutions of Pu(IV) confirmed that formation of complex
ions takes place. Because the formation of the complexes takes place in
several steps, it was concluded that Pu(TV) carbonate complexes of different
composition are formed. The tendencies of plutonium in different valency
states to form complexes with oxalate ,'.ons and of Pu,(IV) to form complexes
with different acid anions are compared.
11. Plutonium Salicylates
"Salicylates of Plutonium," by 0. Ye. Zvyagintsev and B. N.
Sudarikov, Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimiii, Vol 3, No 4,
Apr 58, pp 975-985
The behavior of salts of trivalent and tetravalent plutonium in
salicylic acid solut16ns and ammonium salicylate solutioni.i was investigated.
It was established that in a weakly acidic solution tertrivalent plutonium
forms a salicylate of the composition PuO(Sal'")2 and that under the same
conditions trivalent plutonium is precipitated in n the form of Pu34(Sal-)
1.5H20. The optimum conditions of the precip:itatii tt of the salicylates 3
of trivalent and teravalent plutonium were determined. It was established
that the salicylate of trivalent or teravalent plutonium can be titrated
with ammonia og a solution of caustic alkali; in both cases the complex
anion [PuO(Sal ) 12-is formed. It was furthermore established that or.
heating of an ammoniacal solution of a salicylate of trivalent, tetravalent,
or hextvalent plutonium the oxysalicylate of tetravalent plutonium is
precipitated. The optimum conditions. for the precipitation of this
oxysalicylate were determined.
12. Production of Zirconium by Reduction of Zirconium Chloride W:?th
Magnesium "The Kinetics of the Metallothermic Magnesium Reduction Pzrocess
for Zirconium Production," by F. G. Reshetnikov and Ye. N.
Oblomeyev; Moscow, Atomnaya rnergiya, Vol 1+, No 1+, Apr 58,
Pp 31+9-353
An experimental installation is described by means of which the
velocity of the magnesium-thermic process of the production of zirconium
was investigated by the meth d of the "float:t ng crucible. " By using a
gramma-.level meter with a Co?O radiation source, the level of a Mg C32 t
KC1 melt was measured. This level rose because of the sinking into
the melt of a magnesium-filled crucible due to the increased weight of
the contents of the crucible resulting from the reaction of Mg with Zr
Chi vapor. The zirconium chloride vapor pressure in the reduction
appara4..us was measured by are ordinary manometer which was connected over
a trap filled with molten tin with the space inside the reduction apparatus.
8-
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The measurements which have been made indicated. that in the ZrC1
evaporator heated to 450? the temperature of the zirconium chloride
during the magnesium-thermic reduction process did not exceed 330
It was established that the average velocity ci' the magnesium-
thermic reduction of zirconium chloride increases at a slower rate in
the temperature range of 760-8500 , as.the temperature increases, than
in the range of 460-490?. The factors which determine the velocity of
the magnesium-thermic process of the formation of zirconium are the
temperature of the evaporator and the velocity of distillation as well
as the vepor pressure of zirconium chloride which both depend on this
temperature.
13. Symposium on Sequestering Agents
"Symposium on the Theory of Sequestering Agents and Their
Application in Analytical Chemistry," by A. A. Pozdnyakov;
Moscow, Zhurnal Analiticheakoy Khimii, No 2, Mar/Apr 58,
pp 261-262
A symposium on the theory of sequestering agents and their appli-
cations in analytical chemistry was hel.a in Moscow 28-30 November 1957.
This symposium was called by the Commission on Analytical Chemistry at
the Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry imeni V. I.
Vernadskiy, Academy of Sciences USSR. More than 50 scientists who
specialize in sequestering agexi'.s participated in the symposium. Among
them were scientists from the People's Democracies, including R. P. Pribl
and I. Kerbl (Czechoslovakia); L. Erdei (Hungary), Lien Shih-c2L'uan and
Chen Yin'ts'ao (China), Tutundzic (Yugoslavia), and others. Thirteen
reports were presented and discussed. Some of these reports dealt with
theoretical problems pertaining to the thermodynamic stability of complex
compounds, the effect of the molecular structure an the color of indi-
cators, etc. Some attention was paid to the synthesis of new sequestering
agents and color indicators and to the application of sequestering agents,
specifically Complexon,"III [the disodium salt of ethylene-diaminetetracetic
acid] in the separation (for instance, by means of ion-exchange chromato.
graph,) and determination of elements.
A paper by I. M. Mustafina (Saratov) dealt with the application of
phenol-carboxylic acids" of the triphenyl methane series as "complexonomecric"
indicators in titrations with sequestering agents. The author of the paper
applied these indicator for to determination of a number of cations in-
24 Be , Mg , Al, ~r Ni and VO . The compounds that are, formed
are readily soluble in water and have a very intensive and deep coloration.
Some of the colored compounds are decomposed by solutions of sequestering
agents.
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R. Pxibyl reported on the application of sequestering agents in the
determination of oxidizing and reducing substances. He used the indicator
xylene orange in his work. The data given in the report demonstrated that
one can titrate mercury, zinc, lead, cadmium, bismuth, and indium-ii directly
and determine gallium, iron, copper, uranium, vanadium, chromium, aluminum,
and tin. For instance, for the determination of vanadium this element is
reduced with ascorbic acid and.then bound with the aid of Complexon III.
The excess of Complexon III is titrated with thorium in the presence of
the indicator. The author of the paper pointed out that it is possible to
determine photometrically or detect qualitatively trivalent uranium with
the aid of indicators with which uranium forms very stable complexes that
cannot be titrated conveniently.
The compounds that are formed are readily soluble in water and have
a very intensive and deep coloration. Some of the colored compounds are
decomposed by solutions of sequestering agents.
A report by P. N. Paley (Moscow) dealt with the reducing properties
of Complexon III. The author of the paper was able to demonstrate that
in an acidic medium under the effect of oxidizing agents the molecule of
Complexon III undergoes decomposition involving the formation of four
molecules of CO which indicates that the carboxyl groups are split off.
The paper cited 2examples of the reduction with Complexon III of ions of
plutonium, vanadium, and chromium.
Research on the synthesis of new sequestering agents was described
in a paper by R. P. Lastovskiy (Moscow). Lastovskiy reported applications
of a new fluorescent sequestering agent, viz., the tetracetic acid deriva-
tive of acridine yellow. This sequestering agent is very convenient for
applications in paper chromatography (for instance, in the separation of
barium from strontium or of calcium froyn magnesium). The author of the
paper also synthesized hexamethelene;:etracetic acid, which can be used
to mask iron without masking nickel or cobalt, and parafucsinbexacetic
acid, with the aid of which one can determine lead present as an impurity
in materials containing titanium. Lastovskiy pointed out that it is
possible to determine neodymium, lanthanum, and gadolinium polarograpbi-
cally with the aid of parafucesinhexacetic acid. A report by Lien Shih-
ch'un and Chen Yin-ts'ao (Peiping) dealt with the use for the determina-
tion of fluorine of a complex compound that was not known hitherto. The
authors of the paper demonstrated that in the pH range of 4.2-10 fluorine
does not decolorize the complex of pyrocatechol with ferric iron, which
,.roves that these compounds are more stable than the complex [Fe F6 ] 3-.
On the other hand, in the pH range of 2-4 the ferric fluoride complex is
more stable.
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A paper on the application of sequestering agents in ion-exchenge
chromatography was presented by M. M. Senyavin (Moscow). Senyavin brought'
out that the utrong tendency of sequestering agents to form complex com-
pouridi mnlccs it ponoiblc to use these agents :in chromatographic separations,
r. g., in the separation of alkali metals. He emphasized an interesting
p:.'operty of oequesterin(; agents, i. e., their capacity to form complex com-
pounds in two different ways: bonding with the oxygen atom or bonding with
the nitrogen atom. The method of separating mixtures of rare-earth elements
.with the aid of inhibiting ions is based on this property.
During the discussion A. K. Babko proposed that Complexon III be added
to slow down crystallizetion. Thus, zirconium phosphate precipitates slowly
in the presence of Complex= III and does not capture any titanium. Further-
more, the zirconium phosphate precipitated in this manner can be filtered
easily.
I. P. Alimarin, I. V. Tanranayev, V. I. Kuznetsov, A. K. Aabko, and
N. P. Komar' participated in the symposium.
(For additional information on chemistry and technology of nuclear
fuels and reactor construction materials, see Item No 22.1
Industrial Chemistry
14. Prospecting for Boron Mineral Deposits in Azerbaydzhan
"On: the Prospecting for Boron in Azerbaydzhan," by A. A. Alizade,
Azerbaydzhan Industrial Institute imeni M. Azizbekov; Baku,
Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zaved.eniy - Neft' i Gaz, No I+,
Apr 56, pp 3-
According to the author, prospecting for boron should not be limited to
testing petroleum well waters and establishing the location of mud geysers,
in the water of which boron is always present. The boron dissolved in
water has been leached out of some solid deposit and ik'; is the location,of
such deposits which must be determined. The relationships pertaining to
solid deposits containing boron are discussed in detail under consideration
of the particular geological conditions encountered in Azerbaydzhan.
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Organic Chemistry
15. Production of Ferrocene Compounds
"Reduction of Ferrocenecarboxylic Acids," by Academician
A. IT. Nesmeyanov, F. G. Perevalova, and Z. A. Beynoravichute,
Moscow State University, Moscow; Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR,
CPYRGH '1 112, No 3, 21 Jan 57, pp 1.394 +n O
"In our previous works [1] [bracketed numbers refer to appended
bibliography] it was shown that ferrocene can be metalized with butyl
lithium yielding a mixture of mono-- and dilithium derivatives, formed
during the carboxylation of a mixture of fexrocenemonocarboxylic and
ferrocenedicarboxylic acids.
"In this work, ferrocenyllithium and ferrocenecarboxylic acids are
used for the preparation of some other derivatives of ferrocene, and it
i;q shown that ferrocene can be readily metalized with phenylsodium [2),
yielding, after carboxylation, ferrocenedicarboxylic acid with a yield
of 42%%.
"To phenylsodium, prepared in benzene from 10 g of sodium and 21 g
of chlorobenzene f3], 18.6 g of ferrocene are added. The mixture is
left standing over night, after which it is heated to boiling with agi-
tation for 8 hours and is then poured over dry ice. The benzoic acid
is removed with steam distillation. The ferrocenedicarboxylic acid is
dried in air and is then treated twice with benzene to remove traces of
ferrocenmonocarboxylic acid. Fifty-five percent of the ferrocene is
recovered without change. The yield of ferrocene-dicarboxylic acid is
42% of the theoretical and 94% of the ferrocene that entered the reaction.
"The methyl enter of ferrocenedicarboxylic acid is readily reduced
with LiAiF; not only to the corresponding alcohol, but even to dimethyl-
ferrocene.4 1,1'-Di(oxymethyl)f'errocene is prepared by heating an ether
solution of the methyl ester of ferrocenedicarboxylic acid, (2 g) with an
excess of lithium-aluminum hydride. Lit1H4 wes prepared from 0.6 g of
LiH and 5 g AlBr . The yield )f di(oxymethyl).ferrocene was 92% of the
theoretical, and3 one melting point was 85-860; it can be crystallized
from alcohol and from a mixture of ether and petroleum ether.
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% Found: C 58.66; 58.73; H 5.89; 5.81; Fe 22.39
C12 H14 02Fe % Calculated: C 58.56 11 5.73 Fe 22.69
"If the methyl ester of ferroeenediearbcrcylie acid is heated for
3 hours with twice the above amount of LiAlH , 1,1'-diinethylferrocene
is obtained (89% yield, melting, point 29'30?) which is readily
soluble in organic solvents and can be crystallized from benzene by
cooling to -10,0 and from alcohol and a mixture of petroleum ether
and ether.
% Found: c 67.53; 67.70; H 6.89; 6.81; Fe 25.73 25.36
C12H14Fe % Calculated: C 67.31; H 6.59; Fe 26.08
"Reduction of the methyl ester of f,'errocenemon'ocarboxylic acid with
lithium-aluminum hydride results in the formation of ferrocenylcarbinol,
yield 73%, melting point 74-750, purified with chromatographic adsorption
on aluminum oxide, crystallized from alcohol and a mixture of ether and
petroleum ether.
% Found: C 61.61; 61.661; H 6.09; 5.83; Fe 25.67; 25.46
?C11H120Fe % Calculated: C 61.19; H 5.60; Fe,25.84
"Lithium-aluminum hydride reduces alcohols of the ferroc,ene series
very readily. Thus 1,1'-di(diphenyloxymethyl)ferrocene, on reduction
with lithium-aluminum hydride, yields 1,1'-d:Lbenzhydrylferrocene with
87% yield. This compound was described earlier by Pauson [4].
Dibenzhydrylferrocene crystallizes readily from benzene, melting point
161-162 ?. Literature data [41: melting point 162-163?.
% Found: C 83.43; 83.30; H 6.01; 6.11; Fe 11.17; 11.20
C36H30Fe % Calculated: C 83.39; H5.79; Fe 10.81
"Di(diphenyloxymethyl)f'errocene was prepared at 51% yield by
reacting the methyl ester of ferrocenedicarboxylic acid with phenylmag-
nesium bromide. It was also prepared by reacting benzophenone with
dilithiumferrocene, but the yield in the latter case was small. The
melting point is 17.9-180?. Both products were identical with them-
selves and with di(diphenyloxymethyl)ferrocene as prepared by the
reaction of d.ibenzoylferrocene with phenylmagnesium bromide described
by Riemschneider and Helm [5). Literature data f5): melting point
179-181? .
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Found: c78.53; 78.45; H 5.66; 5.91: Fe 10.30; 10.55
C36H3o02.Fe % Calculated: C 78.54; H 5.45; Fe 10.18
"Reduction of l,1-dibenzoylferrocene with- LiA1H4 under conditions
at which alcohols are normally prepared, yields dibenzylferrocene,
described earlier by one of us and N. A. Vol'kenau f'6]j. yield, 87%."
"Bibliography
"1. A. N. Nesmeyanov, E. G. Perevalova, R. V. Golovnya, 0. A.
Nesmeyanova, DAN, Vol 97, k59 (1954).
"2. A. N. Nesmeyanov, Substitution in the Ferro cerie-Nucleus. Con-
gress Handbook. 14th International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
Zurich, 1955, p 193
"3. K. A. Kocheshkov, T. A. Talalayeva, Sinteticheskiye Metody v
Oblastl Metalloorganicheskikh Soyedineniy (Synthetic Methods in the Field
of Metal.organic Compounds), Vol 1, 1949, p 168.
"4. P. L. Pauson, J. Am. Cliem,. Soc., Vol 76, 2187 (1954).
"5. R. Riemschneider, D. Helm, Ber., Vol 89, 155 (1956).
'
"6. A. N. Nesmeyanov, N. A. Vol'kenau, DAN, Vol 107,262 (1956)."
16. New Silicon-Organophosphorus Compounds Synthesized
"Reactions Between Siliconorgariic Compounds and Phosphorus Acid
Chlorides," by A. P. Kreshkov and, D. A. Karateyev, Moscow
Chemicotechnological Institute imeni D. I. Mendeleyev; Moscow,
Zhurnal Qbshchey ~himii, Vol 27, No 10, Oct 57, pp 2715-2720
The reactions between tetramethoxy-, tetraethoxyr, tetra(n-butoxy)-,
and tetra-o-cres',xysilane and phosphorus oxychtoride were investigated,'
as well as. tetraphenoxysilane and phosphorus trichloride. Three new
silicon-phosphorus organic compounds were prepared. The structures of
these compounds were determined by employing chemical, physicochemical,
and physical' methods of analysis. New methods were developed for the
preparation of triphenylphosphite and tri-o-cresylphosphate that are
based on:the reaction of tetraaroxysilanes with phosphor w trichloride
or phosphorus oxychtoride. It.is suggested that the reaction between
tetraalkoxysilanes and phosphorus oxychtoride takes place in stepwise
manner.
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17. Orgrinophosphorus Compounds
"Dealkylation of Isomeric Tributenylphosphites With Hydrogen
Chloride," by A. N. Pudovik, Kazan' State University; Moscow,
Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii, Vol 27, No 10, Oct 57, pp 2755-2760
The dealkylation of tri-n-butyl phosphite, triallyl phosphite, tricrotyl)
phosphitc, and tri.-(a-mcthylallyl)-phosphite with hydrogen chloride without
a solvent and in an ether solution was studied. At the same time the re-
actions between phosphorus trichloride and the alcohols n-butyl, allyl,
crotyl, and methylvinyl carbinol were also studied. The results proved to
be identical. In the case of the dealkylation of tributyl phosphite and
the action of phosphorus trichloride on n-butyl alcohol.3 dibutylphosphorous
acid was obtained in good yield. In. analogous e.cperiments with allyl al-
cohol and triallyl phosphite, diallylphosphorous acid was obtained in good
yield. However, in the case of isomeric butenols and tributenyl phosphites,
mixtures of isomeric chlorides and phosphorous acid are formed at lower
yields .
Tributenyl phosphites appear as intermediate products in the reaction
of phosphorus trichloride with butenols. Their primary dealkylation takes
place in accordance with the Arbuzov rearrangement. Ideas are expressed on
the possible mechanisms of furthur dealkylation of acid esters of phosphorous
acid under the action of hydrogen chloride.
M. V. Ivanova participated is tle experimental part of the work.
"Esters of Aminophenylsulfonamidophosphoric Acids," by A. V. Kirsanov
and N. G. I'eshchenko, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Academy of
Sciences Ukrainian SSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii;, Vol 28,
No 4, Apr 58, pp 1049...1052
The dimethyl and diphenyl esters of arninophenylsulfonamidophosphoric
acids and the corresponding ben zoylami nophenyl sulf onamidophosphori c acids
were. prepared and the physical constants of the products listed.
"Triaroxyphosphazosulfonalkyls and Aromatic Esters of
Alkylsulfonamidophosphoric Acids," by A. V. Kirsanov and N. L.
Yegorova, Dnepropetrovsk Metallurgical Institute; Moscow,
Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii, Vol 28, No 4, Apr 58, pp 1052-1055
Triaroxyphosphazosulfonalkyls and diaryl esters of alkylsulfonamido-
phosphoric acids were prepared and their properties described. Seventeen
compounds in,all were prepared.
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13. Addition of Esters of Phenyi.phosphonic Acid to Unsaturated
Aldehydes and Ketones
"Addition of Complete Esters of Phosphorous and Phosphonous
Acids to Conjugated Systems. IV. Addition of Esters of
phenylphosphonous Acid to a,'k?Unsaturated Aldehydes and
Ketones," by Gil'm Kamay and V, A. Kukhtiny Kazan'
ChemicotNichnological Institute; Moscow, Zhurval Obshchey
Khimii, Vol 28, No 4, Apr 58, pp 939-94
The interaction of esters of phenylphosphonous acids with a,b-
unsaturated aldehydes and ketones was investigated. It was established
that esters of phenylphosphonous acid add to a,b-unsaturated aldehydes
and ketones in much the same way as to trialkylphosphites.
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Physical Chemistry
19. Mechanism of Formation and Disappearance of Free Radicals
"Mass-Spectrometric Investigation of the Mechanism of the For-
mation and Disappearance of Free Methyl Radicals at Metal Sur--
faces," by P. Le Goff and M. Letort, Superior National School
of the Chemical Industries, Nancy (France); Moscow, Zhurnal
Fizicheskoy Khimii, Vol 32, No 3, Mar 58, pp 481-497
In experiments conducted under dynamic condition.- and at very low
pressures, the decomposition at. metal surfaces of vapors of different
substances was investigated which are capable of yielding free CH3 radi-
cals (methyl iodide, tetramethyl lead, and di-tert-butylperoxiide). The
immediate indication of the formation of radicals generated in the pri-
mary processes of decomposition and observation of the reactions of the
radicals at the walls of the vessel were accomplished by means of a mass
spectrometer connected with the reaction vessel.
It was established that for each of the gases mentioned the absolute
velocity of decomposition up to 1)5000K and the nature of the products
formed on contact with platinum, nickel, and tungsten are the same, which
is explained by the presence of a carbon layer that forms on the surface
of these.metals at temperatures lower than 1,5000K.
Above 1,500?K the carbon can diffuse into the tungsten, so that the
mechanism of the reaction changes completely: the gas molecules collide
with the free metal surface and decompose with the result that ordinary
stable molecules (H2, CO) are formed and no formation of free radicals
occurs.
In the case of methyl iodide the reaction of decomposition at the
carbon layer is simple: it takes place accoraing to the equation
CH31-_ CHg3 + I. The corresponding reactions in the cases of tetramethyl
lead and d1-tert-butylperoxide are more complex, because in both cases
there is formation of heavy radicals in addition to CH3. The heavy radi-
cals are formed as a result of the splitting off of several atoms of car-
bon and hydrogen from the initial substance. The 0-0 bond of di-tert-
butylperoxide is split no more easily than the other interatomic bonds
in the molecule of this substance.
The reactions of methyl radicals on the surface of metals depend to
a considerable extent on the nature of the layer of substances adsorbed
on this surface. The nature of the adsorbed layer is determined by the
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composition of the gas phase. Under the circumsta;;ices it is very diffi-
cult to ascribe a definite meaning to the expression half life of the
free radical, which is used by some inveutigators in the interpretation
of results obtained by the mirror method of Paneth and Rice.
[SIR Note: Although this article appears to be an original contribu-
tion to Zhurnal Fizicheskoy Khimii, it lacks the customary English-
language abstract which follows contributions by Russian authors.]
20. Effect of Formation of Metal Nitrides on Heat Evolved in Detonation
? of Explosives Containing Nitrogen
"The Reactions of Nitrogen in Explosions," by A. Ya. Apin,
Yu. A. Lebedev, and 0. I. Nefedova, Institute of Chemical
Physics, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Fizicheskoy
Khimii, Vol 32, No 4, Apr 58, pp 819-823
It was established that during the explosion of mixtures of lead
azide with powdered Al, Be, B. Mg, or Zr additional heat is evolved as
a result of the reaction of nitrogen with the metal. An explosion method
for the determination of heats of the formation of nitrides is proposed.
It was used in determinin the heats of formation of Be3N2 (135 kilo-
calories per mol), Mg3N 110.7 kilocalories per mol), AIN (57.6 kilo-
calories per mol), ZrN (72 kilocalories per mol), and BN (26.7 kilocalo-
ries per mol).
In explosions of hydrazine azide ammonia was found to form as a re-
sult of the interaction of nitrogen with hydrogen, the amount of ammonia
formed depending greatly on the conditions of the explosions.
It was established that during explosions of mixtures of hexogen
[i.e., cyclonite - hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-s-triazine] with Al or Be
additional heat is evolved in the calorimetric bomb because of a chemical
reaction between nitrogen and the metal.
High explosives to which a small quantity (10-20%) of Al has been
added are used extensively; such mixtures exhibit an increased f,,eat of
explosion (i.e., a larger amount of heat is evolved during the explosion)
and are more efficient. Small additions of aluminum increase the heat
of explosion without greatly reducing the specific volume of the gaseous
products of the explosion. Addition of larger quantities of aluminum may
bring about a strong reduction in the volume of the gases that are formed.
It was assumed hitherto that the increased heat of explosion resulting
from the addition of a powdered metal to a high explosive is due to the
reduction of water vapor and oxides of carbon by the metal. The results
obtained in this instance indicate that formation of metal nitrides is re-
sponsible to a considerable extent for the additional Evolution of heat.
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The possibility exists that one may initiate with the aid of ex-
plosions reactions involving the formation of nitrides and hydrides in
mixtures of metals with nonexplosive substances containing nitrogen and
hydrogen.
Radiation Chemistry
21. Radiation-Chemical Oxidation
"Oxidation Processes in Organic Systems Under the Influence
of Ionizing Radiation," by N. A. Bakh and V. Be Sarayeva, In-
stitute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences USSR, and
Moscow State University; Moscow, Zhdrnal Fizicheskiy Khimii,
Vol 32, No 2, Feb 58, pp 209-218
Among reactions which take place under the influence of ionizing
radiation, oxidative processes attract particular attention because of
the possibility of applying them practically and because of the important
role which they play in radiobiological phenomena.
There are two types of radiation-chemical oxidation processes: oxi.?.
dation of individual compounds under conditions involving direct absorp-
tion of radiation energy by the molecules being oxidized and oxidation ..n
aqueous solutions. Processes of the first type are considered in this
article, which summarizes work done during recent years by teams active
at the Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry of the Institute- of Physical
Chemistry, Academy of Sciences USSR, and the Laboratory of Radiation
Chemistry of Moscow State University.
A considerable amount of information has already been accumulated on
the radiation oxidation of hydrocarbons. In work published by the authors.
of this article it was shown for the first time that under-the action of
ionizing radiation on liquid hydrocarbons which have been saturated with
oxygen different oxidation products such as peroxides; carbonyl compounds,
alcohols, acids, and other products are formed at room temperature and
temperatures lower than that. In the experiments that have been conducted
X rays, electron radiation; and nuclear reactor radiation was used. The
results that have been obtained indicate that the yields of the oxidation
products based on the absorbed radiation energy depend on the structure of
the hydrocarbons: the highest radiation yields are obtained in the oxi-
dation of normal aliphatic hydrocarbons and the lowest in- the oxidation
of benzene.
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A characteristic trait of radiation-chemical oxidation is the simul-
i?.aneous formation at the very beginning of all products that are formed.
