SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000100130001-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
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• Document Page Count: 106
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 4, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: August 22, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
SCIENTIFIC
INFORMATION REPORT
22 August 1958
Distributed Only By
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
OFFICE OF TECHNICAL SERVICES
WASHINGTON 25, D.C.
Issued Semi-monthly. Price: Per year $28.00; Single issue $2.75. .? ..:: ?- - / ~`','
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Use of funds for printing this publication approved
by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget July 31, 1958.
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PLEASE NOTE
This report presents unevaluated information extracted
from publications of the USSR, Eastern Europe, and China.
The information selected is intended to indicate current
scientific developments and activities in the USSR, in the
Sino-Soviet Orbit countries, and in Yugoslavia, and is dis-
seminated as an 'aid to United States Government research.
SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT
Table of Contents
Page
1.
Biology
1
II.
Chemistry
4
III.
Earth Sciences
30
IV.
Electronics
32
V.
Engineering
42.
VI.
Medicine
43
VII.
Physics
82
VIII.
NOTE:
Miscellaneous
Items in this report are numbered consecutively.
101
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USC OMM-DC- 54748
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1. X-Ray Induced Varieties of Yeast Yielding Increased Amounts of
Ergosterol Obtained
"X-Ray Induced Hereditarily Changed Forms of Yeast Organisms
Which Form Increased Amounts of Ergosterol," by Ye. N.
Sokurova, Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences
USSR, Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 119, No 2, 11 Mar
`58, pp 265-266
Cultures of saccharomyces carlsbergensis Frohberg which normally
possess high ergesterol content, i.e., 2% of dry weight of 2-day old
cultures, were subjected to radiation doses varying between 100 to 500 r,
and the following observations were made:
1. By irradiating yeast organisms with sublethal doses of X-rays,,
and subsequently selecting appropriate yeast cultures, it was possible
to obtain yeast cultures with hereditarily increased ergosterol content.
2. This hereditary characteristic is not sufficiently stable, since,
after repeated cultivation without repeated irradiation, the high ergo-
sterol content gradually decreases.
3. Radiostrain yeasts with increased ergosterol content do not dif-
fer essentially in their radiosensitivity from the original forms of yeast
although there are indications of a possible protective role of ergosterol
in radiation sickness..
2. Experimental Data Indicate Parallelism Between Disturbed Chromosome
Apparatus and Radiation Dose'and its Deleterious Effects on Different
Stages of Embryogenes s
"Disturbances of Mitosia due to X-Irradiation of the Early
Stages of Development of the Eggs of Groundling Fish," by
IT. N. Belyayeva, and G. L. Pokrovskaya, Institute of Biolog-
ical Sciences. of the Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow,
Doklady Akademli Nauk SSSR, Vol 119, No 2, 11 Mar 58,
pp 361-364
Tests were conducted on Misgurnus fossilis L. to determine the ef-
fect of ionizing radiation on the process of fertilization and on the
various stages of cell division of fish eggs. The fertilized eggs were
irradiated at various stages of embr genesis (early and late blastula)
and with various doses of radiation 100,250,500, 1,000, 10,000 and also
1,600, 3,L00, 6,hoo, 12,800, and-19,200 r). Experimental details and
photomicrographs accompany the article.
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Results indicate that the greater the dose of irradiation, the
greater is the decrease of the rate of mitosis, and even irradiation by
100 r noticeably decreases mitotic rate. No mi' 'sis was noted following
irradiation with 10,000 r. Rise in the percentage of disturbed mitosis
was commensurate with the value of the dose. There was a parallelism
between the degree of injury to the growing embryos and the injury to its
chromosome apparatus.
These results, furthermore, indicate that the greatest radiosensi-
tivity occurs during the earliest stages of mitosis (at the stage of one
blastomere), and the later the stage of embryonic development, the greater
is the dose required to cause 50% death of the embryos.
Parallelism was also noted following the irradiation of fish eggs
during the late blastula stage between the degree of survival of the
developing embryos, and the decree of injury to the nucleus with regard
to dose of irradiation.
Such a clear manifestation of the laws of the disturbance of chro-
mosome apparatus in relation to the does and the state of development of
the eggs, and such a clearly expressed parallelism between the data of
cytology and embryology-make it possible for us to hope that further re -
search along these lines may make it possible to explain a number of
important problems connected with the effect of ionizing radiation on
the processes of fertilization, cell division, and the development of
fish.
3.' Radiation Studies of the Early Development of Fish Eggs Indicate
Importance of Radiation Injuries of a Cell Nucleus
"A Study of Ways in Which Injuries Caused by Radiation During
the Early Development of Fish Occur.," by A. A. Neyfalth, and
N. N. Rott, Institute of Animal Morphology of the Academy of
Sciences USSR, and the Institute of Biological Physics of the
Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR,
Vol 119, No 2', 11 Mar 58, pp 261-2;7-
X-ray effects of various strengths (3,000 and 10,000 r) on the
germ cells and gametes of fish (Misgurnus fossilis and Acipenser stellatus)
during various periods of development, especially middle, and late blast-
ula and early gastrula stages are discussed. Differences in normal de-
velopment at the stage of two blastomeres, morula, early blastula, late
4 blastula, and early gastrula are sketched, and diagrams show changes in
mitotic activity from the moment of irradiation up to 30 hours later.
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The authors present two possible theories to explain changes and
interruptions of development due to radiation:
1. That it is possible to assume that cell division is the inter-
mediate link between the injury of the cell nucleus during irradiation
and the dppearance of functional deficiencies during the beginning of the
gastrula stage.
2. That the nucleus, due to its own activity during the early stages,
guarantees the development of the cells up to certain later stages.
Higher doses of radiation curtail its activity, and development after ir-
radiation can proceed only to the stage which was preserved by the func-
tion of the nucleus at the moment of irradiation.
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Analytical Chemistry
4. A Spectrographic Method For the Determination of Germanium in Coal
Ash
"Spectrographic Determination of Germanium in Coal Ash," by
N. V. Arnautov, West Siberian Affiliate of the Academy of
Sciences USSR; Novosibirsk, Izvestiya Vostochnykh F lialov
Akademii Nauk SSSR, No 1, Feb 57, pp E9-52
A method for the spectrographic determination of germanium in coal
ash is described which was found to be sufficiently precise and to give
reproducible results. By using this method, more than 400 determinations
of germanium were made on coal samples from different deposits, primarily
deposits in West and East Siberia.
[For additional information on analytical chemistry, see Item No 11.]
Biochemistry
5. Ascorbase Inhibition by Complex-Forming Reagents Studied
"The Inhibition of Ascorbase by Complex-Forming Reagents,"
by A. Jindra and V. Prochazka, Chem. Listy, 19,57, 51,
No 2, 362-366 (Czech) (Moscow; from Referativn Zhurnal --
Khimi a Biologicheska IChimi , No 8, 25 Apr 5 , Abstract
CPYRGHT No 9743)
"Studies were conducted on the inhibition of ascorbase obtained from
frozen cucumbers by complek-forming reagents which bind. copper (tetraetIVIthiuram
disulfide (antabuse), cupferron, komplekscn III [disodium salt of ethylene-
diaminetetraacetic acid], and CO). The effect of the inhibiting reagents
was determined by decreased ascorbic acid content, with respect to time,
in the presence of ascorbase both :rith inhibitors and without inhibitors.
It was established that antabuse and cupferron are not rival inhibitors
for ascorbic acid, for tetraethylthiuram disulfide exerts five times
greater inhibition than cupferron (50% inhibition in a concentration
of 8 x 10-6 moles). Komplexon III (disodium salt of ethylenediamine-
tetraacetic acid) and CO do not affect the activity of ascorbase."
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Chemistry and Technology of Nuclear Fuels
and Reactor Construction Materials
6. A Review of "Atomnaya Energi5m" for 1956-1957
"0n the Pages of the Periodical Atomnaya Enereiya (1956-
1957)," by M. B. Yegiazarov and A. G. Zelenkov; Moscow,
Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 28, No 6, Jun 58, pp 137-143
The authors of the article review the papers published during 1956-
1957 in Atomnaya Energa, mentioning the papers which they consider most
interesting and subjecting the contents of the periodical to a critical
review. They discuss as follows the papers dealing with nuclear fuels
C PYRGid reactor construction materials:
"An important subdivision of the nuclear energy industry is that
concerned with the production of fissionable materials. The problems
pertaining to this production are very diverse and relate to the forms
in which uranium is found in nature, methods for the detection of uranium
deposits, the chemical separation of uranium and plutonium, the separa-
tion of uranium isotopes, and other aspects of the production of fission-
able materials.
"Problems of the geology of uranium are discussed in detail in Sup-
plement No 6, 1957. Issue No 12, 1957, contains a review article by
V. I. Gerasimovskiy entitled "Concerning the Forms in Which Uranium
Occurs in Rocks." The subject of this article is of primary importance
for the clarification of the conditions under which uranium deposits
are formed. An article by A. A. Chernikov, 0. V. Krutetskaya, and
N. I. Organova (No 8, 1957) announces the discovery of sodium autunite
(a new uranium mineral) and describes its properties.
"The radioactivity of uranium and thorium ores makes it possible to
determine the content of uranium and thorium in them directly under na-
tural conditions without taking samples or conducting chemical analyses.
Methods of the radiometric, assaying of radioactive ores on the basis of
the gamma radiation emitted by them and a method for the quantitative
interpretation of the results of gamma core testing of ore bore holes are
discussed in articles by V. L. Shashkin published in No 1 and 2, 1957.
Methods of analysis based on the gamma-radiation emitted by radioactive
elements contained in ores are discussed in papers by G. R. Gol`bek,
V. V. Matveyev, and R. S. Shlyapnikov (No 9, 1957); L. N. Posik and I. M.
Tonenbaum (No 9, 1957); and others.
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CPYRGHT
"A number of papers describing work on the chemical and physical
properties of uranium and plutonium compounds attracts attention. In an
informative article by A. M. Rozen (No 5) 1957) problems of the thermody-
namics of equilibria formed during the extraction of uranyl nitrate are
discussed. An article by S.N. Karpc,cheva and others (no 6, 1957) de-
scribes novel designs of jet extraction columns. In the same general
range of work is the subject matter of an article published by a large
group of investigators, including L. A. Ar.tsimovich, G. Ya. Shchepkin,
and V. V. 211ukov. This article describes an electromagnetic installa-
tion with a high degree of resolution that has been used for the separa-
tion of heavy elements (No 3.2, 1957). Some results obtained in the sepa-
ration of isotopes of lead, uranium, and plutonium are reported in the
article.
"Technical materials used in the construction of nuclear reactors
must satisfy special requirements. Materials of this type must have a
low effective cross section of neutron capture, be very pure, and possess
certain definite physical, mechanical, and chemical characteristics.
The periodical contains a number of papers dealing with results obtained
in the investigation of the properties of zirconium, niobium, tantalum,
and alloys and compounds of these metals as well as of methods for their
production. To give a few examples, an investigation of the properties
of alloys of zirconium with niobium is reported in two papers by Yu. F.
Bychkov, A. N. Rozanov, and D. M. Skorov (No 2) 1957) and a method for
the production of ductile niobium is described in a paper by 0. P. Kolchin,
N. V. Sumarokova, and N. P. Chuveleva (No 12, 1957)?
"Graphite is one of the best materials for use as a moderator in
nuclear reactors. A review article by 17. V. Goncharov entitled "Graphite
in the Construction of Reactors" (No 12, 1957) discusses in detail prob-
lems pertaining to the technology of the production of graphite articles,
the application of graphite in reactors, and the changes which occur in
graphite under the action of nuclear radiation.
"A study of changes which take place under the action of irradiation
and o'cyclic temperature changes in different materials is of particular
importance for present=day nuclear power technology. Results obtained
in investigations on this subject are reported in papers by I. V. Batenin
and B. V. Sharov (No 9).1957) and A. A. Bochvar and G. I. Tomson (No 6,
1957)," (p 140)
In regard to novel uses of nuclear energy, the fol].ot?Ting information
is given:
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CPYRGHT
"Two articles which describe research on new methods for the utiliza-
tion of the energy of nuclear particles are of great interest. A paper
by B. M. Vul, V. S. Vavilov, and other (No 6, 1957) deals with problems
of transformation of the energy of fast electrons into electric energy in
germanium crystals with P-N transitions. It is demonstrated in the work
described that the principal factor which lowers the efficiency of the
transformation is an increase in the velocity of the recombination of
electrons and holes which arises as a result of disturbances in the crys-
tal structure produced by the action of the fast electrons. An article
by S. Ya. Pshezhetskiy and N. T. Dmitriyev entitled "Fixation of Nitrogen
Under the Action of Ionizing Radiation" (No 10, 1957) describes results
obtained in the investigation of basic relationships pertaining to the
reaction of the oxidation of nitrogen under the action of electrons and
gamma-radiation. The direct oxidation of nitrogen under the action of
radiation and high energy particles may become one of the ways in which
nuclear energy will be utilized." (p 141)
7. Determination of Thorium With the Arsenazo Reagent
"Photometric Determination of Thorium With the Arsenazo
Reagent in the Presence of Zirconium, Titanium, and Rare
Earth Elements," by F. V. Zaykovskiy and L. I. Gerkhardt,
All-Union Institute of Mineral Raw Materials; Moscow,
Zhurnal Anal iticheskoy Khimii, Vol 13, No 3, May-Jun 58,
It has been established that the interference of zirconium. titanium,
and rare-earth elements during the photometric determination of thorium
with the arsenazo reagent [uranon or benzene -2-arsonic acid (1-azo-7)
dioxynaphthalene-3,-6-disulfonic acid] can be eliminated by means of
tartaric acid. A method has been developed for determining thorium with
the arsenazo reagent in the presence of the above-mentioned elements.
.Industrial Chemistry
ti. Siloxanes Containing Metals
"Metallosiloxanes," by S. B.; Moscow, Khimicheskaya Nauka i
Promyahlennost', Vol 3, No 2, Mar-Apr 56; p 274
Metallosiloxanes are a new class of organosilicon compounds which
contain alternating atoms of silicon, oxygen, and a metal. Similar com-
pounds have been synthesized the principal chains of which consist of al-
ternating atoms of silicon, oxygen, and a nonmetal. Polyorganometallo-
siloxanes occupy an intermediate position between silicates and organic
polymers, canbining the cba,racteristics of both. They surpass organosil-
icon polymers as far as stability at high temperatures and chemical sta-
bility are concerned.
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Tris-(trialkylsilyl) borates of the formula (R3SiO)3B are high-boiling
oily liquids which are recommended for use. as catalysts in the alkylation
of silicon halides and as plasticizers (M. G. Voronkov and V. N. Zgonnik,
Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii, Vol 27, 1957, p 1476).
By employing the reaction
HgC12
R3SiOH 4 Al (R3Si0)3A1 + 112
crystalline tris-(triethylsiloxy)-aluminum was synthesized, the hydrolysis
of which leads to the formation of heat-resistant polymers with the struc-
ture
R3SiO-Al -O-Al -OSIR3
(K. K. Andrianov and others, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR) Vol 112, 1957,
p 1050). The reaction of the siloxanols -HO SiR2o xH with Al results
in the formation of highly polymerized alumosiloxanes. Addition of
aluminum powder as a pigment to polysiloxane liquids made it possible
to obtain coatings which protect ordinary steel up to 5400 and stainless
steel up to 760-8700.
When halogenated organosilanes are hydrolyzed together with AJC13
according to the equation
NaOH
(Cli3)2SiCl2 + C6H5Sicl3 + Alcl3 HH [-(CH 3)2siosi(C6H5)o-]4of -,
2 b 0
products.with the consistency of a gel are obtained the thermal poly-
merization of which yields resins which have a very high resistance to
heat (K. A. Andrianov and others, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Otdeleniye
Ithimicheskikh Nauk, 1956, p 74). In an analogous manner polyorganometal-
losiloxanes can be obtained which contain both aluminum and cobalt or
nickel.
By reacting trialkylsilanols (or their sodium salts) with T1C14,
tetrakis-(trialkyisiloxy)-titanium compounds were obtained. In acidic
media these compounds hydrolyze slowly, forming polymers which have the
constitution
(R 3Si0)2TiOTi(OSiR3 )2
I I
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By hydrolyzing alkylalkoxy(halotreno)silanes together with derivatives
of orthotitanic acid, diverse polyorganot:it+nos iloxanes can be obtained
(K. A. Andrianov'and others, Izvesti Akademli Nauk SSSR, Otdeleniyee
Khimicheskikli Nauk, 1956, p 79d). Resins, varnish films, and enamels
based on compounds of this class exhibit a high degree of heat resistance
and great mechanical strength as well as favorable characteristics with
respect to adhesion, suitability as insulating and waterproofing agents,
and impermeability to ultraviolet radiation. Addition of aluminum as a
pigment to this type of resins makes them heat-resistant at tempzratures
above 6000. Some titanosiloxanes are effective as adhesives for cement-
ing polysiloxane rubber and teflon to metals, as materials for the im-
pregnation of textiles and footwear, and as catalysts of the polycondensa-
tion of organic resins.
Alkyl titanates accelerate the hardening of polysiloxane resins,
sharply ] owering the temperature of solidification of films and increas-
ing theie strength. These effects are explained by the formation of
Si-O-Ti links.
The methods for the synthesis of compounds with Si-O-P groupings
are similar to those employed in the synthesis of boros iloxanes . The
tris-(trialkylsilyl)-phosphates (R3Si03) (M. G. Voronkov and V. N.
Zgonnik, Zhurnal Obshchey Kh3mii, Vol 2g, 19559 p 469; Vol 27, 1957,
p 1I33) are viscous liquids which are stable up to 250-3000. These
liquids are effective as antifoam agents and plasticizers. The introduc-
tion of derivatives of phosphoric acid into liquid polysiloxanes stabilizes
the latter, lends to them compatibility with mineral oils and :fire resist=
ante, and also improves their lubricating properties. Polysiloxane
resins and polysiloxane elastomers acquire a hr.gn aegree of resistance to
heat after phosphorus compounds have been added to them.
Monomers obtained by the Clayton-[L. A.] Soborovskiy reaction for-
mulated below
Cl4-nSiRn + PC13 + 02 ..-_) Cl.4-n i SiR
Rn-1
form fire-resistant resins on hydrolysis and polycondensation.
The synthesis of monomeric and polymeric organosilicon compounds
has been reported which 'contain Si-O-M oi? Si-C-M groupings with M s Zn,
Cd, Hg, Ce, Fe, Pb, Zr, Sb, As, etc.
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9. Oroanouilicon Compounds as Iloat-Resistant Dielectrics
Te lotto ki a Kremni or anicheuki e Dielcktriki (Icat-
Reciutant Organooilicon Dielectrics)) by K. A. Andrianov,
Gosenergoizeat (State Power Engineering Publishing Iloute),
Moscow-Leningrad, 1957, 296 pp.
This book reviews in detail. the characteristics of organosilicon
polymers and of electrical insulation materials containing compounds of
this class. The general principles pertaining to the synthesis of
polyorganosiloxanes are outlined. Furthermore, the properties of organo-
silicon resins, varnishes, elastomers, and other materials produced by
the USSR industry are outlined. Their technical uses are discussed.
According to the publisher's note on the back of the title page,
the book is intended as a manual for engineers and industrial technologists,
workers at laboratories and specialized branch institutes, and also spe-
cialist: in the field of electrical insulation technology in general.
The subject matter of the book is arranged in the following manner:
Preface (p 3); carbon, silicon, and oxygen -- the basic elements of the
polymer molecules composing organosilicon dielectrics (chapter 1) p 6);
general principles of the formation of polyorganosiloxanes (chapter 2,
p 19); the structure of linear polyorganosiloxanes and their properties
(chapter 3, p 47); the structure of cross-linked and 3-dimensional poly-
mers and the properties of these polymers (chapter 4, p 74); the deterio-
ration of polyorganosiloxane resins under the effect of heat (chapter 5)
p 86); liquid organosilicon dielectrics (chapter 6, p 1.10); organosilicon
elastomers and dielectrics based on these elastomers (chapter 7, p 145);
organosilicon resins, varnishes, and enamels (chapter 8, p 171); electri-
cal insulating materials based on organosilicon resins and varnishes
(chapter 9, page 208); applications of organosilicon polymers (chapter 10,
p 252); subject index (p 292).
The scope of the subject and the significance of organosilicon com-
pounds from the standpoint of technological developments, particularly
developments in the electrical industry, are reviewed by the author as
CPYRGH 011ows in the preface:
"The development of the production of electrical insulation mate-
rials and of the theory of dielectrics are closely connected with the
development of electrical engineering as a whole. During the initial
period of the development of electrical engineering and technology, the
demands put to electrical insulation materials were not very exacting
and could be satisfied readily by multipurpose materials which were not
designed for any specific application: e.g., natural. resins, rubber,
vegetable oils, cellulose, and.some inorganic materials, as for instance
porcelain, glass, and mica.
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CPYRGHT
"As electrical engineering developed) the demands put; to electrical
incaution materials became more stringent and diversified; types of
insulating materials became necessary which could stand increased -thermal,
electrical, and mechanical stresses and furthermore be water proof and
possess a sufficient mechanical flexibility. For the reason stated, the
use of synthetic high-molecular organic compounds such as phonolformal-
dehydc, polyvinylacetal, and polyester resins was introduced on a large
scale. High-voltage techniques and particularly high-frequency techniques
require the application of dielectrics with a small dielectric loss. To
satisfy the requirements imposed by high-frequency applications, the fol-
lowing polymers were synthesized: polystyrene, polyd.ichlorostyrene, poly-
isobutylene, polyethylene, and polytetrafluorethylene. Insulation mate-
rials for electrical equipment designed for a long period of service must
retain to a high extent their original properties even vender very severe
qerational conditions. Of particular importance is stability of char-
acteristics when the material is expose' to.the prolonged action of high
temperatures. The insufficient heat resistance of organic fiber dielec-
trics and of compounds used for impregnation hampered for a long time
designers of electrical equipment, because the operating temperatures
could not be raised for this reason. The development of electrical
insulating materials containing glass fibers solved this problem only to
a limited extent, because the use of organic compounds used for impregna-
tion and cementing of the fibers reduced the heat resistance of glass-
fiber insulating materials. Only the creation of a new type of material,
i.e., organosilicon polymers (polyorganosiloxanes), which possess a high
resistance to heat-and to moisture, made it possible to produce electrical
insulating material-3 that would stand working temperatures as high as
180-2000 for prolonged periods of time. The first investigations dealing
with methods for the production of organosiliconi polymers (polyorganosil-
oxar-es) and their characteristics were begun in the USSR in 1935. The
first description of-a method for the production of technically applicable
products of the hydrolysis with water of organosiltcon monomers of the
alkyl (aryl) halogenos ilanL: type or the alkyl (aryl) alkoxys ilane type
followed by the condensation of these monomers into resins appeared in
1937. In 1939, different polyurganosiloxane resins were synthesized and
their properties as heat-resistant dielectrics investigated.
"Polyorganosiloxanes contain both organic and inorganic structural
elements:. their unusual properties are, the result of a combination of
the high heat resistance of quartz and the elasticity which is character-
istic for organic polymers. For Instance, laminated materials consisting
of polyorganosiloxanes and glass fibers can be exposed for a long time to
an operating temperature of 2000 and for a short time to temperatures. up
to 500?. Polydimethylsiloxane rubber resists prolonged exposure to a tem
perature of 1800 and intermittent raising of the temperature to 260?.
Polyorganosiloxanes exhibit an exceptionally high resistance to the action
of moisture and low temperatures. They are, furthermore, chemically in-
active, stable with'respect to oxidation, and capable of withstanding for
a long time the harmful effects of sunlight and ozone. For the reasons
statedp the period of useful service of polyorganosiloxanes is at least
ten times longer than that of organic polymers.
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CPYRGHT
"The dielectric properties of polyorganosiloxaneo arc exceptionally
favorable and change very little within a wide temperature range.
"A very important property of polyorganosiloxanes is the modifi-
ability of their characteristics within very wide limits as a result of
the introduction of different radicals into their composition. Technical
polymers contain methyl, ethyl, or phenyl radicals, which affect the heat
resistance, elasticity at low temperatures, rate of solidification, and
hardness of the polymer. When polyorganosiloxanes are combined with or-
ganic resins, the latter acquire a higher heat stability, improved elec-
trical properties, a higher degree of resistance to moisture, and improved
properties as far as aging at'elevated temperatures is concerned. On
being combined with organic polyester resins, polyorganosiloxane resins
form electrically insulating enamels which, are suitable for operation at
2000.
"Polyorganosiloxane resins and varnishes derived from these resins
made it possible to develop a new type of electrical insulation materials
known at present as materials of the SV class. Insulating materials of
this type made it possible to raise the temperature of operation by 500
above that at which materials of the class V can be used; i.e., the tempera-
ture could be raised from 1300 to 1800. However, it is known at present
that some insulating materials based on polyorganosiloxanec may withstand
prolonged exposure to temperatures as high as 2000.
"Heat-resistant electrical insulating materials of the SV type are
of great importance for the solution of problems set by the 20th Congress
of the CSPU to the electrical power industry and the industry of power
machine building, because their use makes it possible to employ improved
designs of electrical machines, transformers, and instruments, increasing
the reliability of the operation, extending the period of their service,
and in a number of cases reducing their dimensions to as little as IMP.
Almost equally important, is the application of SV insulating materials
for the production of new types of dry transformers.
"Some polyorganosiloxanes are suitable for rendering hydrophobic
and/or waterproof various materials such as glass, glass textiles, wool,
cotton fibers, paper, ceramics, etc. They have acquired great importance
for applications in the production of precise metal castings, heat-resistant
anticorrosion coating enamels, heat-resistant lubricants, hydraulic and
shock-absorber liquids, heat-resistant plastics, etc."
The section on applications of organosilicon polymers (Chapter 10)
lists numerous technical and military applications of such polymers on the
basis of US and British publications and patents. The USSR work described
in this chapter deals mainly with the application of organosil icon com-
pounds as insulating materials and agents for hydrophobization and water-
proofing.
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The preceding chapters give considerable information on USSR work in
the field of organosilicon compounds, including many references to
Andrianov'u own work.
10. Development of a Petrochemical Raw Material. Basis for the USSR
Synthetic Rubber Indust
"Synthetic Elastomers and Alcohols," by V. Bibishev,
Candidate of Chemical Sciences; Muucow, Prom hlenno-
Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, Vol 3, No 32 (33214 Mar 58, p 14)
columns 1-
An extensive synthetic rubber industry was created in the USSR in
the early 1930s. The?production method applied at the early synthetic
rubber plants was based on the process developed by S. V. Lebedev.
Lebetev's mPthoc1 consists substantially in the catalytic, conversion of
ethyl alcohol to butadiene. The butadiene is then polymerized by means
of metallic sodium. Although this method aided in the development of
the industrial production of synthetic rubber on a large scale, it has
major drawbacks. One of the drawbacks was the necess!ty of using food
products such as grain, potatoes, etc. for the production of the alcohol
which served as the initial raw material for rubber production.
Chemists were faced with the task of finding a more readily acces-
sible and cheaper raw material. Petroleum gases and gaseous by-products
of the petroleum conversion industry proved to be a raw material which
satisfies these requirements. The gases in question contain ethylene,
ethane, propylene, propane, butylene, and butane.
The available supplies of petroleum gases are very great. Particu''
larly large amounts of gas are available in the Bashkirskaya ASSR, the
Tatarskaya ASSR, Kuybyslievskaya Oblast, the Azer?-?aydzhan SSR, and other
petroleum-producing areas of the country.
At present, in regions where a considerable supply of this raw mate-
rial is available, several large plants are being erected at which syn-
thetic rubber will be produced from butane and butylene.
By the dehydrogenation of butylene and butane a synthetic rubber
with superior characteristics can be produced, while the capital invest-
ment required for plants applying this process is lower. According to
calculations made by the Giprokauchuk (State Planning Institute of the
Rubber Industry), the cost of a ton of synthetic rubber produced from
butane and butylene will be one third and the capital investment required
one half of the corresponding values applying to synthetic alcohol de-
rived from crude materials that can be used as foodstuffs.
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At new industrial plants clastomers will be produced by the copoly-
merization of butadiene with styrene or methylstyrone. These elastomers
are superior to butadiene rubber as far as character istics of importance
from the standpoint of the application of synthetic rubber are concerned.
For instance, the tensile strength of elastomers of this type is almost
twice as great as that of butadiene rubber. These grades of rubber are
also superior with respect to tearing strength, residual elongation, and
a number of other characteristics. At the new enterprises for the pro-
duction of synthetic rubber, an improved polymerization process will be
applied. Specifically, the method of low temperature polymerization will
be used more extensively, with the result that elastomers of a better
quality will be produced.
Copolymerized elastomers can be combined during the process of pro-
duction with approximately 20% of oil (Avtol 18). Oil-extended rubber
is used successfully in the production of automobile tires and of other
rubber articles. Oil extension does not lower the quality of the products
made of the rubber, while the cost of the rubber is reduced considerably.
A considerable amount of work has been done in connection with the
development of isoprene rubber, which is close to natural rubber in its
properties. The production of isoprene rubber on an industrial scale has
not been organized as yet. However, trial lots of isoprene rubber that
have been produced indicate that it is superior in many respects to other
kinds of rubber. The development of the production of isoprene rubber on
an extensive industrial scale will be of great advantage to the national
economy.
At present, particularly stringent requirements are put to rubber
products as far as resistance to heat, chemical stability, resistance
to gasoline and oil, and also impermeability to gases are concerned. As
a rule, natural rubber does not satisfy these requirements; to give the
necessary characteristics to finished rubber, special types of crude
synthetic rubber are used.
The most advanced type of synthetic elastomer for special applica-
tions is butyl rubber. Butyl rubber exhibits a high chemical stability
and superior impermeability to gases. These properties make it possible
to use butyl rubber for the production of chemically resistant rubber
products, equipment of various types, and inner tubes for automobile
tires.
Nitrile rubber has similar properties. This kind of rubber is very
stable to the action of gasoline and oil. It can therefore be used suc-
cessfully for the production of special rubber tubes, hoses, and other
articles.
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Chloroprene rubber is of great value for the electrical engineering
industry and for the production of conveyer belts and other technical
rubber products. Silicon rubber, which has an exceptionally high resist-
ance to heat (it withstands temperatures of 250-3000), is also of import-
ance for industrial applications.
In addition to rubber, synthetic ethyl alcohol derived from petroleum
gases is of importance for technology. Its use is of great significance
from the economic standpoint, because the cost of a ton of alcohol derived
from petroleum gases is half that of a ton of alcohol produced from crude
materials which may serve as foodstuffs.
Plants which produce synthetic alcohol from petroleum gases are op-
erating at Sumgait, Ufa, Orsk, Saratov, and Kuybyshev. Until recently
hydration of ethylene with sulfuric acid was applied at these plants.
The application of this method involves the use of a considerable quantity
of sulfuric acid. At present a new method has been developed until the
stage where- it can be applied on an extensive industrial scale, i.e., the
method of direct hydration of ethylene. The application of this method
eliminates' the use of sulfuric acid. Plants which have been constructed
and other plants which are still in the process of construction have been
planned on the basis of this process. The expansion of the industrial
production of synthetic alcohol, combined with an increase of the output
of alcohol at hydrolysis and sulfite liquor fermentation plants, will
make it possible to satisfy completely within the next few years the
demand of synthetic rubber pants for alcohol. By converting a ton of
ethylene to alcohol, one achieves a saving of'more than 4 tons of grain.
Other products besides alcohol and synthetic rubber will be produced
from the hydrocarbons of petroleum gases.' For instance, ethane and
ethylene will also be employed for the production of styrene, which is
another crude material for the manufacture, of synthetic rubber. Starting
with ethylene, polyethylene is produced, which is utilized as a material
in the manufacture of electric cables aid of many consumer products.
Ethylene is furthermore the starting material for the industrial synthesis
of ethylene oxide, which is an intermediate product for the production of
antifreezes, detergents, etc.
Propylene is used for the production of phenol and acetone, i.e., of
crude materials from which synthetic fibers, plastics, and lubricating
oils are produced.
In accomplishing the tasks with which workers- of the chemical in-
dustry are faced in connection with the developments discussed above, the
sovnarkhozes of the economic administrative regions in which extensive
deposits of petroleum crude materials are available must play a consider-
able role. This 'applies specifically to the sovnarkhozes of the Bashkir-
ska;,,% ASSR, the Tatarskaya ASSR,, the Azerbaydzhan SSR, Kuybyshevskaya
Oblst, Saratovskaya Oblast, Omskskaya Oblast, and Irkutskskaya Oblast.
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The administrative obstacles which formerly hindered the production
of synthetic materials from petroleum gases have been removed; in addi-
tion to supplies of raw material, the sovnarkhozes have at their disposal
large construction organizations which will build new plants. The pro-
duction at existing plants can be increased: the Sumgait plant produces
almost 1.5 times as much alcohol as the quantity corresponding to planned
capacity and the Orsk plant has doubled its production as a result of the
use of better crude materials.
11. USSR Developments in the Field of Chromatography
"Resolution of the All-Union Conference on Chromatography,
Moscow, 3-6 Feb 58," by K. V. Chmutov, Zhurnal Fizicheskoy
Khimii, Vol 32, No 5, May 58, pp 1184-115 -
At the conference on chromatography held at the Department of Chem-
ical Sciences, Academy of Sciences USSR, 56 reports were presented.
The attendance comprised 507 persons, representing 216 organizations
located in 39 cities. Scientists from the People's Democracies attended
the conference.
a. The directives given by the 20th Congress of the CPSU indicate
the necessity of expanding the production of pure and rare metals and of
heat-resistant alloys. They furthermore indicate the necessity of expand-
ing the prospecting for useful minerals and of introducing extensive auto-
matization into production and the control of production processes. The
methods of chromatographic analysis are applied in the separation and
purification of rare metals and rare earth metals;, the production of especially
pure reagents, and the separation, concentration, and determination of
small quantities of admixtures.
Chromatography and ion exchange techniques are used for the soft-
ening of water; the desalting of water and of aqueous solutions of organic
substances; the concentration and separation of valuable metals; the puri-
fication, analysis, and separation of mineral oils and fuels; the purifi-
cation and analysis of drugs, antibiotics, vitamins, and alkaloids;
clinical analyses of fluids and tissues of the organism; and many other
applications. Methods of gas chromatography and of gas -liquid chromatog-
raphy are being used extensively in the petrochemical industry and other
industrial fields for the separation and analysis of different mixtures.
b. During recent years, definite success has been achieved in the
USSR in the development of the theory and practical application of chroma-
tography. There has been further progress in the development of the
? theory of nonequilibrium chromatography, chromathermography, and the
thermodynamic method; in work on the determination of new relationships
pertaining to the statics and dynamics of the adsorption'of complex and
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multivalent ions; in research on the effect of the structure of cationites
on processes of ion exchange; in the investigation of the stability of
ion-exchange resins at high temperatures; in work on the effect of solvents
on ion exchange; and in expanding applications of chromatography involving
the formation of complex compounds as well as separation of mixtures of
complex compounds.
Many publications have appeared on the kinetics of ion exchange
on grains of ion-exchange resins and at partitions (membranes) made of
ion-exchange resins. Significant progress has been made in the synthesis
of new types of ion-exchange resins and laboratory methods have been
proposed for the preparation of ion-exchange partitions both with strongly
acidic and weakly acidic and/or weakly basic groups. Automatic chroma-
tographic gas analyzers and chromathermographs for the analysis of hydro-
carbons and low-boiling gases have been developed and described.
c. Research has been done on the separation of rare-earth'elements,
titanium, zirconium., hafnium, niobium., and tantalum in the form of their
complex compounds. An adsorption method involving the formation of com-
plex compounds has been proposed for the separation of metal cations.
Furthermore, methods have been proposed for the chromatographic quanti-
tative analysis of cations and anions by means of ion exchange, precipita-
tion, and oxidation-reduction chromatography.
d. In the field of industrial applications of- chromatography inves-
tigations have been conducted and trials made in regard to the operation
of desalting installations under operational conditions encountered at
thermal electric power stations where high-pressure steam and steam above
the critical point are used and to applications pertaining to the purifi-
cation of water.
e. The technology of ion-exchange adsorption and desorption of
alkaloids, antibiotics, and different organic compounds has been developed.
Problems have been investigated pertaining to the application of ion-
exchange resins in medicine, pharmacy, and the food industry. In the
field of 7jartition chromatography., work has been done on the separation
of higher fatty acids, drugs, protein antigens and antibodies, nucleotides,
nitrogen bases, corticosterones, and other substances. The solution of
USSR economic problems requires more extensive application of chromatog-
raphic methods in various fields of industry as well as at research in-
stitutes and higher educational institutions.
(1) That research be expanded on the theory of chromatography
with the aim of predicting the optimal conditions for the separation of
mixtures and reducing the number of observations that have to be made for
establishing the required parameters for calculations.
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(2) That the theory and practice of the application of organic
reagents in chromatography be expanded and the methods of distribution
chromatography be applied more widely in the analysis of mixtures of
organic and inorganic substances; and that work be expanded on the devel-
opment and introduction into practice of industrially applied methods of
gas chromatography.
(3) That production of equipment for ion-exchange and distribu-
tion chromatography be organized. Particular attention must be paid to
the improvement and development of new devices for the determination of
individual components, measuring devices, rate controllers, and other
appliances used in gas chromatography. Furthermore, work must be developed
on, the automatization of chromatographic separations and of the analysis
of complex mixtures not only in the gas phase but also in solutions, and
the production and supply of automatic appliances for distribution chroma-
tography must be organized.
(!F) The distribution and retail sale of an extensive selection
of cationites and anionites, grades of activated carbon found to be ef-
fective, silica gel, aluminum oxide, and natural adsorbents must be ex-
panded. It should be recommended to the Commission on Chromatography
that it, jointly with the Ministry of Electric Power Stations and the
Ministry of Chemical Industry, request the Gosplan (State Plan) of the
USSR to draw up an appropriate plan for 6-7 years pertaining to the or-
ganization of an industrial production of the most important ion exchange
resins and ion exchange partitions (membranes). The Gosplan should be
requested to create a special industrial department for the production of
pure ion-exchange materials to be used in scientific research work and to
be applied in medicine, pharmacy, and the food industry. Furthermore, a
special laboratory should be organized at which resins with a wide range
of properties can be produced on the basis of individual orders. The
Scientific-Technical Committee at the Council of Ministers USSR should
take measures aimed at the most rapid introduction into industrial use
of the chromatographic devices that have been developed.
(5) Research should be expanded on the development of new
grades of ion-exchange resins, new iorganic adsorbents, new grades of
paper for chromatography and cellulose powders, new solvents and eluents,
new reagents for detection (before separation), and new methods for the
detection of substances that have been separated chromatographically.
The Ministry of Chemical, Industry USSR should be requested to organize
at the Institute of Chemical Reagents a special production of organic
reagents and solvents that are to be used in chromatography and are
suitable for this purpose.
Extensive industrial production of high-quality chromatog-
raphic paper and of an adequate selection of organic solvents and organic
substances to be used in chromatography should be organized.
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(6) Work should be expanded on the investigation of the stabil-
ity of ion-exchange resins at high temperatures and their stability toward
different types of radiation emitted by radioactive substances. The
Institute of Plastics should be entrusted with the compilation of GOST
standards pertaining to methods for the testing of ion exchange materials
and the revision of the TU standards in force.
(7) Work should be expanded on the application of ion exchangers
as catalysts in the synthesis of organic substances. Work should also
be expanded on the investigation of the adsorption of complex compounds
on ion exchangers and their separation in this manner, as well as of the
complex-forming properties of ion exchangers.
(8) Work should be expanded on the application of chromatog-
raphy in biology, biochemistry, and medicine in the separation, identi-
fication, and purification of biologically active substances. The
President of the Academy of Medical Sciences USSR should be requested
to create a coordination commission on problems of the application of
chromatography in medicine, pharmacology, biochemistry, and the food
industry, so that the biological activity of ion exchangers can be
investigated.
(9) Suggestions sho?tld be formulated on a unified terminology
of chromatographic concepts, definitions, and processes. The designa-
tions pertaining to chromatography should be standardized in USSR litera-
ture. This task should be entrusted to a specially selected group of
members of the Commission on Chromatography.
(10) The Commission on Chromatography should be requested to do
preparatory work on the problem involved in the"organization of a single
scientific center comprising a scientific research institute on chroma-
tography within the system of the Academy of Sciences. The question
should be considered as to whether it is advisable to organize a section
on problems of gas chromatography and call a conference on gas chroma-
tography in 1959.
(11) The compilation and publication of monographs, reviews, and
manuals on methods of chromatographic analysis should be organized as
well as the production of synthetic ion-exchange materials, adsorbents,
paper, and equipment used in chromatography. The publication of a biblio-
graphy on chromatographic analysis is recommended. It is necessary to
improve the technical information available on chromatography. The
? Department of Chemical Sciences, Academy of Sciences USSR, should be
requested to organize the publication of a periodical called Khromatog-
rafiya (Chromatography).
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(12) A conference should be conducted on problems involved in the
teaching of chromatography at both general chemical courses and special
courses. Textbooks and manuals on chromatographic analysis must be pro-
vided.
(13) This resolution should be published in Zhurnal Fizicheskoy
Khbnii and also in the form of a separate booklet.
(14) The Commission on Chromatography should put into effect a
plan for carrying out the measures recommended in this solution, appoint-
ing responsible individuals for carrying out each of its items.
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Isotope Chemistry
12. Theory of the Concentration of Isotopes3
"On the Calculation of Cascades Used for the Separation of Stable
Isotopes," by V. K. Turkin, Chair of Higher Mathematics, Moscow
Chemicotechnological Institute imeni D. I. Mendeleyev; Moscow,
Nauchnyye Doklady Vysshey Shkoly--Ihimiya i Khimicheskaya Tekh-
nologiya, No 2, Apr-Jun 58, pp 229-232
Mathematical expressions describing the dependence between flow and
degree of enrichment are derived for ordinary and triangular cascades serv-
ing.. for the separation of stable isotopes.
13. Separation of Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Carbon Isotopes by the Distilla-
tion of Methanol "Separation of Isotopes by Rectification; Rectification of Meth-
anol," by Ya. D. Zel?venskiy, V. Ye. Sokolov, and V. A. Shaly-
gin, Chair of the Technology of Separation and Application of
Isotopes, Moscow, Chemicotechnological Institute imeni D. I.
Mendeleyev; Moscow, Nauchnyye Doklady Vysshey Shkoly -Khimiya i
Khimicheskaya Tekhnologiya, No 2, Apr-Jun 5 6., pp 386-391
The efficiencies of the separation of deuterium, 018, C13, and C14
by distillation of methanol were determined. Mass-spectrometric measure-
ments were used, for the determination of the isotope composition. A method
is proposed for the determination of coefficients of separation (relative
volatilities) of isotopes by measuring radiometrically the changes in the
concentration of a radioactive tracer that has been added to the substance
distilled. On the basis of the results obtained, the number of theoretical
plates in the column can be calculated and this number used in figuring out
the coefficients of separation of other (nonradioactive) isotopes that are
present.
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Organic Chemistry
14. Review of Work on Ferrocene and Derivatives of Ferrocene
"New Aromatic Systems; Part 1 -- Ferrocene as an Aromatic Sys-
tem," by Academician A. N. Nesmeyanov and E. G. Perevalova,
Candidate of Chemical Sciences; Moscow, Khimiya i Khimicheska a
Promyshlennost', Vol 3, No 2, Mar-Apr 58, pp 146-158
This article reviews the methods of preparation, structural charac-
teristics, and physical and chemical properties of ferrocene under the
subject headings of procedures for the preparation of ferrocene, physical
properties and structure of ferrocene, chemical properties of ferrocene,
properties of ferrocenes substituted in the nucleus, methods for proving
the structure of ferrocene derivatives, and possibilities of the technical
application of ferrocene. A bibliography consisting of 34 USSR references
.and 90 non-USSR references is appended to the article. Nesmeyanov's own
work on ferrocene and its derivatives is reviewed in considerable detail;
there are 27 references to Nesmeyanov's work in the bibliography. In the
section on the chemical properties of ferrocene, the authors note the great
chemical stability of this substance, which is unusual for organometallic
compounds. In the section on technical applications of ferrocene, it is
stated that the patent literature mentions employment of this substance as
an additive to oils, as an antiknock agent, and as a heat transfer agent
that is stable at high temperatures. It is also stated that ferrocene
can be used to bring about smokeless combustion of oils.
[SIR Note: Ferrocene has been proposed for use as an additive to
jet fuels and furnace oils to improve efficiency of combustion and elimi-
nate smoke.]
15, Organophosphorus Research
"Anomalous Reaction of Alpha -Haloketones With Esters of Phos-
phorous Acids. VII. Reactions of Esters of Phosphorous Acids
With Chlorine Derivatives of Beta-Diketones," by A. N. Pudovik
and L. G. Biktimirova, Kazan State University; Moscow, Zhurnal
~Jbshchey Khimii, Vol 28, No 6, Jun 58, pp 1496-1500
Reports results of work on the reactions between esters of phosphorous
acid and chloro- and dichloroacetylacetone, benzoylacetone, dibenzoyl-
methane, and?5,5-dimethylcyclohexanedione-1,3 (dimedon). It was shown that
none of these reactions take place according to the Arbuzov rearrangement.
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Instead, they proceed anomalously and lead to the formation of correspond-
ing unsaturated esters of phosphoric acid. Some of the unsaturated esters
of phosphoric acid, especially those containing a phenyl or cyclohexenyl
group in the unsaturated radical, decompose under heating to form beta-
dicarbonyl compounds.
"Synthesis of Organophosphorus Compounds From Hydrocarbons and
Their Derivatives. VII. Oxidative Chlorophosphonationof Alkoxy
and Dialkylemidodichlorophosphines," by Yu. M. Zinov'yev, V. N.
Kulakova, and L. Z. Soborovskiy; Moscow, Zhurnal Obshchey Khimij,
Vol 28, No 6, Jun 58, pp 1551-1553
Oxidative chlorophosphonation of hydrocarbons was accomplished with
the use of compounds of the type RXPC12 where the hydrocarbon radical is
bound to the phosphorus atom through another element. Cyclohexane was
chiorophosphonated with ethoxydichlorophosphine, and vinyl chloride was
chlorophosphonated with methoxydichiorophosphine and with dimethylamidodi-
chiorophosphine; The acid chloride and ethyl ester of dimethylamidodi-
chloroethane phosphonic acid, the dimethyl ester of dichloroethane phos-
phonic acid., and the methyl ester of dichloroethane phosphonic acid was
synthesized..
"The Reactions of Dialkyldithiophosphates With Ethylene Sul-
fide," by T. A. Mastryukova, V. N. Odnoralova, and M. I. Kaba-
chnik, Institute of Element-Organic Compounds Academy of Sci-
ences USSR and the All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of
Synthetic Fiber; Moscow, Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii, Vol 28, No 6,
Jun 58, pp. 1563-1568
The reaction of dialkyldithiophosphates with ethylene sulfide was
investigated. It was found that the dialkyldithiophosphate combines with
the ethylene sulfide to form dialkyl-S -beta -mercaptoethyldithiophosphate.
The presence of the beta-mercapto group in these compounds was proved by
acetylation and alkylation with diazomethane. -
"Organophosphorus Insecticides, Certain Derivatives of Methyl-
thiophosphonic and Methyldithiophosphonic Acids," by M. I. Kaba-
chnik, N. N. Godovikov, D. M. Paykin, M. P. ? Shabanova, N. M.
Gamper, and L. F. Yefimova; Moscow, Zhurnal Obshchey Ihimii,
Vol 28, No 6, Jun 58, pp 1568-1573
Acid chlorides of acid esters of methylthiophosphonic acid containing
methoxy, ethoxy, and propoxy groups were prepared from the acid dichlorides
of methylthiophosphonic acid. Several derivatives of methylthiophosphonic
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and methyldithiophosphonic odds were synthesized having E3r.oupu un+liogous
'L u thiophos, ietaphos, carbophos, potazun, and Lystox, Thu inuc@ctic: idai.
properties of these compounds were investigated under laborutory convfl.tions
using insects (Euryguster integriceps Put. and Yseudococcuc maxltimu;,
r;hrh.). It was shown that the majority of the compounds are innecticidcn
whose activity exceeds that of the well-known thiophosphoric and dithio-
phosphoric acid series. Thus, preparation Gd-18 (an anolog of metaphos)
has a stronger contact activity than metaphos.
"Anilids of Alkylaulfonamidophosphoric Acids," by A. V..Kirsanov
and N. L. Yegorova, Dnepropetrovsk Metallurgical Institute; Mos-
cow, Zhurnal Obshchey IQthnii, Vol 28, No 6, Jun 58, pp 1587-1589
Dianilidochlorophosphazosulfonalkyl, trianilidophosphazosulfonalkyls,
and dianilids of alkylsulfonamidophosphoric acids were prepared and their
properties described.-
"Acid Fluoride Salts of Arylsulfonamidophosphoric Acids," by
A. V. Kirsanov and Ye. S. Levchenko, Institute of Organic Chem-
istry, Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Ob-
shchey Khimii, Vol 28, No 6, Jun 58, pp 1589-1594
Trichlorophosphazosul.fonaryls and the acid dichlorides of arylsul-
fonamidophosphoric acids react with saturated aqueous solutions of potas-
sium fluoride. Depending on the conditions of the reaction, potassium
salts of arylsulfonamidophosphoric acid dichlorides, potassium salts of
arylsulfonamidophosphoric acid difluorides, and dipotassium salts of aryl-
sulfonamidophosphoric acid monofluorides formed. The structure of the
potassium salts of the arylsulfonamidophosphoric acid difluorides was es-
tablished by converting, them into the dimethyl esters of arylsulfonamido-
phosphoric acids with sodium methylate. It was shown that the potassium
salts of the arylsulfonamidophosphoric acid difluorides are more stable
to hydrolysis than the potassium salts of the arylsulfonamidophosphoric
acid dichlorides.
"Trichlorophosphazocarbonic Acid Diphenylamide and Its Deriva-
tives," by A. V. Kirsanov and Z. D. Nekrasova, Dnepropetrovsk
Metallurgical Institute; 'Moscow., Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii, Vol 28,
No 6, Jun 58, pp 1595-1601
The reaction between phosphorus pezitachloride and N,N-diphenylurea
,,ras investigated. Trichlorophosphazocarbonic acid diphenylamide and all
of the theoretically possible hydrolysis products were prepared. Triaroxy-
phosphazocarbonic acid diphenylamides and diaryl esters of N,D-diphenyl-
carbamide-N'-phosphoric acid were also prepared and their properties de-
scribed.