T1;e accumulation of these products is directly proportional to the energy
that has been absorbed in a definite range of doses. This can be seen on
the example of n-heptane. Exactly the same relationships have been ob-
served in the oxidation of all other hydrocarbons that have been investi-
gated (isooctane, cyclohexane, benzene, etc.) This indicates that the
stable products of oxidation which have been identified are formed only
in primary processes and that they are formed independently of each other
rather than by mutual transformation. Only when higher doses of radiation
are applied do deviations from the linear law occur, indicating that sec-
ondary processes develop, such as oxidation of carbonyl compounds to acids
and decomposition of peroxides.
In view of the fact that the products of radiation-chetsical oxidation
are suastantially the same as those of photochemical or liquid-phase non-
catalytic oxidation, the question arises as to whether there is a specific
action of ionizing radiation and in what respect this action is specific.
To answer this question, one must compare oxidation processes taking place
under the effect of different influences exerted on the reacting mixtures.
If it is assumed that in photochemical, thermal, and radiation-
chemical oxidation the primary chemical process is the addition of oxygen
molecules of free radicals, then the simultaneous appearance of hydro-
peroxides, peroxides, carbonyl compounds, alcohols, and acids must take
place as a result of parallel transformations of primary peroxide radicals
of the same type or of the simultaneous formation of peroxide radicals of
different types.
The general scheme of these reactions, in which monoradicals R. have
the structure R' R" R" 1C. where R',,'', and R1.1 ' are alkyl radicals
or hydrogen atoms and the biradicals have the alkylidene stricture RCH,
can be represented as follows:
R -+ 02 _ > R02
(1)
R02 + RH -->
ROOH + R
(2)
R99
R' - C -Rif '
--4 R' -C-R" -4R'
- C - R'' + ORa''
(3)
I
I
11
0
- 0
0 - OR"'
0
R02 "}-
R' --4
BOOR'
(4)
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R .r,- 02
o-6 .
I i II
RI ' ---a RC' 0 -4 RC
H H OH
(5)
Unfortunately, there are no direct experimental results which charac-
terize the nature and yields of products of photochemical and radiation-
chemical oxidation for the same systems. One can, nevertheless, consider
the available data on photo-oxidation, using the relationship established
for the case of pure hydrocarbons to the effect that the results obtained
by photolysis in the gas phase correspond to the results of radiolysis in
the liquid phase (cf. R. R. Henz and M. Burton, Journal of the American
Chemical Society, Vol 73) 1951, p 532).
In work done by N. V. Fok and A. B. Nalbandyan it was demonstrated
that in the mercury-sensitized photochemical oxidation of propane, methane,
or ethane only the hydroperoxide is formed at room temperature and that
the formation of this compound is determined primarily by the direct utili-
zation of absorbed light energy: the formation of chains is very limited
at room temperature. At far as carbonyl compounds are concerned., they
form only at elevated temperatures in this type of oxidation.
No less different from radiation-chemical oxidation with respect to
the accumulation of oxidation products and their quantitative interrela-
tionship is the liquid phase noncatalytic oxidation of hydrocarbons, which
becomes possible at temperatures of 60-1400 depending on the structure of
the hydrocarbon. In this type of oxidation the primary products are
hydroperoxides which are formed by a chain mechanism according to formulas
1 or 2 and which then are transformed into stable products, i.e., carbonyl
compounds and alcohols.
Radiation-chemical oxidation at room temperatures is possible only
because the primary radicals R which are formed as a result of the action
of ionizing radiation possess at the moment of their formation a consider-
able excess of energy which is preserved in the radicals R02 that are
formed from the primary radicals according to the equation (1). Because
of the excess of energy retained by them, the radicals R02 can participate
in reactions which require a significant activation energy (i.e., the
reactions 2 and 3). However, no chains develop, because the R radicals
formed in reactions of the type (2) do not yield RO22 radicals which have
a sufficient excess of energy. The radical R02, which; cannot bring about
reactions that require an activation energy, may add R radicals and form
dialkyl peroxides according to equation (4). This process is quite typi-
ca],for radiation-chemical oxidation and is not observed in face.-,o-
oxidations. that take place at elevated temperatures under conditions
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inducing reaction (2). Equation (5) explains the formation of acids. The
energy of activation necessary for the isomerization into acids is ap-
parently available.
If the formation of radicals with a sufficient excess of energy is
typical for oxidations that take place under the effect of ionizing radia-
tion, the formation of such radicals must be connected with the occurrence
of exothermic reactions in which ions participate. Reactions of this type
involving either the neutralization of charges or interactions between
ions and molecules may occur.
It has been shown by V. L. Tal'roze and Ye. P. Frankevich, by using
mass-spectrometric methods, that after bombardment with electrons excited
radicals may form as a result of reactions of the following types:
M}?RH MH++R (6)
M* + R'R'? (MR?) -4- (R,t)* (7)
These reactions must be particularly pronounced in the liquid phase.
In view of the fact that molecules oxygen is a very active accepter
of free radicals, one may expect that the structure of the carbon skeleton
of primary radicals will be preserved in the peroxide radicals and conse-
quently also in the final products formed by further transformation. Thus,
the structure of the final products must reflect the nature of the primary
processes of radiolysis if the oxidation processes do not proceed by a
chain mechanism.
Chromotographic separation and identification of the carbonyl com-
pounds and carboxylic acids formed as a result of the radiation-chemical
oxidation of n-heptane and isooctane showed that the carbonyl compounds
which form are very specific: 70% of the total quantity of carbonyl
compounds formed from n-heptane consist of methylbutyl ketone and of those
formed from isooctane of ethylisobutylketone.
In this respect, radiation- chemical oxidation differs significantly
from the liquid phase noncatalytic oxidation in which, as has been shown
in the case of n-decane, ketones corresponding to the scission of the
carbon chain at any carbon atom formed with an equal probability at 145?.
The distribution according to the number of carbon atoms of the
carbonyl compounds formed in the.radiation- chemical oxidation of n-heptane
and isooctane was correlated with the distribution of primary radicals
found on the basis of mass-spectrome?,?ic data. It was established that
the primary radicals which determine the development of processes of radia-
tion oxidation in the liquid phase do not correspond at all to those which
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form in rarefied gases on bombardment with electrons. This finding can
be interpreted by using the scheme proposed by Tal?roze and Frankevich.
If reactions (6) and (7) take place readily in the liquid phase, the di-
versity of the structures of primary ions must disappear very rapidly
and the principal primary radicals must be of a limited number of types,
possibly one or two, corresponding to the transfer of a hydrogen.atom or
a methyl radical from a molecule to an ion. The products formed as a
result of the irradiation of n-heptane and isooctane correspond to the
formation of the excited radicals C6 H13 and C7 H15.
The effectiveneso of the action of ionizing radiation on chemical
? compounds is obvious from the fact that one can bring about by irradia-
tion at room temperature not only the oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons,
i.e., compounds the thermal oxidation of which begins at as low as 100-
1300, but also the oxidation of a compound which is as difficult to oxi-
dize as benzene. As a result of the radiation-chemical oxidation of
liquid benzene with molecular oxygen, phenol and aldehyde are formed with
equal yields, which indicates that scission of the nucleus must occur.
Furthermore, condensation products, hydrogen, acetylene, carbon monoxide,
carbon dioxide, and other compounds are also formed.
One may conclude on the basis of what has been said above that the
specific nature of ionizing radiation consists in the capacity to bring
about oxidation under conditions when chain processes do not develop.
In reactions of this type the yields of the products which are formed
depend directly on the amount of radiation energy that has been supplied.
One can, however, induce branched chain processes in the radiation-
chemical oxidation of hydrocarbons which are distinguished by a high
yield of products with reference to the energy absorbed, if the tempera-
ture is raised and the reaction facilitated thereby. This has been done
in the case of paraffin wax and n-cetane.
The formation of B62 radicals under the action of ionizing radiation
is a general property of all organic compounds exhibited whenever oxygen
is present. The development after this of a chain reaction involving the
formation of hydroperoxides and of other products is possible also at
room temperature if the molecules of the substance being irradiated con-
tain a sufficiently mobile atom of hydrogen. Ethyl alcohol, benzyl alco-
hol, and acetone, which have mobile hydrogen eoms, undergo chain oxida-
tions under the effect of ionizing radiation.
Data available in the literature'on the effect exerted by the density
of ionization on radiation-chemical processes in organic substances are
very few and pertain only to evacuated systems. On the typical case of
the radiolysis of benzene and cyclohexane in the presence and absence of
molecular oxygen, research was done at the laboratory of the authors of
the article in which the action of the radiation emitted by a nuclear'
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reactor (t.n., radiation consisting of fast neutrons and gamma rays),
under conditions when recoil protons play an important role, was compared
with the action of radiation of lower energy (X rays and gamma rays as
well as electron radiation). The results obtained indicated that the
effect oi the density of ionization in noticeable only in some reactions.
For instance, the yield of condensation products in the absence of oxygen
is significantly greater when irradiation by mean? of a nuclear reactor
i3 applied than in the case of exposure to radiation of lower energy.
Similarly, the yield of hydrogen from benzene in the presence of oxygen
is sharply increased on transition from low-energy irradiation to nuclear
reactor irradiation, whereas the yields of phenol and aldehyde are un-
changed. One may expect that the density of ionization will have an ef-
fect on the yield in cases when the products are formed as a result of an
interaction between two radicals rather than between a radical and a
molecule.
The effect of the intensity of radiation on the yield has been in-
vestigated on the formation of aldehydes during the liquid phase radiation-
chemical oxidation of acetone. It was established that the yield of
primary products of the oxidation does not depend on the intensity of
radiation, while the yield of secondary products exhibits a pronounced
dependence on the intensity.
In the reactions mentioned above and their interpretation, the re-
activity of peroxide radicals in detaching hydrogen atoms from hydrocarbon
molecules plays a significant role. Values for the energy of activation
of this reaction that were determined by different investigators are cited
in an article by E. G. Knorre, Z. K. Mayzus, L. K. Obukhova, and N. M.
Emanuel ?, Uspekhi Khimii, Vol 26, 1957, p 416. For a number of unsatu-
rated hydrocarbons, this activation energy lies within the range of 5-7
kilocalories per mol while for alkanes (for instance, decane) it amounts
to 12-14 kilocalories per mol.
The difficulty involved in this process, even in the case of a suf-
ficiently mobile hydrogen atom of a secondary hydrocarbon, can be illus-
trated by some new experimental data obtained in work done by the authors
of the article. Although these data apply to the hydroperoxide radical,
the co,iclusions which can be made in regard to the behavior of this radi-
cal in the reaction
HO2 " F' iM --) HOOH + R
may also be transferred to alkyl peroxide radicals.
In work done 'y N. S. Kolosova, which is described in a dissertation
submitted at Moscow State University in 1957, the oxidation of diisopropyl
ether in aqueous solutions saturated with oxygen, nitrogen, or hydrogen
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was investigated. It was established in this work that in the solutions
saturated with hydrogen, only acetone is formed after irradiation. In
solutions saturated with nitrogen, acetone and alcohol are formed, while
in solutions saturated witl'i oxygen, acetone, alcohol, and hydrogen per-
oxide are formed. It was found that the yield of acetone, which is a
product of the oxidation of diisopropyl ether, is only half as large in
the presence of oxygen as in the presence of nitrogen or hyezogen. The
explanation is that the free hydrogen atoms which participate in the re-
ac+,ton are completely removed from the reaction system by the oxygen,
while the H02 radicals which form as a result are incapable of removing
hydrogen atoms from the secondary carbon of isopropyl ether as the radi-
cals H and OH do. By reacting according to the equation
HO2 + HO2 -3 H202 * 02
these radicals form hydrogen peroxide.
The experimental data that have been obtained can be interpreted as
a direct proof of the great inertness of the radical HO2 as far as re-
moving of hydrogen atoms from organic molecules is concerned. The very
low yield of hydrogen peroxide in processes of the radiation-chemical
oxidation of hydrocarbons is explained by this behavior of H02.
The ideas developed in this article in regard to the mechanism of
radiation-chemical oxidation can be summarized as follows. Radiation-
chemical oxidation of organic compounds differs from photochemical and
noncatalytic thermal oxidation by the circumstance that it is capable of
proceeding with a definite yield under conditions at which a chain process
does not deve-op with a measurable velocity. Another characteristic is
that the products of oxidation are formed simultaneously rather than suc-
cessivell. This characteristic can be explained by assuming that the
primary R radicals and the peroxide radicals H02 which are formed from
them have an excess of energy sufficient for bringing about isomerization
and interaction with nonexcited molecules at room temperature and lower
temperatures, while the secondary radicals that form are not capable of
repeating these reactions. Results obtained in recent investigations on
the processes of interaction between ions and molecules indicate that the
necessary energy of excitation of radicals can be supplied by primary
reactions of radiolysis.
Only the first steps have been made in the investigation of radiation-
chemical oxidation. Clarification of the nature of the stable products
that are formed and of the influence of various factors on the formation
of these products is a prerequisite for the mastery of processes of this
type. However, a more profound understanding of the mechanism of these
processes can be obtained only by subjecting to experimental investigation
short-lived products of radiolysis, namely, the free radicals which are
formed as a result of irradiation. Research along these lines must be
conducted soon.
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A bibliography consisting of 20 USSR references and 8 non-USSR refer-
ences follows the text of the article.
Radiochemistry
22. Additional Information on December 1957 USSR Conference on Applica-
tion of Radioactive Isotopes in Analytical Chemistry
"A Conference on the Application of Radioactive Isotopes in
Analytical Chemistry," by A. N. Yermakov; Moscow, Zhurnal Ana-
liticheskoy Khimii, Vol 13, No 2, Mar-Apr 58, pp 2U2_-_2_63_
(SIR Note: This report supplements the information given in "Appli-
cation of Radioactive Isotopes in Analytical Chemistry (A Conference at
Moscow)," by S. S. Rodin, Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 28, No 2, Feb,
CPYRGH-T 108-110, see Scientific Information Report No 8.]
"An All-Union Conference organized by the Department of Chemical
Sciences, Academy of Sciences USSR, and the Commission on Analytical
Chemistry at the Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry imeni
V. I. Vernadskiy, Academy of Sciences USSR, dealt with problems connected
with the application of radioacti-e isotopes in analytical chemistry.
This conference was held in Moscow 2-4 December 1957.
"More than 450 scientists and representatives of industrial organi-
zations participated in this conference. In addition to Soviet investi-
gators, foreign scientists participated who arrived from a number of
countries, including Eigland, Bulgaria, Hungary, China, Poland, Rumania,
the US, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. More than 50 reports were pre-
sented at the conference. Among these reports, 26 were discussed at the
conference.
"The plenary session was opened by Academician A. P. Vinogradov,
who characterized the principal trends in research dealing with appli-
cations of radioactive isotopes in analytical chemistry. Academician
Vinogradov emphasized that, at present radioactive isotopes of the majority
of elements of the periodic system are being used in analytical chemistry.
Furthermore, their application has become commonplace and is no more un-
usual at present. than the application of classical methods of qualitative
and quantitative analysis.
"At the same plenary session, a report by A. V. Nikolayev, A. A.
Sorokina, and A. S. Maslennikova was given on the subject of the appli-
cation of radioactive isotopes in the development of methods for the sepa-
ration of rare-earth elements. I. P. Alimarin and G. N. Bilimovi.ch told
about the application of the method'of isotopes dilution in the determi-
nation of some rare elements. By using the radioisotopes Nb95, Zr95,
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CPYRGHT
and Ta182, 'these investigators developed methods for the separation of
tantalum from titanium, zirconium, and niobium and for the determination
of titanium by the method of isotope dilution. The methods in question
were tried out in the analysis of rocks and alloys.
"A report by A. N. Yermakov, V. K. Belyayeva, and I. N. Marov dealt
with the application of tracer atoms (Zr95 and Hf181) in the investigation
by the anion-exchange method of the formation of complex compounds by zir-
conium and hafnium with the oxalate ion. On this example of work involv-
ing the application of anion-exchange resins, the possibility was denr.~-
strated of calculating the association constants of complex compounds of
ions with multiple charges which form stable complexes with "+eakly dis-
sociating substances in strongly acidic solutions.
"I. M. Korenman and F. R. Sheyanova reported on the application on
nonisotope indicators for the solution of a number of analytical problems.
They presented extensive experimental data on radiometric titration.
These investigators demonstrated that it is possible to apply nonisotopic
indicators (e.g., tetrathiocyanomercuroates and nitrocobaltiates) for the
determination of solubilities.
"At one of the sectional meetings, A. I. Kulak described a radio-
activation method for the quantitative determination of some metals pres-
ent as microimpurities in ferric oxide.
"Great interest was shown in a report by V. Be Gaydadymov and L. I.
I1'ina concerning the analysis of binary tantalum-niobium alloys by the
method of beta-ray reflection (reflected dispersion). This method makes
is possible to analyze samples of alloys in different physical states
(i.e., in the form of powder, rods, or sheets) with a precision of 0.5%
absolute at tantalum contents of 2-98%. The analysis takes 3-5 minutes.
"A paper by G. S. Rozhavskiy and I. Ye. Zimakov described a method
of repeated radioactive dilution for the determination of impurities
present in small quantities.
"M. Be Neyman, V. Ye. Yefremov, and V. N. Panfilov discussed the
determination of alcohols by the method of isotope dilution.
"Radiometric titration with the application of solutions of complex
compounds of cobalt 60 was discussed by K. Be Yatsmirskiy and Ye. N.
Roslyakova.
"I.. P. Alimarin, A. K. Babko, V. I. Kuznetsov, N. P. Komar?, K. Be
Yatsimirskiy, and others participated actively In the discussion of re-
polt's.
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CPYRGHT
"Prof I. M. Kolthoff (US) presented an extensive and informative
report on the application of radioactive isotopes in the investigation
of the aging of crystalline precipitates.
"Some characteristics of the method of radiochemical analysis were
discussed by A. K. Lovrukhina. There were reports on the separation of
some isotopes with a short half-life from complex mixtures (V. P. Shvedov
and L. I. Ivancva) and on the application of radioactive isotopes in
chromatography (M. M. Senyavin). On the basis of results obtained in an
investigation of the adsorption of ruthenium by ion-exchange resins,
Ye. I. Il yenko, B. P. Nikol'skiy, and A. M. Trofimov proposed an original
method for the quantitative separation of this metal from solutions. Re-
ports dealing with the following subjects were also heard with interest:
a carbonate method for the separation of microquantities of uranium from
we'.ghable quantities of iron I. Ye. Starik, F. Ye. Starik, and A. N.
Apollonova); conditions under which precipitation takes place in the
ternary s stems bacic dyestuff - metal-- halide (A. K. Babko and P. V.
Marchenko); separation of uranium from sea water with the aid of organic
coprecipitants (V. I. Kuznetsov and T. G. Akimova); and coprecipitation
with metal hydroxides of some elements present in low concentrations
(Yu. V. Morachevskiy and A. I. Novikov).
"At the last meeting of the conference, G. I. Irving (Great Britain)
presented a report on the analytical chemistry of indium. This was fol-
lowed by a paper on the investigation of the analytical chemistry of
francium with the aid of the radioactive isotope Fr212 (A. K. Lavrukhina
and S. S. Rodin). This report was followed by an animated discussion.
In this discussion K. B. Yatsimirskiy pointed out some general laws which
correlate the solubility of alkali metal elements with the radii of the
cations and anions; N. B. Mikheyev discussed the problem of the isomorph-
i:im of cesium and francium salts of silicotungstic and phosphorotungstic
acids; V. I. Kuznetsov made some observations on organic coprecipitants
for francium; and I. V. Tananayev proposed that a number of mixed ferro-
cyanides be used for the coprecipitation of francium.
"In addition, reports on the following subjects were heard: appli-
cation of radioactive tracers for checking methods to be used in the
separation of niobium (Yu. I. Bykovskaya); the application of radioactive
tracers for the control of the production of r~re metals (A. A. Gridik and
N. I. Marunina); application of the isotope Ca 45 for the determination of
nonmetallic inclusions in steel (M. I. Tsekhanskiy, N. I. Shishkina,
K. V. Khusnoyarov, and G. D. Susloparov); application of the isotope c136
for the quantitative determination of the content of hexachlorocyclo-
hexane isomers in technical hexachlorane (P. V. Zimakov and L. A. Kras-
nousov); and application of a tracer atom method for the determination of
the completeness of fractionation of gaseous hydrocarbons (K. I. Karasev).
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"In his concluding address A. P. Vinogradov pointed out that at
present analytical chemistry has become a major user of radioactive iso-
topes for the solution of many chemical problems. It is proposed to
discuss in the near future problems pertaining to equipment and to the
dosimetry of different types of radiation applied in connection with the
solution of problems encountered in analytical chemistry."
23. Research on Core S ling With Aid of Radioactive Isotopes
"Some Results of an Experimental Verification of the Feasi-
bility of the Application of'Selective Gamma-Ray Core Sampling,"
by G. M. Voskoboynikov; Moscow, A tomnaya Energiya, Vol 4+, No 4+,
Apr 58, pp 359-364+
Results are described of laboratory and field investigations in
which the intensity of soft dispersed gamma radiation in rocks was de-
termined and correlated with the content in these rocks of elements with
high atomic numbers. The radioactive isotopes Co6o, Hg203, and Se75 were
used as sources, of radiation. The experimental results confirm the feasi-
bility of using in the prospecting for deposits of heavy metals the method
of selective core sampling based on the recording of soft dispersed gamma
radiation. It is shown that the anomalous effects produced by ore de-
posits correspond to the theoretical values determined by the authors as
far as the order of magnitude is concerned.
Miscellaneous
24. Soviets Attend Hungarian Chemical Conference
"The Hungarian Federation of Chemists Is 50 Years Old" (un-
signed article), Budapest, Muszaki Elet, No 8, 17 Apr 58, p 2
This article reports that the Hungarian Federation of-Chemists (Mag-
yar Kemikusok Egyesulete) was planning to hold a special conference be-
tween 12 and 17 May 1958 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of its founding.
Over 250 lectures were to be given from the fields of organic chemistry,
physical chemistry, chemical technology, etc.
So far, 200 persons from abroad, 80 of whom will lecture, had indi-
cated their intention of attending the conference. Soviet scientists
were to give approximately 20 lectures.
Soviet speakers 'were to include Academicians V. I. Isagulyants, I. P.
Alimarin, and A. I. Kiprianov, as well as professors from universities at
Moscow, Leningrad, IChar'kov, and Kiev.
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IV. EARTH SCIENCES
25. Anomalies of Electromagnetic Field'Over a Lode
"Anomalies of the Variable Electromagnetic Field Over Cylindri-
cal Heterogeneities," by V. N. Nikitina; Moscow, Trudy Geo-
fizicheskko o Instituta, Akademiya Nauk SSSR, No 32, (159)2
1956, pp 62-93'
A 1-,.ane problem of the diffraction of a variable electromagnetic
field over a cylindrical inclusion (a strong conductor), embedded in
conducting semi space (earth) is examined. The vector potential of the
anomalous part of the field is represented according to a method of source
functions using functions of the distribution of linear currents of in-
duction. The calculation of the large conductivity of the ore body is
accomplished in the form of Leontovich boundary conditions. The whole
problem is reduced to an integral equation which satisfies the function
of distribution. The investigation and solution of the basic integral
equation is fulfilled in the instance of a buried, ideally conducting,
inclined vein. The results which are obtained can be used in electro-
prospecting for ore in variable fields.
26. Graphoanalytical Method of Wave Frequency Analysis.
"Graphoanalytical Method of Seismic Wave Frequency Analysis in
a Wide Range of Frequencies," by F. M. Gol?tsman; Leningrad,
Veatnik Lenin adsko o Universiteta, Seriya Fiziki i Khimii,
Vol 22, No 14 , 1957, PP 76-t%
The complex spectrum of a signal is presented as a Fourier series,
coefficients of which are the discrete values of a given function. The
series is summed by means of special nomograms. The method allows 36
points of a complex spectrum to be obtained, each of which is equidis-
tantly placed in a frequency band, the upper limit of which depends on
the time interval between the given values of the signal.
27. Yugoslav Geographers Visit Bulgaria
"Our Geographers Have Visited Bulgaria" (unsigned article);
Sarajevo, Oslobodjenje, 31 Mar 58, p 8
About 110 members of the Serbian Geographic Society (Srpsko geograf-
sko drustvo) have been staying in Bulgaria for 3 days to familiarize them-
selves with the geographical problems of Sofia and a part of the Maritsa
River valley. The Yugoslav geographers, mostly secondary school. professors
and students, came to Bulgaria at the invitation of the Bulgarian Geo-
graphic Society; this is the first contact between Bulgarian and,Yugoslav
geographers since 1936.
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V. ELECTRONICS
Communications
28. Application of Theory of Transmitting Capacity to Real Communication
Channels
"Evaluation of the Transmitting Capacity of Some Real
Communication Channels," by I. A. Ovseyevich and M. S.
CPYRGHTPinsker; Moscow, Radiotekhnika, No 4, Apr 58, pp 15-25
'Using results obtained in earlier experiments ('An Evaluation of
the Transmitting Capacity of a Communication Channel, the Parameters of
Which Are Random Functions of Time,' Radiotekhnika, No 10, 1957), the
r-uthors examine the transmitting capacity of a real communication channel
with parameters fixed in relation to time, a channel whose changing para-
r.-eters have the form of white noise, and a channel which is a combination
of the first two."
It is pointed out that the evaluations obtained will be more effec-
tive "when the parametric effect is small compared with noise," and "will
be near the precise value of carrying capacity if the parametric effect
in the transmission band of the channel is in the form of gaussian white
noise. "
Components
29.