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"The Synthesis of Phoophorylaminopyrimidines," by Yu. P. Shva-
chkin and M. A. Prokof'yev, Moscow State University; Moscow,
Zhurnal Obshchoy IQtimii, Vol 28, No 6, Jun 58, pp 1617-1621
A method for the synthesis of 2-phosphorylaminopyrimidines is pro-
posed which is based on the condensation of phosphorylated guanidinee with
beta-dicarbonyl compounds. The following compounds have been prepared
for the first time: 2-diphenylphosphorylamino-I.-oxy-6-methyl-pyrimidine,
2-diphenylphosphorylamido-J+,6-dioxypyrimidine, 2-diphenyl-phosphorylamino-
4,6-dioxy-5-methylpyrimidine, and 2 -diphenylphosphoryl -amino -4,6, dioxy-
5-ethylpyrimidine. The hydrolysis of the compounds was also investi-
gated.
"The Synthesis of Organophosphorus Compounds From Hydrocarbons
and Their Derivatives. VIII. Studying the Oxidation of Phos-
phorus Trichloride With Oxygen," by M. K. Baranayev, Yu. M.
Zinov'yev, T. K. Skripach, L. Z. Soborovskiy; Moscow, Zhurnal
Obshchey Ihimii, Vol 28, No 6, Jun 58, pp 1628-1631
The initial stage of the oxidation of phosphorous trichioride with
oxygen is a heterogenic process whose rate is determined by the rate of
solution of oxygen. The rate of oxidation of phosphorus trichloride by
gaseous oxygen is independent of the temperature. The activation energy
of the process is very low. This is found to be in agreement with the
assumption that this is a free radical type process.,
Physical Chemistry
16. Work on the Application of Ultrasound in the Investigation of the
Structure of Matter
"Sixth Scientific Conference on the Application of Ultrasound
in the Investigation of Matter," by B. B. Kudryavtsev; Moscow,
Akusticheskiy Zhurnal, Vol I+, No 2, Apr-Jun 58, p 207
The Sixth Scientific Conference on the Application of Ultrasound in
the Investigation of Matter was held 3-7 February 1958. It has been or-
ganized by the Ministry of Education RSFSR and the Moscow Oblast Peda-
gogic Institute imeni N. K. Krupskaya.
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About 80 reports were presented at the conference. A report on work
in the field of molecular acoustics conducted in Poland was presented by
the Polish scientist F. Kucera. A considerable part of the reports given
at the conference dealt with theoretical problems of molecular acoustics.
Papers in this field reported on work dealing with the investigation of
critical state by an acoustic method.(V. F. Nozdrev); the microstructure
of sound (M. I. Bhakhparonov, L. V. Lanshina); the effect of resonance
phenomena on the propagation of sound (B. B. Kudryavtsev); the effects
of inner electromagnetic fields on the propagation of sound in electro-
lytes (A. S. Predvoditelev); the correlation between the structure of
glasses and their adiabatic compressibility (V. V. Tarasov); the disper-
sion of ultrasound in ferromagnetic materials (N. S. Akulov); the relaxa-
tion theory of nonlinear effects (Ye. V. Stupochenko, I. P. Stakhanov);
the absorption of ultrasound waves of finite amplitude (L. K. Zarembo);
the effect of fluctuations on the diffraction image (L. A. Chernov); the
theory of the ultrasound interferometer (S. N. Rzhevkin); the dispersion
of ultrasound at low pressures (N. I, Perepechko); the calculation of ab-
sorption in gases (A. A. Senkevich); the propagation of ultrasound in a
Van der Waals gas (A. A. Kasparyants); the theory of dispersion and ab-
sorption of sound in acetates (B. A. Belinskiy); etc.
A number of reports dealt with experimental investigations of the
characteristics of ultrasound propagation in various media such as re-
acting mixtures (S. A. Balyan); solutions of electrolytes (R. F. Kanatova);
suspensions (R. T. Temnikova); binary mixtures (T. V. Klevtsova); ter-
nary mixtures (A. S. Shilyayev); and deuterium-substituted compounds
(I. B. Rabinovich). Other papers in this field discussed the propaga-
tion of ultrasound close to the region of solidification of liquids (N. F.
Otpushchennikov); in nitrogen at pressures up to 1,000 kilograms per square
centimeter (M. P. Valarovich, D. B. Balashov); in liquids at pressures
up to 2,000 atmospheres (L. F. Vereshchagin, N. A. Luzefovich); in satu-
rated water vapor (V. I. Avdonin); in barium titanate ceramics (I. V.
Bushev); in coals (A, K. Matveyev, Ye. G. Martynov); in ethyl alcohol
vapors (K. T. Akhmetzyanov, M. G. Shirkevich); etc.
Lively discussions were held on the absorption of sound in acetates
(I. G. Mikhaylov, N. I. Koshkin, V. S. Lutovinin, V. F. Nozdrev, 0. A.
Starostina); in the critical region (B. I. Kal'yanov); in single crystals
of quartz (L. G. Merkulov, Ye. S. Sokolova); in the region of transition
from liquid to crystals (M. A. Gorbunov, N. I. Koshkin); etc.
A number of papers was concerned with the investigation of phenomena
accompanying the propagation of ultrasound and methods to be used in work
in this field. The subjects discussed included the theory of the inter-
ferometer (V. I. Ilgunas, E. P. Yaronis); the behavior of cavitation bub-
bles (A. V. Kustova); the pulse method of measuring absorption (B. I. Kal'-
yanov); application of multiple reflection in the investigation of liquids
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(A. V. Zipir, V. F. Yakovlev); interferometric measurements at high
temperatures (Yu. S. Trelin); correlation of acoustic measurements of
heat capacity with direct measurements (Kh. I. Amirkhanov, A. I. Kerimov)
A. I. Alibekov); the application of ultrasound in the investigation of
electric discharges during cavitation (V. I. Skorobogatov); the dispersion
effect produced by cavitation (B. B. Kud:ryavtsev); methods for making ul-
trasound fields visible (V. I. Makarov); come problems pertaining to de-
fectoscopy (I. N. Yermolov); the effect of ultrasound on the ferromagnei;ic
properties of matter (A. V. Kerenskiy, V. S. Che?kashin, A. I. Drokin); the
transmission of centimeter-range electromagnetic waves through an ultra-
sound grating (Ye. M. Gershenzon); etc.
Great interest at the conference was elicited by reports concerned with
practical application of ultrasound. The reports in question were concerned
zrl.th the elimination of the corrosion of metals (L. B. Pirozhnikov); acceler-
ation of the dyeing of synthetic fibers (G. V. Goryachko, N. A Dmitriyeva,
N. I. Larionov); the determination of the pressure of saturated petroleum
crudes in strata (G. V. Cherchenko, V. M. Nikolayev, Ya. G. Bezrukov, V. I.
Belousov); the determination of the initial temperature of the crystalliza-
tion of paraffin wax A. V. Savinikhina); the effect of ultrasound on elect-
rochemical processes (F. I. Kukoz); the effect of ultrasound in intensifying
the process of absorption (B. I. Dal') N. N. Mal'tsev); the effect of ultra-
sound on foodstuffs (A. I. Zolotova); application of ultrasound for improv-
ing the quality of the seam in electric slag welding (L. F. Lependin); coagu-
lation of aerosols by ultrasound (Ye. P. Mednikov); the use of ultrasound in
the precipitation of suspensions (A. Ye. Barzhanova); the effect of ultra-
sound on the distribution of the metal in electrolytic deposition (A. I.
Trofimov); etc.
A special session was devoted to the demonstration of experiments in
acoustics (A. S. Mel'nikov) and the problem of teaching the fundamentals of
nr sical acoustics at schools (K. Ye. Baranov).
The animated discussions which took place at the conference made it
possible to clarify many questions on which disputes arose and to indicate
ways for the solution of these questions. A greater number of investiga-
tions in the field of applied research was reported than at previous con-
ferences.
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J.7. The Formation of a Layer of Suspended Eyplooivn and the Role Played.
,yThis Layer in t e Initiation of the Explosion Under Different
Conditions
"Concerning the Flashing of Some Explosive Substances and the
,.affect Exerted by Pressure on This Phenomenon," by K. K. .Andreyev
and B. S. Samsonov, Moscow Chemicotechnological Institute imeni
D. I. Mendeleyev; Moscow, Nauchnyye Doklad Vysehey Shkoly --
Khimiya i Khimicheskaya Tekhnologiya, No 2, Apr-Jun 5d, pp 229-232
It is assumed that formation of a layer of suspended particles leads
to the explosion; the sharp rise in pressure initiating the detonation wave
originates in this layer. The influence of pressure on explosions of liq-
uid substances proceeding by this mechanism iE? discussed and the role
played by the Landau effect considered. Under the assumption that a sus-
pended layer of droplets of a liquid explosive can be formed not only be-
cause of the Landau effect, but also as a result of slow heating of the
explosive, experiments were carried out on the detonation of nitroglycerin
by slow heating. The experimental results obtained are held to justify the
assumptions in regard to the mechanism of explosion that have been ma6.e;
the conditions under which explosions can be produced by slow heating are
discussed.
18. Effect of High-Amplitude Ultrasonic Waves on Structure of Solutions
"The Absorption of High Amplitude Ultrasonic Waves in Structured
Solutions," by I. G. Mikhaylov and N. M. Fedorova, Leningrad
State University; Moscow, Akusticheskiy Zhurnal, Vol 3, No 3, Jul-
Sep 57, pp 239-242
. The absorption of ultrasonic waves in solutions of polyisobutylene in
benzene (MB 20 000, 98 000 and 180 000) and of perbutane [?] toluene is
investigated. The measurements were carried out by a pulse method at a
5 -Mc frequency. It was established that in polymer solutions, starting
with a certain threshold intensity, a destruction of the structure of the
solution occurs. The threshold intensity is determined by the nature of
the dissolved polymer and solvent.
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Radiation Chemistry
19. Free Radical 'Formation Investigated
"On the Formation of Free Radicals and Atoms During the Radiolysis
of Hydrocarbons at n, Temperature if 770K,'1 by N. Ya. Chernyak, N.
N. Bubnov; V. V. Voyevodskiy, L. S. Polak, and Yu. D. Tsvetkov,
Institute of Petroleum, Academy of Sciences USSR; Institute of
Chemical Physics, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Dokiady
Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 120, No 2, May 58, pp 346-348
The formation of free radicals and atoms at 770K was investigated.
The sample was f o7,rn with liquid nitrogen in a Dewar flask and then ir-
radiated with Coot' ey a:; dose of about 3.108 r. After irradiation, the
frozen samples were ,laced in the resonator of an electronic paramagnetic
resonance (EPR), spectrometer where the formation of the free radicals,
their identification, and measurement of their concentration took -place.
An apparatus having a high frequency modulated magnetic field was used
to establish the presence of free radicals and determine the siiperfine
structure of the corresponding EPR spectra. With th9.s apparatus, the
authors were able to photograph the screen of the electronic oscillo-
graph which showed the spectra. The sensitivity oj0the apparatus, which
operated at a wave length of 3 cm, was about 4.10 moles of diphecylpicryl-
hydrazyl. It was also established that after removal of liquid nitrogen,
the concentration of hydrogen atoms started to decrease only after 10-12
seconds, and the concentration of the radicals decreased after 30-35
seconds. It was therefore assumed that in the operation of i.:ansferring
the frozen sample from the Dewar flask to the resonator, there was no
loss of free radicals.
Miscellaneous
"Institute of Synthetic Fibers" (unsigned article); Moscow,
Komsomol'skaya Pravda, 23 May 58, p 2
The All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Synthetic Fibers
(Vsesoyuznyy Nauchno-Issledovatel'skiy Institut Sinteticheskogo Volokna)
has recently been built in the city of Kalinin. The institute will work
in close cooperation with the Kalinin Combine of Synthetic Fibers. The
institute will have laboratories for experimental work and four pilot
plants.
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21. Investigation of Aircraft Icing
Fizicheskiye Osnovy Obledeneniya Samoletov (physical Bases of
Aircraft Icing), by I. P. Maz n, G erne eoizdat, Moscow, 1957,
120 pp
The work is published by the Central Aerological Observatory, Main
Administration of the Hydrometeorological Service under the Council of
Ministers USSR.
Edited by A. M. Borovikov, the text is devoted to a theoretical and
experimental investigation of aircraft icing in flight. An examination
is made of the effect of microphytical parameters of clouds and of the
flight pattern on icing intensity. Questions of flow around various
bodies by cu.-rents of air-suspended water drops and the role of heat-
exchange processes which decrease aircraft icing are subjected to theoret-
ical. consideration. Problems of icing at supersonic speeds are also
examined.
A foreword by A. Kh. Khrgian notes that Mazin's work answers a number
of aviation engineering questions concerning intensity of icing, its re-
Jationsbip with cloud structure, etc. The computations are likewise appli-
cable to calculating glaze formation -- a serious problem in communications
management. Khrgian notes further that some simple principles found with
regard to icing at supersonic speeds are of special interest.. He concludes
that Mazin's work is a great contribution to the development of atmosphere
research by aircraft, "in which field the Soviet Union has already done a
great deal and is pulling ahead of other countries."
The Introduction, following the Foreword, covers briefly the problem
of combating aircraft icing, states the conditions to be examined in the
work and defines the symbols used in mathematical notation. The author
then proceeds to discuss, respectively: aerodynamics of flow around bodies
by a monodisperse aerosol stream; aerodynamics of flow around bodies by a
polydisperse aerosol stream; role of heat exchange processes'in aircraft
icing; experimental investigations on the icing of propeller-driven air-
craft (a specially outfitted IL-14 aircraft was used); the icing of high-
speed aircraft.
C PYRG HT in the last-named section, Mazin makes the following statements:
"From an examination of the mechanism of icing which leads to a very
dangerous form of ice deposit on the surfaces of high-speed aircraft, a
significant quantitative conclusion can be drawn. From figure 28 [graph
plotting relationship of airspeed necessary to raise the temperature of a
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CPYRGHT
CPYRGHT -
wetted surface to 0?, to air temperature under different water-drop-size
reduction factors; temperature range plotted is 00 to minus 11.00, speed
range is 0 to 400 m/sec] and the speed and temperature values at which
icing of this type can occur, it follows that a 30- to 40-meter per-
second increase in airspeed should obviate the conditions conducive to
such icing and eliminate further ice accumulation. Such a 'speed maneu-
ver' in many cases is readily attainable for modern aircraft and can be
an effective means of combating icing at high subsonic speeds. Unfortu-
nately, the lack of experimental data at our disposal does not permit
verification of these considerations."
In his concluding paragraph Mazin states:I "...regardless of
validity of the conclusions on the extremely low probability of aircraft
icing during flights under actual conditions at speeds greater than the
speed of sound, the question, of the fundamental possibility of icing
under such conditions should be solved in special experimental flights."
About two-thirds of the 80 references cited by the author are of
US and British origin.
22. Accumulation of Germanium During the Formation of Coal Deposits
"On Ways of the Accumulation of Germanium in Coals and Further
Problems in Research on the Subject" by A. B. Travin, West-
Siberian Affiliate of the Academy of Sciences USSR; Novosibirsk,
Izvestiya Vostochnykh Filialov Akademii Nauk SSSR, No 1, Feb 57,
pp++-1. .
Summarizes the results of an investigation in regard to primary and
secondary accumulation of germanium in coal deposits and the content of
germanium in coal as affected by oxidation and other processes which take
place during the formation of deposits, the composition of the coal, and
geological conditions. .Outlines further research to be done on the sub-
ject, which would include investigations on the enrichment of germanium
during the treatment of coal and correlation of data culminating in the
compilation of maps and chaxts that would aid in prospecting for germanium
contained in coal strata.
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IV. ELECTRONICS
Instruments and Equipment
23. New Flickering-Light Meter
"New Model of 39ipulse' Light Meter, " by B. V. Byshev and Yu?. M.
Kutev, Moscow, Svetotekhnika, No 6, Jun 58, pp 14-16
The article describes construction and operation of a new series
manufactured photometer known as ISM-57 flickering-light candle-power
meter. The device was displayed at the Brussels Exposition.
A vacuum antimony-cesium phototube connected to a capacitor acts
as a measuring unit of the device. During the flash of flickering light
source, the capacitor is charged with the photo-current in such a way
that the potential difference' is proportional to flickering light in-
tensity. The ISM-57 flickering light candle-power meter is built as a
single unit, incorporating in it optical and photoelectric systems,
power supply unit and control illuminator. The device can measure light
pulses from sources up to 200 mm wide. The measuring range of the de-
vice is from one candleettec up to 500,000 candle?sec for flash duration
from 30 microsec to one 'sec.
The device can be ordered through the Moscow Sovnarkhoz.
Components
24. Noncontact Rotary Synebrotransformers
"Noncontact Sine-Cosine Rotary Synchrotransformers," by Yu.
M. Puler, Moscow, Elektrichestvo, No 1, Jan. 58, pp 5?-9--
The noncontact sine-cosine transformers should find wide application
in remote control systems and computer automation, where the presence of
sliding contacts may upset stability and reliability of controls.
The problem of ' noncontact ' rotary synchrotransformer design cmatsts mainly
in determining the most economic transformer unit and its' proper matching
to machine unit.
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The article discusses construction and operating characteristics of
STB-l, STB-2T and STB-2P type noncontact synchrotransformers. The men-
tioned types of synchrotransformers are recommended for applications re-
quiring accuracy equal to that of contact type servosys,tems. Use of STB-
2T, STB-2P and STB-3 in conjunction with computer automation has the ad-
vantage of high inductive decoupling between the input transformer and
the machine unit.
25. New High-Frequency Induction.HG.cing Generator
"New Series High-Frequency Electric Heating Generators," by
A. V. Donskoy, A. M. Borok, G. V. Ivenskiy and A. A. Khanazvarcv,
Moscow, Vestnik Elektro-Promyshlennosti, No 4, Apr 58, pp 42-47
The LPZ-67 high-frequency generator operates in the frequency range
of 60 to 74 kc. The generator is intended for induction melting or heat-
ing of metals. Power supply can be drawn from a 220- or 380-v ac line;
the rated output power of the tube oscillator is 60 kw.
This high-frequency generator comprises the following units: stabi-
lized high-voltage anode rectifier, tube generator, oscillatory circuit,
and control and protection circuits. Two type TP-1 6/15 thyratrons are
incorporated in the stabilized high-voltage anode circuit. The tube gen-
erator utilizes a GK-3A oscillator triode, which operates on half-wave
principle.
The generator was tested under various operating conditions and
proved to be highly satisfactory. The efficiency of the generator tube
is in the range from 72 to 78%.
It is believed that the new series high-frequency generator should
find a wide application in the field of induction heating and melting.
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26. Czechoslovak Press Reports Soviet Work With Photocells
"Photocells for the Study of Cosmic Phenomena," (unsigned
article), Prague, Obrana Lidu, 3 Jun 58, p 2
The semiconductor laboratory at the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences
has developed photocells with which it is possible to investigate in-
frared rays penetrating through to the earth from outer space and to
determine hitherto unknoim characteristics of celestial bodies. These
photocells do not react to infrared rays under normal circumstances, but
respond to their action only after cooling to a temperature of 190 de-
grees below freezing point.
27. Soviet Television and Motion Picture Patents
"USSR Authorship Certificates in the Field of Television and
Motion Pictures," (unsigned article), Moscow, Tekpnika Kino i
Televideniya, No 11, Nov 57, pp 88-92
"Single-Beam Color Television Receiving Tube" by Yu. F. Ivanov and
S. I. Katayev, Class 21a1, 32311, No 104456, 13 Apr 55'
"Television Transmitting Tube," G. V. Braude, Class 21a1, 3235'
No 104424, 13 Jul 51
"Transmitting Cathode-Ray Tube," by K. A. Fedorov, Class 21a1, 3235'
No 104426, 21 Jun 54
"A. Method for Compensating Aperture Distortions," G. V. Braude, Class
21a1, 3310, No 105090, 6 Aug 52
"Device for Compensating Aperture Distortions in Television Receivers,"
G. V. Braude, Class 21a1, 324o, No 105181 28 Jul 52
"Method for Combines Television Program Transmission," D. A. Taranets,
Class 21a1, 34i1, No 104083, 9 Nov 54
"Capacitor Viewing Screen," G. V. Koval'skiy, Class 21a1, 34 ill No
105182, 16 Nov 53
"Screen for Television Receiver,." I. Ya. Lemichev, Class 21a1, 3412,
No 104839, 17 Feb 55'
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"Device for Reconstruction of Color TV Images," V. V. Odnol'ko, Class
21a1, 3431, No 104592, 15 Sep 52
"Method of Measuring Nonlinearity and Geometric Distortions in Trans-
mitting TV Tube Scanning Devices," M. I. Krivosheyev, Class 21e, 3610, No
104685, 20 Mar 51
"DeElecting System for intensity Modulation of Electron Bean," A. V.
Frishman, Class 21g, 1001, No 104340, 5 Mar' 54
"Optical Device for Densitometer," A. A. Lapauri, Class 42h, 1702,
No 104299, 13 Dec 52
"Method of Manufacturing Colored Optical Measuring Wedges," S. M.
Khazan, Class 42h, 1801, No 104420, 8 Sep 54
"Photoelectric Device for.Colorimetrie Measurement in Several Spec-
tral Zones," Class 42h, 1802, No 105982, 23. May 56
"Optical Switch-Over for Motion. Picture Projectors," G. D. Tuchin,
Class 57a, 61, No 104528, 26 May 55
"Magnetic Recording Head," N. G. Zagoruyko, Class 42g, 1001, No
104982, 19 Dec 55
28. Recent Soviet- Patents?in Electronics
"Publication of Authorship Certificates Awards for Inventions
Registered in The State Inventions Register of USSR, Class 21,
,Electrical Engineering," (unsigned. article), Moscow, Byulleten'
Izobreteniy, No 2, 58, pp 25-48
Class 21a, 36, No 111244, A. M. Tseytlin, Device for Generating
High-Voltage Trapezoidal Pulses.
Class 21a1, 904, No 110847, 'V- 'I.' Ponomarev, Electromechanical Band-
Pass Filter.
Class 21a1, 1101, No 111449, B.. P. Terent'ev and Yu. V. Bogoslovskiy.
A Method of Automatized Telegram Reception.
Class 21a1, 3211; No 111258, V. A. Vatsenko, I. Ye. Goron and V. G.
Patrunov. A Method of Ferrographic Recording of Stationary Images.
Class 21a2,,.1808, No'1118461P I. A. Petrusenko, V. G. Baranovskiy
and V. A. Dunayykin. Push-Pull Amplifier with AC Output.
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Class 21a3, 6101, No 111456, P. N. Verevkin and A. V. Smirnova. DC
Electromagnetic Relay,
Class 21a4, 13. No 111720. G. I. Rukman. Parametric Generator.
Class 21a4, 1401 No 109765. N. A. Zheleznov. A Method for In-
creasing the Noise Immunity of a Pulse Modulated Radio Line.
Class 21a4, 14o31 No 111116. A. A. Leonov. A Method for Obtaining
a Single Band Signal.
Class 21a4, 54. No 111439. A. S. Vinitskiy. Multichannel Communi-
cation Method.
Class 21a4, 73, No 111118. I. V. Chernetsova and V. V. Zateyeva.
A Method of Manufacturing Printed Circuits.
Class 21d2, 14 No 110804. D. A. Zavalishin, N. M. Krivonogov
and A. S. Uyferev. 02 Device for Control-Pulse Forming In Frequency Con-
verter.
Class 21e, 35. No 111257. V. S. Voyutskiy. Correlation Method
for Measuring Weak Signals.
Class 21g, 1317, No 111802. L. G. Lisenko. Matching Device for
Traveling Wave (or Backward Wave) Tube
Class 21g, 13 , No 110729. B. V. Krusser and K. I. %ch. A Method
for Increasing Ele ;on Beam Modulation in Superorthicon? Tubes..
Computers and Automation
29. Computer of the Gor'kiy Physicotechnical Research Institute
"Certain Feature of Logic Structure of.GiF'TI Machine and Its
Code Programming," by G. M. Gilman, Gor'kiy, Izvestiya
Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy? Radiofizika No 1.58, pp 141-
149-
The article gives some information of the logic structure and coding
of the Gor'kiy Physicotechni.cal Research Institute computer GIFTI. It is
pointed out that the main peculiarity of coding consists in a special
method of changing the'addresses.
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The GIFTI computer is intended for solution of engineering problems
of medium complexity and logical problems arising in machine building.
In the design of this computer, it was stipulated to keep the dimensions
and number of tubes as low as possible. The GIFTI is a sequence-controlle d
type of computer and has two kinds of internal storage units. The main
storage unit is made of 1984 cells placed on 31 tracks of a magnetic drum
and a special storage unit placed on recirculating registers of the same
drum. Each cell can store a 32-digit "word." The average extraction time
is equivalent to drum's half revolution for the main storage unit, and about
1./128 revolution for special storage unit, The main storage unit is single-
address and the special storage unit is three-address.. The computer has a
fixed point. Calculation can be carried out with 32 or 64 digit numbers.
The GIFTI computer comprises the following units: command counter,
current command register, unit for storing operational code, unit for pre-
liminary estimation of nature of scan, register scanner, coincidence sys-
tem, registering and reading initiating signal generator.
30. Magnetic Amplifier Simulating Circuit
"Physical Modeling of Circuits With Choke-Coupled Magnetic Amp-
lifier," by E. A. Yakubaytis and V. P. Glukhov, Riga, =zvestiya
Akademii Nauk Latviyskoy SSR, No 4 (129), 58, pp 129-137
Methods of physical simulation, which are widely used in various
fields of engineering can be readily applied to design of choke-coupled
magnetic amplifiers. This method obviates the necessity of solution of
complex differential equations, as-well as determination by analytical
or graphical methods of the expressions for a magnetization curve.