Variable Scanning Speed TV Systems
"Compensation of Parasitic Amplitude Modulation in TV
Systems With Variable Scanning Speed," by D. A. Novik,
Moscow, Nauchno-Tekhniches ki Sbornik MTFL MRTP, Issue
1, 1957, Pp 3-12 (from Tekhnika Kino i Televideniya,
No 4, Apr 58, p 74)
In the latest TV systems the band width of the channels has been
substantially reduced by application of the principle of variable scan-
ding speed. The article discus,,4es distortions peculiar to such systems
and methods of correcting them. Such a parasitic amplitude modulation
is caused by the effect of charge storage in the "memory" tubes. However,
such an effect is observed also with cathode-ray tubes free of charge
storage, when operating on the principle of variable-speed scanning.
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30. High-Temperature Performance of Transistors
"Operation of Crystal Triodes in a High-Temperature Range,"
by Ytt. M. Levin, Tr. Vses. Goa. n.-i. in-ta radioveshchat.
priyema i akustiki, 1956, No 7, 63-80 from Referativn
Zhurnal -- Fizika, No 1, Jan 58, Abstract No 1549)
By analyzing the dependence of the parameters of transistors on tem-
perature, the author shows that these parameters depend as well on direct
as on indirect temperature effects. The relation between direct currents
in various circuits is investigated and stabilizing designs are presented.
31. Development and A
lication of Long-Focus Lens for SKS-1 Camera
"Use of the High-Speed Camera 'SKS-l' for Photo graphing
Remote Objects," by G. T. Zubovskiy, V. G. Latyshev, and
L. A. Novitskiy; Moscow, Zhurnal Nauchnoy i Prikladno
Fotografii i Kinematografii, Vol 3, No 2, Mar Apr 5b.,
pp 131-135
A number of disadvantages are apparent in the use of the SKS-1 camera
for photographing remote objects using an ordinary high-speed lens of the
"Gelios" type. The size of the image is usually insufficient and the
quality is comparatively poor when it is not possible to place the camera
near the object being photographed. It is therefore necessary to perform
certain computations and use a special long-focus lens 'with a prism-
compensator.
This lens and its installation in the camera are described in the
article, and a method for synchronizing the operation of a number of SKS-1
cameras is presented.
A projection lens with a focal length of 250 mm and a relative aper-
ture of 1:2 was developed by the State Optical Institute for use in these
experiments. Results of photographic tests are given in tabular form.
Synchronization of several cameras was accomplished by remote con-
trol with the help of a time relay and a block of power relays through
which voltags was supplied to the cameras.
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Computers and Automation
32. Pulse-Code Modulation System
"Telemetering Systems With Pulse-Cc-de Modulation," by
G. V. Burdenkov; Moscow, Avtomatika I Telemekhanika.,
No 1, Jan 58, pp 55-63
A pulse-code modulation telemetering system developed at the Central
Scientific Research Electrical Engineering Laboratory (TsNIEL) is based
on the following operating parameters: number of code elements is 6;
repetition rate of the coded pulses is 40; the interval between pulses,
the code pulse proper, and the separating pauses are all of equal dura-
tion; the duration of the synchronizing pulse (marker) is three times
that of the code pu.ise proper; the duration of one complete cycle is 0.2
sec.
The transmitting system consists of the following units: a multi-
vibrator generating pulses for the control of the pulse distributor,
three emitter followers (EP1, EP2, and EP3) Used to match the load, a
two-way pulse distributor assembled with magne-cic elements having a
rectangular hysteresis loop and intended for alternate switching of the
coding cells, trigger units which connect to the circuit the desired con-
ductor elements, an assortment of 6N2 miniature tubes acting as electronic
switches, a zero Indicator which controls the polarity of the measured
and balancing voltage, a coincidence circuit which generates the break
pulses for the trigger units, the code-pulse extraction circuit, and the
pulse forming stages intended for shaping the input signals into square
pulses.
Coding is effected the following manner: the measured magnitude,
which is changing in time, Is temporarily rectified to a do voltage. In
the process of coding this voltage is compared to the balancing voltage,
the latter changing in steps proportional to the power of a decreasing
binary series (2n-l, 2n-2, 2n-3........20.). If the polarity is positive,,
the corresponding step is retained; if the polarity, is negative the given
step is not utilized in the formation of the balancing voltage.
The described code-pulse modulation system posseses a high degree of
freedom from noise interference, but has a drawback of being rather com-
plicated. Therefore, the application of such an telemetering system 'R
feasible for long and complex communication lines, as well as for complex
automation and telemechanics utilizing computer devices.
The author expresses a belief that improvement of digital count de-
vices is of utmost importance for further development of the pulse-code
telemetering system.
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CPYRGHT
33. Development of Theory of Telemechanics and Teleautomation
"Basic Problems of the Theory of Telemechanical Systems,"
by M. A. Gavrilov; Moscow, Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR,
No 2, Feb 58; pp 13-22
CPYRGHT
"The development of telemechanical centralization and teleautomation
has introduced a number of complicated problems in the field of creating
new technical means of telemechanics and in the solution of a series of
theoretical problems."
These problems of telemechanical systems are subdivided by the author
into specific problems such as the development of telemechanical signals,
the structural theory of relay systems, and the theory of the conversion
of telemetered quantities. Each of these subjects is discussed in some
detail by the author.
"One of the most important eteps in the development of the struc-
tural theory of relay systems is the mechanization of processes of anal-
ysis and synthesis. in this direction the USSR has attained considerable
success in comparison with foreign countries.
"A universal machine, developed by P. P. Parkhomenko, was built by
the Telecontrol Laboratory of the Institute of Automatics and Telemechan;,".cs
for the structural analysis of relay systems of very large capacity (up
to 20 elements). This machine performs analyses of single-cycle as well
as multicycle relay systems in the form of connection tables which are
printed on perforated cards or which may be recorded by hand from the
indications of signal lamps. The machine may be used to study circuits
of relay systems arranged on a special chart, as well as systems which
have already been assembled., and permits some investigation of the mini-
mization of structures. The dimensions of the machine are 1,200 x 1,000
x 350 mm; it contains 140 ordinary telephone relays, 3 step-by-step
switches, and 90 signal lamps.
"The first machine for the synthesis of relay circuits (using four
elements and two outputs) was built in the Laboratory of Problems of
Wire Communications of the Academy of Sciences USSR (V. N. Roginskiy,
V. G. Lazarev, and A. A. Arkhangel?skaya). This machine completely
builds a circuit according to the given operating conditions of its
elements and shows the structure of the circu;t on a lamp register.
Thus, the Laboratory has proved the possibility of automatic synthesis
of the structures of relay systems with prepared results obtained in the
form of graphical representations."
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Magnetic,,. Dielectric,, and Semiconductor Materials
34. eriments With Coaxial Line Isolators Using Ferrites
"The Use of Ferrites in Coaxial Isolator Systems," by A. L.
Mikaelyan and M. M. Kovlova; Moscow, Radiotekhnika, No 4,
Apr 58, pp 30-35
Coaxial isolator systems (devices for obtaining microwave H-vector
circular polarization) are described which are designed for operation
with decimeter waves. Nonreciprocal attenuation in transversely magnetized
ferrite-dielectric plates located in coaxial lines is examined: and the
characteristics of a coaxial isolator developed for use with 10-cm waves
are given.
Resonance attenuation curves were taken for direct and return waves
at three different wavelengths. The largest ratio between direct and
return waves was obtained with a magnetic field intensity of 950 oersteds.
At this value, return losses equaled 36 db, direct losses equaled 1.4+ db,
and their ratio was approximately 26.
Experiments with nonreciprocal phase shifts with the aim of usi ig
ferrites in coaxial phase isolators showed that such shifts in f:arrites
are insignificant.
The isolator used in the experiments was a coaxial line with a char-
acteristic impedencc of 50 ohms, terminated with standard high-frequency
connectors. The length of the isolator was 170 mm, the diameter of the inner
conductor was 7 mm, the diameter of the outer conductor was 16 mm, and the
thickness of the ferrite plate was 3 mm.
For a frequency band of 9.8-10.8 cm, the return wave losses were more
than 30 db for direct wave losses of 2 db. The standing wave ratio did
not exceed 1.3.
35. Methods of Determining Cutoff Frequency in Junction Transistors
"Determination of the Cutoff Frequency of the Current Con-
duction Factor of a Junction Transistor," by T. M. Agakhanyan
and L. N. Patrikeyev; Moscow, Radiotekhnika, No l+, Apr 589
CPYRGHT pp 45-52
"Experimental data are provided which verify the possibility of using
theoretical conclusions for determining the cutoff frequency of the cur-
rent conduction factor for type P6 transistors as well as for high-frequency
diffused-Junction transistorsfrom the frequency-phase characteristics of
the current amplification factor of a circuit with a common emitter."
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Two methods are examined for measuring the cutoff frequency of a
junction transistor. The first method uses the phase or frequency char-
acteristics of the current amplification factor of a circuit with a
grounded base, that is, applying a load whose value is negligible in
comparison with the impedance of the emitter junction. This method may
be used only for comparitively low-frequency transistors, since at higher
frequencies the effects of parasitic elements leads to inaccurate measure-
ments.
The second method, using a circuit with a common emitter, was found
suitable for measuring high-frequency transistors such as the P401 through
P403 whose cutoff frequencies are on the order of 20-100 Mc.
36a. Aerial Radiometric Surveying of Petroleum and Gas Fields
"Application of Aerial Radiometric Surveying in the Investi-
gation of Petroleum and Gas Occurrences," by A. R. Laubenbakh
and L. N. Skosyreva, Petroleum Institute of the Academy of
Sciences USSR; Moscow, Geologiya Nefti, Vol 2, No 2, Feb 58,
pp 27?.33
In the introduction to the article it is stated that during recent
years aerial methods for prospecting and investigation of deposits of
different useful minerals have become widespread. It is pointed out that
the progress achieved in radiometry and the design of instruments can 1:..
utilized for the development of more efficient methods of prospecting for
petroleum and gas occurrences. An aerometric method is described on
which developmental work is being done by Laboratory No 1, Petroleum In-
stitute of the Academy of Sciences USSR. The work is being conducted
under the direction of Prof F. A. Alekseyev and of G. N. Flerov9 Corre-
sponding Member of the Academy of Sciences USSR. Experimental trials of
the aeroradiometric method on a production scale were conducted for the
first time in 1956. Known petroleum and gas occurrences in Stalingrad-
skaya Oblast and in Stavropol' Kray were surveyed. The results of these
surveys are described in the article, which contains profile maps of
petroleum and gas fields drawn on the basis of the results obtained.
The method used, the interpretation of the results obtained, and the re-
sults of aerodynamic surveys of known petroleum and gas fields as well
as of areas which had not been explored previously by any other method
are reviewed in detail.
The aeroradiometric surveying was conducted from planes of the AN-2
type, which were equipped with instruments by means of which aeromagnetic
measurements can be made simultaneously with surveying by the determina-
tion of gamma radiation. As receivers of the gamma radiation, sets were
used which consist of 144 counters of the VS-9 type.. The intensities of
radiation and of magnetism and the flight altitude measured with an RV-2
radioaltimeter were recorded automatically by two recorders.
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During the work conducted, a scintillation attachment with crystal
counters and a new, highly sensitive liquid scintillator aeroradiometer
were tested.
Aeroradiometric surveys of known deposits indicated that the petro-
leum and gas occurrences, except for individual deposits where radioactive
isotopes were introduced into the test wells, can be distinguished on
the basis of the lowered gamma activity corresponding to the deposits.
CPYRGH?e following conclusions are :made:
"Aerial rcdiome?,ry is a new rapid method of prospecting which makes
it possible to investigate huge areas in a short period of time with a
minimum expezud1+::re of effort and means. It is sufficient to point out
that by using one AN-2 plar$ during a single field prospecting season
(5-6 months) one may survey an area of 50-60,000 square kilometers.
"The principal application of the method will be in the prospecting
of promising areas in new regions which had not been investigated before.
The method can also be used to advantage in geological mapping.
"Of particular importance are ,applications of the aeroradiometric
method in the surveying of difficultly accessible and remote regions,
where the possibility of employment; on a large scale of any surface
methods of investigation is greatly limited. The extensive desert and
semidesert regions of Central Asia as well as regions covered by large
forests and sands can be surveyed without any difficulty by applying the
aerogamma method, so that individual promising areas where surface geo-
logical and geophysical surveying should be conducted can be pinpointed."
36b. Occurrences of Germanium in Caucasus
"The Geochemistry of Germanium," by G. Kh. Efendiyev; Baku,
Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Azerba ;zhansko SSR, Seri Fiziko-
Tekhnicheskikh I Khimicheskikh Nsiuk, No 1, Mar 58, PP 73-T27
Data are given on the distribution of germanium in minerals and ores
of different types of endogenic deposits in the "Little Caucasus" (within
the boundaries of the Azerbaydzan SSR),.
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Miscellaneous
37. Eighth All-Union Conference on Cathode Electronics held in Leningrad
"Reports on Cathode Electronics" (unsigned article);
Moscow, Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR, No 2, Feb 58, p 108
More than 500 representatives of scientific research establishments
and industrial concerns attended the Eighth All-Union Conference on Cathode
Electronics held in Leningrad from 1.7 to 2i. October 1957. Among the major
topics covered at the conference were thermionic emission, photoelectronic
emission, field emission, gas discharge, ion processes, and technology.
38. All-Union Conference on Magnetic Elements
"Use of Magnetic Elements," by G. D. Kozlov; Moscow,
Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR, No 2, Feb 58, pp 112-113
"An All-Union Conference on Magnetic Elements of Automation, Tele-
mechanics, and Computer Technology, organized by the Institute of Automa-
tion and Telemechanics and the Committee on Magnetic Amplifiers and
Contactless Magnetic Elements under the Presidium of the Academy of Sci-
ences USSR, met in Moscow from 25 to 30 November 1957?"
Representatives of the academies of sciences of Bulgaria, China,
Poland, and Czechoslovakia were present in addition to Soviet scientists.
The reports were concerned mainly with the theory of magnetic ampli-
fiers and discrete magnetic elements, computation and design of magnetic
amplifiers and discrete elements, and the joint use of magnetic elements
CPYRGH-fnd semiconductors.
The author concludes that despite recent successes in the field of
theory, development, and application of magnetic elements, "the introduc-
tion of such elements into industry is proceeding at an intolerably slow
rate, mainly because of the absence of centralized production of the more
necessary types and series of toroidal cores, magnetic amplifiers., and
other static magnetic elements. Magnetically soft materials, manufac-
tured by our industries, do not have sufficiently high magnetic properties
or uniformity of characteristics."
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39. Fntabliahment of Institute of Mlectrocheinistry
"On the Organization of an Institute of Electrochemistry"
(unsigned article); Moncow, Vestnik Akedernii Nauk SSSR,
CPYRGMY 2, Ireb 58, p 94
"In connection with the decision concerning further development of
scientific research in the field of high-temperature electrolysis, the
Presidium has decided to reorganize the Laboratory of - ectrochemistry
of the Ural branch of the Academy of Sciences at Sverdlovsk into an In-
stitute of Electrochemistry.
"The structure of the institute has been confirmed and. the follow-
ing fields of scientific development have been proposed: the study of
electrochemical processes at W.Ch temperatures, including a study of
the physiochemical properties of fused salts; clarification of the mech-
anism and kinetics of electrode processes on the boundary between metals
and semiconductors (oxides, carbides) and fused substances; obtaining
refractory metals from fused substances by means of electrolysis; !.mprove-
ment of existing and development of new electrolytic production methods,
and the refining of a number of rare metals (zircon, titanium, beryllium,
thorium, tantalum, and others); the study of high-temperature chemical
sources of current with liquid and solid electrolytes; a systematic in-
vestigation of the problem of fuel elements to ascertain the possibility
of the practical use of such sources of current; and the study of corro-
sive electrochemical processes at high temperatures, especially of molten
electrolytes."
40. Soviet Supermicroaeope Reported in Czechoslovak Press
"Visible Atoms" (unsigned article); Bratislava, Praea,
6 Mar 58, p 3
Soviet scientists have successfully observed individual atoms of
barium by means of an electronic projection apparatus. The :electronic
projection apparatus is one of the types of supermicroscopes, planned
and built by Sov3.et scientists and engineers. These microscopes magnify
more than one million times.
The constructrfon of the electronic projection apparatus is identi-
cal with a television orthicon tube. The new machine was destined pri.-
narily to study the surf^.ce of metals. However, it can also be used to
observe and study molecules of many materials, such as phthal:ic cyanida,
anthracene, and oxygen.
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41. Ultrasonic Bathometer Used in Yugoslav Fishing
"Ultrasonics in the Search for Fish" (unsigned article);
Belgrade, Borba, 24 Mar 58, p 3
Ultrasonic bathometers, the operation of which is based on the re-
pulsion of ultrasonic waves from obstacles, and the automatic recording
? of the depth on a paper tape, have been used for several decades to meas-
ure the depths of seas, lakes, and rivers. It is difficult to conceive
of a large passenger or cargo ship which is not equipped with such appa-
ratus, since it is used to determine the relief of navigable routes and
? the location of reefs.
The Institute for Industrial Research (Institut za industriska is-
trazivanja) in Zagreb has made a prototype of a bathometer which was
tested by measuring the depth of the Adriatic Sea at Boka Kotorska. The
test was successful.
The first attempts to locate fish ultrasonically were made by the
Japanese in 1935; the Norwegians also used ultrasonics in the search for
cod. This apparatus was first adapted to deep-sea fishing, but it is
now used for lake and river fishing; the first successful attempts at
fishing with this apparatus were made on Plensko Jezero and Bodensko
Jezero. The important feature in this type of fishing is that ultrasonics
can adequately determine the number and depth of fish.
Tests have recently been made to determine, with the aid of this ap-
paratus, the approximate number of fish caught in nets. The number of
fish is indicated by short or long lines recorded on a special tablet.
Use of the apparatus would shorten the time required for fish ::rg opera-
tions, because the nets would be taken out only when they are filled
with fish. Operation of the bathometer is quick and simple. One such
apparatus is now being used on the Adriatic Sea.
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42. Self-Contained Inverter
"Self-Contained Inverter With Series Capacitors," by B. N.
Vorotyntsev, Institute of Power Engineering and Automation,
Academy of Sciences Uzbek SSR; Tashkent, Izvesti' Akademii
Nauk UzSSR, Seriya Tekhnicheskikh Nauk, No 1, 1953, pp 5-22
The article describes an inverter in which a high degree of commuta-
tion stability is attained by connecting the commutating and compensating
capacitors in series with the load. Such a self-contained inverter can
be assembled with any suitable conversion circuit and does not require
additional equipment. Experiments in this direction have been conducted
on an extensive scale in the USSR (Scientific Research Institute for
Direct Current, Ministry of Electric Power Stations) and abroad, with a
view toward direct-current power transmission. The system of electric
power drive with the variable frequency inverter was for the first time
investigated at the Laboratory for Automatized Electric Drive of the
Academy of Sciences Uzbek SSR.
The series connection of capacitors permits obtaining rather low
operating frequencies, because the nature of the oscillatory system is
such that it prevents a premature discharge of the capacitors through
the transformer windings, nhich is not true in the case of a parallel
inverter.
The desirable characteristics of the series -condenser inverter makes
it useful as a controlled frequency generator.
43. Rhenium Discovered In Kazakhstan
"Rheniuin Discovered in Kazakhstan" (unsigned article);
Budapest, Technika, No 4, Apr 58, p 7
Through spectroscopic investigation, the Institute of Physics of
the Academy of Sciences Kazakh SSR, has discovered rhenium in the Dzhez-
kazgan region of central Kazakhstan. The discovery is significant since
it facilitates the production of rhenium for industrial purposes. This
element can serve as a substitute for wolfram and molybdenum. Up to now,
rhenium has been produced exclusively from molybdenite, which is extremely
rare.
[SIR Note: This item confirms information on the discovery of
rhenium deposits in Kazakhstan given in USSR sources.]
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44. Czechoslovak 15-Mev Industrial Betatron
"The Czechoslovak 15-Lev Industrial Batatron," by Karel
Rytina, Research Institute for Vacuum Electrical Engineering
(Vyzkumny ttstav pro vakuovou elektrotechniku) in Prague;
Prague, Jaderna Energie, No 4, Apr 58, pp 85-92
This ax icle describes the dimensions and performance characteristics
if a 15-Mev industrial betatron, the prototype of which was built at the
end of 1957 by the Research Institute for Vaeuum Electrical Engineering
in Prague, the "CKD Stalingrad" Plant in Prague, the Vrsovice plant of
"Tesla" National Enterprise, the "J. Fucik" Plant of "Testa," and the
Electric Furnaces (Elektricke pece) Plant, at the end of 1957. The beta-
tron is to be used for defectoscopy and for deep therapy.
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45. Integrating Gyroscopes
"Equations for the Problem of Determining the Position of a
Moving Object by Means of Gyroscopes and Accelerometers,"
by A. Yu. Ishlinskiy, Moscow; Moscow, Prilcladnaya Matematika
i Mekhanika, Vol 21, No 6, Nov-Dee 57, PP 725-739
A particular case of the problem of autonomic determination of the
position of a moving object is analyzed. First the case of a nonrotating
sphere moving along an arc of circle with its center coinciding with the
terrestrial center is solved. The solution is reduced to a differential
equation of second order of the function U( - a (t), i.e., of the angle
of inclination of the stabilized platform over the horizon. A more gen-
eralized solution yields a formula showing that the error in the described
autonomic determination of the position of the moving body has an oscil-
latory character.
[For information on metallurgy, see Item No 43.1
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IX. MEDICINE
Bacteriology
46. Research on Brucellar Bacteriophage
"Lysogenesis in Brucella," by M. S. Drozhevkina and T. I. Khari-
tonova, Scientific Research Antiplague Institute '[Rostov-on-Don];
Moscow, Voprosy Virusologi, Vol 3, No 2, Mar/Apr 58, pp 93-97
This arti::~'.e concerns experiments with 40 strains of various types
of Bruceila which were performed to determine what percentage of Brucella
are affected by bacteriophage. Data obtained showed that a considerable
percentage of Brucella cultures carry bacteriophage, which was isolated
from 16 strains of Br. melitonsis, 6 strains of Br. abortus, and 2 strains
of Br. suis. Experiments were also conducted to find out whether.- "true"
lysogenic cultures exist in Brucella. The presence of latent bacteriophage
was tested in irradiation experiments. Results of the research are pre-
sented in a table and three illustrations.
The authors drew the following conclusions from the results of these
CPYRGFd periments :
"1. Study of freshly isolated cultures and experimental investiga-
tion demonstrated extensive occurrence of lysogenesis in Brucella. Evi-
dently lysogenesis and not bacterial lysis is the most prevalent form in
which Brucellar bacteria and bacteriophage coexist.
"2. The presence of latent bacteriophage was successfully demonstrated
by the irradiation method, and it was obtained in pure form from com-
pletely typical Brucelia cultures which were apparently free from,:bae-
teriophage.
"3. The study of lysogenesis in Brucella revealed a direct relation-
ship between the properties of the culture and the presence of latent
bacteriophaage in a number of cases."
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Epidemiology
47. Incidence of Brucellosis Decreased in Saratovskaya Oblast
"Experimental Decrease in the Incidence of Brucellosis in
Saratovskaya,Oblast," by M. G. Lokhov, Saratov Institute
"Mikrob"; Moscow, Zhurnal Mik-robiologii, Q?idemiologii i Im-
munob:! ologii, Vol 2 8., No 9, Sep 57, pp 21-25
This article discusses brucellosis control measures in Saratovskaya
Oblast from 1940 to 1956. Three periods are delineated: before the
Soviet of Ministries issued a directive on 19 February 1949 entitled
"Measures for Brucellosis Control"; after the directive was issued; and
after mass prophylactic inoculations with dry live brucellosis vaccine
were introduced into practice. It is mentioned that planned control
work was done only after the Saratov Antibrucellosis Station was set up
in 1940. The success of measures cnployed during each of -these periods
is evaluated according to subsequent decreases in the incidence of the
disease.
Vaccination of the population with dry live brucellosis vaccine was
begun in 1950; a sharp decrease in incidence ensued. An increase in 1952
and u severe epizootological situation warranted mass inoculation
of the population in certain rayons; particular attention was given
to populated areas in which persons had 'been ? -infected ,with brucel-
losis during the previous 2 years and in which infection had been observed
among sheep and goats. In one area containing cattle, sheep, goats, and
swine, all persons occupied with handling any of these animals were vac-
cinated; where sheep and goats w'cc kept separately from other animals,
only persons who had had contact with the sheep and goats received inocula-
tions.
A graph showing fluctuations in the incidence of brucellosis among
humans, cattle, and sheep and goats from 1945 to 1955 is included. It
is noted that only one inoculated person contracted brucellosis (3 months
after inoculation). On the basis of these experiments, the author con-
cludes that extensive inoculation of humans with dry live vaccine should
? be performed and sho'21d be accompanied by obligatory assessment of epi-
demiological and epizootological conditions. To achieve the best results
in decreasing the incidence of brucellosis among humans, antibrucellosys
measures should be taken among animals.
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43. Epidemiological Characteristics of Plague
"The Problem of the Epidemiological Characteristics of Plague,"
by M. A. Mikulin, Central Asian Scientific Research Antiplague
Institute; Moscow, Zhurnal Mikrobiolo ii idemiolo ii i Im-
CPYRGHTmunobiologii, Vol 2 8., No 10, Oct 57, pp 142-144
"An article by N. R. Dyadicheva, 'Epidemiological Characteristics
of Plague and Tularemia Depending on the Means of Their Transmission,
'was published in Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, idemiologii i Immunobiolp
ijL
No 3, 1957 (p 8). Not taking it on ourselves to examine in detail all
the fundamental propositions expressed by the author in this article, we
consider it necessary to mention that certain of his statements concern-
ing epidemiological and epizootological characteristics of plague contra-
dict well-known facts.