Two specific cases were analyzed for windings connected in series
.and in parallel. With this method of simulation, both magnetic amplifier
and measuring devices should be.-subjected to "analysis simultaneously.
Simulation of a choke-coupled magnetic amplifier circuit is defined by
eight criteria.
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31. Czechoslovak and Soviet Electronic Computers
"Perspectives of Cybernetics in Military Technology," (un-
signed article), Prague, Obrance Vlasti, 6 Jun 58, p 4
The Soviet electronic computer "BESM" can perform 250 million cal-
culations on a system of 800 equations in 20 hours.
Czechoslovakia also has an electronic computer called "SAPO" which
was designed by Docent Dr A. Svoboda at the Institute of Mathematical
Machines (Ustav matematickych stroju) of the Czechoslovak Academy of
Sciences (Ceskoslovenska akademie ved). "SAPO" can perform 10,000 cal-
culating operations per hour.
It will not be long before electronic computers are made using
diodes and transitors, which will greatly reduce their size and weight.
At the end of last year, the first completely transitorized electronic
computer, which is half the size of a typewriter, was put in operation
in the Soviet Union.
32. The Kiev Computer
"Kiev Electronic Computer"', (unsigned article), Moscow,
Promyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, Moscow) No 32 (332)
March 195b) p 1
The Kiev universal electronic computer was developed in the Mathe-
matics Institute of the Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR. It was built
by a group of scientific workers under the direction of Academician B.
Gnedenko, Academy'of Sciences Ukrainian SSR, prof V. Glushkov, and L.
Dashovskiy, Candidate' of ' Technical Sciences. The machine was designed
for the solution of a wide scope of complicated mathematical problems and
may also be utilized for the control of metallurgical, chemical, and pe-
troleum processes at industrial enterprise, as well as for other purposes.
The Kiev computer enables one, for example, to establish the most
advantageous conditions for the operation of a blast furnace as a func-
tion of the charge in ore, coke, and agglomerate. In the course of a
blast furnace operation with the help of automatic components the ma-
chine will maintain appropriate conditions and will signal when the pig
iron is ready for tapping.
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The utilization of electronic computer techniques in metallurgical
plants gives the possibility to obtain more homogeneous metal, shorten
the melting time, and reduce the personnel employed in operating the
furnace.
The Kiev computer conveniently performs no less than seven thousand
operations per-second and possesses a number of characteristic features.
All its units, the arithmetic, the memory, and other devices work inde-
pendo~ntly, that is, on a different' frequency, which substantially facil-
itates the adjustment of the calculator.
The independence of the ?opatat n of the untts, as we11 as a more pattct electrical
circuit and the application of semiconductors and other new elements in-
crease the reliability of the entire electronic computer system. An area
of 40 square meters is sufficient to house, and, service a Kiev computer.
Acoustics and Audio Frequencies
33. Ultrasonic Frequency Oscillator
"Oscillator for Driving' Powerful Magnetostrictive Transducers,"
by Yu. I. Kitaygorbdskiy and M. G. Kogan; Moscow', Elektrichestvo',
No 2, Feb 58, pp 67-69
The recently detreloped UZG-10 oscillator can drive up to four dif-
ferent types of magnetos tri c tive transducers simultaneously. Its operat-
ing characteristics are as follows: power consumption up to 15 low, power
output up to 8-kw, frequency range from 18-to 25 kc, output voltage range
from 200 to 450 v, magne'Lizing current range from 0 to 60.a, operating
from three-phase ac 220/380 v line, cooling water consumption 25 liters
per min, over-all dimension 600 X 750 X 1,620 mm.
The UZG-10 oscillator 'comprises the following units: power supply
transformer, plate rectifying thyratron, phase inverter, oscillator tube,
oscillatory circuit' inductors and capacitors, output trans;.''ormer, magne-
tostrictive transducer.
The UZG-10 oscillator can be. used .f or ultrasonic cleaning-of various
parts, machining hard materials, treating of solidifying castings, cold
welding, etc.
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Materials
31+. Movement of Fast Current Carriers in Polar Crystals
"Nature of Motion of Fast Current Carriers in Polar Crystals,"
by Yu. I. Gorkun and K. B. Tolpygo; Moscow, Doklady Akademii
Nauk SSSR, Vol 120) No 3, 21 May 58, pp 491-49
The motion of fast electrons in solids is responsible for such
phenomena as electric 'breakdown, also secondary, photo- and field elec-
tron emission in semiconductor and dielectric materials.
The article discusses in some detail the behavior of major current
carriers in ionic crystals, a phenomenon which has been insufficiently
studied thus far. The calculated results were in poor agreement with
the experimental data, probably due to diversity of major current car-
rier velocity. The author concludes that actual crystals with distorted'
lattice have a lower dielectric strength than the ideal crystals.
For_ additional information 'on materials, see Items No 4, 9, 22 and
96]
35. New Soviet Periodical
Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy -- Radiofizika (News
of Higher Educational Institutions -Radiophysics .
Publication data: organ of the Ministry of.Bigher Education USSR.
A bimonthly periodical in the Russian language, published by' Typographical
Office No 3 of Gosstroyizdat, 6/2 ICuybyshevskiy proyezd, Moscow. .It has
a circulation of 5,000 copies. Its editorial board consists of V. L. Ginz-
burg, chief editor; A. S. Alekseyev and A. N. Malakhov, deputy editors; G.
V. Aronovich, N. N. Bautin, Ia L. Bernshteyn, S. Ya. Brande, A.'V. Gaponov,
V. I. Gaponov, S. D. Gvozdarev, G. G. Getmantsev, N. G. Denison, N. A.
Zheleztsov, V. A. Zverev,?V. I. Kalinin, M. I. Kuznetsov, Ye. A. Leontovich,
M. A. Miller, L. L. Myasnikov, Yu. I..Neymark, S. P. Strelkov and V. S.
Troitskiy.
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Review of contents: The following divisions of radlophysics will be
presented in the periodical.
1. Electrodynamics -- Radiation, channeling, and diffraction of elec-
tromagnetic`waves.
2. Wave propagation -- Wave propagation along the earth's surface,
in the troposphere, and in the ionosphere. Sound wave propagation.
3: Electronics -- Physical basis of high and ultrahigh frequencies.
Methods of generating, amplifying, and converting, oscillations. Cathode
electronics. Electric phenomena in gases.
4. Physics of ionosphere -- Ionosphere sti+ucture. Microprocesses
and statistical phenomena in ionosphere:
5? Statistical Radiophysics -- Fluctuations and noises in various
radio equipment. Wave propagation in statistically heterogeneous media.
6. Radioastronomy -- Cosmic radio emission. Radio emission from
discrete sources, sun, moon and planets. Radioastronomical equipment
and methods. Radar methods in astronomy.
7. Radiospectroscopy -- Radiospectroscopy'of gases, liquids, and
solids.
8. Theory of oscillations -- Mathematical problems in theory of
oscillations. Dynamics of oscillatory systems.'
9. Theory of Automatic Control -- Dynamics of controlled. systems.
Systems of automatic regulation.
10. Mathematical Machines -- Synthesis of mathematical machines and
its units. Dynamics of electronic mathematical machines of digital and
analog type. Application of mathematical machines to investigation of
dynamic systems.
The periodical will publish-information on conferences and meetings
relating to radiophysics and theory of oscillations.
The periodical is intended for. professorial -- teaching personnel,
scientific workers and engineers, as well as graduate and senior under-
graduate students.
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V. ENGINEERING
36. Ferromagnetic Frequency Triple
"Basic Characteristics of Ferromagnetic Frequency Triplers
with R-C IAadjtl by N. A. Galochkin; Minsk, Izvesti a V sshikh
Uchebnykh Zavedeniy, Energy, No 5, May 58) PP i.L3-53
An extensive use of electric equipment and instruments in operation
with higher-frequency current (of the order 100 to 500 c) has resulted
in increased efficiency of their, performance. A number of tube-welding
mills have been converted for operation with higher-frequency current..
The author has conducted a series of theoretical and practical ex-
periments with a Spinelli-type frequency tripler which displayed a high
power output. The highest efficiency observed with this experimental
frequency tripler was 73%, even for small cross-section of windings and
incomplete filling of aperture. The maximum power output for the expeil-.
mental unit was 1,700 w.
3'i. Conversion of Single-Phase Voltage to Three-Phase With Ferroresonance
Regulators
"Conversion of Single-Phase Voltage to Three-Phase With Aid
of Ferroresonance Stabilizers," by V. V. Gubanov; Minsk, Izves-
tiya Vysshikh Uchebnyykb Zavedeniy -- Energetika, No 3, Mar 58,
pp 46-51
In 1955 A. G. Lur'ye suggested a static device for conversion of
single-phase voltage to three-,phase voltage with the aid of three ferro-
resonant voltage regulators. This device possesses high efficiency, high
power factor, a fair stability, and a rather Low load unbalance.
The experimental unit consisted of three identical ferroresonance
voltage regulators of 3-kw capacity each. The primary winding was placed
over the unsaturated core of the regulator and the compensating winding
(secondary) over the saturated core. The secondary three-phase winding
was delta connected.
The experimental testing of this phase converter has shown its high
efficiency and reliability. The device should find wide application in
rural regions, in railway traction, etc.
[For additional information, see Item No 21.]
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VI. MEDICINE
Bacteriology
38. Transformation of Brucella Variants
"The Possibilities of Transformation of Brucella Variants,"
by Yu. Parnas, Chair of Microbiology, Lublin Medical Academy;
Moscow? Zhurnal Mikrobiolo l., Epidemiologii i Imnninobiologii,
Vol 29, No 5, May 5d; pp 123-12d
This article discusses research on the occurrence of transformations
among Brucella variants under natural conditions as a result of migration
from one species of animal to another. In the author's opinion, certain
facts definitely establish natural transformation; he cites the work of
Zdrodovskiy and Yushkovich, who consider the melitensis'type' to be genet-
ically connected with the bovis type and to originate as a result of
passage from cattle to sheep and goats. Parnas states that he has en-
countered melitensis strains which are in a formative stage but which
retain some of the bovis characteristics. Data presented in Table 1
demonstrate the significance of migration of Brucella types in the
epidemiology and epizootology of brucellosis.
In his own experiments (1945-1955), the author attempted to transform
Brucella variants by metabolic hybridization. The bovis strain was cul-
tured by prolonged passage on substrate containing Proteus OX19, and Pro-.
teus was cultured in the presence of Brucella metabolite. As Y result.,
Brucella stains which agglutinated sera against Proteus OX19 were obtained
and vice versa. Other, results of the. experiments are discussed in the
text, and characteristics of strains obtained are presented in Table 2.
Further experimentation with these strains are summarized in tables 3
and 4.
The following conclusions drawn from examination of these results
CPYRGHTare given:
"l. Transformation of the biochemical and serological characteristics
of Brucella melitensis, bovis, and suis variants was successfully produced
by the metabolic hybridization method. Atypical and intermediate strains
whose characteristics approximate sometimes one and sometimes the other
standard variant were obtained by this process.
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 CPYRGHT
"2. In biochemical investigations of the strains obtained, we
observed a predominance of Br. Buis characteristics. Characteristics
of serological intermediate strains were noted with the help of serolo-
gical monospecific sera.
"3. It can be supposed that the phenomena observed in the experi-
ments described also occur in nature. It is possible that these phenomena
occasion changes in variants in the biocentric media systems in which the
variants develop. These facts indicate that Brucella variants are not
stable but undergo various changes characteristic for Brucella."
39. Luminescent Microscopy for Study of Rickettsiae
"Experimental Use of Luminescent M'croscopy for Studying
Rickettsiae," by V. G. Nitereva, Institute of Epidemiology and
Microbiology imeni Gamaleya; Moscow, Zhurnal Mikrobiolo*ii,
Epidemiologii i Immunobiologii, Vol 29, No 5, May 5b, pp l4-17
Interest in the possibilities offered by fluorescent microscopy for
studying the biological (particularly morphological) characteristics of
Rickettsiae motivated the experiments described in this article; the fol-
lowing species were selected for investigation: R. prowazeki (Brownlee
stain), R. mooseri (Masanov and Vel'mington strains) and R. burneti (Grita
strain). Special optical apparatus was used for the experiments in con-
junction with an MBI-1 microscope with dry and immersion apochromatic
objectives and compensating oculars. 01-17 and 01-18 luminescent illumina-
tors and UFS-3 and SZS-7 light filters were among other special equipment
used to produce the effects desired.
On the basis of the discovery that Rickettsiae have no luminescence
themselves, a method of producing induced or secondary luminescence was
devised by means of fluorochromes -- various chemically pure dyes which
are selectively absorbed on microorganisms. It was found through experi-
mentation with these dyes that the clearest contrast and most intensive
luminescence were achieved by staining the pathogens with an aqueous
solution of auramine or rivanol in a concentration of 1:1,000 to eliminate
the undesirable phenomenon of nonspecific luminescence of the background
which occurred after treatment of Rickettsiae with fluorochromes, the
"defluorochromation" method, further explained in the text, was employed.
Two alternative methods of preparing specimens to be examined are
recommended and described in detail. In addition to the species enumerated
above, live Rickettsiae were examined by infecting yolk sacs of 6-7-day chid{
embryos, making smear impressions, and treating them with fluorochromes.
Material from guinea pigs and lice infected with Rickettsia was also
treated for examination in vivo. Preparations from chick embryo yolk
sacs, internal organs of guinea pigs, and excreta of lice not infected
with Rickettsia were stained with fluorochromes as controls. Both live
and killed Rickettsia fluoresced with green light.
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The author states in conclusion that fine morphological structures
of the Rickettsiae examined, by these methods could not be observed. Even
though separate species could'nctbe differentiated, the procedure discussedi s
considered valuable for investigation of materials containing small
amounts of Rickettsia, since even a single cell can be detected.
Contagious Diseases
I1-0. Bacterial Antigen Observed in the Blood of Brucellosis Patients
"The Observation of Bacterial Antigen in the Blood of Bru-
cellosis Patients," by B. G. Khaykina, Institute of Experimental
Medicine and'Orenburg Medical Institute; Moscow, 2hurnal Mikro-
biolo ii E idemiolo ii i Immanobiolo ii, Vol 29, No 5, May 58,
PP 56-60
The author presents results of research in which he investigated the
significance of observing bacterial antigens in the blood of patients
with infectious diseases for immunological purposes; the dynamics of the
bacterial antigen curve in brucellosis patients and persons inoculated
with live antibrucellosis vaccine was comparatively evaluated. Antigen
determination was carried out using the complement', fixation reaction.
Killed Brucella suspensions and high-titer rabbit immune sera were em-
ployed. The following four tables summarize results, which are discussed
in the text: (1) Frequency of Isolating Brucella in Relation to Obser-
vation of Bacterial Antigen in the Blood; (2) Frequency of Observing
Bacterial Antigens in the Blood and Isolation of Brucella at Different
Stages of the Disease; (3) Dynamics of Observation of Brucella Antigen
in the Blood of Persons Inoculated With Live Vaccine From Brucella Strain
VA; (4) Resu7.ts of Comparative Serological Examination of Brucellosis
Patients and Inoculated Persons.
CPYRGHTConclusi~n~,s presented on the basis of these results are as follows:
"l. Specific antigen is sucessfully observed in the majority of
brucellosis patients in all stages of the disease.
"2. Comparison of the bacterial antigen curve with data on bacteremia
demonstrates the necessity of differentiating between fixation of microbial
elements of the reticuloendothelial system and their disintegration in the
organism.
"3. The bacterial antigen curve in connection with microbiological
data characterizes the course of the process and can have' prognostic
significance.
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"4. The appearance of bacterial antigen in the blood of inoculated
persons during the 2-3 weeks following inoculation indicates active pro-
liferation of the microorganisms introduced. At the same time, a rapid
decrease in the antigenic curve is characteristic for the inoculation
process in contrast to the disease itself."
41. Diphtheria in the Belorussian SSR
"In the Scientific Society of :Acrobiologists, Epidemiolo
gists, and Infectionists," by B. Rubinshteyn; Minsk, Zdravookh-
raneniye Belorussii, No 4, Apr 58, p 80
The problem of diphtheria in the Belorussian SSR and measures for
its control and clinical peculiarities during 1957 were discussed at a
plenary session of the Belorussian Branch of the All-Union Society of
Microbiologists, Epidemiologists, and Infectionists on 7 February 1958?
It was disclosed that during 1957, diphtheria morbidity had decreased
by 30.6 percent below 1956, but that the number of cases was still high,
being 9.8 per 10,000 population. The greatest decrease was recorded for
the cities of Minsk and, Brest and in Vitebskaya Oblast. The greatest
number of cases was recorded in the city of Minsk and in cities of
Mogilevskaya Oblast.
It was pointed out that insufficient inoculation of children wa,a
the principal cause for the high number of diphtheria cases. The session
adopted a plan for reducing the number of diphtheria cases.
Hematology
42. Blood Cholinesterase Activity Reflects Reaction of Organisms to
Heterogenic Hemotransfusion;Tests Indicate
"Deviations in the Activity of Cholinesterase of Blood of
Experimental Animals After Heterogenic Hemotransfusion," by
P. T. Corbunov, Nauch. Rabot. Minski Med. In-t. (Scientific
Works Minsk Medical Institute), 1957, lb, 16-31 (from
Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Mindy
a Biolo icheska a IShimi a No 8,
CPYRGI Apr 51-, Abstract No 971
"Heparinized. blood of guinea pigs, dogs, or cats was introduced into
the femoral artery or vein of rabbits, and after various periods deter-
minations were made of the blood cholinesterase activity. The blood of
guinea pigs and of dogs caused increased enzyme activity in the blood of
recipients, but the blood of cats caused decreased activity. The effect
46
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did not depend on the cholinesterase activity in the blood of donors,
but it was the expression of the reaction of the organism tQ heterogenic
hemotransfusion. The greatest change was evident at 10 minutes after
the transfusion, but even at 24 hours enzyme activity differed from the
original level in the majority of cases."
Immunology and Therapeutics
43. Soviets Reveal Effectiveness of Vaccination Against Influenza and
Norms
"Soviets Reveal Effectiveness of Vaccination Against In-
fluenza and Mumps", (unsigned article); Brussels, To Drapeau
Rouge, 1 Jul' 58, p 4
Specialists in virus diseases from 20 countries attended the recent
International Congress on Virology in Lyon. Among them were Smorodintsev
of the USSR, who reported that the U',SR has had great success in prevent-
ing influenza with a live vaccine which has reached a maximum degree of
attenuation in successive passages from chick embryo to human. A total
of 18 million persons have been vaccinated nasally with 'this product.
A vaccine against mumps has also been perfected using a similar
process. It has raised the natural immunity of the population from 10
to 75 percent.
44. Soviet Influenza Vaccine Tested by French Physician
"Resumption of Antipolio' Vaccine Distribution Before End of
Week," by Francois NMnnelet; Paris, Le Figaro, 30 Jun 58, p 2
During the debate at the International Congress on Virology in Lyon
at the end of June, Dr Kopr-iwski of Philadelphia and Professor Smorodin-
tsev of the USSR presented what they termed satisfying conclusions on
vaccinations made with attenuated viruses. Dr Koprowski'e experiments
were made in the Belgian Congo, and Professor Smorodintsev's in the USSR.
On the subject of influenza, Professor Smorodintsev stated, "We
vaccinate between 10 million and 15 million persons every year.". He
admitted that -there is difficulty in finding a vaccine. which corresponds
to the exact type of influenza virus.
The article on the congress further stated that in Lyon, thanks to
Soviet sources, Dr Charles Nhrieux used serum to immunize hospital and
police personnel during the height of the influenza epidemic. The per-
centage of cases resulting was clearly lower than that registered in
other cities.
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Pharmacology and Toxicology
45. Biologically Active Organophosphorus Compounds
"Biologically Active Alkylated Amidoesters and Mixed Esters
of Alkylphosphinic Acids," by A. I. Razumov, Ye. A Markovich,
and 0. A. Mukhacheva, Khin1ya i Primeneniye Fosfororganicheskikh
So edineni (The Chemistry and Application of Organophosphorus
Compounds ; Moscow, Academy of Sciences USSR, 57, pp 194-204;
(from Referativni Zhurnal .-.-Khimiya, Biol.;, iclieska a Khimiya,
CPYRGHT No ll) 10 Jun 5d, Abstract No 14527) by A Travin)
"Amidoesters, RPO(OR') (NR " R"') (I), and certain of their thio
analogs, where R = CH31 C2H5 or. iso-C3H7; R'= CH3, C?H5, n-C. H7, iso-
C3U7 n-CI1H , ISO-C4H9, n-C6H13, C6H11, C6H5CH2 or 1 O2NC6H4; R"_
HY CH3 or C2H5; "I... CH3, C H55, CH2CH2C1 or CH (C11.3) (CH2 )3N (C2H5 )2, as
well as mixed esters, C2H5PO(OR~) (OR") ?(i), and certain of their thio
analogs, where. E'= CH3, C2H5, n-C3H7 or iso-C3H7 and R' ' = o-, m- and P-02NC6H1i.,
o-and P-C]C6H4or CH3C0, were synthesizedby the interaction of unsaturated
acid chlorides 01' alkylphosphinic acids, RPOC1(OR'), or their thio analogs
with amides and alcohols. Amidoesters are slightly toxic, possess
miotic action,?and are cholinesterase inhibitors. For example, (I) (R=
R' =R1 = R"' =C2H5 ), (I) (R = R' 1= R1 r r = C2H5, .4'=. iso-C3H7 ), (I) (R=
Ri"=Riii =C2H51 R'=iSo-C4H9), (I) (R=R'=R"=02H5, R"'-H) and (I)
(R =.CH3, R' = R ' ' R"' = C2H5) produce pupilary contraction with the fol-
lowing ni.nimum concentrations (in'%, in rabbits and cats, respectively):
2 and 3; 0.15 and 0.25; 0.25 and 1; 0.1 and 0.25;?3 and 10. The mdlecular
concentration which causes 50% cholinesterase inhibition is expressed for
the above-mentioned five preparations by the following figures (for 2ere-
bral and serum cholinesterase, respectively): 5,10,5 and 2.5 -10-5 ; ,6'10_05 and
1.10-.; 5.10-6 and 1.510 6; 1'10 and 1.5 ; 2'10 and 2.5'10 .
Among (II), all of which are highly active, the most effective is (R'=
C2H5 and Rif = 4-O2NC6H4), used against glaucoma under the name of 'armin.'
It possesses mitotic action in a concentration of 1:200,000 and an anti-
cholinesterase action on frog muscles in a molecular concentration of
1.10-T. The toxicity of the preparation for mice is expressed in amounts
ofO.54 mg/g (subcutaneously). and 0.4 mg/g (internally,)."
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146. Organophosphorus Compounds and Their Biological Activity
"The Esters 'of, Alkylphosphinous and Dialkylphosphinic Acids
and Their Biological, Activity," by A. I. Razumov, 0. A. Mxkh-
acheva, and I. V. Zaikonikova, Khin ya i Prin4eneni a Fmsforor-
ag n. SMedineniy (The Chemistry and Application of Or x ophos-
phorus Compounds Ty Moscow, Acadengr of Sciences USSR, 57, PP
205-212, Discussion 212-217; (from ReferativniyZhhuurnal -
Khimiya Biolo cheska a Khimi a, No 11, 10 Jun 5B, Abstract
CPYRGHTNo 14526, by A. Travin)
"The esters of alkylphosphinous acids, RP(OR')2 (I), where R and
R'=C2H5, n-C3H7, iso-C3H7, 'n-C4H9 or iso-C1i9, were obtained '
by the alkoxylation of alkyldichlorarsines.- The esters-or alkylthiophos-
phinic acids, RPS(OR')2, where R and R'= C2H5, n-C3H7 or n-C H9, and
their selenium analogs, RPSe(OR')2 with the same radicals, were synthe-
sized by the interaction of (I) with sulfur and selenium. R2PO(OR')
(III) esters, where R =C2H5, n-C3H7, iso.-C3H7, n-C)H9, or iso-C1H9 and
R'= CH3, C2H5, n-C3H7, iso-C3H7, n-C2H9,iso-CH9,n-C6Hi3,nTC7H159 n-C8Hl7,
C6H5CH2' C6H5'o- and. p-CH3C6H , o- and p-C1C6H4, o-, m- and p-O2NC6H4, were
obtained by the isomerization of (I) or the interaction of the acid
chlorides of dialkylphosph3 nic acids (II) with alcohols. R2PONR'R"amides
(IV), where R = C05, n-C3H7 or n-C,H9, R'= H or C2H5 and RIO' =P 2H5 . were
obtained by the interaction of (II) with amides. The synthesis of organ-
ophosphorus compounds answering the formulas CH3PS(OR) (OR') (V), where
R =CH3 or C2H5 and R' = CH2CH2SC2H5, 4-02NC6H4 or 1+-methylcoumarinil-'7,
CH3PO(sC2H5J (sCH2CH2SC2H5) (t,i), CH3PS(OR)SCH2CH2SC2H5 (VII), where R
SH3, C2H5 or C3H7, and mixed anhydrides of (C2H5)2P--0--P(OR)2 were also
described (in* the discussion).. From a biological point of view, the most in.
teresting compounds- are the at omatic esters ci'type (IIIJ fbr example, (III) where R=
n-C3H7 and R'?=14-02NC6H14 is as powerful a cholinesterase inhibitor as
armin, however, it is one twentieth as toxic. Many 'compounds of this
series possess miotic action and lower intraocular pressure. Aliphatic
esters of this type and amides of type (VI) are not very active. Certain
compounds, of type (V), (VI), and '(VII) possess valuable insecticidal
properties."