"For example, in characterizing the conditions under which plague
foci, exist in nature, the author writes: 'The existence of separate
epizootic foci of this infection in regions with temperate climate is sub-
stantiated by the presence of definite species of rodents (tarbagans,
susliks, etc.) that hibernate in the winter, during which time infection
assumes a latent character by which survival of the pathogen in the organ-
ism of a warm-blooded host is guaranteed in cold weather. Meanwhile it
is known that even in such regions of temperate climate as the Northern
Cis-Aral, Ustyurt, and Mangyshlak, which are distinguished by a rather
cold winter (not mentioning the bleak deserts of the Turkiien,, Uzbek, and
Kazakh SSRs), that large Gerbillinae--rodents which do not hibernate and
which remain active during the whole year--stand out as the basic source
of plague infection. It is quite evident that the mechanism of prolonged
suppression of natural foci of plague in those areas'with temperate climates
cited above is an exceptional case and there is no basis for elevating
it to the rank of a general law as the author has done.
"Furthermore it is not known on what basis Dyadichev includes trans-
mission of plague via water among possible factors. All species of rodents
which are carriers of this infection (or sources of infection, in the
generally accepted terminology) in foci of so-called 'wild' plague do not
drink water and frequently inhabit very and regions. Only rats drink
water more or less regularly, but not one case of transmission of the
plague pathogen through water has been described in the literature for
these rodents.
"Finally, it is completely incomprehensible what data prompted the
author to assert so categorically that 'fleas are not long-term reservoirs
of the plague pathogen;-therefore, transmission of it from the flea to
the organism of a warm-blooded animal occurs very rapidly and this pathogen
leads the greater part of its existence in nature in the organism of the
warm-blooded host.' This assertion by no means agrees with the long-
established concept of how the plague pathogen circulates in nature.
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CPYRGHT
It is generally known that rodents suffering from plague are capable of
infecting fleas only during the period when massive bacteremia is observed
in them. Depending on the degree of susceptibility of a given species
or a given individual rodent, this period occurs at different lengths of
time from the moment the rodent is infected, but in the overwhelming
majority of cases this length of time is within the limits of the 2d-10th
day-following infection. It is true that cases are known in which a rodent
contracts a protracted (chronic) form of plague, and exacerbation of the
infection process and bacteremia occur after a longer period of 'time; how-
ever, such cases have been recorded as unique and are not characteristic
of plague. Thus the plague pathogen in ordinarily found from 2 to 10
days after having entered the organism of a warm-blooded host. Having
entered the flea organism, B. pestis cannot be 'very rapidly' transmitted
again to a warm-blooded animal, if only for the single fact that the flea
becomes capable of transmitting the plague pathogen following infection
only after a se-called period of internal incubation (the time which
elapses between infection of the flea and the formation of a preiritestinal
block) has occurred. This period, depending on the species of flea and
a number of other conditions, fluctuates from several days to 7 months;
for certain species, in the marmot flea, for example it lasts fbr an average
of about one month, (Bibikova), and for the rat flea, 15-21 days (Eski
and Haas). We add to this the fact that it is not always possible for
the flea to transmit B. pestis to a warm-blooded animal even after the
preintestinal block has formed, and that B. pestis is usually preserved
in the organism throughout the lifetime of the mature flea. The length
of preservation of B. pestis in fleas is known under experimental condi-
tions up to 396 days, and in nature up to 411 days.
"It is also astonishing that the author, while devoting his article
to epidemiological characteristics of plague and tularemia, remains silent
on such important epidemiological characteristics of plague as its capacity
to occur in the pulmonary form in humans and to be spread rapidly in human
groups in the air-droplet form. We submit that this epidemiological
characteristic of plague is extremely important, not only for epidemic-
logical characterization of this infection but also for correct planning
of measures for the prevention and eradication of plague outbreaks among
humans."
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Hematology
1[9.
Development and Modern Trends in Blood Transfusion Service in Czechc-
slovakia ReV-lewed
"Development and Modern Trends of Blood Transfusion Service
in Czechoslovakia," by E. Dobryy, Ya. Fiyalo, and Ye. Gutfreyn-
dova, Prague Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion (Di-
rector , Y. Kidery,'Doctor of Medical Sciences); Moscow, Problemy
Gematologii i Perelivaniya Krovi, Vol 2, No 6, Nov/Dec 57,
pp 50-54
The authors briefly review the development of blood transfusion in
Czechoslovakia from 1879 up to the present. Blood groups (ABO) -and the
Riesus factor, and bacteriological control as well as aseptic conditions
which have greatly improved transfusion results are discussed. It is
stated that between 1950 and 1955 the total number of !Mood, plasma, and
erythrocyte mass transfusions, have increased fourfold. Presently, the
glucose-citrate solution is used exclusively as blood preservative. Ex-
periments on dogs have proved that sodium-citrate (especially in large
amounts) causes spasms in pulmonary capillaries and veins.
Experimental research supports the use of placental blood and also
the use of retroplacental serum for gamma globulins. Preparations from
dry plasma are used as universal means of transfusion.
Many institutions, especially surgical centers, use hemostatic repa-
rations (fibrin sponge, fibrin film, fibrin powder, and d;.y' thrombin
which at present are prepared only for scientific pu ones &t the Insti-
tflte of Hematology and Blood transfusion (at Prague.
Emphasis is given to the use of albumin therapy in shock conditions
and in hypoproteinemia, and to the necessity for improving the examina-
tion of donors, and the use of ion-exchange adsorbents for transfusion
in cases of thrombocytopenia. The authors cite that Czechoslovak dextran
is a more effective atlt?shock preparation than other dextran preparations.
The authors conclude that in order to correctly understand the prr_b-
lems of blood preservation and the use of blood and blood substitutes and
to correctly diagnose donors, it is necessary to understand the biochemical,
the isoserological., the microbiological, and the immunological indexes of
normal and pathological blood physiology and blood circulation, and also
to understand the clinical field and internal medical significance of blood
in an organism.
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50. New Methods for Studtiy of Blood Coagulation System Described
"New Methods for the Study of the Blood Coagulation System," by
E. SirMai (Budapest); Moscow, Problem Gematolo ii I Pere livani a
Krovi.. Vol 2, No 6, Nov/Dec 57, pp 38-44
Because factors influencing blood coagulation are of vital importance
in all fields of medicine, it is important to determine the blood coagula-
tion state accurately. Methods for the study of blood coagulation proc-
esses may be divided into three groups: macromethods, macromethods, and
the use of special apparatus.
Blood coagulation factors studied using macromethods include pro-
thrombin time, recalcification time, free blood heparin level, rate for
blood thrombin inactivation, and the determination of factors V, VII,
VIII, IX, and X.
Blood coagulation factors un',ng macromethods include fibrinogen, pro-
thrombin, thrombokinase, thrombocytokinase, calcium, and the determinat:'.on
of factors V and VIII, and the uptake of prothrombin.
Various reagents used in these determinations are enumerated.
The macromethods modified by the author make it possible to use very
small samples of the original material for accurate determinations.
51. Factors Influencing Viability of Transfused Blood in Recipients'
Blood Stream
"The Study of the Viability of Transfused Blood in the Blood
Stream of the Recipient," by L. S. Shulutko, Leningrad Scien-
tific Research Institute for Blood Transfusion (director,
Docent A. D. Belyakov; and Scientific Leader, Prof A. N. Fila-.
tov, Corresponding Member of Academy of Medical Sciences USSR);
Moscow, Probleniv Gematolo i Pe Vol 2, No 6,
Nov/Dec 57, pp 5-50
Considering that preserved blood may be kept for long periods, the
question of its biological wholesomeness after various periods of preserva-
tion becomes very significant. To determine blood viability, tte erythro-
cytes of the preserved blood were tagged with Fe59, s35, and Cl- , and.
the follaving three series of experiments were conducted on rabbits:
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L The effect of the ten;,tlt of pre:lervation of blood o?-c the viabil-
I t; r of traasfuoeil eryt lroc;,rter, La the 'oiooi c;trcom of the reciui ants .
The effect of the conpocition of preserving solutions on the via-
b1:i_it;i of transfused blood, (come new soiutiono were used, such as anti-
3cpt i cu, glucorc polymers, oeccharo:ae, and alcohol) as compared with blood
")2.-(, ;cx-re1 in the usual glucooe-c~.trate solution.
3. The relationship between the mechanism of inclusion of transfused
? blood. into the general circulation., and the process of its deposition.
It was noted. that blood preserved at negative temperatures had a
higher viability than blood preserved at 4-6 C. Furthermore, results in-
dicate that the viability of transfused blood depends on the composition
of preserving solutions, the length of storage, and the initial state of
the rocip ent. Iii &,es - viability was observed in freshly preserved blood
(and this decreased zrith time ), as well as blood preserved in gi ucose-
c ttrate solution. Transfused blood was incorporated into the general
circulation or deposited in the blood depots depending on the need for
bloocL, i .e., less blood was deposited after blood loss than under normal. .
c onalt-tons . '
32. Problems of ImmundhematoloQ: Studied
"The Present Statv.s or the Problem of 1rrnmunohematolog3r, " by
Prof A. Bagdacar ov, Active Member of Academy of Medical Sere
ences, USSR; Moscmi, Meclitsinsly Ra'o'tnik. No 90', 29 ITov 57,
17 2
Frofesr,or Bagdasarov,? touches on the immunological significance of
the blood. groul,s (A, 33, AD, and. 0) ar-cl the problem of Rhesus-sc?_zsiticatl.or...
It is ;tatcrl- that the 10iesus-antibody is fixed. on the sur;race of the er r-
throcytes. Serological stw!.ies of leukocytes and. thzombocy-tes coacba.cted
b;? the author and. by I' F. 11. Urf.nsor_ grove that the leukocytes are carriers
o ? A a:zr, ?3 factors , ,;ust as the erythrocytes are. This same property is
Carl dez t :U the thrombocytes.
The principle of autoanci.genic:tty with regard to autoagressive di:-
er-ocs is reviewed. Decrcaser! incidence of posttx:ansfusion reactions Is
at:te : to test:~.ng donors' erythrocytes against recipients' blood for
air utinrv; on accox?d?? ng to the Coombs' method
the auwi ' t._ir?];s that the necessity of ;'paving a new branch
of ~ned ^:.r_e--i;mnt;:or rne. o..o Ic clear,
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3. Comparative Study of the Properties of Thrombotropin, Ac-Globulin,
and Factor VII Under the Effect of X Rayo, Dicoumarin, and Temperature
"A Comparative Study of the Properties of' Thrombotropin, Ac-
Globulin, and Factor VII," by Ye. Ye. Shimonayeva, Moscow State
University imeni M. V. Lomonosov; Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk
SSSR, Vol 115, No 3r 21 Jul 57 pp 572-511 "5
The aim of this research was to compare the properties of thrombo-
tropin, Ac-globulin, and Factor VII and to explain their similarities
and differences.
In vivo and in vitro experiments were cond~lcted on albino rats.
`thrombotropin concentration was determined acco;C,ding to the method of
13. A. Kudryashov, Ac-globulin concentration accclIlrding to Quick, and Factor
VII according to B. Alexander ar.J. others. Conditions for studying these
three factors included radiation sickness, injec;~i;ion of dicotmarin, and
differing temperature effects. The results were\,as follows:
1. Results of 213 experiments on rats subjected to 500 r from X rays
indicate that the concentration of Factor VII is,decreased by 7-8 days
after radiation sickness, that of Ac-globulin rem~tins within physiolog-
ical limits although slightly decreased., but that of thrombotropin re-
rwAins at the preirradiation level all during the c;&xperimental period.
At 9-10 days after irradiation the concentration c'~f Factor VII is ftiurther
decreased and the concentration of Ac-globulin is :Lowered to 53% of the
preirradiation level. At 12-13 days after irradia~;ion, the concentra-
tion of both Factor VII and Ac-globulin rises grad;ally and attains
norrnaa physiological levels by the 15th day.
2. Tests conducted on 180 rats injected with .a'. solution of dicoumarin
at 30 mg per 200 g body weight indicate that 2l. hour-! after the injection
of dicoumarin, both the Factor VII and thrombotropin, disappear completely,
while Ac-globulin remains within physiological limit~,b all during the ex-
periment (96 hours). Factor VII and thrombotropin bi1,,gin to appear at 1+8
hours after the injection of dicotuarin, and attain t,'he physiological
level at 96 hours. The author concludes that the injection of dicownarin
disturbs the biosynthesis of Factor VII and thrombotrr~rpin, while that of
Ac-globulin is undisturbed.
3. In vitro experiments were conducted on 75 rat.:,:,; and oxallated
plasma was used to study thrombctropin activity, plasms, to which pro-
thrombin was added was used to study Ac-globulin and serum was used to
study Factor VII. Sertun and plasma were warmed in a wa-t;er bath to 115,
1.7, and 50 at which they were kept for 10 minutes. Reuults verify that
Ac-globulin is most labile to temperature, for at 150 it loses more than
half its activity, while no great changes occur in either thrombotropin
or Factor VII. At 500 the activity of both thrombotropin and Ac-globulin
was almost completely lost (7% of the original), while that of Factor VII
was still significant (35% of the original).
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These results confirm that thrombotropin, Ac-globulin, and Factor
VII are three different components of the blood but they do possess certain
connon properties. Ac-globulin is the component necessary for the con-
version of prothrombin into thrombin, and it is not identical with any
of the other blood coagulation facto's. Factor VII is similar to thrombo-
kinase in a number of respects and probabl;r is identical with blood throm-
bokinase.
Furthermore, these results prove that thrombotropin is not the cause
for decreased blood coagulation in radiation sickness. These data agree
with earlier results reported by B. A. Kudryashov stating that Ac-globulin
does not. exert a great influence on the disturbance of the process of
blood coagulation during radiation sickness, nor does it belong to funda-
mental components in blood coagulation. Factor VII may be considered as
one of the components whose decreased concentration in radiation sickness
causes hemorrhage. Since the administration of dicoumarin decreases
blood thrombotropin content and Factor VII: dicoumarin therapy should be
strictly controlled by determining the concentration of thrombotropin and
Factor VII.
54+. Polish Hematological Society Holds Conference at Wroclaw on Heparin
"Eighth Scientific Conference of Polish Hematological Society"
(from the MeditGinskiye Izvestiya) by'Yu. I. Flares; Moscow,
ProblerAy Gematolo i i Perelivaniya Krovi, Vol 2, No 6, P7ov/Dec
57, pp 55-56
More than 500 people participated in the Eighth Scientific Conference
of the Polish. Hematological Society, held at Wroclaw on 17 February 1957.
The first report was entitled, "The Role of Heparin in an Organism,"
by Professor Kovarzhik. He proposed that heparin was manufactured in
heparinocytes, i.e. basophilic cells of blood and tissues. It was stated
that heparinemia, which ace. '~anies hemrrhagic diathesis, may be met in
clinical practice and that deficiency of blood coagulation in peptone
shock may be due to heparin.
Zakshevskiy reported on the cytostatic effect of heparin which in-
L ibits the growth of cell colonies. This effect was compared. with the
enticoa~;ula tion effect, although the two mechanisms are quite different.
A. Troyanovskiy reported on "Heparin in Surgical Clinic." Prepara-
tions related to heparin mentioned were "depoheparin, raritol, and
trombotsid." The author describes an improved method of using anti-
coa;rYulantc during the postoperative period. Starting with the fourth day
after the operation, first heparin is used, then dicouumarin, and "pelentan."
Course of therapy is determined by prothrombin time (Quick's method).
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L'c. ;.;hc:11r~1~.Lt1: 1 c~~nu,?tru. on "'1710 Ih;o a.C 1Irr~la;.? n all xrtcrza1 Df oca;ec."
rt rrv, :;Lrti"-,scl that '..ora:'.Tt ,toc(l r?, till! ttnt:LcoaLrula,.t docreatleo mortc.Lity
by 1),o_1,f'. I1cpar?1n d.orce coniiutc, d.[' ;SO n+ ,w clay fui 20 day r,. ,
1 :nc)rc r.:q)e:uwl.ve than -11coulnctr:i.:l, l,er;:; rte%er;s3ib:?.e, arid. its e! ft,,t
a nllurLur cluratLon, but !.'t io leas ',a.-,a.-
'! tyro enc;ec; Of r)tx; tolac"eu'tivc ,,1luc?ie, It wa,. l.'huim that prothronlbin
1 (.rrc11 ;iao Very l.cnr; 'i:~lt; ~:L'oro, FeeytLin prt)pC,;;cc that prothromb:L'A t.evcl
.L., oC cliatL11ojt1c u:Lt;njfi::rl;.lce yr?'t1::. 3.oGar:l ?!;u the ond. t of ;;1:.rombos:ta.
F. Labc!nd.ixiok:ty,. xei)c;rtin3 an ",.(Ac ilit''.ucnce of Certain Drugs on
L-h.e IA.;rel of 11cpar. in, " noted that heparli.:Lc.nr :i to dec:reaued under the
effect of ATM and is :increased under the effect of atropine.
A report by 'A. Fey-gin ni others c;nti.tle('. "A Cri tica1 Eval.?.tation of
the star:i.u;.u. Laboratory- Teutr; ?rc..etl. for. Ant coarul.ailt,.;" r?~.c:ol ends a moci:.-
fic:ia t_o:: of Quick, j nlethc'va.
Other reports inclu,ied the e.'Iect of heparin on blood lipids and the
fib.inoiytic effect of heparl.n. F mainly, a possibility was mentioned for
u:;i:.1g heparin rectally, L. the :form of suppositor .ea.
L iiunolo . and Tllerapeut1cs
j , . Growint; Vitam'i11 Therapy : treor e r TherL:peutic or tance of Vit.^*_..aiT'^
.~.~
B~ and C
"Therapeutic Use of Vitran; tns, " 133( Prof if. Yefrelnov; Moscow,
Med;.tailask Ra'ooti No 98, 5 Dec 57, p 3
A short utu nary is g:tvex! of the therapeutic use of vitartins A '. yam,,
B,), ar.d 113G? Vitamin :p"'P s conside:`ecl innortawt in Influencing the dy-
namics of i.e1?vous ilrOce ier; of t::.e eerCGbra: hero spheres. its intens-Ifice.-
tion ar..d, concentration effar., ,s u.n i..ternal inhibition which are si?n lz'.r.
to +1,~);;e uf bromine are :Ixlportar:c in the process o:f d:?recti ig hun.a:n be-
havior.
A rather detla.ilo u J,., o$ ll L taialin. B i:; zuzumarized :.,i this ar'v .c! e .
Vitarn r r1 ,) is used in treat'rlg oas aiieini.a in doses of 15-30 ga na
per da;r, Tint art-cr th:, ret.culocyte cr:Lc:'.s Is over it is adrlinistered oirce
or 'tW:.ee per weed-,. For very severe cases of po.rnictour', anemia, 500, up
to 750, and oven 1, 000 gzumle. of v t ?cacl:Ln B 2. are acbAnistered twice o
r
three tunes per week. The usual method i intramuscular injections, but
the peroral method is appli.(:rt'a1e also. It consists of vitamin B~ in com-
btnatlon "lr-;,th ga.;i;r~~lrucorro to ir.. Vitamin 13 .~ may be combined wiih folic
acid with favorable res'.ttts. Vitan?_.n 2 's` effective in treating both
hypo- h:merchronlr'.c a,_cnm^ia. f.tarnin .2 "used alone or in combination
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with v1 Lan:in Il((, thiamine, and riboflavin uiGn.:tficantly speeds the reirenera-
tion of tratunaEized peripheral nerves and aids in the development of motor
erid plates in skeletal mwdles C'1o0e to the 1.njured area. Finally, vitain.Lri
1312 11s of therapeutic use in certaLn skin cliceaccs, and in cerebral p,aral.-
yusic (Little's disease). Variout, therapeutic courses are prescribed.
The field of therapeutic ure of vitamin C, which scams almost 1:imit-
1ess, is establishing; its siGmif:Lcance in immunoloCical processes of an
orG-anism and its resistance to various infections. It has been established
? by S wiet scientists, for example, that vitamin C deficiency d.isturbs the
procca.9s of plhago-ytosis. During vitamin C hypovitaminosis, the compli-
mcn-t activity of blood serum is sharply decreased, the capacity for the
formation of agglutinins in the process of immunization is depressed, anct
both the natural and acquired nonsusceptibility toward a number of infee-
'oous diseases is decreased. In addition, vitamin C deficiency is e.cprecc;;ed
in ulcerous diseases of the stomach, duodenum, and in achiorhyd.ria aud
chronic enterocholitis. :Cn each case vitamin C therapy is effective.
It has been proved that ascorbic acid inhibits the development of
alimentary hype rcholesteremia, and 300-500 and up to 1,000. mg ascorbic
acid per. day decreases the level of cholesterol and beta-lipoproteins
of the blood.
During recent years extensive therapeutic use has been made of rite.-
min P preparations--rutin and catechins obtained from green leaves of tea
and other plants. These preparations seem most effective in dis^ases
accompanying decreased capillary resistance: capill.ary toxicosis, acute
and subacute nephritis, hematuria, septic endocarcUtis, rheumatism,, and
Hyper tonic and hypotonic diseases with 1.na:ceased capillary permeability.
The author concludes that the field of vitamin therapy is constantly
increasing in significance and the importance of vitamins B12 and C 1.::?
this field is becoming increasingly more prominent.
Sensitization_ curd Desensitization to Rh Factors Anal zed
"Sensitization to Rhesus Factor and Attempts to Prevent and
Frac'.icate It, " by Radoy Popivanov, Chair of General Biology
(head, Prof R. Popivaraov) I-IiG.her Medical Institute, Sofia;
Moscow, Problemkv Gemato].oYii i Perelivaniya. ICroyi, Vol 2,
No 6, Nov Dec 57, pp 30-38
The author describes various experiments concerning the sensitization
and desensitization toward the Rh factor. Graphs illustrate blood fluctt:a-
tion of agr iutination titer for anti-B and anti-Rh factors for women under
various conditions. Two -tables illustrate results of Rh-isoimmunizatio*x
of Rh-negative recipients by blood transfusion from incompatible and com-
patible groups; of Rh-positive blood.
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CPYRGHTr14:e au thoe' make. the .[ ollowl.ng c;onclu.ionc :
"l_ . Antigens oC the ADO and the Rh uyctem are In a ;tate o1.' reeipro-
ec':l. antaConj m and stimulation.
This antagonism find;. Its ecprc caion in that in equal ernour_'t:;
the group antir,,cns inhibit the app car. ance of the Rh antibodie:, . Ti"!
'1o,, rIbecd relations may chrnt e in favor of the weaker anti."on., I.()., of
the 1th factor, provided its injection io ci'Cectecl. in a considerably larger
do.(' than that of the ;;roue antigen.
"3. The relations of reciprocal stimulation are apparent in the fact
that ,.ocnetimes variations in the titer of flh antibodies are of the some
order with variations of the group antibodies. This was revealed on
r veral occasions in the increase of immune group antibody titer at the
moment the Rh antibodies make their appearance, and this despite ;;he
cessation of group antigen injection. Conditions influencing the develop-
ment of 'this form of antigen relations are not yet clear." En[;l.ich ab-
stract
57. Specialists in Drug Therapy of Cancer Needed l3ecause of Increas_'.ng
Number of Anticancer Drugs
"Prospects of Chemotherapy of Cancer," by Prof L. Larionov,
Corresponding Member, Academy of Medl.(%al Sciences USSR; Mos-
cow, Meaitsinskiy Rabotnik, No 4, 14 Jan 58, p 3
Prospects for future chemotherapy of cancer are very promising.
Surgical removal and radiation therapy of cancerous growths are in-
adequate without chemical therapy. While radiation therapy of cancer
relies on only one physiological factor, i.e., the effect of penctrat:.ng
radiation, chemotherapy is based. on numerous possibilities commensurate
with the product of different properties and mechanisms of a great number
of chemical substances.
The author presents a long list of Soviet and non-Soviet drugs used
in cancer therapy; some c;~.amp].es are urethane, neoembichin, mercaptopurine,
TIT', TIOTEF, and E39.
The author believes that with the increasing number of anticancer
preparations and the varied experimental and clinical experience needed
before their official acceptance into therapeutic inst3.tnnti.ons, a new
specialty has arisen -- that of oncologist-chemotherapist. The author
finds it very desirable for some oncologists and therapists to devote
their work to the new specialty which is the drug therapy of cancer, for
if they do not, even the 30-odd existing drugs will not be used correctly.
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';'3. bT~:t, u:d ul' :Preparln? Dry Live 'llalaremia Var,c:lne Improved
"Improvement of the Preparation of Dry Live `.Polar tmia Var.-cine,
by L. S. Kolyadi tcikr,ya and A. A. Shmurygina, Institute of i~pi.-
demiology and Microbiology imeni Gamalcya; Moscow, Zhurnal Mikro-
b:ioloL~;ii, L~pidemiologii i' l=unobiologii, Vol 23, No 10, Oct 57,
64-69
Following a brief description of how arititularemia vaccine was pre-
pared from Gayskiy strain No 15 by aeration at the afore-mentioned in-
stitute prior to 1956, the authors of this article discuss a method of
improving and accelerating this process. The experiments were based on
Rmel'yanova'u studies of B. tularenae dissociation on fish-cystine agar
and blood media. It was assumed by analogy with other cultures (dysentery;
diphtheria, etc.) that serial passage of B. tularenae cultures on various
media might have a negative effect on the characteristics of this organism
and might induce dissociation. Protracted study of vaccine cultures at
all stages of production afforded convincing evidence that culturing B.
tularense on media other than yolk facilitates dissociation and affects
the quality of the vaccine. The first table included in the text shows
the extent of B. tularenae dissociation in relation to culture media
(four types) and culturing conditions.
Certain changes in production technology are suggested on the basis
of these results. A series of experiments was performed under similar
production conditions to verify the reliability of the results and to
validate the proposed technological changes. Table 2 shows "content of
immunogenic cells in tularemia vaccine prepared by the aeration method
and depending on the medium on which the mother culture was grown,"
determined in these experiments. Coagulated yolk and fish-cystine agar
media were tested.
The altered method was then used for actual preparation of a vaccine
production series of dry live tularemia vaccine (series No 10-109). The
quality of the vaccine produced was further evaluated by determining its
biological action on the living organism. Results of inocr lacing guinea
pigs with diluted vaccine 1:10 and 1:100 in relation to the content of
:lnunur_ogenic cells are presented in Table 4.
Analysis of all data collected in these experiments leac', to the
CPYRGHfollowi.ng conclusions:
"1. As a result of a nwunber of serial passages, Gayskiy strain
No 15 of B. tularense dissociated to a great extent during production_
of a vaccine by the usual method, and the content of immunogenic cells
in the vaccine prepared from it was sharply decreased.
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"2. Gaudy of dissociation of the B. tularenoe vaccine strain on
different culture media demonstrated that the minimum extent of dissocia-
tion occurred on coagulated yolk medium and the greatest quantity of im-
munogenic cells were preserved in the culture.
"3. Abbreviation of the steps in vaccine production and the use of
a mother culture grown on yolk or combined medium yielded a preparation
with a high content of immunogenic cells."
59. Production of Biologicals Increased at Odessa Institute of Epidemi-
ology and Microbiology imeni I. I. Mechnikov
"Production of Dry BCG Vaccine Increased Significantly" (un-
signed article); Kiev, Vrachebnoye Delo, No 4, Apr 57, p 447
The Laboratory for Drying Bacterial Preparations of the Odessa
Institute of idemiology and Microbiology imeni I. I. Mechnikov has
been enlarged and its number of refrigeration units increased. Also
within the institute a laboratory for the production of gamma globulin
has been organized. These two laboratories have produced good experi-
mental results which are expected to increase the production of BCG; an
improved method of producing dry brucellosis and tularemia diagnosticums
has also been adopted. "The planned production of BCG and diphtheria
antitoxin is to be doubled in 1957."
60. Unitol Used for Arsenic and Mercury Poisoning
"Use of the New Antidote Unitol for Poitoning With Arsenic and
Mercury Compounds," by G. A. Belonozhko, V. I. Vitte-Drozdov-
skaya, Ye. I. Kefeli, and B. M. Shchepotin, Vrachebn. Delo, No
1, 1957, pp 8t-88 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Ihlmi I Biolo-
CPYRG' .cheskaya KhimiyaL No 5, 10 Mar 56, Abstrt ct No 67 9 )
"Unitol was used for treating 25 patients admitted to a clinic for
poisoning with arsenic compounds (Paris green, 'osarsol,' 'miarsenol,'
and others), and mercury compounds (mercuric chloride, granosan, and
others). Positive results were obtained. With the aid of unitol, it is
possible to stop total intoxication and to prevent the development of com-
plications."
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Physiology
61. Research Proves Importance of Thyroid Gland in Adaption Reactions of
Organisms
"The Influence of Temperature on Phagocytic Activity During Re-
generation Proceeding Under Conditions of Different Concentra-
tions of Thyroid Hormone," by A. A. Voitkevich, Voronezhsk Med-
ical Institute; Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 115, No
3, 21 Jul 57, p 630-632
The aim of this research was to study the effect of external tempera-
ture on wound healing Fs judged. by changr,s of histological structure of
the periphery of wounds and the picture of the exudate at various periods
of healing. Tests were conducted on 82 full grown albino rats. Ten days
before the experiment, one group of animals was maintained at 8.50 C and
the other group at 24.5? C. Changes in hormonal balance were induced by
the administration of methylthiouracil (10 mg daily dose) and by thyre-
iodine, i.e., thyroxine (5 mg daily dose).
Results confirm the inhibitory effect of low temperature on the healing
of wounds and on the activity of cellular elements in the wound exudate,
especially in those animals to whom methylthiouracil was administered.
Methylthiouracil decreased the level of thyroid hormone, lowered basal
metabolism, and intensified inhibitory processes in the nervous system.
On administration of thyreoidine (thyroxine), the level of basal metabolism
sharply rose, and the process of healing injured tissue was speeded up
significantly. The positive effect of thyroid hormone on wound healing
was apparent during both high and low temperatures, but it was greater at
the higher temperature although only during the first half of the healing
period.
Histological slides indicate that low temperature exerts an inhibitory
effect on the intensity of migration and differentiation of cellular ele-
ments during the first half of the healing period. This inhibitory effect
of low temperature is more significant in those cases where the most im-
portant link in regulation of basal metabolism, the thyroid gland, is put
out of service. Reparative processes in an organism were changed little
by maintaining animals at different temperatures and experimentally changing
the concentration of thyroid hormone.
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Rey' neration of Irtna}a Nodor A.lc~r+ (course of Funr.+.ional Lymph Vessels
urn ut;, Poundury of Unin grad Adinoc;e Tiss-tie
'Concerning the Regeneration of T.Zrriph Nodes in Albino Rats," by
A. I. Braude, Central Institute for. the Advari~,ecl Training of
Phyci iciar,.s; Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 115, ' No 3,
2l. Jul 57, pp 626-629
The present research is a study of the possibility of the regenera-
tion of lymph nodes after their removal. Tests were conducted on' 1+7
young albino rats whose lymph glands (the right and left lat,:ral aortic,
the superficial. inguinal, and the axillary nodes) were removed.
Serial sections at the si'e of lymph nodes indicate the appearance
of foci of lymphatic tissue around lymph vessels 4 days after the removal
of right and left lateral aortic nodes, the appearance of mi.gratirg lymph
vessels, the separation of secondary nodes from regenerating lymph nodes,
and the growth of lymph vessels {xi future medullary substance of regenera-
ting para-aortal nodes.
Results prove that regeneration of lymph. codes is possible only along
the course of functional lymph vessels. This conf.irnis the very important
morphogenetic role of circulating lymph in the regenerating process of
lymph nodes. Besides, regeneration of lymph nodes occurred only at the
boundary of ad;pose tissue which was not injured during the operation.
63. Changes in Conditioned Reflexes Due to Low Barometr?c Pressure
"Changes in the Conditioned. Reflex Activity of Dogs During Re-
peated Brief Exposures to Reduced Barometric Pressure," by L. I.
Ardas.hnikova, Laboratory of. General Physiolcsy, Institute of Nor-
mal and Pathological Physiology, Academy of Madir? t31 Scien^es USSR;
Moscow, Zhurna vsshe- Nervno~ ate1'nosti Imeni I. P. Pavlovr,
CPYRGHZ'O1 8, No 2, Ma,~, Apr 5 , pp 193-199
"This arti.cle !s with experf_me:ats conducted on four dogs to deter-
mine what conditioned reflex activity rakes place ?.n them during repeated
ascents in a pressurized cal:in to altitudes of 1+,000, 5,000, and 6,000,
meters. Results of ttie experiments reveal ed that changes which take place
in the h:gher nervous activity depend on the pecuryiar course of the nervous
proc.isses a= the cerebral cortex. These changes arise as a result of new
relat:,ionships between exteroceptors and interoceptors, provoked by lower
partial oxygen pressure, and also arc result of prote:tive inhibition due
to the reduced efficiency level of the con s'.cal cells in the presence of
hypoxia. Slight changes in conditioned reflex activity, which disappeared
during training, were oboe.: in two dogs with strong nervous systems.
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!u the two ocher c1oF;3, with weal. ner'vow3 syctems, the conditioned reflexes
ch,unged c1rast ically at an altitude of 5, 000 meters. Collapse of the higher
zi,:rrvous activity occurred In one doll at a altitude of 5, 000 meters.
64. Lffects of Cold Showers After Exposure to Heat
"Effect, of Shower Baths on Restorative Period After a Person Is
Exposed to Warm Mj-;.roel.imatic Cond.i.tions," by W. Ye. Skurat
(Moscow), Laboratory of Industrial Microclimate of Institute of
-Industrial J?ygiene and A:cupational Diseases, Academy of Medical
Sciences USSR; Moscow, Cigi re:ta Truda I Professionai'nyye Zabo-
CPYRGH E`ni-yea, No 2, Mar/Apr pp 2 31
"?Investigations were conducted under the direction of IT. G. Davydov
to determine the effects of shower 'baths on restoration of physiological
functions of workers who were exposed to adverse conoquences of warm micro-
climate. It was found that shower baths taken. in 360 water by a person
standing in an upright position, does not lead to restoration of body
'temperature, pulse frequency, and maximum arterial pressure. The feeling,
in 50% of the cases, was that the water was excessively warm. Shower
baths taken in 330 water- led to normalization of body temperature and
an Interchange of gases and toned up the cardiovascular system somewhat.
In the greatest majority of cases the reaction was agreeable. Shower
baths taken in 30?-temperature water- produced somewhat greater effects.
However, the reaction in more than 50% of the cases was that the water
Vas excessively cold."
65. Transfer of Conditioned Reflexes to Audible, Visualized, Self-
Pronounced Words
CPYRG
"Study of Relationships Between Audible, Visualized, and Self -
P.ronou.n_ced Words," by F. I. Tvashchenko, Chair of Pedagogics
and Psychology, Stavropol Pedagogical Institute; Moscow. Zhurnal
'1 y'sshe' Nerarnoy Deetel' nostl imeni P. Pavlov, Vol 8, No 2,
198., Pp 175-18l
"On the basis of data obtained as a result of experiments conducted
on ten adult-s 17-18 years old and to children 10?-11 years old, with the
aid of :':vranov-Smolen-skiy method, it was possible to determ:'..ne the extent
that a word pronounced by the subject himself, an audible word, and a
visualized word can successfully replace one another in developing a
conditioned reflex. `. -%ie tra:iqfer from the a?ad'ble word to that pronounced
by the s .uh jet i Imseif was observed in '11'0 % of the cases and to the pre-
.9, ted ?risua.i.ly l in 90%. A transfer ~)f conditioned reflex from a word
pronoun,~ed by the subject to a word of similar czeaz?;.nsg. but presented
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ar.111y or vi uul.Ly, occur rod in io% of the subjects experimented with.
Although it cannot be said that results of these experiments produced con-
clusive answers, it is apparent from the data collected that the effec-
tiveness of the audible word is considerably higher than that of the word
pronounced by the subject himself."
66. New Visual Acuity Meter Described
"Determination of Illumination Conditions and Fatigue by Meas-
urirg Vision," by Z. A. Ziombrovskaya (Moscow), Laboratory of
Hygiene of Illumination, Institute of General and Communal
Hygiene, Academy of Medical Sciences USSR; Moscow, Gi iyena
Truda i Professiono.l'ny*e Zabolevaniya, No 2, Mar/Apr 5$,
Pp 36-41
Several experiments were conducted with the aid of polarizing binoc-
ular visual acuity meter of L. L. Dashkevich (PB-V') in order to determine
visual fatigue during work by measuring `vision. Results of the experiments
showed that fatigue increased at the same time that work output and visual
acuity decreased. It was noted that visual acuity at first increased and
for a time remained approximately constant. The duration and severil,y of
fatigue depended on duration of stress, intensity of visual work, condition
C PYRG . llumination, and the general condition of the subJect.
"One experimental model of the PBIV was received by the Laboratory
of Hygiene of Illumination of the institute of General and Communal Hygiene
and was tested under both laboratory and working conditions. The apparatus
appeared to be practicable,, convenient, and accurate in determining changes
in visual acuity and visual fatigue and considerably superior to other
apparatuses of this type previously known. This portable apparatus is
simple, easy to use, and differs from the latest types of visual acuity
meter of Ame,icat make because it does not need a supplementary light
source.
A photograph of the device illustrates the article.
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67. Slovak Paper Contaittts Additional Information on Soviet Find of Third
'
"Third Type of Reflex Discovered" (unsigned article); Brati-
slava, Lud, 14 Feb 58, p 1
Ro.f
lex Tyre
According to a Tass report, the Soviet physiologist Leonid Krushin-
.skiy, professor at Moscow University, announced that he had succeeded in
identifying a new type of reflex while he was studying animal reflex ac-
tivity. On the basis of the scientific experiments, he concluded that
animals have a third type of reflex, which he calls extrapolated, besides
the conditioned and nonconditioned reflexes discovered by Pavlov.
According to his viewpoint, this type of reflex is the basis of mental
action, the ability of highly organized living creatures to create an image
of the entire process, to compare individual phenomena, and to predict
future events on the basis of perceptive thought organs.
Professor Krushinskiy expresses the opinion that the recognition of
the new reflex will promote a more effective fight against nervous diseases.
Nadezhda Ladyginova, Doctor of Biology, declared in a conversation
with Tass correspondents that the research activities of Professor Krushin-
skiy have a great scientific and practical significance. She said that
Professor Krushinskiy presents a new, very incisive and simple method for
the study of animal behavior and positively answers the question of whether
animals can form ideas.
The well-known mathematician?, Professor Alexey T'apunov, announced
that the knowledge of the mechanism of extrapolation in living creatures
also offers mathematicia-:.s the possibility of a new attitude to the solution
of important problems in the field of cybernetics.
Very soon, a cybernetic-physiological laboratory is supposed to be
established in Moscow University.
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Public JIealth Sanitation, and Hygiene
C,< Gelatin Foam Filter for Detecting Virus Aerosols
"Detection of a Virus Aerosol With a Gelatin Foam Filter," by
S. S. Rechmen.skiy and V. P. Mitchenko, Institute of Infectious
Diseases; Moscow, Vopro_Virusologii, Vol 3, No 2, Mar/Apr 58,
CPYRGHTpp 101-103
"The c eud.y of biological and colloid-chemical properties of a virus
aerosol is highly significant for explaining not only the mechanism of
t.ransmiscion of influenza, but also a number of characteristics of the
pathogenesis and immunogenesis of this infection.
"This task has been experimentally resolved by using a model virus
aerosol created in a hermetic chamber. Precise apparatus is employed to
record the aerodynamic properties of similar aerosols, and a variety of
virological investigation methods are used to determine biological char-
acteristics.
"Methods of 'sampling' a virus aerosol assume great significance for
biological analysis of the aerosol. Various apparatuses, for example, the
Rosebuiy impinger (1) and the Rechmenskiy virus sampler (2, 3), are used
for these purposes.
"Testing of sponge filter made of gelatin foam as a 'trap' for virus
aersol was included among objectives of this research: the filter was pre-
pared by A. Ye. Vershilova in accordance with Mitchell's formula (4, 5).
"Gelatin sponges are superior because of their solubility. There-
fore, by using an aerosol sample obtained with the sponge alone, it is
possible to perform various serological reactions. Simultaneously it is
possible to carry out quantitative determination of both the aerosol cloud
absorbed by the filter and of tha virus contained in this portion.
"Method of Investigation. A model virus aerosol was created in a hermetic
glass flask (volume 10 liters; see illustration). As a result of pre-
liminary experiments, a model virus aerosol. which was kinetically rather
stable and consisted of fine-caliber droplets was formed.
"The first aerosol. sample was collected from the chamber no .ooner
than 5-10 minutes after dispersal of the virus suspension. Subsequent
samples were collected every 2.5 m;.nutes.
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"n glass apparatus of the 'Chicago' type was used for dispersion.
The Aerosol was collected in a special metal funnel of Vershigora con-
struction. A sponge filter of gelatin foam in the form of a mushroom (stem
25 cm, cap 30 cm) was attached to the opening [of the funnel]; the filter
was previously weighed with analytical weights. Aerosol from the chamber
was drawn through the filter into the flask at the rate of 3 liters per
minute with a low-power electric air pump.
"After withdrawal of an aerosol sample, the gelatin sponge was removed
from the flask and again weighed with analytical weights. The weight of
the droplet aerosol 'absorbed' by the gelatin sponge was determined by
the weight of the sponge before and after the experiment.
"The gelatin sponge, slightly enlarged from the absorbed portion of
aerosol, was dissolved in a phosphate buffer (pH 7.14). The sponge solu-
tion obtained was used to determine the influenza virus in it by the
hemagglutination reaction and infection of chick embryos.
"Influenza virus type A, strain PR-8, adapted to chick embryos, was
employed in the experiments. The virus was cultured on 11-day embryos.
"Allantoic and amniotic fluid from the precediu; passage was used
for Infection in a dilution of ].0_5 and a volume of 0.2 ml. The infected
embryos were incubated at 370 for 48 hours.
"The allantoic fluid containing influenza virus with a titer of
1:2,048 according to thetemaggl.utination reaction was dispersed in an
amount of 0.3-0.5 ml into the air space of the chamber; indexes of tempera-
ture and humidity in the chamber were then recorded.
"Results of a series of preliminary experiments, presented in the
table below, demonstrate the suitability of gelatin filters for detection
and quantitative calculation of a virus aerosol. The aerosol was almost
completely absorbed by the gelatin filter and the activity of the virus
in the gelatin foam solution was comparable to the activity of the initial
virus suspension."
"1. The effectiveness of the trapping rapacity of gelatin filters
with respect to influenza viruus in a droplet-aerosol state was determined.
"2. Influenza virus in a droplet-aerosol state, 'absorbed' by a
gelatin sponge, preserves its biological characteristics,
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"3. The use of gelatin sponges as filters makes it possible to de-
termine by weight the portions of aerosol absorbed by them and to establish
the extent to which biological activity is maintained in this portion of the
virus in relation to the whole volume of aerosol in the air space of the
chamber."
An illustration of the apparatus and the following table are included
in the article:
Experiment No1
Experiment No 2
Wt of gelatin sponge (mg)
Before experiment
1.747
1.047
After experiment
1.816
1.135
Percent of "trapping" of
influenza virus aerosol by
gelatin sponge
99.8
93.7
Biological activity of influenza virus
Before adsorption on gelatin sponge
Virus titer according to hemag-
glutination reaction 1:4,096 1:2,048
Infection titer for embryos 10-6 10-6
After adsorption on gelatin sponge
Virus titer according to RGA 1:4,096 1:8,192
Infection titer for embryos 10-6 10-6
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69. Planned USSR Medical Research for 1959-1965
"Long-Range Draft Plan for Development of Medical Science in
the USSR During 1959-1965," by Corre;spondi.ng Member of Academy
of Medical S,:Iences USSR D. A. Zhdanov, Deputy Chairman of the
Scientific-Planning Commission of the Presidium of the Academy
of Medical Sciences USSR, Zdravookhraneniye Belorussii, No 4,
CPYRGHT Apr 58, PP 11-17
"The Presidium of the Academy of Medical Sciences USSR has compiled
a long-range draft plan for scientific research in the most important
fields of medical science. This long-range draft plan will be incorporated
into the Seven.-Year Plan (1959-1965). The present-day achievements in
physics, chemistry, and biology will serve as groundwork for this plan.
The draft plan for medical research, during the period 1959.1965, will be
discussed at the April session of the Academy of Medical Sciences which
will be held in Minsk. The following major subjects will be discussed
at that session: Distribution of a network of scientific research es-
tablishments in various parts of the country, expediency of organizing
affiliates of the Academy of Medical Sciences in each union republic, con-
solidation of certain scientific research institutes with chairs of medi-
cine, forms of coordination of research work in the institutes of the
Academy of Medical Sciences, chairs of medicine, and scientific research
establishments of union republic subordination.
"After the plan is confirmed by the Academy of Medical Sciences, it
will be sent to the scientific medical councils of the Ministries of Health
of union republics and will }.serve as a basis for each of them to formulate
their own long-range Seven-Year Plan of scientific medical research, con-
ducted by medical institutes and other scientific medical establishments
of union republic subordination. The Ministries of Health of each union
republic must give priority to scientific medical problems that are of
significance to their own area and tackle problems that flow out of re-
gional peculiarities and are closely connected with practical needs of
health service to their population.
"The draft plan calls for examination of 48 most important medical
problems. The prevailing trends in research in 286 special fields are
carmarked for examination. All efforts of scientists will be directed
toward developing scientific principles of vaccine and serum production
and toward production of synthetic and semisynthetic culture media for
manufacture of new composite bacteriological preparations, anatoxins, and
vaccines for use in immunization against certain infections.
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"Vigorous growth of all segments of the UtJifl economy and steady in-
creane in national wealth were reflected In the improved living standards
and health of the Soviet population. The efforts of medical scientists
and drug researchers have been continually directed toward making new
discoveries and exploring a number of medical frontiers. The thinking of
the Academy of Medical Sciences USSR, the scientific research institutes,
health departments, and chairs of medical institutes has been channeled
toward anticipated influences of future economic growth of the USSR.
Therefore, a planned and purposeful scientific research program is nec-
essary to broaden the scope of medical knowledge and is expected to re-
sult in discovery of more effective drugs for prevention and treatment of
many diacascu.
"The principal items that will be incorporated into the Seven-Year
Plan for Development of Medical Science in the USSR are discussed below.
"Incidence of dysentery and other enteric infections must be reduced
during 1959-1965. It is necessary, therefore, to continue search for
methods of rapid diagnosis of those infections, taking into account the
general shifts and mutations in species and types of organisms that cause
dysentery. To seek out new, effective preparations for specific prophylaxis
of dysentery research must be carried on to-explore the effects of various
factors on general resistance of the human organism and the mechanism of
formation of immunity to dysentery. Experiments must also be conducted to
find out if immuaity can be developed against salmonellosis.
"Pathogenesis, clinical picture, and therapy of enteric infections
among infants is still very important. Morbidity rate among infants due
to those infections is still very high.
"Reduction in incidence of children's diseases will be given a leading
place in the Seven-Year Plan. It is planned to reduce incidence of diph-
theria to one-third and poliomyelitis to one-third or one-fourth of the
present incidence. Attempts will be made to solve many questions dealing
with pathogenesis of diphtheria and its complications. Improved methods of
inanunization against diphtheria must be discovered. Attempts will be made
to find ways of limiting Mcidence of whooping cough. Research workers
have before them the problem of discovering the role that allergenic com-
ponent plays in the pathogenesis of whooping cough, effectiveness of treat-
ment with antibiotics, hyperimmune serums, and gamma globulici obtained
from organisms infected with whooping cough. The most important trend
is discovery of improved methods of preparing composite vaccines and the
study of effects of preventive vaccination on the organism of children,
especially infants.
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"Incidence of measles may be limited only by discovering new methods
of active immunization. Etiology, pathogencsis, and immunology of scarlet
t'ever, must be clarified and more light must be thrown on the role that
streptococcal allergen playa in the pathogenesis of the disease. New and
affective methods of active immunization against scarlet fever must also
be found.
"Some progress has been made in t!h^ past few years in solving influ-
enza and acute catarrh of the respiratory 'tract. Live vaccines and immune
serums have been used successfully. However, the problem of influenza
control cannot be considered solved, and the morbidity rate due to influ-
enza and acute catarrh of the respiratory tract is still very high. For
that reason studies of etiology of influenza, mutations of the organism
that causes it, development of early and rapid methods of diagnosis of
the disease, and.improvcment of methods of preparing and administering
influenza vaccines have an important place in the plan.
"The role that adenoid viruses play in the pathology of man must be
clarified and methods of diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases
caused by adenoid viruses must be developed. The role of influenza in
the pathogenesis of both the infectious and noninfectious diseases must
be pinpointed. All these problems have close relationship to training
of virologicau and to scientific virological establishments.
"The problem of etiology, pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention of
angina and chronic tonsillitis is far from being solved. Scientists of
various specialties must strive to develop methods of differential diagnosis
of epizootic anginae and exacerbation of chronic tonsillitis. It is also
necessary to discover methods of prevention and treatment of complications
that may develop as a consequence of angina and chronic forms of tonsil-
litis, such as rheumatism, diseases of cardiovascular system, chronic
sepsis, and kidney diseases.
"Knowledge of the role that viruses, streptococci, and streptococcal
anginae play in the etiology of rheumatism is necessary. Studies m-asti
be carried on in the field of early diagncais of rheumatism and methods
must be found in making early diagnosis of rheumatic process, the nature
and significance of allergy due to rheumatism and to genaral and infectious
polyarthritis.
"There has been a sharp decline in incidence of tuberculosis in the
USSR. Nartality rate due to tuberculosis dropped 90% during the past I+0
years. Improvement in living conditions and in personal hygiene of the
population has contributed to drop in the mortality rate. New specific
met:aods of treatment and vaccination of children against tuberculosis will
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CPYRGHT
make it possible to eradicate tuberculosis in the USSR completely by the
and of 1965. Chemicals may hold the key to recovery from tuberculosis
and may prevent relapse. Knowledge of resistance of causative organisms
to a particular chemical, elimination of secondary effects of chemicals,
and improvement in methods of surgical treatment of tuberculosis are of
particular significance.
"More people die as a result of the disease of the cardiovascular
system than from any other disease. The Seven-Year Plan will contain
provisions for research on hypertonia and on the effects of emotional
stress on the origin of that disease. In exploring the possibility for
preventing hypertonia it is necessary to have more light thrown on the
peripheric pathogenic conditions that follow the initial effects of nerv-
ous activating mechanisms, make a survey of the conditions that existed
prior to onset of hypertonic conditions, make a note of the action of the
compensatory mechanisms of hypertonia, and clarify reversibility of hy-
pertonia during various stages and forms of the disease, taking into con-
sideration the effects of therapeutic agents administered.