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47. Local Anesthetic More Powerful Than Novocain
"Concerning the Pharmacology of. the Stereoisomers of the
Chlorine- Hydrate of the Benzoic 'Ester,. "of .? 2-Methyi-4-
Oxydecahydroquinoline," by I. I. Chebekova,Izv. AN KazSSR, Ser.
Med. A3.. Fiziologii No 1(8), 1957, PP 105n.UO; from Referat3y
iurnal -- Khimi a Biolo icheska a Khimiya, NO 11, 10 Jun 58,
CPYRGHT Abstract No 1452 4,, by A. Travin)
"Stereoisomer alpha, beta, gamma, and delta forms of the chlorine
hydrate of 2-methyl-4-benzoyloxydecahydroquinoline possess strong local
anesthetic action, surpassing the action of novocain (in 0.25-0.5% con-
cen-tratibns); by 3.6-5.7 times. The intensity of the local anesthetic
action changes depending on the steric disposition of substituted radicals;
the gamma form is the least effective. The minimum lethal dose of the
gamma form, in quantitative terms, is equal to that of novocain (0.3
mg/kg); the rest of the preparations are more toxic than novocain. After
the internal administration of 5-20 mg/kg to dogs, a decrease in blood
pressure was .observed, accompanied by a marked decreac in the cont;'action
amplitude of the heart, with an increase in rhythm along with an increase
or decrease In respiration. Subcutaneous administration of;.arge doses
(20-50 kVrrg) produce clonico-tonic spasms together with increased blood
pressure and a marked increase in respiration. In experiments on the
isolated ear of a -rabbit, vascular dilation was observed with concentra.,
tions of 1:1,000 1:5,000, and 1:10,000."
48. Adrenalin Antagonism
"Adrenalin as an Antagonist of Ditiline and Other Curare-
Like Preparations," by A. F. Danilov, Fiziol. Rol' Atset1ilkho-
ling I Izyskaniye Novykh Iekarsty. Veshchesty (The Physiological
Role tof Acetylcholine and the Search f New Medicines)., 57,
413-418 (from Referativnyy Ziurnal'-- Khimiya, Bi.ologicheskava
CPYRG a No 11, 10 Jun 5
"The antagonistic action of adrenalin (in experiments on cats),
appears with a dose of 0.005 mg/kg, becomes strongly expressed (ail 0.02-
0.03 mg/kg, and is observed if ditiline is administered in. the first 5-6
minutes after the administration of adrenalin."
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49. Antishock Therapy Solution
" A Heteroalbumose Antishock Solution," by G. A. Tsinman,
Nauchn Tr. Kubansk. Med. In-ta. (Scientific Works of the
Kubansk Medical Tnstitutef _5 (, 15 (28) 82.-86 (from Referatiiv y
Zhurnal - Kh_ imiya, Biologicheskte Khimiya, No 11, 10 Jun
CPYRGHT Abstractt 1o1X57 , by G. Vigdorovich,
"The authors propose a solution called "Oval" -W a product produced
from denatured egg albumin, miscible with alcohol in all proportions
without coa.Julation. The proposed antishock solution consists of the
following: 25 ml of alcohol, 15 g of glucose, 0.25 g of NaBr, 0.025 g
of ephedrine, and 4% "Oval" to 250 ml. This preparation gave good results
in traumatic shock therapy with animals."
50. Extracts of Vitamins C. P. E. and A Obtained From Fruits of the Dog
Rose
"Fruits of the Dog Rose," unsigned article; Moscow, Med?,
itsinski Rabotnik, No 42, 27 Msy 58, p 4
CPYRGH`T"?~?
"Until now, the vitamin industry has extracted from dry fruits of
the dog rose only vitamin C concentrates in the form of syrups or nutritive
pigments used for coloring margarine.,
"At the All-Union Scientific Rei earth Vitamin Institute of the Min-
istry of Health USSR, a scientific method has been developed for using
the fruit of the dog rose from which four preparations are obtained:'
concentrates of vitamin C, P, E, and A, and also food coloring pigments,.
"It has been established that, in addition to obtaining 2,163 liters
of vitamin C concentrate from one ton of the dry fruit of the dog rose,
it is possible to obtain 63.5 kg of vitamin P preparation and' 22.8 kg of
concentrates of vitamins E, and A (carotin).
"Tests indicate a high 'biological activity of vitamin P concentrates
obtained from this raw material. Data from literature point to bacteri-
cidal properties of dog rose oil which contains significant amounts of
vitamins E and carotin.
"Presently' the activity of vitamin P concentrates obtained from
dog rose is being tested in therapeuatic and gynocological clinics of
Moscow and Leningrad."
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Physiology
51. Physiology of Higher Nervous Activity
" Some New Facts. on the Physiology of Higher Nervous Activ-
ity)" by Prof P. Kupalov; Moscow Msditsinskiy Rabotnik, 4+ Mar
58, No 18 p 3
Physiology now has at its disposal a general concept of the activity
of higher branches of the brain, an understanding of the basic physiological
regularities of the 'behavior of animals, and is able to direct this behavior
to attain desired results. The chief organ of higher nervous process is,
of course, the cerebrum. By understanding the mechanism of neural processes,
exhibited in the cerebral -cortex, it hA.s been possible to develop complicated
behavior in a dog and'~o unify the more elementary conditioned reflexes
and movements of the animal.
Systematic experiments have been conducted continuously in the Insti-
tute of Experimental Medicine to determine the mechanism of formation of
a conditioned reflex and the characteristics and organization of integrated
nervous.. processes that arise during the formation of a conditioned reflex.
A conditioned reflex is a nervous synthes.is.phenomenon and continued
study of the actual neural mechanisms involved'iilthis phenomenon is a
great problem for the future.
Public Health and Sanitation
52. Bacterial Aerosol Experiments
"A Hermetic Chamber for 'Experimental Work With Bacterial
Aerosols," by A. Ye. Vershilova, Chair of Microbiology, Kiev
Institute for Advanced Training of Physicians; Moscow, Zhurnal
Mikrobiolo ii E idemiologii i .Immunobiologii, Vol 29, No 6,
CPYRGH n 58, pp 105-10
"Models of bacterial aerosols formed from pathogens of air-borne
infections are used in hermetic chambers for resolving numerous problems
connected with the mechanisms of dispersal of these infections. There
are descriptions of various chambers for similar investigations in foreign
literature, but they are very complex in construction.
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"Experimental investigations with synthetic bacterial aerosols were
first performed in the USSR by Rechmenskiy and his associates in an
original chamber (l9)6). In 1955 he designed an apparatus consisting of
a system of hermetic glass flasks for studying the kinetics and biological
activity of bacterial and viral aerosols. In 1956, Baroyan and his as-
sociates designed the I-]. apparatus, a metal chamber with a volume of 50
liters supplied by various devices and equipped for infecting animals and
sterilizing air, for performing aerosol experiments.
"We assigned ourselves the task of constructing a hermetic chamber
which would be suitable for creating models of stable bacterial aerosols
in a large space for studying the relationship of their kinetic properties
to various fhctors -- air, temperature, humidity, state of aggregation,
etc. With these models, we proposed to study the trapping capaeity of
various apparatuses designed for separating microorganisms from the air.
With this in mind, we developed the designs according to which this chamber
was produced in April 1956 at the Kiev Factory of Nhtal Wares and Disin-
fection Equipment. (Footnote: Working designs according to our sketch
were drawn up by. engineers V. G. Vrublevskiy and K. M. Motuz.,)
"The chamber itself'is a sheet-iron box with dimensions of 120 x 80
x 70 cm (F.(gure 1). .The walls are 3 mm thick. Inside the box are two
partitions which divide it into three equal compartments each with a
voluin of 200 liters.' On the anterior wall of the chamber there are
three round windows 10 cm in diameter, through which it is possible to
observe equipment or animals in the compartments. There, are connecting
pipes for spraying bacteria in and taking air samples from the comnart-
ments at a height of 15 cm above the windows (two per compartment). On
the lateral walls are circular, ,ports (diameter, 25 cm) which are sealed
hermetically by lids with screw clamps (Figure 2). Various equipment and
animals are placed in the chamber through these ports. Small lids (diam
eter, 11 cm) are located under the large ports. Rings are installed in
the small ports. Rubber sleeves can be attached to these rings to permit
manipulation with the hands inside the compartments during the performance
of experiments. The large and small ports of the middle compartment are
on the rear wall. (Figure 3). Each compartment contains. electric lights
and sockets for plugging in electric apparatus; there is an opening on
the slanting lower wall for draining the liquid with which the chamber is
washed. The, top of the chamber is sealed on hermetically, with screw clamps,
and there is a rubber gasket bet*.;een the walls and partitions of the body
of the chamber and its top. he exterior and interior surfaces of the
chamber are'painted with oil paint.
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"The droplet phase of a bacterial aerosol is formed with a special
'troynik' (Figure it), the use of which creates an aerosol of uniform
concentration simultaneously in all three compartments. The 'troynik'
is a spherical glass container (5 cm in diameter); five tubes protrude
from it, three of which are outlet tubes (0.5 cm in diameter and 6 cm
long) on the anterior wall of the container, one is an intake tube (one
cm in diameter and 2 cm long) on the rear wall; the last tube (0.5 cm
in diameter, 3 cm long) is on the bottom. The intake tubes are for dis-
persing a bacterial emulsion into the container of the 'troynik.' The
smallest aerosol droplets are expelled through the outlet tubes in the
form of a. stream of mist. Large droplets which are formed in the con-
tainer flow out through the tube at the bottom of the container.
"A study of the kinetic properties of bacterial aerosols in dust
and droplet phases was carried out in the chamber described, and the
trapping capacity of various apparatuses designed for catching microorgan-
isms from the air was compared.
"A convenient feature of work with our model chamber is the possibility
of creating three equal volumes of aerosol with identical concentrations,
whereby three parallel experiments can be performed simultaneously.
"Due to the necessity of conducting experiments with pathogenic
aerosols, the chamber can be easily equipped with an adapting device for
c1isinfection of the air entering through the chamber (a muffle furnace)
or with an aerosolizing apparatus inside the chamber."
53. Food Crops and Hexachlorane-Treated Soils
"Hygienic Assessment of Food Crops Grown on Soil Treated
With Hexachlorane," by N. M. Rusin, G. P. Andronova, I. N.
Sapronova, and 0. I. Vasil'yeva, Moscow Scientific Research
Institute of Sanitation and Hygiene imeni F. F. Erisman; Mos-
cow Gigiyena i Sanitariya, No 6, Jun 58, pp?32-36
Food crops (wheat and potatoes) grown on soil which has been treated
before sowing with large quantities of hexachlorane dust (up to 1+00 kg/
hectare) which has been enriched and unenriched with the gamma-isomer
containing the so-called residual hexachiorane, i.e., organic substances
containing chlorine, are nontoxic to animals.
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Potatoes grown in this soil, as a rule, acquire a foreign disagree-
.tble taste which renders them unsuitable for food. However, starch pre-
pared from the potatoes does not possess this strange disagreeable -taste.
At the same time, wheat grown on soil treated with hexachlorane
against the colorado beetle contains up to ten times as much residual
hexachlorane as the potatoes, but it is not toxic for animals nor does
it possess the foreign unpleasent taste' or smell.
Therefore, it is recommended that for the first 3-4 years after the
treatment of soil with hexachlorane only cereals be grown, and later
potatoes.
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54. Fifth Congress of Medical Workers' Trade Union
"Fifth Congress of Medical Workers? Trade Union" (unsigned
article); Moscow, Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, No 44, 3 Jun 58, pp 1, 3
The Fifth Congress of the Medical Workers' Trade Union was held in
Moscow, 29-31 May 1958. The first session was held in the evening on
29 May and was devoted to discussing the report of the central committee
of the Medical Workers' Trade Union, A few delegates asked questions
concerning reorganization of the work of trade union organizations. This
reorganization is supposed to result in bringing those organizations
closer to the needs of health service. The delegates also exchanged
views and discussed the value of public participation in cultural activi-
ties and in therapeutic and preventive medical work.
V. G. Golovkova, chairman of the Leningrad Oblast Committee of the
Medical Workers' Trade Union, spoke on the work of a medical district
physician. She said that the load of a medical district physician is so
great that he has no time to organize properly whatever preventive medical
work is necessary in his district. Proper planning and organization of
preventive medical work, no doubt, could eliminate long lines of patients
in outpatient clinics, which, in turn, could rectify other defects and
inadequacies.
N. F. Popov, chairman of the Voronezhskaya Oblast Committee of the
Medical Workers' Trade Union, spoke on results of merging rayon hospitals
with sanitary-epidemiological stations. The reorganization proved bene-
ficial in rural areas. Proper distribution of the work load among phy-
sicians still remains unsolved under the new setup.
L. P. Baranovskaya, the chairman of the Belorussian SSR Committee of
the Medical Workers' Trade Union, and a number of other delegates were
critical of health agencies and of the Ministry of Health USSR. They
claimed that little attention has been paid to the health and safety of
medical workers. They claimed that the Ministry of Health USSR issues
too many directives, but exercises very little supervision over their
proper execution. Violators of regulations dealing with the health and
safety of medical workers have remained unpunished.
K. A. Suchkova, the chairman of the Moscow Oblast Committee of the
Medical Workers' Trade Union, stated that the scientific research insti-
tutes should re-examine the system of medical aid to employed women, find
out the causes for illness among them, and come up with an idea of how to
prevent those illnesses. Medical research workers must keep their eyes
open for practical requirements of the medical, profession and for the
needs of the health service in general. Frequent and thorough investiga-
tions of the activities of research workers must be conducted by the Minis-
try of Health USSR in conjunction with the Central Committee of the Medical
Workers' Trade Union and with the Presidium of the Academy of Medical Sci-
ences USSR.
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K. A. Suchkova criticized the members of the Central Commnittee of
the Medical Workers' Trade Union because, she claimed, they made no at-
tempts to familiarize themselves with the most advanced achievements in
medical science or to publicize the experiences of the leading medical
establishments.
Greetings from the Ministry of Health of the Democratic People's
Republic of Korea, from the General Secretary of the Federation of Hos-
pital Workers of West Bengal, from the Council of the Medical Workers'
Trade Union of Peiping, and from the Central Committee of the Medical
Workers' Trade Union of Czechoslovakia were read at this session.
M. D. Kovrigina, Minister of Health USSR, spoke at the 30 May morning
session on the long-range draft plan for development of health service in
the USSR, 1959-1965. She stated that the Soviet government each year
allocates enormous sums of money for improvements in health service, for
protection of the health of medical workers, and for safety devices. The
Communist Party and the government are interested also in reducing the
incidence of various diseases and the mortality rate and in improving the
therapeutic and sanitary service throughout the Soviet Union, she said.
M. D. Kovrigina stressed that defects in the operation and management
of medical establishments and health agencies must be pointed out. One
of the most important defects is the absence of efficient medical service
to industrial workers. Many outpatient clinics and outpatient departments
of hospitals are often crowded into small buildings and are not supplied
well enough with necessary equipment. Waiting lines in outpatient clinics
have not been entirely eliminated, and in a number of places, no arrange-
ments have been made to treat people in the evenings or on their. day off
from work. She continued her comments as followse -
There are 350,000 physicians now practicing in the USSR: one phy-
sician per 600 people. The solution to this problem lies in strengthening
the outpatient clinics. For many years the Ministry of Health USSR has
been trying to call to the attention of the local health agencies the fact
that an outpatient clinic is the principal link in the bhi.in of medical
establishments.
All medical districts, including the industrial medical districts,
must be broken up into smaller units. This can be done by increasing the
number of positions for physicians even at the expense of auxiliary
branches of health service. Medical documentation must be abridged and
overhauled in such a manner as to enable physicians to utilize their time
in a more rational manner. The Ministry of Health USSR has cooperated
with health agencies in their effort to promote rational utilization of
professional medical personnel: the ministry gave permission to the heads
of therapeutic and preventive medical establishments to shift their pro-
fessional medical personnel from one department to another, from hospital
to outpatient clinic, and vice versa.
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The dispensary method of serving the population has found wide ac-
ceptance throughout the country, but this method of treatment has em-
braced only certain morbid conditions and the quality of supervision over
people who are in need of this type of service still remains inadequate.
Little effort has yet been made to capture the interest of.the general
public in health protection. The most effective form of public partici-
pation results when the medical workers, trade unions, and administrative
personnel of industrial establishments cooperate with each other and with
"activists" to educate the public.
The decree issued by the February Plenum of the Central Committee of
the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, "Concerning Further Development
of the Collective Farm System and Reorganization of Machine-Tractor Sta-
tions," was issued to further improve the rural economy and to raise the
cultural level of the rural population. Improvement in medical service
to the rural population consists of extensive construction projects to
house hospitals, feldsher-midwife posts, maternity homes, creches, and
homes for medical personnel. The collective farms of the Ukrainian SSR
have had 7,000 maternity homes built by using their own resources. The
collective farms of the Moldavian SSR have built 400 maternity homes and,
during 1956-1957, the number of rural hospitals in this republic increased
by 76. The collective farms of Tyumenskaya, Voronezhskaya, Ryazan'skaya,
Irkutskaya, and Chkalovskaya oblasts and of Krasnodarskiy Kray have all
launched construction projects to house medical establishments.
It is a well-established fact that improvement in general health de-
pends on steady improvement in the living conditions of the population,
higher cultural level of the workers, good working conditions, better
housing facilities, well-organized populated communities, a high level of
medical science in general, constant improvement in the quality of thera-
peutic and preventive medical care, I public eating places, the opera-
tion of which is based on scientifi jrinciples. Realistic improvement
in medical service must consist of sharp reduction in the incidence of
those communicable and parasitic diseases whose incidence has been per-
sistently high. Child mortality must be reduced, greater stress must be
placed on the health and physical development of adolescents, and loss of
man-hours from work by industrial and service personnel must also be
drastically reduced.
Soviet medical science has made sufficiently great progress to be
able to cope with cardiovascular diseases, malignant tumors, and tubercu-
losis.
Ontological dispensaries of various republics, oblasts, krays, and
cities must be required to have radiological units and must have at least
75 beds available. Cities that do not have ontological hospitals or
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dispensaries must have special oncological units in their general hospi-
tals, provided, of course, that these establishments are large enough.
These units must have special gamma- and roentgenotherapeutic devices
available. Treatment must encompass the majority of people with malignant
tumors during the next 2 years.
Efforts in tuberculosis control, improvement in living standards and
in the cultural level of the population, and proper sanitary conditions
are building a foundation for the complete eradication of tuberculosis
within the next 15-20 years.
There is room for improvement in health service to the rural popula-
tion. Specialized medical care must be expanded in rural hospitals and
the capacity in each one of these hospitals must be increased to 75 beds
in some of them and to 100 and 150 beds in others. These hospitals must
have X-ray machines, laboratories, and physiotherapeutic devices. Hospi-
tals on the oblast level must become the genuine centers of highly quali-
fied medical aid. The rural medical district must be strengthened. In
organizing the rural medical district it is necessary to foresee any eco-
nomic dislocation that may take place such as: misplacement of state
farms or misplacement of collective farms. The number of beds in arty rural
medical district must be increased to 25 and more.
Medical aid to women and children is one of the.most important
branches of medicine. Infant mortality and childbirth deaths have been
gradually declining.
Women are employed in almost all branches of industry; about 45% of
all industrial workers are women. In some industries women constitute
900 of the working force. This makes it imperative that all kinds of
organized qualified medical service be brought closer to industrial estab-
lishments.
Midwives, obstetrical, and gynecological workers have demonstrated
the importance of psychological preparation of pregnant women for child-
birth. All scientific and practical medical workers must strive to im-
prove this method further.
One way to help all employed women is to give proper care to their
children; this can be done by expanding the network of creches. New types
of creches began to be organized in 1956. Up to 32% of creches are now
able to take care of children 24 hours a day. Since annual plans for con-
struction of more buildings to house creches were never fulfilled, short-
age of space exists everywhere. .
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The Minister of Health USSR then turned to scientific research. "The
Academy of Medical Sciences USSR," she said, "is the chief organizing and
coordinating center of scientific medical research in the country. The
Fifth Congress of the Medical Workers' Trade Union has a right to demand
from the Academy of Medical Sciences USSR all the assistance they need."
The Minister of Health USSR continued, the long-range draft plan for
development of health service during 1959-1965 will provide for an increase
in bed capacity by 550,000 or by 37.7% over the number of beds available
by the end of 1958 throughout the USSR. This will bring the total bed ca-
pacity in hospitals, maternity homes, and outpatient clinics to over 2
million. Consequently there will be 8.8 beds per 1,000 people by the end
of 1965 against 7 beds per 1,000 people as of the end of 1958.
The number of beds available in hospitals at the end of 1965, in vari-
ous republics, will show the following percentage increase over the number
expected to be available at the end of 1958: the increase in the Kirghiz
SSR will be by about 71.%; in the Tadzhik SSR, by 600; in the Belorussian
SSR, by 55%; in the Azerbaydzhan SSR, by 50%; in the Uzbek SSR, by 46%;
and in the Kazakh SSR, by irT%.
It is desirable that each city hospital have a capacity of about 1100-
500 beds, depending, of course, on regional peculiarities'.
The feldsher-midwife posts must be re-enforced. They are the van-
guard of the Soviet health service in rural areas, particularly as far as
calls on and other preventive medical services for infants and pregnant
women are concerned.
The long-range draft plan for 1959-1965 will provide for an increase
in the number of maternity homes and maternity wards in hospitals. The
number of beds for pregnant women in confinement and for mothers will be
brought to 205,000 by 1965. It is expected that there will be 128,000
beds for gynecological patients by 1965. The total number of beds in the
felds her -midwife posts and in the maternity homes of collective will reach
52,000 by 1965. The work load of medical district obstetrician-gynecologists
must be reduced and two positions must be set up for nurses for'each posi-
tion of obstetrician-gynecologist.
The children's consultation clinic is the main linI.in the therapeutic-
preventive service to children and the medical district pediatrician plays
an important role in it. By 1965 there should be one pediatrician for
900-1,000 children and there should be two positions set up for visiting
nurses for each position of pediatrician. It is expected that by 1965
there will be over 75,000 pediatricians practicing in the USSR, which will
be an increase of 27,000 over the number practicing in 1957.
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In 1965 there should be 1,520,000 spaces available in creches, for
an increase of 6011,000 over 1957?
The long-range Seven-Year Plan (1959-1965) will also contain pro-
visions for further expansion of the network of sanitary-epidemiological
establishments.
Sanatoriums and health resorts have been concentrated mainly in the
southern parts of the USSR. No new resorts have been organized in the
Urals, Siberia, the Far East, Kazakhstan, Belorussia, and Central Asia.
The same is true of rest homes. The ministries of health of the union
republics and the republic committees of trade unions must rectify the
situation.
In concluding her report, the Minister of Health USSR assured her
listeners that all remarks dealing with the long-range planned project
will be carefully examined by the ministries of health of the union re-
publics and necessary action will be taken.
Ya. M. Kasymov, chairman of the Turkmen SSR Committee of the Medical
Workers' Trade Union, said that particular attention must be given to
eradication of diseases of the eyes, helminthiasis, and brucellosis in
the next few years. A foundation has been laid for eradication of these
diseases. What is needed is a combined effort of both the health agencies
and the agricultural establishments. Greater assistance from the Ministry
of Health USSR is also needed.
A congratulatory telegram from the Presidium of the Central Committee
of the Medical Workers' Trade Union of the Polish People's Republic was
read at this session.
Ye. R. Yushchenko, chairman of the Kiev Oblast Committee of the Medi-
cal Workers' Trade Union, at the 30 May evening session, said that rural
hospitals are short of professional medical personnel. This, she said,
has created a situation whereby many beds in rural hospitals remain un-
occupied because patients have to be sent to hospitals in cities and to
oblast hospitals where trained personnel are available.
Prof. G. A. Miterev, chairman of the Executive Committee of the Union
of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies USSR, spoke next. Members of the
Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies can be found everywhere. They can be
found in industrial establishments, construction projects, state farms,
collective farms, and transportation. There are more than 500,000 medical
deputies of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies who are helping to
carry on a campaign of health education. All segments of the medical
service must cooperate with the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies in
their effort to spread medical information among the Soviet population,
the professor said.
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CPYRGHT
The deputy chairman of the All-Union Council of Trade Unions, L. N.
Solov'yev, said that everyone must help to make outpatient; clinics a
strongly entrenched institution. The Ministry of Health USSR and the
ministries of health of the union republics must strive to establish in
all city outpatient clinics a procedure whereby people can be treated on
their days off or during the evening hours. He said that he was in favor
of placing the existing network of pharmacies under the jurisdiction of
health departments.
A resolution was adopted by the delegates at the concluding session.
The resolution stated that the 3 million members of the Medical Workers'
Trade Union approve the decision of the World Peace Council to call a
world peace congress to be held in Stockholm to discuss disarmament and
peaceful coexistence. The resolution stated the following:
"A large number of people belonging to various national groups and
different political opinions and religious convictions favor suspension
of nuclear tests.
"The Soviet medical workers endorse the decision of the Soviet govern-
ment in its unilateral decision to suspend nuclear tests. They hope that
medical workers of the West will urge their governments also to suspend
such tests.
"The Fifth Congress of the Medical Workers' Trade Union of the USSR
is appealing to all medical workers on all five continents of the world
to support this noble decision.