"The causes for disturbance in cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism
in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and the relationship between nutri-
tion and improper metabolism and the development of that disease has not
yet been sufficiently investigated. An item must be inserted into the
plan covering research work in 'regional epidemiological atherosclerosis.'
Experimental and clinical research must also be aarried on to find active
methods of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of atherosclerosis during
the so-called preclinical period of the dihease.
"Research will be conducted, during 1959-1965 in developing new meth-
ods of diagnosis of initial forms of coronary .insufficiency, clinical ob-
servation of various forms of cardiosclerosis and myocradial infarction.
Surgical andr o,hrr new methods of treatment and prevention of coronary
insufficiency mu,.=,t also 'fie investigated.
"A study of etiology, pathogenesis, early diagnosis, improved methods
of treatment ~and prevention of cancerous tumors, and organization of cancer
research will have an important place in the plan. The role of cancerigenic
factors of immediate environment and the role of viruses in the formation
of tumors will also be taken up. Recognition must also be given to develop-
ment of new methods of diagnosis of initial forms of cancer and use of the
newest histochemical and biophysical methods of research, as well as to
improvement of surgical, radial, and combinative methods of treatment of
the disease. Development of chemotherapy and hormonotherapy will receive
special attention. Further research will be conducted to determine the
significance of some diseases in the development of malignant formations
in man and prevention of those malignant tumors.
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"Clinicists and hygienists will Jointly conduct studies on air pol-
lution and contamination of food with cancerous substances and propose
ways and means of elimination of harmful cancerous substances from the
immediate environment of man. Statistical data will be collected which
would assist in formulation of effective measures of cancer control and
in the study of regional peculiarities of incidence and spread of malignant
tumors.
"Prevention of traumatism in the most important branches of industry,
agriculture, and sports will be provided by the plan. Studies in the fields
of regeneration of tissues of various organs and transplantation of tissues
will be coninued. Improved methods of preservation of tissue and organs
for transplantation will be investigated.
"The plan will also cover the study of burns and improvement of treat-
ment of burns by grafting skin, perfusion of blood, heteroserotherapy, etc.
Further studies must be conducted to improve methods of osteosynthesis in
the treatment of bone fractures and biological methods of speeding up con-
solidation and stimulation of formation of osseous callosity.
"The greatest attention will be given to pathogenesis of diseases
caused by radiation and to development of new medicaments for prevention
and treatment of those diseases. It is important that research be con-
ducted on radiation injuries that are accompanied by shock, loss of blood;
by burns and frostbite; and open and closed injuries. The effects of
ionizing radiation on immunity and microbial and virus diseases; problems
of radiation hygiene; and radiotoxicology will also be investigated.
"Research in industrial hygiene and occupational diseases will take
into account new techniques and technological prosesses such as automation,
electronics, and chemical substances. Considerable attention will be given
to physical factors of industrial production, effects of radioactive sub-
stances on the organism, fields of high and ultrahigh frequencies, ultra-
sounds, noises, and vibrations. F arch will not be confined to preventive
measures alone, but also to diagnoi and treatment of silicosis and other
pneumoconiosis infections.
"The plan will contain provisions for study of fatigue, both mental
and physical, and of proper work and rest regimens, taking into considera-
tion the transition of industry and agriculture to mechanization and push-
button operations.
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CPYRGH
"The plan must contain suggestions for solution of problems in hygiene
and sanitation that may arise in populated places due to new housing proj-
ects and reclamation of lands in various climatic zones of the USSR. It
is expected that the following proposals and recommendations will be made
by research workers in hygiene and sanitation: creation of favorable living
conditions in the areas of the far north of the USSR; protection of soil
in populated areas; prevention of air pollution in cities and: in. industrial
centers; clarification of national standards dealing with the quality of
drinking water and prevention of pollution of reservoirs; promulgation of
sanitary regulations dealing with decontamination and utilization of stag-
nant water for irrigation of fields; amending zoning regulations; proper
arrangement of kolkhozes and sovkhozes; protection against overheating in
hot climates of the USSR and against cooling in cold areas of the Arctic;
requirements in construction of new buildings and hospitals; proper clothing
and footwear applicable to various regions and climates.
"Differential standards of nutrition must be developed for various
geographic areas of the country. Studies must be carried on to further
determine the role that different kinda of fats play in the development
of atherosclerosis, the part that nutrition plays in pathogenesis of var-
ious diseases and in premature aging of the human organism.
"Although workers in the chemical industry have a special diet which
they must observe, no special diets have yet been proposed for people who
come in contact with ionizing radiation, for those working in mines and
exposed to quartz dust, or for other professions and trades. Tests will
be made of food products that were treated with chemicals to determine
if they contain toxic substances. Experiments will also be conducted in
connection with new methods of food preservation.
"Problems in morphology will be explored with the idea ofinquiring
into general regularities of morphogenesis under normal conditions as well
as under morbid conditions. Histochemical relationships between the struc-
ture and function of tissues will also be investigated. Application of the
newest methods of scientific research (biophysical, histochemical, micro-
spectroscopical, etc.) will make it possible to determine the functional
morphology of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic system under both
normal and pathologic conditions and to follow the growth and development
of the living organism as a whole.
"In biochemistry, the structure, biosynthesis, and metabolism of the
most important proteins will be investigated. Problems in immunochemistry,
particularly involving the mechanism of formation of antibodies, will also
be explored.
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"Planned search for new pharmacological and chemotherapeutic prep-
arations will continue. The following new drugs will be looked for:
preparations for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases,
preparations against fungus infections, hypotensive preparations, stimu-
lants of nervous activity, sedatives, vitamins, anticoagulants, curare-
like substances, cardiac glucosides, antidotes., antirheumatic prepara-
tions, hormones, and antiparasitic preparations. Great efforts will also
be made to discover new antibiotics that possess antibacterial, antifungoid,
antiviral, and anticancerogenic action. Secondary effects of antibiotics
will also be investigated and thoir activity in combination with chemo-
therapeutic substances, vitamins, and hormones will: be probed.
"Successful solution of problems that are indirectly connected with
medicine will inevitably result in the development of major medical and
biological theories. In connection with that, the study of physiology
and pathology of the higher nervous activity is of primary importance.
This will be based on the materialistic application of classical Pav-
lovian teachings. t'
"And finally, the following will be incorporated into the plan:
studies to broaden knowledge concerning types of nervous systems; examina-
tion of the mechanism of the most complicated nonconditioned reflexes and
relationship between the cortex and the subcortical parts of the brain;
profound study of characteristics of the principal nervous processes in-
volved in stimulation and inhibition and relationship between them; in-
vestigation of dynamic localization of the functions that take place in
the cerebral cortex and of the coordinating operation of the cerebral
cortex so as to discover how the brain as a ;whole performs its functions."
70. Initial Effects of Ionizing Radiation on an Organism
"Clinical Course of Initial Stages of Chronic Effect at Ionizing
Radiation on the Organism," by E. A.frogichina, N. K. Byalko,
I. A. Gol'fon, N. I. Ivancv, M. A. Kazakevich, T. B. Linevich,
V. G. Osipova, V. I. Stepanova, M. N. Ryzhkova, Ye. A. Solov'-
yeva, and L. G. Tsenterova (Moscow), Institute of Industrial
Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, Academy of Medical Sciences
USSR; Moscow, Gigiyena Truda i Professional?nyye Zabolevaniya,
CPYRGH1No 2, Mar/Apr 58, Pp 3-8-
"Diagnosis of the initial stages of radiation sickness is very dif-
ficult because no significant spec: fic sympt..,m -in be observed during the
early stages of that illness. Observations of a group of people working
in scientific, research institutes and in industrial establishments revealed
that diagnosis of initial stages of chronic radiation sickness must be
based on many-sided and thorough medical examinations as well as on re-
sults of detailed study of the working conditions of each patient.
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"The syndrome during initial stages of the illness, caused by ionizing
Ladiation, is quite polymorphic: it is characterized by functional shifts
in various organs and systems as the illness develops. The symptoms that
become manifest during early stages of chronic radiation sickness consist
of changes in "iematopoiesis (reticulocytosis, prolonged period of hemmor-
rhage, relative lymphocytosis, and leukopenia), change in vascular permea-
bility, improper metabolism (dissociation of protein fractions, increase
in histamine content, decrease in chlorides in 'blood, and a lowering of
cholinesterase activity, and functional shifts in the nervous system. Very
severe cases are characterized by persistent vascular disturbances.
"Appropriate therapeutic meavures must be prescribed soon after symp-
toms of the effects of ionizing radiation become evident. If those symp-
toms persist, it is necessary to transfer the patient to some other work
where he would not come in contact with radioactive substances.
"Complex therapy was effective when utilized during early stages of
illness. It consisted of administration of calcium gluconicum, vitamins
B1 and C, nicotinic acid, small doses of bromide with caffeine and seda-
tives."
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Radiology
71. "Roentgenophosphene" Term Suggested for Light Sensation Caused by
Y.-Rays
"Roentgenophosphclne," by M. Taguena, Ceskoslov, Ofthalmol.,
CPYRGHT 1957, 13, 2, 86-89 (Czech) (from Meditsinskiy Referativnyy
Zhurnal, No 7, Section 2) Jun 57, p 149)'
"Data from literature and also personal observations support the view
that the eyes are sensitive to roentgen rays. Roentgen rays falling on
the retina cause a sensation of greenish or yellow-greenr9h light. Ana-
logous light sensations can be caused by other inadequate stimulants
(electric current, ultraviolet light, and ultrasonic waves). The author
attributes the cause for this light sensation to the ionizing effect of
X rays which is analogous to the ionizing effect of an electric current,
and of ultraviolet rays falling on the retina.
The author suggests the term "Roentgenoph,.aphene" for this sensation
of light caused by roentgen rays falling on the retina."
72. Tagged Atoms Used at Tbilisi Insti:.ac? In Urology, Oncology, Hema-
tology, and Surgery
"With the Aid of Tagged Atoms," by V. Vol'skiy; Moscow, Medit-
sinskiy Rabotnik, No 99, 10 Dec 57, p 4
Great activity is described at the Tbilisi Scientific Research Insti-
tute of Experimental and Clinical Surgery and Hematology, under Prof K.
Eristavi, Active Member of the Academy of Medical Sciences, USSR, and the
director of the institute. The following summarizes the work of some of
the institutes:
Isotopes are ctitudied in the division of radiology, director, T. Zhvan-
iya, Doctor of Medical Sciences. By using isotopes, or tagged atoms, new
methods are being developed for the early diagnosis of a number of diseases
of the urinary excretory system, both under experimental conditions and
alsc at the urological cynical institute. Another important research is
the study of the influence of prolonged sleep induced by hibernation and
hypothermia on the morphofunctional shifts in an organism under the effect
of radiation sickness. As a result of research by this division, very
interesting structural changes in the nervous system following skin cancer
induced in albino mice hwre been described by R. Bulusashvili. The results
indicate that long before the appearance of tumors, structural changes
appear in the peripheral and central branches of the nervous system. These
changes appear not only in the nerve fibers of the pertinent part of the
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akin, but also in the ganglion cells of the central nervous system. An
interesting conclusion concerning the function of the thyroid gland states
that thyroid hyperfunction speeds the development of tumors, while hypo-
function retards it.
At the division of oncology, for the first time, experimental tumors
in the kidneys have been produced by the direct injection into the organ
of 9,,10-dimethyl-l,2-benzanthracene solution. Heterotransplants of human
tumors on hamsters have resulted in cancer, also.
Active research, continues in the field of hematology, especially
for solving the problem of nervous regulation of hemopoiesis. Such research
over a period of many years establishes the nerve-receptor relationship
between bone marrow and various parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Path-
ological changes in the function of the stomach result in changes of cir-
culatory function leading to various forms of anemia. Prolonged (a year
and a half) stimulation of gastric receptors brought about chronic macrocy-
tic anemia and other forms of anemia, i.e., leukosis and hemorrhagic dia-
thesis were induced experimentally. Research continues on the effect of
destruction and stimulation of various parts of the central nervous system
on hemopoiesis.
Along with the study of numerous theoretical problems, new methods of
analysis are developed, among them a new computer for the simultaneous cal-
culation of the formula for white blood cells, and the cellular elements of
the bone marrow. This computer, although officially recognized, is used
only at Tbilisi where it is prepared.
An example of advanced research in surgery is the original method of
operation, by Professor Eristavi, to restore the flow of bile into the
gastrointestinal tract after the complete removal of gall bladder and the
common bile duct.
Other problems under intense study are the pathology of the heart and
major blood vessels and the application of hypothermia in treating burns of
various degrees and extent.
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Surgery
73. Skin Grafts Taken From Corpses Prove Effective in Treating Burn
Victims
"Concerning Skin Grafts During Burns," by Prof D. Arapov, Moscow,
Medit&inskiy Rabotnik, No 21, 14 Mar 58, p 3
It is known that profound and extensive burns give rise to so-called
burn disease which is characterized by shock, loss of plasma, toxemia,
and infections. Each of these factors in extensive burns may lead to
fatal danger. However, this danger is diminished in accordance with the
speed of covering the surface deprived of its skin. The best skin grafts
are those taken from the victim himself, but when this is not possible,
external sources must be relied on (although keeping in mind that even
mother-to-child grafts often do not take root).
One may doubt the usefulness of skin grafts that are known not to
take root, but this is justified by the fact that in cases of severe burns
the dangerous factors (loss of plasma, toxemia, and infections) are checked
and overcome by skin grafts from external sources, and time is gained for
repeated transplants while the burn victim is recovering. For this pur-
pose, the author highly recommends the use of skin grafts taken from
corpses and used for victims of severe and extensive burns.
The next problem to solve is the process of preserving skin transplants
so that fresh skin will always be available when necessary without resorting
to healthy people for donors.
74. Book on Congenital Defects
lis ed
Major
"Atlas of Congenital Cardiac Defects" (unsigned article); Moscow,
Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, No 99, 10 Dec 57, p 4
This article describes a book entitled Vrozhdennyye Poroki Serdtsa i
Magistral'n kh Sosudov (Congenital Defects of the Heart and Major Blood
.'essels , by A. D. Dzhag:yan, Candidate of Medical Sciences.
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The book is subdivided into three major parts:
1. Anomalies of interauricular and interventricular septa, and con-
ditions leading to a three-chambered heart (due to the absence of inter-
auricular septum).
2. Anomalies of cardiac valves such as aortopulmonary flaws, stenosis
of pulmonary arteries, ductus arteriosus, and Fallot's tetralogy.
3. Anomalies of the development of the aorta;, arch, for example,
cae^s of twin arches and their structure.
The last chart in the book is of special interest to surgeons for it
demonstrates a very simple way of opening the heart for careful study of
cardiovascular pathology.
There are more than 100 color plates giving details of various de-
fects of the circulatory system.
The author expresses his gratitude to Prof A. A. Vishnevskiy who
assisted in the editing of this book and also,wrbte its'.preface: ,,;',
75. Bone Chips Preferred Over Whole Bones for Transplantation Purposes
"Homoplastic Transplantations in Traumatology," by M. Panova,
Senior Scientific Associate of Central Institute of Traumatol-
ogy and Orthopedics; Moscow, Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, No 96,
29 Nov 57, p 3
The author reviews the subject of tissue transplantation. The method
of quick and deep freezing (-300 to - 350 C) and storage at -3to -40 C is
recommended. The use of bone chips grafted :into bone is preferred over
whole bones because a greater surface area for bone regeneration is thus
created. Recently, a special laboratory has been created at the Central
Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics for the preservation of homo-
transplants. The homotransplants are frozen quickly at -600 C, and stored
at -200 C.
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76. Implantation of Artificial Teeth Successful Experimentally
"Concerning the Implantation of Artificial Teeth," by N. Bazh-
anov, Executive Secretary of Moscow Society of Stomatologists;
Moscow, Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, No 98, 5 Dec 57, p 4
At the Plenary Session of the Moscow Society of Stomatologists, reports
were heard concerning the possibility of implanting artificial teeth made
of plastic material into the jaw bone. New hope for the success of this
procedure arises from the fact that new metallic alloys such as tantalum,
vitallium, and others which are neutral and do not cause tissue inflamma-
tion, have been prepared.
Among the important reports heard were those of Prof V. G. Yeliseyev,
and physician E. Ya. Vares who reported on successful experiments con-
ducted on animals by using artificial teeth made of plastic material and
implanted into the jawbones. It was proved that connective tissue grows
in the artificially created canals of plastic roots which are implanted
into the jawbones of animals, and that this growth is followed by ossifica-
tion.
However, attempts at implanting artificial teeth into human jawbones,
so far, have been unsuccessful and require +Nirther research before implan-
tation of artificial teeth can be introduced into the practice of thera-
peutic institutions.
Veterinary Medicine
77. Chinese Study Tick Vectors of Veterinary Brucellosis
"The Role of Ticks in the Transmission of Brucella melitensis
and Brucella abortus," by Li Chao-hsi ( it , ,
Department of Veterinary Medicine, Peking gr uitural Univer-
sity; Peiping, Chung-kuo Shou-i-hsueh Tsa-chih (Chinese Veter-
inary Journal), No , 1956, pp 132-13
Following a review of Soviet research on ticks as transmitters of
brucellosis, this article presents the methods and preliminary results of
Chinese biological experiments undertaken in Inner Mongolia during 1956-
1957. The ticks used in the experiments were collected in Chieh Meng
during an April 1957 brucellosis epidemic affecting sheep and goats, and
they were identified as belonging to the species Dermacenter nuttalli and
Dermacentor sinicus.
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Experimental results confirmed that both species can become infected
with Br. melitensia and Br. abortus and subsequently transmit the disease
to cattle and sheep and that the brucella has definite periods of propa-
gation and infectivity in ticks. It was also found that the ovum and
larva as well as the adult tick can be infected and transmit brucellosis
to animals, and that the disease can be passed from one generation of
ticks to the next through eggs. Moreover, the microorganism can maintain
its life cycle indefinitely between parasitism in ticks and in susceptible
? animals.
According to the author, the experiments prove the existence of tick-
borne brucellosis in China and this article comprises the first record of
the role of Dermacentor sinicus in the transmission of veterinary brucel-
los is .
The author also states that the experiments are being carried further.
He and his colleagues consider the following problems, among others, worthy
of investigation: problems related to the parasitism of brucella in ticks,
such as changes in and period of highest infectivity, life duration of bru-
cella in various tick species, site of parasitism, transformation of brucella
as a result of parasitism in ticks and how such transformation affects viru-
lence; which parasitic ticks cannot become infected with brucellosis; and
how to artificially infect healthy ticks.
78. Conference of Academy of Medical Sciences USSR on Regional Pathology
"Conference of Academy of Medical Sciences USSR With Participa-
tion of Scientific Workers and Physicians of Eastern Siberia
and the Far East on Problems of Regional Pathology," by Ye. I.
Sorokina; Moscow, Voprosy Kurortologii Fizioterapii i Lecheb-
noy Fizicheskoy Kul'tury, No 2 Mar Apr 5b, pp 155-155
A scientific conference on regional pathology was held by the Academy
of Medical Sciences USSR in Irkutsk, 25-29 June 1957. The conference was
attended by scientific workers and physicians of Eastern Siberia; the Far
East; the Main Administration of Resorts, Sanatoriums, and Rest Homes of
the Ministry of Health RSFSR; and the Central Institute of Health Resort
Studies.
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Among the topics discussed were problems concerned with acclimatiza-
tion and health resort problems in Eastern Siberia. The following speakers
gave reports: N. N. Litvinov, G. M. Danishevskiy, Z. I. Pozenbiyum (Nor!-
ilhk), V. V. Yefremov, V. A. Kozlov, G. S. Yeremenko, V. V. Ivanov, A. P.
Karaseva, V. G. Tkachuk, N. V. Yasnitskaya, A. A. Minkh, Ya. M. Grushko,
V. V. Baranalcaya, N. P. Kapustina, Ye. G. Karpova, T. N. Rupenikova, Ye. I.
S orokina, and V. K. Kotlyar.
79. Plenum of Scientific Council of Ministry of Health USSR
? "Plenum of Scientific Council of Ministry of Health USSR" (un-
signed article); Moscow, Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, No 38, 13 May
58, P 4
At a recent plenum of the Scientific Council, Ministry of Health USSR,
the status and perspective development of Soviet medical publications were
discussed. Among the speakers on this topic were I. A. Kryachko, deputy
chairman of the Scientific Council; Prof A. I. Strukov, director of Medgiz;
and A. P. Rodzayevskiy, director of the Medical Publishing House of the
Ukraine.
According to the speakers, 2,806 medical books with a total of 34 mil-
lion copies were published in 1957 in the USSR. The number of medical pub-
lications increased considerably in the union republics. Within the system
of Medgiz, 53 periodicals are published annually.
The plenum also discussed the role of union republic scientific medical
councils in the over-all planning of scientific research, and the relation-
ship in the coordination of scientific research between the problem com-
missions and the scientific council of the Academy of Medical Sciences USSR.
i
80. All-Union Congress of Pathologico-Anatomists To Be Held in July 1959
"Announcement Concerning the Convocation of the All-Union Con-
gress of Pathologico-anatomists" (unsigned article); Moscow,
Arkhiv Patologii, No 9, Sep 57, P 95
The Board of the All-Union Society of Pathologico-Anatomists has
announced that in connection with the decision of the Ministry of Health
USSR, the All-Union Congress of Pathologico-Anatomists will be held in
Kharkov and will open on 5 July 1959. Topics for reports will be accepted
until May 1958.
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81. Fifth All-Union Congreoc of Otorhinolaryngologists To Be Held in
July 1 5
"Chronicle," by A. G. Likhachev; Moscow, Vestnik Otorinolaringo-
loj,ii, No 2, Mar/Apr 58, p 127
The Fifth All-Unicn Congress of Otorhinolaryngologists will be held
in Leningrad in July 1958. The congress will be attended by some 500 dele-
gates, many from foreign eountrl,es.
The subjects to be discussed at the congress will include the fulltw-
ing: problems of the physiology and pathophysiology of the auditory
analizer; the prophylaxis and treatment of chronic suppurative medial
otitis; important problems concerning tonsillitis; he significance of
angina and chronic tonsillitis in the prophylaxis and treatment of rheu-
matism and infectious polyarthritis; and surgical treatment and radiation
therapy of malignant tumors of the nose, ear, pharynx, and larynx.
An exhibit of the latest apparatus, instruments, etc. will be organ-
ized at the congress. The congress will also elect new members and officers
of the All.?Vnion Scientific Otolaryngology Society.
82. New Center for Institute for the Study of Poliomyelitis, Academy of
Medical Sciences USSR
"Scientific Center," by M. Bagreyeva and D. Paskhin; Moscow,
CPYRGHT Vechernyaya Moskva, No 39, 15 Feb 58, p 2
"Cr'nstruction of the buildings for. the Institute for the Study
of Poliomyelitis, Academy of, Medical Sciences USSR, has been
started in an area near the Vnukovo Station near Moscow. According to
N. N. Ginsburg, deputy director of the institute, a scientific center is
being built for the institute. The main building, which will be utilized
for experimental work, will house the following laboratories: Laboratc~y
of Diagnostics, Laboratory of Live Vaccines, Laboratory of Immunology,
Laboratory of Experimental Microscopy, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Labora-
tory of Epidemiology, and certain other laboratories."
This building will also house the Laboratory of Isotopes, in which
scientists will use radioactive atoms for various research work. Addi-
tional area will be allocated in the main building for a library, a con-
ference hall, and study rooms where visiting young specialists may study.
This building will be the principal building of the entire center. Next
to it will be an animal vivarium for laboratory animals. Two buildings
will be set aside for experimen&r:l wonkeys and two for guinea pigs, white
mice, rabbits, and goats.
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A short distance from the main buildings will be the housing units
for scientific workers of the center.
The vivariums are low-lying buildings which resemble one another.
Inside, the buildings are subdivided into separate areas with wide win-
dows. All four buildings are eunnccted with an underground tunnel which
also leads to the main building of the institute. The main building will
take the shape of a oquared "U". In thin basement of the building will
t?. a large area housiog refrigerators and other equipment. The center is
slated for completion toward the end of 1.958.
83. Sovietskotherap
jj and Health :tesort Studies Institutes Merged
"Institut, of Rheumat i6m lu Moscow" (unsibned article); Moscow,
Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, No 41, 23 D. y 58, p 4
The State Scientific Research Institute of Physiotherapy and the Cen-
tral S-:Ientific Research Institute of Health Resort Studies have been
merged into the State Scientific Research Institute of Health Resort
Studies and Physiotherapy (Gosudarstvennyy Nauchuo-Issledovatel'skiy
Institut Kurortologii i Fizioterapii). The new institute is located in
the bui.'ding which housed the old Health Resort Studies institute. I}s
director is G. N. Pospelova, Candidate of Medical Sciences, and its
deputy director for scientific affairs is Prof A. IN. Obrosov.
The building 'ormerly occupied by the Physiotherapy Institute now
houses the Moscow State Scientific F, search Institute of Rheumatism, whose
director is Prof A. I. Nesterov.
84. Col Med Serv V. G. Gnezdilov, Soviet Biologist and Parasitologist Dies
"In Memory of V. G. Gnezdilov" (unsigned article); :aoscow
Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, No 39, 16 May 58, p 4
Col Med Serv Vladimir Georgiyevich Gnezdilov, professor, chief, Chair
of Biology and Parasitology, Military Medical Academy imeni S. M. Kirov,
died recently in his 60th year.
Gnezdilov began work in the chair in 1930 and was the author of nearly
60 scientific works on parasitology.
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X. PHYSICS
Atomic Energy Development
85. Czechoslovak Work in Nuclear Engineering
"From the Nuclear Section of the VUK" (unsigned article);
Hradec Kralove, Pochoden, 28 Mar 58, p 1
One of the work centers of the Research Institute of Boilers
(Vyzkumny ustav kotlu -- VUK in Hradec Kralove is called the Department
of Nuclear Engineering (oddeleni nuklearni techniky), where Engineers
Vladimir Krizek, Frantisek Dubsek, Josef Hosek, and others have been
working on "peaceful" applications of atomic energy since 1953. The
chief effort is research in the field of liquid metals and their utili-
zation in cooling reactors in atomic electric power plants) for which
the three engineers mentioned above have won recognition "for outstanding
work." The department also worked out a study proposal for a 2.5-mega-
watt electric power train (energovlak) which would have a reactor instead
of the usual boiler. Another one of their ideas is a proposal, which was
worked out in cooperation with other scientific centers, for a so-called
package atomic power plant (baleny atomovy central) which would have about
the same output as an electric power train and which would be especially
favorable for certain areas, such as large construction sites where there
is a lack of electric power.
86. Conference of Czechoslovak and Polish Atomic Power Specialists
"Polish-Czechoslovak Conference of Atomic Power Specialists"
(unsigned article); Prague, Jaderna Energie, No 4, Apr 58,
p 112
This article reports that the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences and
the Institute of Nuclear Physics planned 'to hold the Second Polish-
Czechoslovak Conference of Atomic Power Specialists in Libli.:e from
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12 to 17 May 1958. The program of the conference was to be directed to
the physical and technical problem of atomic electric power reactors.
At the six sessions reports wem bobs heard on proposed electric power re-
actors &nd on the economic problems of their operation, as well as re-
ports on experimental work. The conference was to be attended by the
participating Czechoslovak UJF (Ustav jaderne fysiky, Institute of Nu-
clear Physics), the (presumably Polish) IBJ (probably Instytut badan
jadrowych, Institute of Nuclear Research), and by observers from the
Soviet Union and other People's Democracies.
According to the article, after the conference, a lecture in
Prague in the framework of the VTS (possibly Vedecka technicka spolecnost,
Scientific and Technical Society) was to be given by the Polish workers
T. Wojcik and W. Frankowski on the theme "A Method of Comparative Compu-
tations of the Economics of Atomic Electric Power Plants and Conventional
Electric Power Plants." After the lecture, there was to be a discussion
open to the general public.
Atomic and Molecular Physics
87. Atomic Physics
"Self-Consistent Fok (Fock) Field for the Positive Nitrogen
Ion," by T. D. Strotskite, I. I. Glembotskiy, and A. P.
Yutsis, Vilna University, Tr. AN Lit. SSR, 1956, B3, pp 3-10
(from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Fizika, No 4, Apr 57, Abstract
No 8927
Equations of the self-consistent Pock field for a simply ionized
N atom are solved. For the derivation of initial wave functions the
differenceo between functions of various states of adjacent atoms are
used. The values of full energy izi one- and two-configurational approxi-
mation are determined. The last approximation improves the theoretical
value of energy by hundredth parts of atomic units.
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"Self-Consistent Fok (Fock) Field in a Two-configurational
Approximation for a Nitrogen Atom is Various Degrees of Ioni-
zation," by Ya. I. Vizbarayte, I. V. Batarunac+, V. V. Kibartas,
and A. P. Yutsis, Tr. AN LitSSR, 1956, 5B, pp 3-10 (from Re-
ferativnyy Zhurnal -- Fizikat No 4, Apr 57, Abstract No 8927)
Fock's equation is solved in two-configurational approximation for a
radial wave function 2p of the computed configuration 1522pq+2 of the two-
configurational approximation 1s22s 2pq - 1s22pq?2 at q = 2, 3, 4 in the
case of an N atom. The values of energies 2s- and 2p-electrons are deter-
mined and compared with experimental data.
"The Electron Distribution in Atoms of Rare Earth Elements," by
T. I. Kakyshadze, G. S. Gordadze, and M. G. Kokonova, Tr.
Tbilissk. gos. ped. in-ta, 1955, 10, pp 573-585 (from Refera-
tivnyy Zhurnal -- Fizika, No 4, Apr 57, Abstract No 8929)
In special literature the following electron configurations
of neutral lanthanide atoms are accepted: 4fo_145d16s2 and 4fo_146s2. In
the opinion of the writer both configurations exist simultaneously. The
first gives the magnetic properties and the normal valency of lanthanides,
and the second, the spectroscopic characteristic of lanthanides. There-
fore, both configurations should be considered in literature.
88. Molecular Physics
"Quantum-Mechanical Research of the Purely Ionic State of
BeHf," by G. Vepkhvadze, Tr. Tbilissk. un-ta, 1957, 62, 1-10
(from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Fizika, No 1, Jan 58, Abstract
No 678
A four-electron wave function for the molecular ion BeH+ is derived
and the energy of the system BeHt is obtained as a function of interaction
integrals. A numerical analysis of interaction integrals is made. The
energy of the four-electron ion BeH. is obtained in the form of a function
of internuclear distance.
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89. Quantum Statistics
"A Certain Problem in Quantum Theory of Multiple Bodies." by
V. L. Bonch-Bruynvich, Tr. 3-go Vses. matem. s'yezda, Vol 1,
Moscow, Academy of Sciences USSR, 1956, 218 (from Referativnyy
CPYRGHTLhurral -- Fizika, no, 4, Apr 57, Abstract No 8972)
"Abstract of the riport -- An approximation method is described based
on the approximate solution of equations of Green's function in a classical
external field, varying slowly. This method is applied to the analysi3 of
the problem of a strongly degenerated nonideal Fermi gas. It is demon-
strated that, while taking interactions into account, the function of elec-
tron distribution according to pulses in the ground state does not have a
steplike character. This means that in the specified system at absolute
zero current carriers with pulses exceeding the limit pulse of Fermi are
existent. The spectrum of elementary excitations in the specified system
is studied."
90. Thermodynamics
"The Problem of Determining the Thermodynamic Constants of
Metals and Alloys," by L. I. Ivanov, M. P. Matveyeva, and
I. S. Kulikov, Issledovaniya po zharoprochnym splavam (Re-
search on Refractory Alloys), Moscow, 1956, pp 11-16 (from
Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Fizika, No 4, Apr 57, Abstract No
8995)
Three pieces of equipment for determining the speed of evaporation
of the components of liquid and solid alloys by means of radioactive isotopes
are described. The evaporation speed is observed from an open surface, from
the flow of vapor through a calibrated aperture, and from the speed of iso-
topic exchange between two specimens of similar chemical composition when one
of them contains a radioactive component. The advantage of the third method
for hard alloys is noticed, when the evaporation speed of the components is
different. Data obtained by these means are given, concerning the elasticity
of Fe and Co vapor, the sublimation heat of these metaln (104.2 and 102.4 K
cal/gr, respectively), the partial pressure of Fe in certain alloys, and the
coefficient of self-diffusion of Fe.
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"Measurement of Vapor Pressure of Liquid Indium by Means of
a Mass Spectrograph," by A. P. Lyubimov and Yu. N. Lyubitov,
Sb. Mock, in-t stall, 1957, 36, 191-195 (from Referativnyy
Zhurnal -- Fizika, No 2, Feb 58, Abstract No 3182)
The vapor pressure of metallic In was measured within the range of
646-1,065?K. The evaporation heat of In was found to be 5;.74 kcal/mol.
It was established that the mass spectrographic method makes possible the
determination of the relative ?ralues of the relation P = f(T). For the
determination of absolute values of vapor pressure ':he knowledge of the
transition coefficient is required. It was found that the values of the
ionic current depending on the accelerating potential of the electron gun
pass through a maximum. The position of the maximum varies for various
temperatures.
91. Formula for Steady Temperature of Flat Plate in Reacting-Gas Flow
"On the Steady Temperature of a Flat Plate in the Flow of a
Reacting Gas Mixture," by Ye. P. Vaulin, Moscow State Uni-
versity imeni M. V. Lomonosov; Moscow, DokladLAkademii Nauk
SSSR, Vol 113, No 6, 21 Apr 57, pp 1235-1238
The problem of the s) eady temperature of a f'at plate in a laminar
gas flow is discusfied. A reaction of the type X2-+ 2X occurs in the gas.
An exact solution is obtained for a system of boundary layer equa-
tions consisting of the diffusion equation, the discontinuity equation,
and the equations for conservation of energy and velocity. Velocities
are assumed to be high and the heat of friction is taken to be of the
same order of magnitude as the heat released in the chemical reaction.
The temperature and concentration profiles are found for a heterogeneous
reaction in the diffusion region.
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Electricity and Magnetism
92. Ferromai; petism
"Curie Point in Thin Laminae of Ferromagnetics," by A. S.
Milner and N. L. Polyakova, Uch. zap. Kharkovsk, un-t, 1955,
64, pp 159-165 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Fizika, No It,
Apr 57, Abstract No 9509) ,
The dependence of the Curie point on thickness of nickel lamina is
tested by means of spin waves, i.e., the ratio Is/Io - f(T/0). The lard-
inae were obtained by vapor deposited in vacuum from a nickel wire on
glass from an aluminum oxide crucible. The Curie point was measured by
a relative variation of the magnetic moment of the lamina at rising tem-
perature. It was established that the Curie point does not depbnd on
whether the Ni is coated on cold or hot glass. The irreversibility of
the first magnetization curve, its dependence on the speed of heating,
and the increasing magnetic moment at room temperature for nickel lamina
deposited on cold glass leads to the conclusion that these lamina are in
an unstable phase state.
93. Thermal Diffusion in Porcelain
Thermodiffusion Currents in Porcelain," by N. S. Kostyukov,
Tr. Gos. issled. elektrokeram. in-ta. 1957, No 2, 23-66 (from
Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Fizika, No 2, Feb 58, Abstract No
3 77
Thermal diffusion is observed in ceramic materials with ionic con-
ductivity in all cases in which a temperature gradient occurs. The gen-
eration of currents at high temperature may be related to thermodiffusion
or diffusion phenomena.. Experimental data on thermodiffusion currents in
porc'iain may shed light on the possibility of using materials with a
thermodiffusion emf as converters for measuring high temperatures. The
relations of thermodiffusIoon'currents to: temperature, to time at various
temperatures, and to temperature gradient were studied on samples of
porcelc:ins of varied oxide composition, ordinary window glass, and BaTiO3.
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Mechanics
94. Flasticity Theory
"Equilibrium of Flexible Plates F'.jond the Elasticity Limit,"
by Yu. R. Lepik, Tartu; Moscow, Prikladnaya Matematika i
Mekhanika, Vol 21, No 6, Nov-Dec 57, pp 833-842
The previous work by the author "Equilibrium of Flexible Elastic-
Plastic Plates at Strong Buckling," Inzhenernyy Sbornik, Vol 24, 1956) is
further analyzed. Formulas for auxiliary values are derived, and, two
problems of equilibrium of round plates are solved. The computations were
processed on the "Strela" computer of the computing center of Moscow State
University. The results show good agreement with the approximations found
by the method of elastic solutionW.
"Equations of Nonlinear Theory of Elasticity in Transfers," by
L. A. ~r..nkonnikov, Tula; Moscow, Pr klacc~.naa aMatematika i
Mekhanika, Vol 21, No 6, Nov-Dec 57, pp 815-822
The tensor components of deformation are replaced by derivatives of
transfer. The state of the body is expressed at each point by coordinates
of shape variation and by the hydrostatic stress. In the case of incom-
pressible material the basic equation may be expressed in moduli of shape
variation, and the deper..dence of these moduli on hydrostatic stress as
parameter may be derived.
95. Subnoni c Flow
"t"heory of Bord's Nozzle a Gas," by Ya.' 1. SekerTll-?=n!wvL h,
Moscow, Institute of Mechantce, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow
Prikla a Matematika i Mek'anika, Vol 21, no 6, Nov-Doc 57,
PP 650-g55
A particu?.ar problem is chosen from S. A. Chaplygin's ges dynamics (0
gazovykh struyakh !Gaseous Flow ], . 1933) analyzing the ~-ibsonic rLow of a
gas through an endl.ass vessel with plane wilts forming au angl:o of c Jr in
the particular case = 2, such a problem co. responds t:~ Bord's n,,zfye -.nd
it simplifie the formula expressing compression of the ::Low.
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96. 171ame Propagation
"Stability of Flame Propagation," by G. I. Barenblatt and Ya.
B. Zel'dovich, Moscow, Petroleum Institute, Academy of Sci-
ences, USSR; Moscow, Prikl.adataya Matematika i Mekhanika, Vol
2 1., No 6, Nov-i1,,c 57, pp b56-659
The problem of stability of flame propagation in a unidimensional
problem with one equation was recently examined by J. B. Rosen (J. Chem.
Phys., Vol 22, No 4, 1954). Ile stated that unstability may occur and
gave an "approximate criterion of stability." It is demonstrated that
? Rosen's conclusions were based on en unjustified setting of the problem
of stability of laminar flame propagation. The definition of stability
of flame: propagation is given, and it is shown that in the .ase of a
unidimensional, problem the flame propagation is always stable. This con-
clusion conce~ne the thermal ez well as the chain propagation of flames.
97. Fluid-filled Body Rotational Stability.
"Rotational Stability of a Solid Body With an Ellipsoidal
Cavity Containing a Fluid," by V. V. Rumyantsev, Moscow;
Moscow, PrikladnUa__ Matematika i Mekhanika, Vol 21, No 6,
Nov-De:! 57, pp 740-748
The stability of nonpertur.?bed motion of a solid body with a cavity
shaped as a triaxial ellipsoid fully filled, with an ideal fluid in uniform
vortex rotation is analyze=d using formulas by Hough (Phil. Transactions
(A), Vol 186, 1, 1895) and A. F. Sludskiy (Bulletin de, la Societe des
Naturalistes de Moscow, Vol 9, pp 285-318, 1895). The conditions of stable
and unstable motion are deduced. In the particuler case when the cavity
is a ;sphere the syetem mov ;:, a iy it were ?. solid body.
98. Motion in Newtonian Field
"Some Problems of the Mc-tion of a Solid Body in a Newtonian
Fk')r~:e Field," by V. V. Bf letskiy, Moscow; Moscow, Prikladna as
Matematika i Mekha.nik .. Sr:11. 21, No 6, Nov-13a- 57, pp 749-758
Equations of motion ..f a solid body wound a fixed point in a New-
tonian gravital?ional fi '!.d ere & ::rived.. Solutions for particular cases
are given; when the di. ,tti..nce R of the body from ths fixed point is very
large in comparison with the dimensions of the body, or for the caee when
the mo ;ion is plane. Tha y t: bil f ty of the stationary rotation of the body
fixed in the center of mas;er is analyzed. The conditions of equilibrium
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require one of the axes of the ellipsoid of inertia to be directed toward
the attracting center. The equilibrium is unstable if the minor or medium
axis is directed toward the center. Stable equilibrium is attained when
the major axis is directed toward the center.
99. Remarks on Analytical Mechanics
"Remarks on Analytical Mechanics," by A. I. Lur'ye, Leningrad;
Moscow, Prikladnaya Matematika i Mekhanika, Vol 21, No 6, Nov-
Deec 57., pp 759-7
Diverse problems somehow neglected even in basic treatises, as in
mechanics manuals by Appell, Levi-Civita and Amaldi, Suslov, Whittaker,
Lamb, MacMillan, and Hamel, are briefly analyzed. One of the problems
mentioned is the dissipative *function introduced by Rayleigh for the force
of resistance in the theory of sound. Others include the following: The
kinetic energy of acceleration in the case of a solid. body rotating around
a fixed point is found inadequately treated in courses of Appell and Rcze.
The generalized forces of reactions of bonds are determined in the partic-
ular case of stationary and ideal bonds. The equation of Darboux for de-
termining parameters defining the position of a solid body rotating around
a fixed point according to a specified vector of angular velocity is
analyzed.
100. Stability Study
"Stability Under Permanently Acting Perturbations," by V. Ye.
Germaidze and N. N. Krasovskiy, Sverdlovsk; Moscow, Prikladnaya
Matematika i Mekhanika, Vol 21, No 6, Nov-Dec 57, pp 769-774
It is demonstrated that if a zero solution of equations of the form
dxi
dt
Xi(xi, ... xnyt)
is asymptotically stable (I. G. Malkin, ibid., Vol 18, No 1, 1954)y it is
also stable under permanently acting perturbations, limited in magnitude.
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101. 1 drodyn mics Study
"Weak Waves in a Compr-ez+sible Fluid With Account of Emission,"
by V. A. Prokof'yev, Moscow; Moscow, Prikladnaya Matematika i
Mekhanika, Vol 21, No 6, Nov-Dec 57, pp 775-
Equations of radiation transfer in a moving medium and equatio;ls of
hydrodynamics with account of heat intake from emission, mechanical action
of radiation, and internal energy are .analyzed. The hydrodynamic theory
of the propagation of p].aa7.e perturbations is expressed in linearized equa-
tions. The .haracteristic equation determining the damping and the propa-
gation velocity of induced and free waves 3.n a medium in equilibrium is
derived. Some examples are drawn for scattering indicatrices.
"Some Unstabilized Motions of 'Shallow Water,"' by P. Ya.
Polubarinova-Kochina, Moscow; Moscow, Prikl.adnaya Matematika
i Mekhar_ika, Vol 21, No 6, Nov-Dec 57, pp 783-794
Water streams symme:tr:cal with respect to a vertical plane or axis
are analyzed. The velocity potential is ex:>rezsed in series of cosines
of arcs in the case of a plain problem and in Legendre polynomials in the
case of axial symmetry, while the coefficients of the series have the form
of polynomials in poware. of time. The problem is nonlinaar and hence very
cumbersome to compute; the amputation is stopped at the third and no
further than the fifth ter. The initial shape of the protuberance is as-
sumed to be a semicylinder or semisphere. Flattened protuberances are
also ana.1y&ad, having ,a low height of the column, shaped as a half ellipse
or rectangle. The problem has scmo analogy with the problem of expanding
protuberances of ground waters, studied experimentally by J. C. Martin and
W. J. Moyce (An Experimental Study of the Collapse of Liquid Columns on a
RLgid Horizontal Plate, Phil, Trans. A, Vol 21.4, 1952).
"The Noaluniqueness of PosM1 ibie Shapes of Stationary Flows of
Heavy Fluid at FroucIe Numbers Near Unity," by N. N. Moiseyev;
Moscow, Priklada Me.tematika i Mekhanika, Vol 21, No 6, Nov-
Dec 57, pp 860-d64
The theorem by M. A.. Lavrentyev (from the book by M. A. Lavrentyev
anti B. V. Shatat, Metody teorii fu:nktsiy ko eksno o remeshcheni a
[Methods of the Theory of Functions of Complex Transfer , 1951 , is used
for evaluation of the modulus of the derivative expressing narrow bands.
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This theorem may be applied at Froude numbers near unity. It allows an
analysis of the problem in approximation while conserving its nonlinear
character. It was found that two shapes of flow over obstacles are pos-
sible. A new approximate theory of a unified wave is also derived.
102. Stress Waves in Solids
"Wave Propagation in Rubber," by N. Cristescu, Bucharest, Math-
ematical Institute of the Academy of the Rumanian People's Re-
public; Moscow, Prikladni-va Matematika i Mekhanika, Vol 21, No
6, Nov-Dec 57, pp 795 00
A rubber beam which can be statically stressed up to a certain limit
is dynamically loaded by a homogeneous load. The initial static deforma-
tion may be arbitrarily high, but the dynamic stress should be sufficiently
small, as to make the usual theory of wave propagation valid, while neg-
lecting the effect of deformation velocity. The peculiarities of the
waves, generated by the dynamic deformation, are analyzed. Two types of
deformation are discussed: the concavity of the stress-strain curve iz
directed toward the positive stress axis, and the concavity is directed
toward the strain axis, varying later and assuming an S-like shape.
The velocity of the wave front propagation in rubber may be subject
to disruption at a defined distance from the beam end. The magnitude of
this disruption may be computed.
103. Shell Study
"Equations of the Theory of Shells in Transfer and Functions
of Stress," by A. L. Goldenveyzer, Moscow; Moscow, Prikladna a
Matematika i Mekhanika, Vol Sl, No 6, Nov-Dec 57, pp, 801-814
Previous works by the author (ibid. Vol 11, No 6, 1945; book: Teoriya
uprugikh tonkikh obolechek [Theory of Thin Elastic Shells], 1953) are de-
veloped further by analyzing tensors of the middlo shell and of its curva-
ture, tensors of tangential deformation, and tensors of bending deformatior..
The required equations are derived and solved.
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"Stability of Equilibrium of a Helicoidal Shell," by N. A.
Aluinyae (Tallin), Academy of Sciences Estonian SSR; Moscow,
Prikladnaya Matematika i Mekhanika, Vol 21, No 6, Nov-Dec
57, pp 823-826
The critical load and the stressed state after stability loss of
the momentless initial state of the shell, drawn on the surface of the
hellcoid and limited by asymptotic lines, are analyzed. To derive a
simplified equation the general stressed state of the shell is expanded
into elementary terms. The equation is solved by applying the method
of asymptotic integreion.
"Stressed State of Momentless Cylindrical Shells at Large
Deformation," by A. S. Grigor'yev; Moscow, Prikladna aMate-
matika i Mekhanika, Vol 21, No 6, Nov-Dec 57, pp 827-832
The equilibrium of momentless shells with rigid bottoms having in
unloaded state the shape of a circular cylinder is analyzed. It is as-
surned that the strt ctural material of the shell stands large (several
tens of percent) deformation be*'ore the breaking point. The material is
assumed incom-ressible and it is characterized by its stress-strain ratio.
The initial equations are derived and solved for problems of equilibrium
of shells under constant internal load pressure and under elongation.
"Stressed States in a Long Cylindrical Shell," by Huang K'o-
chih, Peiping; Moscow, Prikla' a Matematika I Mekhanika,
Vol 21, No 6, Nov-Dec 57, pp 8843-$ 5
A. L. Goldenveyzer's r.:ethod (Teoriya uprugikh tonkikh obolochek
[Theory of Thin Elastic Shells], 1953) is applied to asymptotic integra-
tion of equations of the theory of elastic shells in the case of a cy-
lindrical shell, when its length .e and its characteristic rad:LLis of
curvature R of the cylindrical cross section are magnitudes of different
orders.
"Purely Plastic Stability Loss of Thin Shells," by E. I.
Grigolyuk, Moscow, Institute of Mechanics, Academy of Sci-
ences USSR; Moscow, P.riki.a, a Matematika i Mekhanika, Vol
(2, No 6, Nov-Dec 57, pp d46-849
The stability of spheric.;.) cylindrical, and conic shells beyond
the elasticity limit is analyzed by using the equations of Prandtl-Reiss
and assuming a purely pia,tic: state during loss of stability.
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"Stability of Unhomogeneous Taastic-Plastic Shells," by E. I.
Grigolyuk, Institute of Mechanics, Academy of Sciences USSR;
presented 'by L. I. Sedov on 18 November 1957; Moscow, Doklady
Akademii Nauk 3i4R, Vol 119, No l+, 1 Apr 58, pp 663-666
This aLt cle discusses a purely plastic loss of stability of unhomo-
geneous shells. nor definiteness in calculating rigidity, a bimetallic
shell is taken. Physical relations for bimetallic shells are obtained,
and equations of stability of slanting shells of arbitrary form relative
to sagging and the force function satisfying the equations of equilibrium
of a plane problem are given. These results are true for the theory of
plastic flow and the theory of deformations in both cases of which the
compressibility of the material is considered. A formula io given for
determining the critical forces of local loss of stability of shells in
the case of combined loads. Certain partial results are obtained from
the use of the formula.
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Nuclear Physics
104. Cosmic Radiation
"Pulse Spectrum of Deuterons in a Vertical Flow of Cosmic Ra-
diation," by M. T. Ayvazyan, Physics Institute, Academy of Sci-
ences Armenian SSR, Izv. AN ArmSSR, cer. ftz.-mateth., yestesty.
i tekhn. n., 1956, 9, No 3, pp 91-101 tt.-om- Refet?ati
Zhurnal -- Fizika, No ii, Apr 57,Abstract No 887 E
A magnetic mass spectrograph and a double proportional counter were
used to determine the amount of deuterons in a shower of cosmic rays at
a 3,200-meter altitudde in a pulse interval of 0.7-1.7 Bev/see under a
lead filter 32 gr/cm2 thick. The spectrum obtained has a sharp maximum
it 1.2 Bev/sec and the maximum deuteron flow equals 0.75-?' 0.14 cm-2 'see-
4" steradian-1 (bev/sec)-l-.
105. Spin of Fe57 Nucleus Shown To Be 1/2
"On the Value of the Spin of the Fe57 Nucleus," by N. S. Garif'-
yanov, M. M. Zaripov, and B. M. Kozyrev, Physicotechnical ''In-.
stitute, Kazan' Affiliate, Academy of Sciences USSR and Kazan'
State University imeni V. I. U1'yanov-Lenin; Moscow, Dokla
Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 113, No 6, 21 Apr 57, p 1243
Measurements of parampgnetic resonance were made of iron samples en-
richedswith the isotope Fe . It is claimed that the experimental results
can be explained by assigning a spin of 1/2 to the Fe57 isotope.
106. Compensated Beta Spectrometer Described
"Longitudinal Beta Spectrometer With Compensated Spherical Ab-
erration," by K. A. Dolmatove, and V. H. Kel'man, Physicotech-
nical -Institute, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Do~klady_
Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 113, No 6, 21 Apr 57, pp 124 -12477
A beta spectrometer with a longitudinal homogeneous magnetic field
is described. The spherical aberration of the field is compensated by a
transverse magnetic field which varies according to the law H = H]./r. The
shape of the turns of the windings which generates the auxiliary field
was designed in such a way that electrons from the source from a linear
ring focus over a large solid angle.