"Humane principles can flourish in times of peace only. Medical
workers the world over are members of the most humane profession in the
world. They cannot stand indifferently on the sidelines and see the
future of humanity endangered."
The delegates to the congress elected a 62-member central committee
and 21 candidates to membership in the central committee, as well as a
7-member revisory committee. Twenty-four delegates were chosen to the
12th Congress of Trade Unions,
The First Plenum of the Central Committee of the Medical Workers'
Trade Union, which chose an 11-member presidium of the Central Committee
of the union, was held the same day. D. V. Pokrovskiy was chosen chair-
man of the Central Committee of the Medical Workers' Trade Union. K. P.
Sakharova was elected secretary.
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Radiology
55. Changes in Respiratory Properties of the Blood During Acute Radiation
Sickness Evident During the Third Period of Disease
"Change in the Respiratory Properties of Blood During Acute
Radiation Sickness," by V. V. Merenov, Tr. Vses. Konferentsii
po Med. Radiol, Eksperim. Med. Radiol. Works of the All-Union
Conference on Medical Radiology. Experimental Medical Radi-
ology); Moscow, Medgiz, 1957, 146-147 (from Referativn Zhur-
nal -- Khimi a Biologicheskaya Khimi , No 8, 25 Apr 5b., Ab-
CPYRGHT stract No 10320)
"Tests conducted on eight dogs subjected to single general X-irradiation
(600 r) indicated decreased efficiency of hemoglobin in transporting oxy-
gen, disturbances of tissue respiration, and the presence of toxemia. How-
ever, during the first and second periods of the disease, no pronounced or
acute disturbances were'noted in the respiratory properties of the blood.
Hypoxy of an anemic nature was noted during the third period of the dis-
ease (in the peripheral blood hemoglobin content decreased to 8.75%, and
the number of erythrocytes and leukocytes was decreased). Due to improved
dissociation of oxyhemoglobin, acceleration of respiration, and other com-
pensatory mechanisms the organism did not suffer acute oxygen deficiency.
Before the death of the animal, this compensation collapsed."
56.
Tagged Iron and Sulfur Compounds Reveal Characteristic Changes in
Erythropoiesis During Radiation Sickness
"Characteristics of Erythropoiesis in radiation Sickness Judged
by the Rate of Accumulation of Iron and Sulfur in the Composi-
tion of Erythrocyte Hemoglobin," by L. A. Klyucharev, Tr, Vses.
Konferentsii po Med. Radiol. Eksperim. Med. Radiol, (Works of
the All-Union Conference on Medical Radiology. Experimental
Medical Radiology); Moscow, Medgiz, 1957, 127-129 (from Refera-
tivn Zhurnal -- Khimi a Biolo icheska a Khimi , No 8, 25 Apr
CPYRGH Abstract No 10322)
"To rabbits which were subjected to X-irradiation in doses of 400,
700, and 800 r, were administered intravenous solutions of the Fe59 salt
of ascorbic acid, or subcutaneous solution of s35- tagged methionine.
During the first day after irradiation, it was shown that due to the pres-
ervation of body weight of the animals, and due to insignificant changes
in the red blood, the inclusion of Fe59 in the erythrocytes was decreased.
However, the rate of S renewal in the erythrocytes during the first few
days was half as great as in the controls. Sulfur metabolism in bone
marrow was also decreased."
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57. Changes in Blood Choline Content of Patients Suffering From Radiation
CPYRGHT
Sickness Discussed
"Choline Content in the Blood of Patients With Radiation Sick-
ness," by 11. P. Yeleazarova and V. S. Stepanova, Tr. Vses. Kon-
fcrentsii po Med. Radiol. IClinika i Tera )i a Luchevoy k3olezni
(Works of the All-Union Conference on Medical Radiology. Clini-
cal Aspects and Therapy of Radiation Sickness); Moscow, Medgiz,
1957, 45-I7 (from Referativn Zhurnal -- Khimiya, Biologiche-
ska a IChimiya, No 8, 25 Apr 58
A total of 50 people subjected to chronic effects of various types of
ionizing radiations due to their work, and 20 people exposed as a result
of radiation therapy of malignant neoplasms, were subjected to tests of
blood choline content. Choline content during the first stage of radia-
tion sickness decreased from the normal. 3-3.8 mg % to 0.1-1.9 mg 0. Cho-
line content of blood was decreased in patients with malignant tumors (to
0.11+-1.6 mg %). X-irradiation doses of 100 and 200 r caused a. rise in
blood choline content up to 0.24-3.2 mg % in these patients during the
first days after irradiation. A further increase of the general dose of
irradiation to 6,000-8,000 r showed a tendency toward returning the cho-
line content to the original low figures."
58. Radiosensitivity Determined by Course of Acute Radiation Sickness in
Corresponding Age Periods
"Concerning the Sensitivity of Nearly Born Rats Towards Various
Doses of Penetrating Radiation," by V. V. Kholin, Chair of Medi-
cal Radiology (head, Prof M. N. Pobedinskiy) of the Leningrad
State Order of Lenin Institute for the Advanced Training of
Physicians imeni S. M. Kirov; Moscow, Meditsinskaya Radiologiya,
Vol 3, No 2, Mar/Apr 58, pp 1.9-53
The aim of this research was to study the characteristics of acute
radiation sickness in newly born rats (823) and to compare them with the
characteristics of acute radiation sickness in mature rats (21.8), follow-
in ; different doses of radiation (500, 1,000, and 2,000 r).
The author's conclusion is that in a comparative evaluation of radio-
sensitivity one should bear in mind not the difference of radiosensitivity,
but the specific course of the acute radiation sickness in the correspond-
ing age period.
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59. General X-Irradiation Intensifies Gastric and Enteric Secretory
Functions
"The Effect of General X-Irradiation on the Secretory Function
of the Stomach and Intestines," by M. F. Nesterin, R.adiobio-
logical Laboratory (head, G. P. Yeremin) of the Institute of
Nutrition cf the Academy of Medical Sciences USSR; Moscow,
Meditsinskaya Radiologiya, Vol 3, No 2, Mar/Apr 58, pp 61-66
Because one of the fundamental symptoms of the sickness caused by
ionizing radiation is the disturbed function of the gastrointestinal tract,
especially the secretory and enzymatic functions, the following research
was conducted to study the effect of general irradiation by 200 r of
X-rays on gastric and intestinal secretions of dogs. The following Eng-
CPYRGH1.ish abstract accompanies the article.
"...Following irradiation, the quantity of gastric juice was in-
creased. This condition of hypersecretion lasted 12-14 days. On analysis
of the secretory curve in dogs with Pavlov?s pouch, a disturbed relation-
ship of the phases of gastric secretion was noted (following irradiation,
the relative amount of the juice secreted during the nervous phase was
decreased while that secreted during the chemical phase increased). The
periodic character of the secretion of the intestinal juice was not changed
after irradiation, but the amount of intestinal juice secreted (Tiery's
method) was increased in certain dogs. The value of enterokinase and
alkaline phosphatase in one gm of "mucous lumps" was increased by 2 to
3 times. This change lasted for about 2 weeks. Excretion of enterokinase
and phosphatase with feces was, likewise, increased during the first few
days after irradiation."
60. Edema Following Local Effect of Large Doses of X-Rays Explained by
Changes in Capillary Permeability, Disturbed Lymphatic Circulation,
and Chemical and Other Factors
"Permeability Change After Local Effect of Large Doses of
Ioni zing; Radiation," by V. M. Mastryukova; Moscow, Meditsin-
skaya Radiologiya, Vol 3, No 2, Mar/Apr 58, pp 66-71
The aim of this research was to stud permeability changes in capil-
lary walls following large doses (!E,500 r of X-rays and to attempt to ex-
plain the role of this phenomenon, i.e.) permeability changes, in the
pathogenesis of edema during radiation trauma. A total of 60 tests were
conducted on 16 rabbits. The following English abstract accompanies the
article.
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CPYRGHT
"It was cotablished that irradiation by X-rays in a do:,e of 4)500 r
biirigr, ;about considerable increase of permeability of the skin vessels on
the third day after irradiation. On the 11th day after the action of
ionizinG) radiation, this permeability is decreased in comparison with the
normal. Edema of the tissues which occurs after local irradiation is due
not only to disturbed permeability of capillaries, but alto to disturbed
lymphatic circulation, as well as to certain other factors."
61. Preliminary Intravenous Adiniriistration of Novocain Solution Decreases
Deleterious Efi:_ets of X-Rays and Gamma Rays
"The Effect of Intravenous Administration of Novocain on the
Course of Radiation Sickness Under Experimental Conditions,"
by S. P. Sizenko and V. V. Markevich, Laboratory of Experi-
mental Cancer (director, S. P. Sizenko, Candidate of Medical
Sciences), Kiev Scientific Research Roentgeno-Radiological and
Oncological Institute; Moscow, Meditoinskaya Radiologiya,
Vol 3, No 2, Mar/Apr 58, pp 72-77
The aim of this research was to study the development of radiation
sickness against a background of novocain blockade, paying special atten-
tion to the effect of novocain on the central nervous system. A total of
50 experimental rabbits were subjected to gamma and X-ray irradiation.
Detailed experimental data and the following English abstract accompany
CPYRGHIthe article.
"Preliminary intravenous administration of the novocain solution in
the dose of 0.08 to 0.1 cc per kilogram of body weight decreases the ef-
fect of X-ray and gamma-ray irradiation (LD_50) on the organism of the
animal. It is manifested by a less severe course of the radiation sick-
ness, an increased number of surviving animals, a prolongation of life,
and a less pronounced reduction in weight.
"Administration of the novocain solution following the irradiation
has no therapeutic effect on the course of radiation sickness and in cer-
tain cases even aggravates it.
"Leukopenia is less marked in animals with preliminary novocain ad-
ministration, as compared to control animals."
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62. Beneficial Effects of Intravenous and Peroral Administration of
Urotropin Solution in Treating Radiation Sickness Discussed
"Certain Data on the Use of Urotropin in Treating Radiation
Sickness," by M. P. Domshlak and L. B. Koznova; Moscow, Medit-
sinskaya Radiologiya, Vol 3, No 2, Mar/Apr 58. pp 78-80
The purpose of this research was to use urotropin to eliminate de-
composition products from an organism suffering from symptoms of radiation
sickness caused by the therapeutic use of gamma and X-rays.
Observations were made on 27 patients who were subjected to radiation
effects of 150 and 500 r with a total dose of up to 12,000 r. The authors
make the following observations:
1. The use of intravenous injections of a 400 solution of urotropin
in 5 ml doses and its peroral use in 0.5 g doses three to five times per
day has favorable effects on radiation sickness which has been caused by
complications resulting from the use of radiation for therapeutic purposes.
2. Urotropin arrests nausea and vomiting in 15-30 minutes following
its intravenous injection, and it is effective within 24 hours after its
peroral use. This favorable effect lasts for one to 8 days.
3. The favorable effect of urotropin was independent of the time of
its use (considered from the moment of onset of pronounced radiation symp-
toms). The duration of the improved condition of the patient was inde-
pendent of the dose of urotropin used.
1 Urotropin exerted no noticeable favorable effect on the peripheral
blood picture.
5. Urotropin may find a place in the complex therapy of radiation
sickness.
63. Chronic Effects of Ionizing Radiation From Small Doses of X-Rays on
Bone Marrow and Peripheral Blood of Dogs Studied
"Blood Changes in Chronic Radiation Sickness," (Experimental
data), by M. S. Lapteva-Popova; Moscow, Meditsinskaya Radio-
logiya, Vol 3, No 2, Mar/Apr 58, pp 53-61
The aim of this research was to study the chronic effects of ioniz-
ing radiation caused by small doses of X-rays on the bone marrow and the
peripheral blood. Tests were conducted on 17 dogs that were subjected to
X-ray doses of 5 and 10 r over a period of several years. The following
English abstract accompanies the article.
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CPYRGHT
"...These investigations showed that the reaction of the organism
is manifested by alternation of the periods of Increased symptoms of
chronic radiation sickness with the periods of stabilization of the tempo-
rary compensation of the process.
"Sequence of development of the above periods, the time of survival
of the animals, and other specific features in the development of this
disease varied depending on the daily doses of irradiation (5 or 10 r)
and individual characteristics of the organism.
"The results of the chronic radiation sickness were aplastic or
hyperchromic macrocybie anemias and leukoses.
"There were no diseases or significant changes in the blood picture
in the control group of animals kept in the same conditions as the ex-
perimental animals."
61. Nitrogen Metabolism Studied in Acute Radiation Sickness in Dogs
"Nitrogen Metabolism in Experimental Acute Radiation Sickness
in Dogs," by I. V. Fedorov, Tr. Vses. Konferentsii o Med.
Radiol. Eksperim. Med. Radiol. (Works of the All-Union Con-
ference on Medical Radiology. Experimental Medical Radiology);
Moscow, Medgiz, 1957, pp 108-111 (from Referativn Zhurnal --
Khimi a Biologicheska a Khimi a No 8, 25 Apr 5b, Abstract
CPYRGI 10319)
"Research was conducted on the intensity of tissue decomposition in
radiation sickness by studying certain phases of nitrogen metabolism in
injured animals both under normal physiological conditions and under fast-
ing conditions. At the beginning and during the latent periods of acute
radiation sickness, in severe cases and in cases of medium severity, the
intensity of tissue decomposition was not increased. Distinct disturbance
of nitrogen and phosphorus balance was evident only in the extremely
severe cases and at the agonal stage of the disease and, on the whole,
were not connected with the direct effect of penetrating radiation but
depended on a number of secondary factors."
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65. X-Ray Irradiation Decreases Inclusion of P32 in Nucleic Acids of
Certain Systems and Organs
"Change in Nucleic Acid Metabolism in Radiation Sickness," by
Ye. A. Dikovenko, Tr. Vses. Konferentsii o Med. Radiol. Ek-
sperim. Med. Radiol. (Works of the All-Union Conference on
Medical Radiology. Experimental Medical Radiology); Moscow,
Medgiz, 1957, pp 96-99 (from Referativn Zhurnal -- Khimi ,
a
C PYRG HT Biologicheskaya Khimiya, No 3) 10 Feb 5b, Abstract No 3580)
"It was noted that rats subjected to general or partial X-ray irradia-
tion exhibited a significant decrease in the inclusion of p32 in the nu-
cleic acids of the spleen, bone marrow, lymph glands, the thymus, and the
mucous membrane of the intestines."
66. Radioactive Phosphorus Used To Diagnose Breast Cancer
"The Use of Radioactive Phosphorus in the Diagnosis of Breast
Cancer," by P. Ye. Dmitriyeva, Institute of Surgery imeni A. V.
Vishnevskiy (director, Prof A. A. Vishnevskiy, Active Member of
the Academy of Medical Sciences USSR), Academy of Medical Sci-
ences USSR; Moscow E ksperimental'naya Khirurgiya, Vol 6,
Nov/Dec 57, pp 37-40
The use of radioactive phosphorus (P32) for diagnosis of mammary
carcinoma is described. Sixteen patients were studied. Thirteen had
cancer and three had benign tumors.
Results point to some evidence that the inclusion of phosphorus in
malignant tumor tissue depends on the intensity of the processes of re-
newal of the nucleic acids in the growing areas of the tumor.
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Surgery
67. We of Amniotic Tissue in Treating Burn Injuries of Eyes Speeds
fealirig and Stimulates Regenerative Processes
"The Use of Amnion in Eye Burns," by T. G. Uglova, Candidate
of Medical Sciences, and R. S. Goleminova, Senior Assistant,
Chair of Eye Diseases V. M. I. (Higher Medical Institute)
imeni Chervenkov, Sofia (Bulgaria); Odessa, Oftalmologiche-
skiy Zhurnal, No 8, 1957, pp 498-501
The authors briefly review the use of biogenic stimulants in tissue
therapy. In this article the amnion was used on 20 patients in 23 cases
of burns of second and third degree to the eyes. The amniotic tissue
had been preserved under refrigeration or by other means which preserve
its biogenic properties. In complicated cases, repeated implantations
of amniotic tissue were used, and this exerted a favorable effect on the
course of the healing process in eye injuries -- both new and long-standing
ones.
The authors stress the fact that implantations of amniotic tissue
under the conjuctiva and also amniotic tissue locally grafted onto necrotic
sites in the conjuctiva act not only as a substitute for the defective
tissue, but also exert- a favorable effect as a biogenic stimulant. Heal-
ing in patients into whose eyes implantations of amnion were made (espe-
cially during the first 2 days after burn accidents) was faster than in
treatment of eyes by the usual methods.
The authors make the following conclusions:
1. Preserved amnion may be used in severe cases of burns of eyes
as a substitute tissue for the necrotic conjuctiva.
2. Preserved amnion implanted under the conjuctiva of burned eyes
exerts a favorable effect on restoration processes in the conjuctiva
and on the regenerative processes of the corneal epithelium.
3. Implantation of preserved amniotic tissue under the conjuctiva
in prolonged herpetic keratitis usually produces sloughing and leads to
the formation of a softer corneal opacity.
i+. These observations are in full agreement with results reported
by Academician V. P. Filatov.
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68. All-Union Conference of Surgeons To Be Held in September at Kazan'
"All Union Conference of Surgeons," unsigned article;
CPYRGHT Moscow, Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, No 42, 27 May 58, p 4
"The All-Union Conference of Surgeons, Traumatologists, and Anes-
thesiologists will be held at Kazan' on 25-30 September 1958.
"The conference will consider the problems of "Prophylaxis of
Traumatism," "Open Bone Fractures," "Problems of Anesthesiology," and
"Tumors of the Large Intestines (excluding the rectum)."
"People wishing to speak on any of these topics are requested to
apply to the president of the organization committee, Prof N. V.
Sokolov, at the following address: Kazan', Roshcha Frunze, 5, Hospital
Surgical Clinic of Kazan' State Medical Institute."
69. General Conference of the Academy of Medical Sciences USSR, Moscow,
Discusses Traumatology
"The Problem of Trauma," (from material presented at the 11th
session of the General Conference of the Academy of Medical
Sciences USSR) by A. S. Vol'pe,.Candidate of Medical Sciences,
and V. M. Lotman; Frunze, Sovetsko Zdravookhraneniye
Kirgizia, No 6, Nov/Dec 57, pp 60-64
11th se,ision of the General Conference of the Academy of Medi-
cal Sciences USSR was held at Moscow from the 15th to the 20th of April
1957, to discuss the problem of trauma. The main subdivisions were:
Trauma of the Central Nervous System, Burn Trauma, and Radiation Trauma.
The following are some of the reports presented.
Prof I. V. Davydovskiy, Active Member of the Academy of Medical
Sciences USSR,. talked on "Trauma as a Biological Problem." It was men-
tioned that radiation trauma presents the greatest danger because it in-
juries the tissues not so much anatomically as biologically depriving
them of their capacity for regeneration.
Prof P. K. Anokhin, Active Member of the Academy of Medical Sciences
USSR, talked on the topic "On the Characteristics of Pain Reactions in
Trauma." He explained the initial and delayed disorganizing effects of
trauma of the spinal cord and of the hypothalamus and the harmful shifts
that result, the physiological mechanism of pain reaction, and the genesis
of shock conditions.
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Prof I. R. Petrov, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Medical
Sciences, USSR, talked on "The Pathogenesis, Experimental Prophylaxis,
and Therapy of Various Types of Shock," and pointed out the role of
hypothermia in treatment and prophylaxis of the harmful effects of
oxygen deficiency. It was mentioned that in experimental research on
cats and dogs, the use of artifical hypothermia prevents ill effects
due to the cessation of the general circulation for 17 to 110 minutes.
Deep artificial hypothermia is ineffective in burn shock. Effective
therapy in experimental shock was obtained by the use of dibasol with
glucose, the transfusion of blood substitutes, and the use of vitamins.
Prof A. A. Vishnevskiy, Corresponding Member of the Academy of
Medical Sciences USSR, talked on "The Nervous System in thq Pathogenesis
and Therapy of Burn Disease" and stressed the importance of the nervous
system in the development, of the reactions of an organism to burn trauma.
Prof I. N. Priorov, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Medical
Sciences USSR, dwelt on "Burns and Their Therapy." He pointed to the
complex pathogenesis of burn disease in its various phases. He stressed
general measures to be taken (for example bringing the victim out of
shock) and the treatment of the injured focus.
Prof N. S. Molchanov, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Medical
Sciences USSR, talked on "Changes in Internal Organs During Burns."
Two types of electric burns were observed, i.e., one due to contact of
the surface of the skin with electric wires and the second due to short
circuiting and its consequence in producing tissue injury.
Prof N. A. Fedorov reported on "Immunohemotherapy of Burn Disease."
He mentioned that his experimental work indicates the presence of auto-
antigens. in the burn victim and that the use of isoimmune serum is very
effective therapy. Clinical data from a number of therapeutic institu-
tions indicate that immunotherapy is a highly effective method for pre-
venting autointoxication in severe burn disease.
M. M. Kapichnikov, Candidate of Medical Sciences, and P. M. Chepov,
Candidate of Medical Sciences, reported on "Izmniuiobiological Bases of
Tissue Incompatibility in Homoplastic Grafts."
Prof A. V. Lebedinskiy, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Med-
ical Sciences USSR, talked on "Radiation Trauma Due to the Effect of
Various Types of Ionizing Radiation." Basic differences in trauma due
to radiation were enumerated as disturbances of the immunological reac-
tivity of an organism and changes in permeability of vascular walls, as
well as inhibited processes of regeneration which prolong the course of
radiation trauma.
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Prof P. D. Gorizontov, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Medi-
cal Sciences USSR, reported on "Pathophysiologrical Characteristics of
Certain Forms of Experimental Radiation Trauma." Prof N. A. Krayevskiy,
Corresponding Member of the Academy of Medical Sciences USSR, presented
a similar paper, "Data on the Pathological Anatomy of Radiation Trauma."
Radiation burns and the type of reaction in response to general irradia-
ttion of an organism were discussed.
Prof N. A. Kurshal:ov, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Medical
Sciences USSR, reported on The Prophylaxis, Clinical Management, and
Therapy of Radiation Sickness in Man." The different phases (stimulation
of the nervous system, inhibition, etc.) are outlined.
Prof P. S. Kupalov, Active Member of the Academy of Medical Sciences
USSR, reported on the topic of the "The Influence of Penetrating Radia-
tion on the Activity of the Central Nervous System." By experiments using
local radium irradiation on the spinal cord, the direct effect of penetrat-
ing radiation on the activity of the central nervous system was proven.
Prof A. N. Filatov, Corresponclisie Member of the Aeudeiny of Medical
Science's USSR, talked on "Hemotherapy in Trauma." His topic was subdi-
vided into six parts, i.e., use of blood preparations for hemostasis,
transfusion of blood and blood substitutes to prevent shoclt, use of
blood preparations containing antibiotics and antiseptics; use of blood
and proteins to prevent protein depletion and intoxication, use of blood
stimulants to prevent anemia, and use of blood preparations to speed local
healing of wounds.
Prof A. A. Bagdasarov, Correspondl.ng Member of the Academy of Medi-
cal Sciences USSR, talked on "Alood Substitutes in the Course of Traumatic
Shock, Burns, and Radiation Disease." Modern colloidal blood substitutes
were described as preparations obtained from human blood, especially proc-
essed heterogenic proteins and synthetic preparations.
M. D. Kovrigina, the Minister of Health USSR, participated in the
discussions and talked on hygiene of industrial and agricultural labor,
the significance of radiation trauma, the organization of therapeutic
nutrition, etc.. She emphasized the fact that the medical science must
be sensitive to the needs of the population it serves.
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Veterinary Medicine
70. inoculation Tests For Brucellosis in Cattle
"Protective Inoculation Experiments With Killed Brucella
Abortus Vaccine in Cattle," by A. Geissler, State Testing
Institute for Veterinary Medicine; Leipzig, Monatshefte fuer
Veterinaermedizin, Vol 13, No 11, 1 Jun 58, pP 331-337
Inoculation experiments with killed Brucella abortus vaccine (chino-
sol vaccine) and live Brucella abortus vaccine (Buck-19 vaccine) were
carried out on a total of 25 young cows.
Of the 13 animals inoculated with the killed vaccine, 7 proved to
be protected against a very massive experimental infection. Six animals
aborted, had a premature birth, or exhibited a Brucella infection of the
uterus,
Two of the four animals inoculated with Buck-19 live vaccine were
abortive. In both of the young cows, a persistent titer, produced by
the inoculation, could be determined even before infection.
Of eight control animals, only one remained uninfected.
The results show that killed Brucella abortus vaccines can produce
a prophylactic effect. For this reason, they should be tested further,
and more intensively than heretofore, for applicability in stamping out.
Brucellosis. A necessary condition is the, fact that the choice and care
of the production strain, the preparation of the vaccine (especially the
killing process), and the organization of the inoculation process, includ-
ing the required hygienic conditions, be carried out with the same care
and uniformity as are now exercised in the case of inoculations with live
Buck-19 vaccine.
It is wrong to inoculate animals which are already infected, since
they can.no longer be protected by an active inoculation.
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71. Diagnosis of Brucellosis in Cattle and Hogs
"On Methods and Diagnostic Reliability of Agglutination and
Complement Fixation In the Cast of Brucellosis in Cattle
and Hogs," by S. Hajdu, Zvolen Branch of the State Scientific
Veterinary Institute, Bratislava; Leipzig, Archiv fuer Ex eri-
mentelle Veterinaermedizin, Vol 11, No 6, Nov Dec 57, pp 976-
993
The deficiencies of the two main methods of serological testing for
brucellosis, cgglutination and complement fixation, are discussed.