A ling drawing of the spectrometer and the equations of the electron
trajectory are given. Tests run on the instrument are described.
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107. Re la tivi stic ally Invariant Equation for Particles With Spin 1/2
Given
"On the Problem of the Fundamental Relativistically Invariant
Equation for a Particle With Spin 1/2," by G. A. Zaytsev; Mos-
caa, noklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 113, No 6, 21 Apr 57,
pp 1211250
The fundamental relativi stic ally invariant equation is given for a
particle with spin 1/2, charge e, .mp, and magnetic moms:nt,,A( = /2moc
where 64 0; and which i8 lmassocated in an external magnetic field.
It is remarked that, since the magnetic moment of a particle is, as a
rule, considerably different from the corresponding magneton, and only
for the electron and posit?on is the difference between them small, the
Dirac equation is not applicable to arbitrary particles with spin 1/2. CPYRGHT
The equation is described a "extremely simple in form onvenient
for alication to the solution of concrete " The as-
sistance of Prof L. Infel'd is acknowledged.
108. Consequences of Dipole Moment in Lambda Particles Explored
"On a Possible Dipole Moment of Transition -in A-Patticles,"
by B. L. Ioffe and I. Ya. Pomeranchuk, Corresponding Member of
the Academy of Sciences TISSR; Moscow, Dokiady Akadendi Nauk
SSSRJ Vol 113, No 6, 21 Apr 57, pp 1251125 1.
Certain consequences of assuming the existence of a dipole moment
in --particles are exmlored.. "If the assumption is made that the
difference in mass between v4 and Ak which is caused only by we:.ik in..
teractions is extremely small (of the order of 10'6 ev), then \/15 4
transitions under the infiv.en a of an external electromagnetic field
become possible. When the ma etic field varies only slightly, transi-
tions of the nature over a di tance equal to the dimensions of a /~-
particle amount in effect to a appearance of a magnetic dipole moment
The scattering cf a A -particle by a Coulomb field is considered,
and expressions are given for the scattering amplitude, and differential
cross section, degree of polarization, and the wave functions o';tside
the nucleus.
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109. Interaction of High-Energy Plons and Lead Nuclei Measured
"Nuclear Interactions of High-Energy Pi-Mesons in lead," by
N. M. Kocharyan, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sci-
ences Armenian SSR, R. B. Begzhanov, and Kh. B. Pachadzhyan,
Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences Armenian SSR; Yerevan,
DokladyAkademii Nauk Arnranskoy SSR, Vol 24, ;No 4, 1957,
pp 11-165
The total interaction cross section for pions in lead was measured
for energies up to 16 Bev. A description of the experimental apparatus
and technique and a table of'the cross sections are given.
110. L. M. Afrikyan, Theoretical Physicist, Dies in "Freak Accident,"
September 1957
"Levon Melkonovich Afrikyan" (unsigned article); Yerevan,Izves-
tiya Akademii Nauk Armyanskoy SSR, Seriya Fiziko-Matematicheskikh
Nauk, Vol 10, No Z, 1957, pp 3-5
A "freak accident" on 1 September 1957 ended the life of L. M. Afri-
kfan, Candidate of Physicomathematical Sciences and a senior scientific
associate at the Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences Armenian SSR. He
was born in 1926 and began his study of theoretical physics in 1950. He
published several works on the formation and annihilation of antiprotons.
During the last half year of his life, Afrikyan published works on mu-
meson pair production, the structure of the proton, and the quantum-
electrodynamic theory of multiple pair formation.
111. Method Given for Calculating New Cosmic-Ray Analyzer
"Probability of Recording; Charged Particles in a System of a
Mass Spectrometer and Two Wilson Cloud Chambers," by G. V.
Badalyan, Institute of Physics, Acadengr of Sciences Armenian
SSR, Yerevan, Izvesti a Akademii Nauk Ar ansk SSR Seri a
Fiziko-Matematicheskikh Nauk, Vol 10, No 6, 1957, pp 75-
A method is given for calculating the "aperture ratio," or the
probability of recording charged particles, for an instrument designed
for use in cosmic-ray studies at the Aragats High-Altitude Station. The
instrument consists of a mass spectrometer in conjunction with two cloud
chambers.
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112. Stereobetatron Used in Research and Quality Control
"Stereobetatron" (unsigned article); Novosibirsk, Sibirskiye
CPYRGHT, 4 Apr 58, p 181
"The first stereobetatron in the world has been developed at the
Tomsk Polytechnical Institute. It combines in a single apparatus two
electron accelerators, or betatrons. The accelerators produce two inter-
secting beams, making it possible to conduct experiments on the interac?-
tion of accelerated electrons.
"The new machine also has great practical value in quality-control
applications. It can be used to make stereophotographs where it is re-
quired to determine the exact location of a defect. The new machine will
probably also receive wide application in medicine for treating malignant
tumors."
113. Secondary Neutron Spectrum From Interaction of Neutrons With
Fissionable Material Analyzed
"Neutron Spectra Produced in the Passage of 14-Mev Neutrons
Through Layers of Fissionable Material," by Yu. S. Zanratnin,
I. N. Safina, Ye. K. Gutnikova, and N. I. Ivanova; Moscow,
Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 4, No 4, Apr 58, pp 337-342
The energy distribution of neutron produced in the passage of 14-
Mev neutrons through layers of Th232- U23 U235, U238, and Pu~39 was
obtained. The secondary neutron spectrum in each case proved to have
two coax onents: fission neutrons and evaporation neutrons. A functional
relationship is found connecting the coefficient for the dissociation of
the seconciery neutron spectra in two components and the nuclear constants
of the corresponding nuclei. It is claimed that this expression can be
used to obtain these coefficients without an experimental study of neutron
spectra.
The work was done during the period 1950-.1956.
114. Interaction of K-mesons With He Nuclei
"Interaction of K-mesons With Helium Nuclei and Isobaric Invar-
iance," by S. G. Matinyan, Physics Institute of the Acadeqr of
Sciences Georgian SSR, Soobshch, AN GruzSSR, 1957, 18, No 4,
401-404 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Fizika, No 3, Mar 58,
Abstract No 5393
By assuming isobaric invariance of strong -interactions a series of
equalities and inequalities is obtained between cross sections of various
types of the reaction of K-meson absorption by helium with emission of a
T hyperon and a pi-meson. Correlations between cross sections of var-
ous reactions occurring at collisions of a K-particle with an nucleus
are derived.
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115. Alpha-Particles ac Structural Elements of Nucleus
"Alpha-Particles as Structural Elements of the Nucleus and
Alpha Decay," by V. G. Simonov, Uch, zap, Gomelsk, gos. ped
in-ta, 1957, No 5, 109-119 (from Referatiim Zhurnal
Fizika, No 3, Mar 58, Abstract NO-55733)
An attempt is made to prove the assumption of the presence of sim-
plest nuclear associations (alpha particles and dineutrons) in atomic
nuclei. The following arguments are presented: saturation of nuclear
forces in nuclei with Z> 2, which may be explained in that these nuclei
consist of alpha partic es and dineutrons;Pauli principle which reflects
the tendency of conversion of uneven particles into even ones; the pos-
sibility of expressing the bond energy of nuclei from Help to Ti50 as a
sum of energies of bonds of nuclear associations and the bond energy
'between the associations; and alpha decay. It is shown that alpha par-
ticles cannot form in nuclei if the nucleus is analyzed :::cording to the
model of independent particles, because it would involve a strong fluctua-
tion of energy, which does not seem possible according to experimental
data. The reaction (gamma-alpha) also confirms the existence of alpha
particles in nuclei. The alpha particles are supposed to be bound together
less than nucleons. When the nuclear charge increases, the bond of the
alpha particle with the nucleon decreases, which may cause a spontaneous
decay.
116. Direct Determination of (gamma, n) Reaction Cross Section
"A New 1Kethod for Determining Integral Cross Sections of (
(gamma, n) Reactions," by V. A. Shkoda-U1'yanov, Nauchn, Ea==_p,
Uzhgorddsk. un-t, 1957, 18, 131-134 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal --
Fizika, No 3, Mar 58, Abstract No 5478)
A method previously suggested by Goldanskiy and Shkoda-Ulyanov
(Referativnyy -- Fizik 1956, No 2, 3411) is discussed. The
method is based on the measuring of the output of photoneutrons from a
thick sample in which the photons multiply on acdount of the shower.
The method allows a direct determination of the integral cross section
of (gamma, n) reaction on the basis of the'shower theory. Thh'method is
expected,.E to be advantageous for work with monochromatic electrons of
high energy.
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117. Reactions of I.r?ht Nuclei by Means of Deuterons
"Reactions of Some Light Nuclei by Means of Deuterons and
Tritons. Reactions by Mans of Deuterons," by I. Kopaleyshvili,
Tbilisi University, Tr. Tbilissk. un-ta, 1957, 62, 83-102 (fYom
Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Fizika, No 3, Mar 58, Abstract No 5516)
Effective cross sections of reactions Y(p,d)X, Y(n,d)X and reverse
are determined. The nuclear shell model and the Born approximation are
used for computation. The neutron-proton interaction is considered of
the Yukawa type. The nuclear potential is chosen as an oscillatory well
and the Coulomb effect is neglected. The obtained angular distributions
of reactions do not differ from those by Batler and Bkhatiy. The obtained
absolute values of cross sections are, however, much smaller than the
experimental ones.
118. Possibility of Increasing Accelerator Efficiency
"New Possibilities of Increasing the Efficiency of Charged Par-
ticle Accelerators," by Ye. M. Moroz, Physics Institute imeni
Lebedev, Academy of Sciences USSR;-Moscow, Doklady Akademii
Nauk SSSR, Vol 115, No 1, 1957, Pp 78-79
The design of a new type of accelerator is suggested, provided with
magnetic fields constant in time and with stable osculating trajectories
of particles. Their magnetic system consists of three or more sections
with homogeneous magnetic fields. The stability degree of the orbit is
high and may reach 0.77.
The application of this magnetic system of osculating trajectories
to cyclotrons will allow the replacement of dees by a small accelerating
element fixed outside the magnetic field which will result in a reduction
of the air gap between the poles, a lowering of the power supply to the
magnets and of the powe of the radio-frequency system, and improved in-
tensity of the accelerated ion beam due to sharper focusing. Resonance
oscillations of the beam are lower than in the system of L. R. Thomas (Phys
Rev. 54 580, 588, 1938 or in former systems by the writer (Ibid, 108.
31956; CERN, Symposium,Proc., Geneve 1) p 547, 1956). The ex-
traction of the beam is easier.
The system described is of particular interest for microtrons (V. I.
Veksler, ibid., 43, No 8, 346, 1944; Ye. M. Mbroz, ibid., 106, No 6, 986,
1956} Its advantages consist in reducing the distance between the poles
of the microtron magnet and in improving the stability of the beam orbit
with ensuing higher energy and intensity of the electron beam.
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Further applications of these sectional'. magnetic systems with
stable osculating particle trajectories should facilitate better design
of instruments and their use as injectors for synr-~rotrons, as a generator
for short (10-U sec) electron pulses, generators of microradio waves,
generators of gamma rays, neutron sources, etc.
119. Separation of Isotopes in Atomic Beam
"Separation of Isotopes When an Atomic Beam Passes Through an
Ionization Space," by K. D. Sinel'nikov, Academician, Academy
of Sciences Ukrainian SSR, B. G. Safronov, G. G. Azeyev, and
Yu. S. Azovskiy, Physicotechnical Institute, Academy of Sci-
ences Ukrainian SSR; Moscow, Doklady Akadendi Nauk SSSR, Vol
115, No 1, 1957, pp 80-83
Theoretical analysis indicates the possibility of isotope separation
of an atomic beam, consisting of a mixture of isotopes, by passing it
through a space where it is subjected to electron bombardments. To prove
experimentally the computed results, it was necessary to design a system
which would ionize the atomic beam, as well as remove and bond together
the formed ions. These requirements were met by the manometric triode
tube LM-2. Passing through this tube the beam is ionized by electrons
emitted by the cathode and accelerated by the grid. Five such tubes in
series were used for the detection and study of the phenomenon. Hg vapor
was used and analyzed by the mass-spectrometer MS-2 for abundance,: of
isotopes 198 and 204. The experimental values were tabulated, and,
although the results were found satisfactory, the experimental data
somewhat exceeded the theoretical.
120. Inelastic Scattering of Fast Neutrons on Deuterons
"Inelastic Scattering of Fast Neutrons on Deuterons With Con-
sideration of Spin-Orbital Interaction," by I. Sh. Vashakidze,
Tbilisi University, Soobaheh. AN GruzSSR, 1957, 18, No 4, 405-
414 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Fizika, No 2, Feb 58, Ab-
The cross section of inelastic nd scattering is computed. For the
nucleon-nucleon interaction of the Yukawa type, the spin-orbital inter-
action is taken into account together with the central one. The Born
approximation is used for computation. In the case of semiexchangable
forces at about 90 Mev a good agreement of experiment and theory is
reached.
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121. Fission of Light Nuclei on Collision With Heavy Nuclei
"Fission of Light Nuclei on Collision With Heavy Nuclei," by
V. I. Chilashvili Tbilisi University, Soobshch. AN. GruzSSR,
1956, 17, No 10, 873..877 (from Referativn -yy Zhurnal -- Fizika,,
No 2, Feb 58, Abstract No 2989)
Formulas for total and differential cross sections of light nuclei
stripping on collision with heavy nuclei are derived. It is assumes: that
such light nuclei as Li6, Li.7, Be9, c13, and 017 may bconpidered as
corresponding to a two-particle model, for example, MO= He+ D; Beg =
Be t neutron, etc. Semiclassical considerations, such as those used by
Serber for his computation of deuteron stripping, are applied. However,
it was assumed that the two particles forming the nucleon may move with
different values of angular momenta. Formulas defining the angular dis-
tribution of emitted particles are also derived.
122. Potential of Electron-Photon Interaction
"The Character of Potential of Interaction of an Electron and
Photon," by G. Wrzecio,.ko, Physics Institute of the Polish
Acadenar of Sciences, Myl. Polskoy AN. 1956, Otd 3, 4, No 10,
657-663 (from Referativnyy Zhurna -- Fizika. No 1, Jan 58 Ab-
stract No 198)
A lower approximation of an "old",method by Tama and Dankov is ap-
plied to the study of photon scattering on electrons to clarify the
properties of potential of electron-photon interaction in various spin
positions . It was noticed that in a state of full moment j =1/2 at .Q = 0
an attracting potential occurs and at.Q= 1 a repulsing potential occurs.
In the state J = 3/2,? = 1 corresponds to the repulsing potential and( 2
to an attracting potential. Attention is paid to the analog of character
of the potential in the last of the mentioned cases with the resonance
character of interaction of pi-mesons with nucleons in the state P 3/2
and T3/2.
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Solid State Physics
123. Structural Crystallography
"Electronographic Study of Semiconducting Layers of PbTe,"
by A. Feltynowski, I. Glass and L. Grelewicz, Byul, Polskoy AN
1955, Otd 3, No 11, pp 595-597 (from Referativnyy Zhu==; k'iz.ka,
Na 4, Apr 57, Abstract No 9204)
Vacuum-deposited photosensitive layers of PbTe were studied by
electronog-:aphic method. X-ray pictures showed that the. PbTe for photo-
sensitive emulsions in powder has a structure of the type of NaCl with
a period of 6.36 A. Electronograms of the deposited layer give a ring
system corresponding to the primitive lattice., with a period of 3.33 A.
It may be explained in that the Pb and Te atoms locate themselves
statistically in the nodes of the specified lattice. By means of an
electron microscope also the formation of separate little crystals in
the layers of PbTe could be observed under the effect of the electron
beam.
"The Effect of Excess of One of the Components on the Growth
Rate of Crystals of a Double Salt From a Solution," by
A. V. Blyustin, Tr. In.?ta kristallogr, AN SSSR, 1956, No, 12,
pp 73-78 (from Refera vnyy urns -- Fizika, No 4, Apr 57,
Abstract No 9370)
The growth rate of crystals of potassium-aluminium alums, ammonia-
aluminum alums, and ammonia-nickel sulfate from aqueous solutions, con-
taining an excess of one or the other component of the double salt
was studied. Previously weighed priming crystals were introduced into
the solution. The growth rate was evaluated from its mass accretion.
The growth rate of crystals increases with the addition of a component
containing cations of low mobility, because the diffusion of the latter
limits the growing process and, on the otherhand, decreases with excess
of highly mobile cations. At a certain excess of low-mobility cations
the rate reaches its maximum. The introduction into the double salt
? of an excess of one of the components noticeably changes the shape of
the crystals.
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"Effect of Admixture on Crystallization of Silicon Carbide,"
by N. Ye. Filonenko and V. A. Alferov, Abrazivy) 1955, No 13,
pp 3-20 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Fizika, No 4, Apr 57,
Abstract No 93 5
The effect of Fe2O ' and CaO admixtures is investigated. The primary
material was quartz sand and petroleum coke. The thermal treatment was
carried out at 1,650 2,200? during 5-6 hours. The admixture causes a
positive or negative effect at not very high temperatures (2,0000) at the
end of the carbonization process and at about 1,8o0b at the start of the
process. Admixtures not combining with silicon (e.g., Fe) are not harm-
ful and may turn catalyzers.
Admixtures interacting with Si02 in forming SiC(CaO) negatively
affect the formation of SiC, and most harmful are Al 0 and CaO; if both
.2
are present they form a eutectic with a melting point at i,1700; A1203 in
an amount of 3% hinders carbide formation; a eutectic with melting point
of 1,595? is formed; at a te,uperature over 1,750? Al 4 S and SiC of a
3 .
third modification is formed, more useful for electrical 'techniques than
for abrasives. The presence of free CaO reduces the output of SiC.
124. Crystal Lattice Theory
"A Problem of Crystal Lattice Theory," by S. A. Mamulov,
Sb. tr. much. konferentsii. No'l, Kemerovo, 1957, 65-74
from R_eferativnyy Z urn -- Fizika, No 3, Mar 58,
Abstract No 530)
A formula for the energy of the crystal lattice is suggested:
U-256.1 z 1 z 2 a m(rk ra )" p, differing from the Kapustinskiy formula
by the coefficient p. The analysis of the parameter p shows that it
increases with an increase of the anion radius according to the formula
p= a+ bra. A table is compiled for the values of U for halides, oxides,
and chalcogenides.
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125. Structure of Deformed Materials
"Generalized Diagram of Creep Criteria by Using New Ratios
of Stress, Creep Rate, and the Service Life of the Metal,"
I. A. Oding and V. S. Ivanova, Issledovaniya o zharo rochnyymm
S lavarn (Research on Refractory Alloys Moscow, 195b,
pp 52-59 (from Ref erativnyy Zhurnal -- Fizika, No ~ Apr 57,
Abstract No 9439)
For a more full characteristic of creep of alloys, together with limits
of long-term strength and creep., a new criteron, the resources of plasticity,
is suggested, i...e., deformation of the specimen at a specified creep-mate
during its service life, which is compared to long-term strength. The ex-
trapolation of data is suggested in coordinates strength - logarithm of.
time. For the evaluation of refractory alloys a generalized diagram of
creep criteria is suggested, consisting of ratios (at constant temperatures)
(a) log of creep rate versus strength; (b) strength versus log of service;
and (c) log of resources of plasticity versus log of service life.
r
126. Dynamic Properties of Dislocations
"Dynamic Properties of Dislocations," by 0. Mgebryan,
Tr. 'fbilissk. un..ta 1957, 62, 25-52 (from Referativnyy
Zhurnal -- Fizika, No 2, Feb 58, Abstract No. 35 1
A method of secondary plasticity effect is suggested. It consists in
that as a result of cold and thermal treatment of metals and all..ys a
difference of potenttal occurs between points which have been on an equipo-
tential surface before the treatment. This effect occurs due to variation
of metastable density, and it may therefore be used for studying dislocation
properties. The secondary plasticity effect was tested on hardening and
softening of Zn, Al, Al-Zn (70 ! 30),,Cu-Zn (70 : 30), Armco-Fe, Cu and Bi,
on hardening and annealing of steel, and on aging of duralumin. It is con-
cluded that the materials tested undergo metastable dislocations. These dis-
locations lower the energy value required for softening.
Theoretical-Physics
127. Relation Between Caassical and Quantum Mechanics
"Relation Between Class:.cal and Quantum Mechanics," by
K. I. Dolmatov, Tr. In-ta matem,1i mekhan, AN UzSSR, 1956,
No. 17, pp 155-160 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Fizika,
No 4, Apr 57, Abstract No 8411)
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Claosice,l motion of a deforming particle is investigated in an
external field; the energy of deformation is taken in the form A div V,
where A is a certain constant, and V the velocity of the particle at the
specified point. The equations of motion are derived, its Hamilton
function and the equation of Hamilton-Jacobi: It is demonstrated that
if A = -ih/2 and the action S -ih log r, the Schroedinger
equation is obtained for the function w. Considering the electron as a
particle which may be deformed during its motion in an external fief(',
the writer obtains Schroedinger's equation for the electron moving in
an electromagnetic field.
1.28. Quantum Fiel4 Theory
"Singularity of Potential i::1 Pair Theory," by Yu. M. Lomsadze,
Nauchn. zap. Uzhgorodsk. un-t, 1957, 18, 101-107 (from
Referativnyy Zhurnal .-- Fizilca, No 2, Feb 58, Abstract No 2692)
In the first nonvanishing approximation of the perturbation theory
in the case of, pair interaction of two nucleons, the computation of
relativistic effects and nucleon recoil does not lower the singularity
of the interaction potential obtained in nonrelativistic.theory; it
prevents*'the possibility of forma+7on of bound stationary states of a
system of two nucleons.
"Effective Computatic-. Method of S-Matrix in Quantum Field
Theory," by Yu. M. Lomsadze) Nauchn. zap. Uzhgorodsk. un-t,
1957, 18, 155-175 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Fizila,
No 2, Feb 58, Abstract No 2693)
By assuming that the equations of Tomonag-Schwinger have analytical
solutions with respect to energies of all real particles for arbitrary
values of the bond constant, a process of construction of a "modified
series" of the perturbation theory is suggested, each member of which
is a compound function of constants of bonds.
129. Variational. Principle for Dielectrics
"The Variational Principle for Dielectrics," by G. Marks,
University im. Etvesh, Budapest, Byul., Polsk. AN. Otd. II;`_
1956, 4, No,1, pp 29-35.(from Refera~' ivnyy Zhurnal -- Fiz ka,
No 4, Apr'57, Abstract No 8400) -
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The first part is devoted to the deduction of equations of motion
and the tensor energy-pulse in relativistic hydrodynamics of an ideal
fluid. In the second part this analysis is generalized for a dielectric
fluid having a certain space charge. By complementing the lagrangian
by invariants connected to the electromagnetic field there is obtained
as a result of the appli;.d variational method the tensor of energy-
pulse, which is a covariant of a tensor generalization by Abraham. The
The tensor obtained is analyzed in detail for the case of an incompres-
sible fluid.
130. Classical Electrodynamics
"Field Method in the Theory of Hyperbolic Systems of Differential
Equations of Mathematical Physics," by I. S. Arzhanykh, Tr. 3-go
Vses. matem. s' ezda. T.I.M., AN SSSR, 1956, 42 (from
Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Fizika) No , Apr 57, Abstract No 8397)
Methods developed by the writer for solving 'the problem of construct-
ing a vector from its rotor and divergence, allowing the field to be ex-
pressed by its boundary values, are applied in finding solutions of Max-
well equations and others. The properties of the generated lagging
potentials are studied, as well as integrodifferential equations of,
boundary problems. The 'physical interpretation of simple and double
lagging potentials is given.
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XI. MISCELLANEOUS
131. Photocopier of Foreign Patents Readily Obtainable in USSR
"How One Can Obtain Descriptions of Foreign Patentr+" (unsigned
article); Moscow, Tekstil'naya Promyshlonnost, No 2, Feb 58,
CPYRGHTp 68
"Workers of the textile industry who are interested in foreign
patents can obtain photocopies of patents including figures and
drawings at the Ala-Union Patent-Technical Library of the Committee
for Inventions and Discoveries under the Council of. Ministers USSR
(Vsesoyuznaya Patentno-Tekhnicheskaya Biblioteka Komiteta po Delam
Izobreteniy i Otkrytiy pri Soveta Ministrov SSSR), in Moscow, Tsentr,
proyezd Serova, 4, pod'yezd 7a; Telephone: B 8-64-52.
"Photocopies of foreign patents can also be obtained through the
Bureau of Orders of the All-Union Institute of Scientific and Technical
Information, Academy of Sciences USSR, in Moscow, D-219, Baltiyskiy
pos., d. x+26; Telephone: D 7-00-10, dob. 51."
132. New Belorussian Fish Economy Institute Organized
"New Scientific Research Institute" (unsigned article), Minsk,
Sovetskaya Belorussian, No 56, 7 Mar 58, p 3
A new Belorussian Scientific Research Institute Fish Economy
(Belorussiiy Nauchno-Issledovatel'skiy Institut Rybnogo KChozyaystva has
been organized within the system of the Administration of the Food
Industry, Belorussian Sovnarkhoz (Council of National Economy). The
institute has a Laboratory of Fish Procurement, a Laboratory of Hydro-
chemistry and Hydrology, a Laboratory of Hydrobiology, and a Laboratory
of Technology and Mechanization.
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