In the case of both reactions, special attention is given to the
appearance of a regional phenomenon which can lead to false interpreta-
tion of'the results in the case of mass tests. On the basis of experi-
mental findings, it is assumed that, in a majority of cases, the regional
phenomenon is caused by incompleted antibodies, both in the case of ag-
glutination and in complement fixation. The two forms of incomplete
antibodies are not identical (not in an immunobiological sense); both are
thermostable. Methods of eliminating the regional phenomenon are dis-
cussed.
Because of the frequent appearance of nonspecific agglutinins in
the sera of domestic animals, a circumstance which greatly reduces the
reliability of low agglutination titers, complement fixation, especially
since it never produces nonspecific results, seems. to be more reliable
than the agglutination method. In complement fixation even low titers
can be interpreted. Complement fixation is' part!.cularly advantageous
when used in herds which have been infected for a rather long time.
The introduction of complement fixation in the routine diagnosis of
brucellosis in swine is recommended.
A necessary condition for obtaining correct results in the case of
complement fixation is carrying out the reaction in dilute solutions,
just as is done in the case of agglutination tests, a-procedure which,
however, for technical reasons, is hard to apply in the case of mass tests.
A feasible combination of agglutination, complement fixation, and
the Coombs' test for mass serological tests for brucellosis is described.
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72. Dry Foot-and-Mouth Disease Antigen
"Dry Antigens of Foot-and-Mouth Disease for Complement
Fixation," by R. Kunter, Friedrich Loeffler Institute,
Riems; Leipzig, Archiv fuer Experimentelle Veterina'rmedizin,
Vol 11, No 6, Nov Dec 57, pp 930-93
A description is Given of the preparation of dry substances from
the iphthae sc^'Ls of cattle (tongues) to types 02, A5 and C foot-and-
mouth-disease virus, with a phosphate buffer solution and twice distilled
water used as extraction solvents.
The dry antigen, the weight of which amounts to 1.26-10.6 percent
of the initial weight, depending on the method of preparation, has'a
40- to 80-fold complement-fixation-antigen titer in relation to dry
antigen.
The type-specificity of the dry k;ntigen is not impaired in any way
by the drying process.
Very slight losses of complement-fixation antigen were observed only
in the case of dry antigen which had been rinsed with chloroform and that
which had been'.obtained from extracts , oftwice-distilled water.
Extracts inactivated by means of heat produced a noninfectious dry
antigen which can be stored-at room temperature without difficulty.
The stability of dry antigen produced from buffer-solution extracts
is retained for at least 6 months under refrigeration and for at least 3
months at room temperature. For the dry antigen obtained from twice-
distilled water extracts, the stability-under refrigeration and at room
temperature is retained for at least 2 months.
it is recommended that the dry.antigen be used in the evaluation of
hyperiimnunization of guinea pigs, and for. comparative tests over rather
long periods of time.
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73. Specificity of Organic Changes in Foot-and-Mouth Disease
"On the occurrence of Organic Changes in Experimental Foot-
and-Mouth Disease in the Guinea Pig,and the Question of Their
Specificity," by K. Potel, Friedrich Loeffler Institute,
Island of Riems; Leipzig, Archie fuer Experimentelle Veteri-
naermedizin, Vol 11, No 6,,Nov Dec 19579 rP 879-905
As far as.- the heart; muscle is concerned, the virus exerts a direct
effect in the development of the characteristic inflammatory-de generative
tissue processes. This is confirmed-by the positive identification of
virus, by the absence of bacterial pathogens., and by the frequent sympa-
thetic affection:of the myocardia.
The situation is quite different :.in the case of other organs.
First of all,, it must be. determined that extremely rare tissue changes
are to'be encountered in several organs - (spleen, kidneys, brain) and
that these changes are,not?produced by the virus itself, but by bacteria.
On the other. hand, in control". annals not infected by foot-and-mouth
disease, which have been, exposed to.a bacterial infec-';1vn, especially
salmoneliosis,,'.exudative-proliferative:and degenerative tissue processes
can very often be detected in.the above-mentioned organs, primarily in the
brain.
On the basis of the author's experiments,. it was decided that there
was no justification for,-assigning.aspecificity to the tissue processes
of the parenchymatose organs, which are more or less frequently observed,
since these processes, although not always so pronounced., can also occur
in the case of bacterial diseases.:,,
74. Harmful Effects After Use of; Crystal .Violet Vaccine
"Bad Effects of Vaccination After. Use of Crystal Violet
Vaccine Against Hog Cholera," bjr. H. Krueger; Leipzig,
Monatshefte fuer Veterinaermedizin. Vol 13, No 12, 15 Jun
58j. pp 356-356
With the introduction of the crystal violet vaccine in 1953., epidemic
conditions [in East Germany] have improved greatly. Out of 166,018 pigs
vaccinated in the Gera district (Bezirk) from 1 January 1953 to 31 August
1957, only 575 (0.34 percent) succumbed) which ',.s proof that, under proper
conditions,-the crystal violet vaccine is generally well tolerated.
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Fuchs (Archie fuer Ex erimentelle Veterinaermedizin, No 9, 1955)
618) reports that he often (in 136.2 percent of the 'cases) observed
chronic, catarrhal bronchopneumonia of the superior and median lobes
during the dissection of swine for the purpose of obtaining virus. The
use of the blood of swine with bronchopneumonia should be considered ac-
ceptable for the production of vaccine only when it can be assumed with
certainty that the virus of enzootic pneumonia of young pigs is not --
even temporarily -- circulating in the blood and being reduced in infec-
tiousness just as much as the virus of hog cholera itself. The test of
the safety of the vaccine extends only to the determination of whether
or not the virus of hog cholera,. in attenuated but still infectious form,
is being inoculated along with the 2rystal violet vaccine.
The inflammation of the tissue at the inoculation site is most
likely due to the combined effect of glycerin and crystal violet. The
dye, a hexamethyl-p-rosaniline hydrochloride, depending on the commer -
ci.all,:, used substances for. its preparation, contains various amounts of
impurities. Presumably, the toxicity of the commercial dye varies greatly,
which means that not all crystal violet has to cause a harmful tissue in-
flammation. It would be well to study in detail the problem of the occur-
rence of bronchopneumonia after inoculation of crystal violet vaccine in
connection with processes which occur, in. the reticulo-endothelial system.
It is certain that the dye produces a certain disturbance in the organism
which, possibly, is not without effect on the development oi' inflammatory
changes in'the lungs.
The.use of the' crystal. violet vaccine cannot, at this time, be dis-
pensed with in the GDR, even if the suspicion. that it has a harmful effect
on the respiratory. organs is. confirmed. It is better to wipe out hog
cholera immediately and dispense with protective inoculations, as has been
done, as far as we know, in. the USSR.
75. Complement Fixation. in the Case of Rabies,
"The Diagnostic Significance of the Complement-Fixation
Reaction in the Case of Rabies," by H.'Bindrich and E.
Kuwert, Friedrich Loeffler Institute; Riems; Leipzig, Archiv
fuer Ex erimentelle.Veterinaermedizin,.Vol 11, No 6,.Nov Dec,
57, pp 1015-1034
The production. of a specific, rabicidal hyperimmunoserum in the dog
for the purpose of. the complement-fixation reaction is described. The
use of a virus washed with chloroform as an immunizing antigen for the
serum donors prevents the nonspecific brain-antigen-antibody reactions
described in the literature. '
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The complement-fixation reaction represents a strictly specific re-
action for the diagnosis of rabies.
There i,-3 considerable agreement between the results of the virolog-
ical and histopathological methods and those of the complement-fixation
reaction.
In the case of the fixed virus, the titer of the complement-fixing
an-cigen is higher than that of the street virus.
The uniformity of the antigen structure of various strains of the
rabies virus' is confirmed by means of the complement'-fixation reaction.
It is recommended that the complement-fixation reaction be intro-
duced into the diagnosis of rabies.
76. Prof T. Ye. Boldyrev, boviet L'pidemiologist
"Boldyrev, Tikhon Yefimovich," by V. Rozhdestvenskiy;
Moscow, Bol'shaya Meditsinskaya Entsiklopediya, Vol 4, 1958,
CPYRGpr 44-115
"Tikhon Yefimovich Boldyrev (born in 1900), Corresponding Member of
the Academy of Medical Sciences USSR, is an outstanding Soviet epidemio-
logist., disinfector, and organizer of Soviet public health.
"In 1919 Boldyrev was drafted into the Soviet Army where he served
until 1953, In 1926 he graduated from the Leningrad Military Academy.
He received his Doctor of Medical Sciences degree in 1939 and became
chief of the Chair :)f Epidemiology, Kuybyshev Military Medical Academy.
He has held the rank of professor since 1940.
"From 1942 to 1949 Boldyrev was head of the Chairs of Epidemiology
of the Military Faculty, Central Institute for the Advanced Training of
Physicians and the Third Moscow Medical Institute. With the beginning
of World War II, he became head of the Antiepidemiological Administra-
tion, Main Administration for Military Sanitation of the Soviet Army,
and organized the present system of epidemiological protection of troops,
which provided satisfactory sanitary-epidemiological safeguards of the
army during the war.
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"From 19)7 to 1954 Boldyrev was Deputy Minister of Health USSR and
Chief Stute Sanitary Inspector of the USSR.. During this period the San
.i Lary Ir)spectorate, under his leadership, supervised the improvement of
sanitn.vr conditions during the reconstruction of cities, industrial
enterprises, and major reservoir-..,
"Turine 1951E-1956, Boldyrev was a senior adviser for the Ministry
of Health of the People's Republic of China. In addition to performing
organizational work, he produced three monographs on problems of public
health which were published. in Chinese in Peiping. For his productive
work in China he was awarded the Sino-Soviet Friendship Medal and a
Certificate of the Government of the People's Republic of China.
"In 1956 Boldyrev was head of the Chair of Epidemiology, Central
Institute for the Advanced Training of Physicians and the Divisipn of
Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology imeni N. F.
Gama.leya, Academy of Medical Sciences USSR.
"Boldyrev's sphere of interest is varied. He has published over
100 works on epidemiolog~, epidemiological protection of troops, disin-
fectants, and the organization of public health. His works also encom-
pass military epidemiology under conditions of contemporary warfare, the
means of establishing important prophylactic and antiepidemiological
measures, and methods of d.sinfecting troops.
"From 1945 to 1953 Boldyrev was editor of the periodical G+.giyena
i Sani.tarriyyaa,, editor of the section on 'Military Epidemiology'- in
Erts ~klopedicheslc.;i Slovar' Vo .nnoy Meditsin and Entsiklopedicheskiy
Slovar -Spravo^.hn;ik dlya Voyennykh Fel'dsherov, and headed the editorial
bureau of the sections on 'Ep'idemiologiya i Gigiyena' in the text, Opyt
Sovetskoy Meditsin v Velikoy Oteehestvennoy Voyne 1941-45.
"Boldyrev Is currently the editor of the section, 'Epidemiologiya
1. Infektsionnye Bolezn,i' in. the Bol'shaya Medi.tsinskaa Entsikloped a.
Since 1956 he has been Chairman of of the Organizational Committee, All-
Union Society of Epidemiologists, Microb:iologirsts, and Infectionists."
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77. Conference on Medical Training in the USSR
"All-Union Conference on Higher Medical Training," by I. B.
Kardash' Minsk, Zdravoolthraneniye Belorussia, No 4, Apr 58,
pp 76-77
The All -Union Conference on Higher Medical Training was held at the
conference hr'1.1 of the Ministry of Health USSR from 30 January to 1 Feb-
ruary 1958. The conference was attended by directors of all medical in-
stitutes of the. USSR, their deputies, deans, of all medical faculties of
universities, and ministers of health of the USSR and union republics.
The principal address was given by M. D. Kov-rigina, Minister of
Health USSR. Kovrigina pointed out that at present, within the system
of Soviet public health, there are 79 medical vuzri, (higher educational
institutions) and five medical faculties in universities. Over 153,000
students study in these institutions. During the past few years eight
new medical institutes were organized and two medical faculties"opened.
Ko'v+igina disc:. i that the goal of Soviet public health is to have
one physician for eve_y 400 persons in the USSR. During 195'( 346,000
physicians, excluding dentists practiced; this gives a ratio of one physi-
cian for less than 600 persons. In the Belorussian SSR, however, the
ratio was one physician for 980 persons during 1957. The speaker also
indicated the necessity of establishing a stomatology faculty in the Belo-
russian SSR.
Kovrigina also recommended that training b.. available for advanced
specialization in principal medical institutes. Greater interest in in-
ducing students to participate in advanced training was also discussed.
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Atomic and. Molecular Physics
78. Density Distribution in Proton Source Studied
"Radial Distribution of Charged Particles in a Magnetic
Ion Source," by M. D. Gabovich and Yu. B. Yermolovich, Physics
Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Ukr.
fiz. zh., 1957, 2, No 2 165-174 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal,
Fizika, No 4, Apr 58, Abstract No 8751)
A study of the distribution of charged particles in a magnetic pro-
ton source is described. Ions are produced in the source through the
ionization of gas by fast primary electrons. A magnetic field is applied
along the direction of electron motion. It is assumed that the secondary
electrons move in a radial direction and the secondary ions, in the direc-
tion of the magnetic field. It is also assumed that concepts of forced
diffusion are applicable to the secondary electrons and ions. The expres-
sion obtained for the concentration of charged particles in a radial
direction is checked experimentally.
Nuclear Physics
79. X-ray Quanta Emitted by a Nucleus
"Polarization and Angular Distribution of X-Ray Quanta
Emitted After Electron Capture by a Nucleus or After a Conver-
sion Transition?,) by A. Z. Do.':..ginov, Leningrad Physicote chnical
Institute, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Eksperi-
mentalnoy i Teoreticheskoy Fiziki Vol 34, No ,+, Apr 58, pp 31-
CPYRGHT 9
"The resul'.., obtained previously by the author (Nucl. Phys., 2, 723,
1956/57) are extended to the case of K- or I,-capture of any degree of
forbidden transition with account of nonconservation of perity. It is
shown that observation of the correlation between the polarizations of
x-ray quanta emitted by the atom after K- or I-capture and the direction
of nuclear spins or the polarization of the subsequent nuclear radiation
may yield important data on beta-interaction. The angular distribution
of the x-ray quanta is anisotropic if the capture occurs from the L III
shell. Some formulas are :presented which permit determining spins and
parities of niinlear levels by observing the polarization of x-ray quanta
after conversion transitions."
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CO. Scattering of Particles
"Scattering of Particles With Arbitrary Spins", by L. D.
Puzikov, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Eks eri-
mentalnoy i Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 34, No 4. Apr 56, pp
977-952
CPYRGHT
"Geometrical consequences of scattering following from the fact that
nuclear particles possess spins are analyzed. A scattering matrix for a
particle with an arbitrary spin is constructed. Quantities which can be
experimentally measured such as cross section, polarization, correlation
of polarizations etc. are expressed in terms of this matrix. It is ex-
amined to what extent the polarization experiment is sufficient and it
is shown that to recontruct the scattering matrix it is necessary to
measure the scattering cross section of a polarized beam on a polarized
target or the polarization correlation after scattering. Finally the
change in polarization of the incident particles occurring during
scattering are sufficient if the spin of the beam is smaller than that
of the target."
81. Time Reversal in Gamma Reactions
"Time Reversal and Polarization Phenomena in Reactions ..
Involving Gamma-Quanta," by L. 1. Lapidus, Joint Institute of
Nuclear Research; Moscow, Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoy i Teoretiche-
skoy Fiziki, Vol 34, No 4,'Apr 58, pp 922-930
Consequences of the invariance of gamma-reactions under time reversal
are analyzed. Examples are given by discussing the Compton effect, photon
production, and radiative capture of pions. The obtained results are
also interesting from an experimental viewpoint in that the study of
nucleon polarization in photon fission of a deuteron gives the same in-
formation as the radiative capture of a polarized nucleon; and the study
of polarization of a gamma-quantun% in the radiative capture of a neutron
by a proton is equivalent to the study of a cross section for the photo-
fission of a deuteron by polarized gamma-quanta.
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82. Particle Distribution in Showers
"On the Spatial Distribution of Particles in Extensive
Atmospheric Showers", by G. B. Khristiansen, Moscow State Uni-
versity; Moscow, Zhurnal Eks erimentalno i Teoretichesko
Fiziki, Vol 34, No E, Apr 5d., pp 956-961
The spatial distribution of densities of electron beams, p-mesons
and other charged particles in atmospheric showers of cosmic rays in the
lower atmospheric layers was recently extensively studied in USSR (Yu.
N. Vavilov, S. N. Nikolskiy, Ye. I Tukish, DAN SSSR,93,233 (1953); A. T.
Abrosimov, A. A. Bednyakov, V. I. Zatsepin et al. ZhETF 29, 693 (1955);
Yu. A. Antonov, Yu. N. Vavilov, G. T. Zatsepin et al. ZhETF, 32, 227,
(1957); L. Kh. Eydus, M. I. Adamovich, I. A. Ivanovskaya et al, ZhETF,
22,440, (1952); A. T. Abrosimov, N. N. Goryunov, V. A. Dmitriev et al,
ZhETF, (1958) in printing. An analysis is attempted to find the relative
role of various factors affecting the spatial divergence of charged
particles in extensive air showers. It is shown that the spatial dis-
tribution of electrons is completely determined by Coulomb scattering.
The spatial distribution of p-mesons is to a large degree determined by
Coulomb scattering.znd by the deflection in the magnetic field of the
Earth. The transverse momentum transferred to ' and K-masons in a
elementary nuclear cascade is respectively 1.5.10 ev/c and 5.10 ev/c.
83. New Betatron Design Suggested
"Relativistic Problem of Electron Motion in an Axially
Symmetrical Magnetic Field. Moving along the Axis of Symme?,
try," by N. V. Konyukov and Ya. P. Terletskiy, Moscow State
University, Tula Pedagogical Institute, Moscow, Zhurnal Eksseri_
mental'noy i Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 34, No , Apr 58, pp
1003-1005
After the publication of the known betatron design by R. Wideroe
(Arch. Elektrotechn., 21x387, 1928) only two versions of relativistic
problems of electron motion in an alternating axially symmetrical magnetic
field were analyzed: motion in a parallel uniform magnetic field in the
direction of the axis of symmetry (Ya. P. Terletskiy, ZhETF 11, 96, 1941)
and motion in a barrel shaped magnc-i;ic field (D. W. Kerst and R. Serber,
Phys . Rev . 60, 53, 191ii., Ya . P. Terletskiy, !I. of Thys . USSR, 9; 159, 1945).
A new approach to the problem 1s presunted by assuming the magnetic field
decreasing in the direction of the axis of symmetry (bottle-shaped field)
and moving along this axis with a variable or uniform Velocity. This
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design may be used for a new type of accelerators-the linear induction
accelerator, cr linear betatron. The here derived formulas for the linear
betatron with a uniformly moving magnetic field are analoguous to those
of the conventional betatron E/Eo.v- H/2Ho. However, as distinguished
from the betatron, a strong field H may concentrate in a small region,
due to the relation Hr2 = constant.
84. New Betatron Design Suggested
"A Betatron With Sharply Focusing Sections" by G. I. Dimov
and A. F. Bondarev, Tomsk Polytechnical Institute imeni Kirov;
Tomsk, Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy, Fizika, No 2,
1958, pp 7B-84
Improvement in focusing with a consequently higher efficiency of
the accelerator is attempted in a new betatron design. The magnetic
fields for bending and for focusing are separated. The focusing field
consists of short lenses located in the straight sections of the betatron.
(G. I. Dimov, A Betatron With Straight Sections, Izv.vuzov. Fizika, Vol 1,
62, 1957). The described betatron has four straight sections and four
bending sections with eight sharply focusing sections. The attained
sharp focusing of electrons increases the amount of accelerated electrons
during one cycle of the betatron.
85. Injection Into a Betatron
"Accou-,, of Collective Interaction of Electrons in Cyclic
Accelerators by L. M. Kovizhnykh and A. N. Lebedev, Physics
Institute im Lebedev, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal
EksperimentalInoy i Teoreticheskoy Fiziki, Vol 34, No 4, Apr 5
pp 934-992
The collective electron interaction in the computation of current at
the instant of injection into a betatron is discussed., Mich research in
the USSR was devoted to the problem of betatron capture (V. N, Logunov,
Ye. P. ^hinnikov and V. D. Rusanov, LhTF, 27, 1135, 1957; Yu. S. Koro-.
bochkc, !aLF 27, 71+5, 1603, 1957). The occurrence of capture in a con-
stant field was experimentally confirmed, although it dia not substantially
alter the qualitative picture of capture as presented by Korobozhko. It
was concluded that the mechanism is of collective nature with a predominantly
Coulomb interaction. The mathematical analysis of injection of nonrela- .
tivistic electrons into the betatron is approached statistically by usirg a
kinetic equation with introduction of a self-o.onsistent interaction.
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36. Neutron Amount From U235 Fission Measured
"Determination of the Mean Number of Neutrons Emitted in
U235 Fission by 14.8 May Neutrons," A. N. Protopopov and M. V.
Blinov, Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 4, No 4, Apr 58, pp
374-376
The detector used for carrying out these measurements was an ioniza-
tion chamber with a U235 layer on the high voltage electrode (D. J.
Hughes and J. A. Harvey, Neutron Cross Sections, N. Y. 1955; G. A. Dor-
ofeyev, Yu. P. Dobrynin, Atomnaya EnergiyA II, 10 (1957)). Because of
the low efficiency of this detector it was set closely to a chamber
recording the fission fragments. Pragtically the two chambers formed
one double chamber with two similar U235 layers on the high voltage
electrode. Each chamber was a detector of primary fission and a detector
of neutrons from fissions occurring in the other chamber. The ratio of
the mean number of neutrons emitted in asingle act of fission by 14.8
Mev neutrons to the mean number emitted in thermal neutron fission was
determined as V /yi _ 1.90 + 0.17. Using a valueYT= 2.47 + 0.03, the
value for y is given as 4.7 + 0.5.
87. Theoretical Investigations of Proton Structure
"On the Question of the Structure of the Proton," by B. B.
Dotsenko, Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences Ukrainian
SSR; Moscow, Doklady Akademti Nauk SSSR, Vol 119; No 3, 21 Mar
58, pp 466-467-
A theoretical investigation of proton structure is given. Because
of the difficulties in approaching the problem strictly on the basis of
field theory, certain phenomenological assumptions are made. The model
taken is that of a kernel surrounded by a meson shell where this shell
consists of a single mason. An expression for the interaction potential
is obtained using Tamm's hypothesis of the dissociation of a meson in the
field of the kernel into a nucleon-antinucleon pair. The steady-state
solution for the kernel-meson system is obtained, following Tamm's hypoth-
esis that the steady-state is disturbed through the annihilation of the
central kernel upon the appearance of the antinucleon in pair formation.
These expressions are used to obtain the wave functions of a meson
forming the cloud around the kernel. By putting 2j = l in the wave function
a meson distribution is obtained which agrees with the experimental results
of Chambers and Hofstadter (Ph s Rev 103, No 5, X454, 1950")-
86
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88. Further Measurement of Assymetry Coefficient in ?+ - btesori Decay
"Angular Correlai,ion in '1( *---P ?+~ e4' Decay, Observed in
Nuclear Emulsions," by Ic1. P. Babayan, N. A. Marutyan, K. A.
Matevosyan, and N. M. G. Sarinyan, Physics Institute, Acaden{r
of Sciences Armenian SSR; Yerevan, Do~kla_dy Akademii TTauk Arn~ran-
skoy SSR, Vol 26, No 3, 1958, pp 145-1~+8
The angular assymetry of positrons in -ff --~ - e* decay was studied
to increase the statistic on the assymetry coefficient in the formula for
the angular distribution of electrons from the beta decay of polarized
moons. Six hundred events were analyzed. A value o4. equals -(0-300 =
0.095) was obtained, taking the depolarization effect into snnrnnnt. An
average of this value with the dl's from fbur other'cosndc ray studies was
computed as O\ = -(0.311 + 0.095). The authors note that certain chemical
properties of the emulsion evidently cause additional depolarization effect.
89. Deuteron Scattering on Nuclei
"Double Elastic Deuteron Scattering on Nuclei," by 0. D.
Cheyshvili, Tbilissi University, Soobshch, AN GruzSSR, 1957,
19, No 1, 23-28 (from Referativnj y Zhurnal, Fizika, No 6,
Jun 58, Abstract No 12729
Computation of polarization is carried out by taking the nucleon-
nucleus interaction; averaged over the deuteron wave function. A potential
of interaction of a neutron and proton with the nucleus is chosen as well
as the potential of Coulomb interaction of the proton with the nucleus.
The computation is carried out in the Born approximation. For the compu-
tation of poLaft2atibn'and of the differential cross section the spin
matrix of density is used. The final expression for the differential
cross section of a double deuteron scattering on nuclei contains values
characterizing the interaction of nucleons with the nucleus.
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90. Inelastic Proton Scattering
"Angular Distribution of Protons from (n, d) Inelastic
Scattering" by I. Sh. Vashakidze, Tbilissi Un4versity, Soob-
shch. AN GruzSSR, 1957, 18, No 6, pp 663-670 (from Referativnyy
Zhurnal, Fizika_, No 6, Jun 58, Abstract No 12703)
Two final states from the above reaction are distinguished.: (1)
the proton produced is fast,, and (2) the proton produced is slow. It
was found that the angular distribution of fast protons exhibits two
maxima: at angles W- 00 and 900. The first maximum is affected by cen-
tral force interaction, the second one by spin-orbit interaction. The
angular distribution of slow neutrons also has two branches, an isotropic
and an anisotropic. The first is due to central forces, the second to
spin-orbitals. Experiments at a 14 M~-v energy seem to agree with these
results.
91. Equilibrium Spectrum of Photons Computed
"Equilibrium Spectrum Chara:t."sizing Particles at Energy
Close to the Initial," by V. I. tendyel and V. A. Shkoda-
Ulyanov, Nauchn, zap. Uzhgorodsk. un-t, 1957, 18, 121-125
(from Referativnyy Zpurnal, Tizika, No 4, Apr 58, Abstract No
7734)
The equilibrium spectrum of photons is computed by using a method
devisee. by S. Z. Belen'kiy and by applying a more exact expression
for the probabilty of pair production. Numerical' computations show
that in the region of E.z E0 the supplementary term which appears in the
expression describing the equilibrium spectrum acquires considerable
importance.
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92. Cross Sections for Protons and Pions in Gra White Measured
"Nuclear Interactions of ir -mesons and Protons In Graphite,"
N. M. Kocharyan, G. S. Saakyan,M. T. Aleksanyan, Kh. D. Pach-
adzhyan, Institute of Physics, AcadenJ of Sciences Arnenian SSR; Izv
AN ArndSR. ser. fiz.-matem. n. 1957, 10, No 3, 81-88 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal, Fizika No 4, Apr 58, Abstract No 71751)
A magnetic mass spectrometer for cosmic rays was used to find, the,
inelastic interaction cross section of^~-m??sons and protons in graphite.
In an interval of total energies of 0.36-66 Bev, the cross section was
determined as 210 mb for pions; and for protons in an interval pulses of
2-16 Bev/sec, 202 mb.
93. Bubble Chambers of
Construction
"Liquid Hydrogen Bubble Chamber" by V. Z. Kolganov, A. V.
Lebedev, S. Ya. Nikitin and V. T. Smolyankin Moscow, Pribory
i Tekhiv.ka Eksperimenta No 1, Jan/Feb 58, pp 31-34
A bubble chamber with capacity for one liter of liquid hydrogen and
10 cm in diameter was constructed at the Moscow Cryogenic Laboratory.
The same design will be applied to the construction of a larger chamber.
A special method of reliable sealing of the glass windows to the chamber
at low temperatures was devised. Pictures of tracks of particles obtained
by introducing neutron beam from the synchrocyclotron of the Joint In-
stitute for Nuclear Research are presented. They are used. for investiga-
ting the generation of pions in n?-p collisions.
The accomplishment of the const?,metion met with many difficulties,
successfully overcome by the constructors, A. N. Yershov and N. A. Zubkov,
under the guidance of V. A. Beketov.
"The Large Freon Bubble Chamber" by G. A. Blinov, M. F.
Lomanov, A. G. Meshkovskiy Ya. Ya. Shalamov and V. A. Shebanov;
Moscow, Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperiinenta, No 1, Jan/Feb*58,
pp 35-38
The efficiency of a chamber for observation of high energy particles
increases with the size of the chamber. But the construction and opera-
tion of large chambers net with so many difficulties that no chambers
larger. than 5 liter capacity were built.
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The chamber described here has a capacity of 17 liters, and operates
at room temperature under 38 atm pressure. It is filled with a mixture
of freon-12 and freon 13 of 1.2 density. The chamber was intended for
operation with high energy accelerators and it was successfully tested
by injecting a 680-Mev neutron or proton beam from the synchrocyclotron
of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research. The large volume X the
chamber and the relatively long response period made this instrument us-
able for cosmic ray research.
"A System of Photography for Large Hydrogen Bubble Chambers,"
by A.V. Belonogov, A. G. Zeldovich, V. Z. Kolganov, L. G. Lands-
berg A. V. Lebedev, S. Ya. Nikitin, V. T. Smolyankin and. A. P.
Sokolov, Moscow, Pribory i'Tekhnika Fksperimenta, No 1, Jan/Feb
58, pp 38-41
A method of illuminating and photographing tracks in bubble chambers
from one side was devised and tested on the above described liquid hydro-
gen chamber. A gas bubble in liquid hydrogen has a sharp directional
diagram of scattered light and makes photography at 900 to the incident
light impossible. To overcome this difficulty the scattering diagram of
light of a hydrogen bubble was computed. The back wall of the chamber
is a spherical mirror with a light source in its optical center. The re-
flected light gathers again in the center without reaching the camera.
Only the light which, after reflection, is scattered by the bubbles
enters the camera and gives a picture of the tracks.
Crystallography
94. Neutron Diffraction of Single Crystals
"Study of Single Crystal Defective Structure With the Aid
of the Neutron Diffraction Meathod," by B. G. Lyashchenko, D. F.
Litvin, I. M. Puzey, Yu. G. Abov and V. S. Golovkin, Moscow,
Kristallografiya, Vol 3, No 2, 58,pp 148-15)-
An intense source of neutrons generated by a nuclear reactor can be
utilized to study the defects (,f single crystals of various substances.
The defects of single crystals' of nickel anu iron alloys were studied by
irradiating such crystals with a beam of neutrons generated from an ex-
perimental heavy-water reactor. A single-crystal neutron spectrometer,
designed by the Acadexmj of Sciences USSR, was used in this experiment.
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The cross-section of the neutron beam irradiating the sample was
greater than the surface of the sample, so that the diffraction pattern
was reproduced by the whole volume of the sample and revealed the over-
all structure of the crystal.
All of the single crystals studied with the neutron diffraction
method revealed some structural defects, even with the most carefully
prepared samples.
Solid State Physics
95 - Work Function at 110-Surface of Tungsten Measured
"Positive Surface Ionization of Sodium and Potassium and
Work Function of Electrons at Face (110) of Tungsten Single
Crystal," by G. N. Shuppe, Ye. P. Sytaya and R. M. Kady rov,
,Tr. Sredneaz. un-ta, 1957, No 91, 5-15 (from Referati ? _
Zhurnal, Fizika, No 4, Apr 58, Abstract No 8653)
Contradictory published data concerning the work function of face
(110) of tungsten is ascribed to interference by other faces with lower
work function. The authors consider that correct results may be obtained
only by simultaneous use of two methods: the method of thermoelectron
emission, by which sections with a minimum of work function maybe investi-
gated and the method of surface ionization which yields the value for
max. The average work function of the face (110) was determined on the
basis of electron current as 4.8 ev; and on the basis of ionic current,
as 5.14 ev. The latter value represents the lower limit for T (110)-
Impurities of other faces in the direction (110) constituted 50% or more,
thus explaining the low value of ~p obtained by the electron-current
method. /
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Electricity
96. Investigation of Dark Current
"Problems of Temperature Dependence of Dark Currents Ob-
served in Preilluminated Dielectric Single Crystals," by G. V.
Aslanidi and R. V. Tsitayshvili, Georgian Polytechnical Insti-
tute, Tbilissi, Tr. Gruz. politekhn in-ta. 195T, No 4 (52)
pp 199-206 (from Referati Zhurnal. Fizika, No 6, June 58,
Abstract No 13!425
The energy diagram of a dielectric crystal is analyzed, taking into
account that to the centers releasing electrons of the dark current and
due to preillumination of the crystal, these correspond to energy levels
located in the forbidden zone near the lower boundary of the conductivity
zone. Kinetic equations are derived for the variation of the number of
electrons n per unit of time in the conducting zone and at the levels
corresponding to the centers responsible for the existence of the dark
current. It is shown that the dependence of n on temperature for small
values of the time, after darkening of the crystal begins is determined
by the product of two functions, one of which is an increasing and the
other a decreasing function of temperature.
Ultrasonics
97. Photodiffusion &thgd for Visualization of Ultrasonic Fields Dis-
"Study of Photodiffusion Method of Ultrasonic Field Visual.-
ization," by M. Ye. Arkhangelskiy and V. Ya Afanasyev, Ac_,u.stics
Institute of the Academy of Sciences of USSR; Moscow, Akustiche-
skiy Zhurnal, Vol 3. No 3j Jul-Sep 57, pp 214-219 =....a,_~.__
The accelerating action of ultrasound on t.ae process of developing
of an illuminated photolayer of ordinary photographic paper at a normal
incidence of the ultrasonic wave is investigated. The dependence of
relative blackening on the time of ultrasonic exposure and the intensity
of the ultrasound is determined. The optimal conditions for vis?a.aiization
of the cross section of the ultrasonic beam and. the sensitivity of the
method at a frequency of 2 Mc are giv,, n. The convenient construction of
the radiometer used. for intensity measuring is described.
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98. Method of Converting Ultrasonic Patterns Into Visible Patterns Given
"On the Conversion of Ultrasonic Patterns Into a Visible
Picture", V. G. Prokhorov, Mos cow, Akustiche skiy Zhurnal, Vol 3,
No 3, Jul-Sep 58, pp 251,.-261
The conversion mechanism of an ultrasonic pattern into visible range
by means of an electron acoustic tube is described. The operation of a
piezoquartz plate in the operatir,,.' reception range of the pattern is
studied and the threshold of the tube's response is determined. Some
practical applications in the frequency range of 4 to 10 Mc are presented.
99. Catenoidal Ultrasonic Concentrator Found to Give Best Amplification
"Calculation of Ultrasonic Congentritors", L. G. Phrkulov,
Leningrad Electromechanical Institute imeni Ulyanov, Moscow,
Akvsticheskiy Zhurnal, Vol 3, No 3, Jtzl-Sep 57: pp 230-238
Ultrasonic concentrators, i.e., velocity transformers, in the shape
of conic, exponential and catenoidal horns are investigated. Equations
for computing the resonance dimensions of concentrators and the amplifica-
tion factors of the oscillating velocity are derived. The catenoidal
ocneentratccL-was.foiarl. tcbet'banest'advantageous for obtaining high amplifica-
tion.. Computation for correcting e,r:rors of lateral deformations is
carried out. Experimental results are given.
103. Development and Application of Lya:punov ;ibthods Described
Matody A. M. Lya unova i i ikh Promeneniya (methods of A. 11.
Iyapunov and Their Application), by V. I. Zubov, Leningrad
State University; Leningrad, Izdatel'stvo Leningradskogo Uni-
vero seta, 1957, 242 pp
The following is the introduction by Academician V. I. Smirnov to
the monograph on Lyapunov [Liap;unoff] methods for solving problems in
nonlinener mechanics, "particularly for solving probien;s concerning
automati,: Control." Considerable attention has been devoted in recent
Soviet literature of the problem of finding the "Iyapunov function" for
various types of differential equations.
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"V. I. 'ubov'c monograph is a direct extension of A. M. Iyapunov's
famous work "General Problem of the Stability of .Motion." We shall re-
call briefly she basic results of this wort:.. A. M. tfnpuriov reduces the
problem of stability to an investigation of the null solution X l= x2 = ...
xn- 0 of a system of ordinary diffcrenbi.-A. equations
c1x
a fs (xl)...,xn,t), (s = 1, ...,n) (J.)
c
where the right side is a power series in x1,...,xn without a free term.
The series converge in the neighborhood x, = x2 = ... xn= 0.
"If the right sides,i.e., if the coefficients of these series do not
contain t, A. M. Lyapunov speaks of steady state motion (an autonomous
system). In investigating the stability of the null solution of (1) he
developed and applied two methods; expansion of the solutions of system
(1) into a series of a special type and the use of functions V (x1,...,
xn, t), which together with their derivatives with respect to t,as com-
puted from (1)
n
W(x1,..., xn)t) =dV-~V+_- z fs
c:5 xs
s=1
exhibit certain properties as functions of (x1,...) xn, t). If these
functions are constructed they yield sufficiency conditions for stability
or instability. In constructing functions of this type A. M. Lyapunov
used a theorem which he had proved earlier concerning the solution of
systems of partial differential equ.atz cos which do not satisfy the con-
ditions of the well-known theorem of. S. V. Kovalevskaya. We shall call
the functions V mentioned above 'Iyapunov functions' and we shall refer
to the theorem mentioned as the 'auxiliary theorem.
"In his work, A. M. Iyapunov established conditions under which in-
dividual linear terms of equation (1) resolve the problem of stability,
and he considered a number of important particular cases where this prob-
lem can be resolved only by considering terms of higher order, the so-
called "doubtful cases." A procedure for constructing periodic solutions
is given In one of the doubtful cases of an autonomous system (l). In
further investigations he departed from the systems of differential
equations and he considered the points P of an n-dimensional space which
move according to fixed laws upon a change in t. These are so-called
dynamical systems. Such systems are considered further, not in an n-.
dimensional Euclidean space (7:1,..., xn), but in a certain metric space
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"Dynamical systems in a metric space are considered. in the first
chapter of this monograph and the question of stability (in various
senses) of invariant sets, 'i.e., sets consisting of trajectories. The
functions V are replaced by functionals in the application of the second
Iyapunov method. The behavior of a trajectory in the neighborhood of
invariant sets is investigated under the condition of stability and in
certain cases, the entire region of asymptotic stability is characterized
by means of a proper function. This chapter is of a purely theoretical
character and does not cover the construction of these functions.
"In the second chapter, the results of the first chapter are applied
to systems of differential equations of the form (1). Particular attention
is given to the case when the right sides are homogeneous functions of
(xl,..., xn). Necessary and sufficient conditions for asymptotic stability
are given in this case.
"If the right sides of the equations (i) are analytic and the systems
are autonomous, that doubtful case is considered when the character.:tstic
equation of the first approximation has k null and k pairs of unique,
purely imaginary roots, with simple elementary divisors wherein the
remaining roots have a negative real part. The condition for the exist-
ence of k holomorphic solutions is given which leads to a sufficiency
condition for the stability of the null solution. A sufficiency condi-
tion for asymptotic stability is also given. In the absence of null
roots a family of boundary solutions is given which is analogous to the
family of periodic solutions of A. M. Iyapunov, as mentioned above. The
author also considers the case when the right sides of equation (1) con-
tain t.
"The third chapter deals mainly with the generalization of. A. M.
Iyapunov's auxiliary theorem concerning systems of partial differential
equations and the application of his first method. The result leads
naturally to a generalization of the results of Briot and Bouquet (Ecole
Polytech, Vol 21, 1856), and of Poincare (Ecole Pol tech, Vol 45, 1777-
concerning the construction of solutions of differential equations in
the neighborhood of particular points. Autonomous systems (1) are con-.
sidered whose 'right sides are holomorphic and do not contain linear terms.
Integral curves are constructed on the basis of certain additional, as-
sumptions and these approach the origin of the coordinate system as t
approaches plus infinity. If this origin gives the point of asymptotic
stability all the integral curves may be obtained in this manner. In
certain cases necessary and sufficient conditions are given for asymptotic
stability.
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"In the fourth chapter the notion of a dynamic system in metric
space is generalized to obtain a procedure which would be applicable in
investigations of stability in one sense or another for problems involv-
ing partial differential equations. As in the first chapter an analogue
is constructed for the second Lyapunov method. In addition, estimates
of the distance of the moving point from the invariant set are given.
This yields new results when applied to systems of ordinary equations.
"The results of the previous chapter are applied in the fifth
chapter to partial differential equations.
"In the foreword to his paper, 'General Problem of the Stability of
Motion,' A. M. Lyapunov wrote, 'In this essay I had only the intention of
describing what I had already done towards solving the problem as pre-
sented to me and hope that it might, perhaps, serve as a point of departure
for further research of the same type:'
"This hope has been amply fulfilled: hundreds of papers have appeared
in print which are directly related to the research of A. M. Iyapunov.
The present monograph of B. I. Zubov has considerably expanded and gen-
eralized this work."
The following summary of the contents of the monograph is given by
the author, V. I. Zubov.
"The purpose of this book is to acquaint the reader with new results
in the theory of the stability of motion and also to sum up the investiga-
tions of the author in this area of mathematics. It is well known that
the problems of stability reduce not only to a study of systems of dif-
ferential equations but also of partial differential equations. In the
present work therefore this is taken into account.
"The following is a brief summary of the contents of the present
monograph.
"In sections one to five of Chapter 1, basic information concerning
the notion of a metric space is given and the terms used in the work are
defined. Sections'six and seven contain examples of dynamical systems
in various spaces. Section eight contains a definition of a notion of a
dynamical system in a metric space and the basic theorems of the book of
Nenytskiy and Stepanov, (Kachestvennaya Teoriya Different sial'nykh
Uravneniy (Qualitative Theory of Differerxtiaquations 2edition,
GITTL, Moscow-Leningrad, 1949) are given. Sections nine and ten give
the basic definitions concerning the notion of Lyapunov stability of
invariant sets of a dynamical system and the properties of certain stable
invariant sets are investigated. In Section 11, a method for the quanti-
t-tive construction of the neighborhood of a stable (asymptotically
stable) invariant set is given. In particular, it is established that
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for the Iyapunov stability of an invariant set M of a dynamical system f
(p, t) it is necessary, (and, in the case of a sufficiently small compact
neighborhood of the set M, sufficient) ) that there be no motion of f
(p, t)., p a member of MJ having limit .points in M. The results obtained
here are new even for the theory of ordinary differential equations.
Sections 12 and 13 give criteria for the stability and instability of
Invariant sets with the aid of certain functipnals. These functionals
are analogous to Iyapunov functions, so the method developed here may
therefore be considered a development of the second I{yapunov method.
All results of these sections have a local character. We shall give one
of these as an example. So that an invariant set M be uniformly asymptot-
ically stable, it is necessary and sufficient that a functional Vj pos-
sessing the following properties exist in a certain neighborhood S(M,r)
of the set: the number cl7 0 may be indicated by c2 .0 such that V(P)
c2 for S (p,M) 'l cl; V(p) 0 for (p,M) ?-> 0; the function ((f (p,t) )
is non-increasing for f (p)t) E' S (M, r) and V (f (p, t)) > 0 for t uniformly
relative to p E S (M, where S, is some number such that 0 ~4,_' r.
"In section 14 one of the central theorems of a nonlocal character
is developed. It is shown that for an invariant open set A containing a
sufficient neighborhood of the set M to be a region of asymptotic stability
of a uniformly asymptotically stable and uniformly attracting set M, it
is necessary and sufficient that there exist two functions V(p) andC. (p)
such that:
1. V(p) be assigned and continuous in A, and I (p) be assigned and
continuous in R,~ (p) = 0, p f M. whereupon -1G V(p) L. 0 for p L- A;
(p) 7 0 for (p,M) # 0.
2. Yl ar1dr(1 may be indicated by U 2'> 0, such that V(p) <
(p) for ? C' (p,M) >' 2.
. V and 0 fob Q (p, M) - 0.
4. dV/dt = (1+ V) .
5. V(p) -> -1 for (p, q) - 0, p f A, q E AAA, and - q ~ M
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"Here, as above, p and q are elements of the space R and 4 (p,M) is
the metric distance of the point p to the set M. Section 15 gives a
method for determining the distance from the motion to the invariant set
sought. Sections 1-15 make up the contents of the first chapter, which
consists of an investigation of invariant sets cf dynamical systems.
"in Cha-.'ter 2, the ideas and methods of Chapter 1 are applied to the
theory of ordinary differential equations. In Section one, the theorem
of Section 14 of the previous chapter is developed for stationary systems
of differential equations. It is shown that the Iyapunov function V may
be chosen such that it is differentiable to the same order as the right
sides of the system. In this chapter, a representation of this function
is given using line integrals and the problem of the analytic structure
of the right sides of the system is solved, where the region of asymptotic
stability has been previously assigned. In Section 2, the case when the
right sides are holomorphic is considered. In this case, the function 11.,
the existence of which was established in Section 1 of this chapter, is
represented in the form of a-converging series. The function may be
obtained over the whole region of asymptotic stability by the analytic
continuation of these series. The method used to construct such series
may be used to obtain the approximate solution of certain nonlocal prob-
lems and to construct boundary solutions in the form of series which con-
verge either for t > 0 or for t ( (- oo , .. ) . These series are obtained
from the fact that any boundary solution may be described by functions
which are analytic with respect to t in any belt or semi-belt containing
the real semi-axis. In Section three, a theory of equations with homo-
geneous right sides is developed. It is shown that in order for the null
solution to be asymptotically stablc~, it is necessary and sufficient that
there exist two homogeneous functions, a positive-.definite function W of
order m and a negative-definite function V of order (m4 l - }t) such that
dV/dt = W, where u is the index of homogeneity of the right sides of the
system. If the right sides of the system are differentiable, these func-
tions satisfy a system of partial differential equations whose solution
may be found in closed form. This fact makes it possible to give a nec-
essary and sufficient condition for asymptotic stability in the case
when the right sides are forms of degree gi. In Sections four and five,
a number of doubtful cases are considered, the case of k null roots and
2k purely imaginary roots. Several results are obtained concerning
stability and the existence of integrals of th- system and the family of
boundary solutions. In Section six, the theory developed in Chapter 1
is applied to the theory of nonstationary systems of equations. Theorems
which follow from the results of Section 14 are formulated and a method
for investigating periodic solutions is proposed.
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CPYRGHT
"In Section one of ,Chapter 3, the problem is solved of representing
the solutions of partial differential equations analytically, in the case
when the conditions of Kovalevskiy?s theorem are not fulfilled. Th.
theorems obtained in this section are applied in the following section
to systems of ordinary differential equations. This is an extension of
the investigation of Briot and Bouquets H. Poincare, Picard, Horn, and
others, and makes it possible in Section 3 to develop a method for con-
structing the series describing the family of 0-curve's whose right sides
do not contain terms which are linear with respect to the functions
sought. This method of constructing such series affords another approach
to solving the problem. of stability in the case of the systems considered
in sections three to five of Chapter 2. The method also makes it possible
to formulate theorems resting on she properties of the solutions of cer-
tain systems of nonlinear algebraic equations. The third chapter thus
represents an attempt to solve the problem of stability with the aid of
the first Iyapunov method.
"In Chapter 4, metric spaces and families of transformations in
them are again considered. The notion of a general system in metric
space is introduced in Section one. A general system is a two-parameter
family of operators from R to R. - These operators have properties similar
to those which occur in solutions of the Cauchy problem and the problem
for partial differential equations. The notion of the stability of in-
variant sets of general systems is developed. In Section two, the second
Iyapunov method is extended to the solution of problems concerning the
stability of invariant sets of general systems. Necessity and sufficiency
theorems are obtained. Basically, these theorems amount to a method for
investigating two-parameter families of operators with the aid of one-
parameter families of fu.nctionals. A general method is proposed for
determining the distance from the motion to the invariant set. Section
three gives'several applications of the theory to the Cauchy problem for
the solution of ordinary differential equations,. The results thus obtained
do' not occur in any published literature.
"The fifth chapter contains several applications of the theory to
the problem of the stability of the null solution of systems of partial
differential equations in the case of the Cauchy problem or the mixed
problem. General theorems are developed in Section 1. These embody a
method for solving the problem of stability and have an oriented character.
Concrete systems of partial differential equations are given in Sections
two and three, and criteria for asymptotic stability are found. In Sec-
tion three, the stability of the solution of the Cauchy problem for linear
systems of equations is investigated with the aid of a one-parameter
family of quadratic functionals assigned in W2 ( ). The stability cri-
teria are obtained according to the norm W2 (Nj. Several examples are
given of the investigation of stability in the case of a mixed problem."
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"On the Formation of Noise in an Airduct With Pocketf , "
A. G. Minin and Ye. Ya. Yudin, Central Aerohydrodynamic Insti-
tute imeni N. Ye. 72hukovskiy, Moscow, Akusticheskiy Zhuraal,
Vol 3, No 3, Jul-Sep 57, pp 291..292
Experimental research of sound forming in a duct with pockets in
the wall was carried out to verify the sonic power of turbulent noise.
The equipment was described by the author in ZhTF 14, 9, 561, (1944).
The mean vel.Zity of the flow was 10-35 m/sec. It was experimentally
eatablished that in presence of pockets the noise of the flow is propor-
tional to the eighth power of the flow velocity. It is concluded that
the law c.f the eighth power holds not only in the case of a free flow in an
unbounded space, but also in a certain range of velocities in channel
flow, provided the liquid surface of separation is sufficiently sharp.
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VIII. MLSCE LLANEOUS
102. Soviet Technicians Visit Czechoslovakia
"Soviet Technicians in Prague," (unsigned article), Prague,
Obrana Lidu, 30 May 5t'3, p 1
On 29 May, a six-member delegation of Soviet technicians arrived in
Prague. The group was led by Pavel Ivanovich Korobov, first deputy
chairman, State Scientific-Technical Committee of the Council of Minis-
ters USSR. The Soviet guests came to Czechoslovakia to attend the 13th
session of the commission for scientific and technical cooperation be-
tween Czechoslovakia and the USSR.
103.. Birthday of Czechoslovak Academician
"Local and Foreign News," (unsigned article), Prague,
Obrana Lidu, 28 Jun 58, p 2
On 29 June 1958, Eduard Cech, mathematician and academician, will
be 65 years old. Ce6h is a professor of mathematics at Charles Univer-
sity (Karlovy universita) in Prague and has twice been awarded a state
prize.
104. Russian Scientist in Czechoslovakia
"Local and Foreign News," (unsigned article), Prague,
Obrana Lidu, 15 Apr 58, p 2
On ]A April 1958, V. N. Stoletov, Deputy Minister of Higher Educa-
tion of the USSR, and Academician N. A. Maysuryan, head of the Department
of Plant Protection, Moscow Agricultural Academy imeni K. A. Timiryazev,
arrived in Prague. They will take part in the discussions on:"Michurin's
Aerobiology," which will take place 15-17 April under the sponsorship of
the Czechoslovak Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Ceskoslovenska
akadende zemedelskych ved).
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