SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT

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• Document Release Date: January 4, 1999
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• Publication Date: September 5, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
SCIENTIFIC
INFORMATION REPORT
5 September 1958
Distributed Only By
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
OFFICE OF TECHNICAL SERVICES
WASHINGTON 25, D.C.
Issued Semi-monthly. Price: Per year $28.00; Single issue $2.75.
PB 1318911-5
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Use of funds for printing this publication approved
by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget July 31, 1958.
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PLEASE NOTE
This report presents unevaluated information extracted
from publications of the USSR, Eastern Europe, ard China.
The information selected is intended to indicate current
scientific developments and activities in the USSR, in the
Sino-Soviet Orbit countries, and in Yugoslavia, and isdis-
sendnated as an aid to United States Government research.
SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT
Table of Contents
Page
I. Biology 1
II. Chemistry 2
III. Electronics 24
IV. Engineering 69
V. Mathematics 61
VI. Medicine 62
VII. Metallurgy 104
VIII. Physics 106
IX. Miscellaneous 119
NOTE: Items in this report are numbered consecutively.
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I. BIOLOGY
1. RadiosenslillyiLy of Various Structural Elements of the Cell Studied
"Radiosensitivity of Cell Organelles," by L. P. Breslavets,
Institute of Biophysics of the Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow,
Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, No 3, May/Jun 58, pp 282-290
The author briefly reviews literature on radiosensitivity of various
cell components to ionizing radiation. Data from literature and the
author's own research indicate that the radiosensitivity of various
cellular elements and organelles depends on the type of organ in which
the irradiated cells are located. The nucleus is thought by most authors
to be the most radiosensitive component during the process of cell divi-
sion, and this applies to the sperm cells, the ova, and the spores of
plants. However, the nucleus can be less sensitive than the plastids
and the mitochondria while the former is in the cells of resting tissues
(mesophylla of mature leaf). A significant amount of data points to the
great sensitivity of the cytoplasm, and a number cf researchers think that
physicochemical changes in the plasma may lead to changes in the nucleus.
Changes in chloroplasts due to radiation, if the dose is large enough,
may produce changes in the vital activities of the entire cell.
The author concludes by stating that in comparing data, one is led
to think that radiosensitivity of structural components and cellular
organelles depends on the tissues or on the organs in which the irradiated
cells are located.
2. Systematic Research on Accumulation of Radioactive Cerium by Mbllusks
Conducted by Ural Biophysics Laboratory
Accumulation of Radioisotope of Cerium by Fresh-Water Mbllusks,"
by. G. G. Polikarnov, Sevastopol Biological Station of the Academy
of Sciences USSR, Priroda, No 5, May 58, pp 86..87
Mollusks were selected for this research due to their ability to ex-
tract from the most dilute solutions significant amounts of certain chemi-
cal elements and accumulate them in their organs.
The biophysics laboratory of the Ural branch of the Academy of Sciences
USSR is conducting systematic research on the accumulation of radioactivity
by mollusks, crabs, oysters, etc. The author conducted research in this
laboratory (leassovo Bio-Station, Il'men Reservation) during the summer
of 1947, under the direction of Ye. A. Timofeyeva-Resovskiy, on accImula-
tion of cerium-144 by mollusks.
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Attention is drawn to the fact that mollusks are capable of concen-
trating cerium-144 (a beta radiator) to levels that are hilndreds and
thousands of times greater than that of the surrounding water.
3. Chinese Use Radioisotope in Experimental Morphology
"An Autoradiographic Study on the Uptake of Radiosulphate
(05)-methionine in the Embryonic Tissue and Yolk Material
of the Developing Chick Eqryo," bydasieh She-plu
) and P'u I-sen 1% 4.), Department o Ex-
perimental Morphology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences;
'Peiping, Chieh- fou Hsueh- ao (Acta Anatomica Sinica), Vol
3, No 2, 1958, pp 9-7
This article presents the details of experiments performed to inves-
tigate by radioautography the intussusception of radiosulphate (S35)-methi-
onine in the developing chick embryo. The radioisotope was supplied by
the 13otope Laboratory (1.61 1. is 1K ) of the Chinese Academy of Medi-
cal Sciences. The atomic emulsion used was prepared by Institute of
Physimi, Academia Sinica. Kodak magic lantern emulsion was also used ex-
perimentally and found inferior.
An English abstract of the Chinese text and phutondcrographs are in-
eluded.
II. CHEMISTRY
Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Propellants
4. Production of Jet Fuel From Kerosene Cracking Fraction by Treatment
With Aluminum Chloride
"On the Problem of Production of Synthetic Fuels," by M. G.
Mamedli and M. S. Aliyev, Azerbaydzhan Industrial Institute
iraerli M. Azizbekov; Baku, Izvestiya Vysshikh Uehebynkh Zavedeniy,
Neft' ? Gaz, No 6, Jun 58, pp 73-76
A procedure is described by which the middle fraction (kerosene frac-
tion) of deep thermal cracking can be converted into satigfactory T-1 jet
fuel with the aid of alminum chloride. The characteristics of the fuel
.te obtained by treatment with A1C13 are described in detail.
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Chemistry and Technology of Nuclear Fuels and
Reactor Construction Materials
5. A Collection of Articles on the Geology of Uranium
Voprosy Geologii Urana (Problems of the Geology of Uranium),
Atomizdat, Moscow, 1957, 160 pp (Supplement No 6, Atomnaya
Energiya, 1957)
CPYRGHT
?
"This collection of articles deals with problems of the formation of
uranium deposits, methods of investigating these deposits, and the mineral-
ogy of uranium.
"Among the problems pertaining to the origin of uranium deposits,
principal attention is paid in a number of articles published in this
volume to processes of the genesis of uranium deposits in connection with
the formation of alluvial rocks. The important role played by diagenesis
and by subsequent epigenetic and metanorphismic phenomena, which bring
about a redistribution und enrichment of uranium under favorable geological
conditions, is illustrated by factual data. Processes are discussed which
lead to the formation of epigenetic infiltrational deposits of uranium
in coal fields. USSR and non-USSR hypotheses pertaining to the formation
of such deposits are subjected to critical consideration. The implications
from the standpoint of prospecting are brought out.
"In the papers on the mineralogy of uranium several new uranium min-
erals are described. Additional information is given on the new uranium
mineral nenadkevite, which has already been described in Atonnaya Energiya.
Results of thermoanalytical investigations of a number of uranium minerals
are reported. In tho course of these investigations new possibilities of
identifying some minerals which cannot be readily identified otherwise
were realized,
"The collection of articles describes methods of radiometric test-
ing for uranium of tricomponent ores which contain radioactive elements
of the uranium and thorium series.
"Experience acquired outside of the USSR in the search for uranium
deposits is reviewed in an article dealing with the applitation of aero-
geophysical methods in a number of countries.
"This collection of articles contains information of interest to
specialists who are engaged in prospecting for and investigation of uranium
deposits and to geologists who study nonuraniumndnerals which may be ac-
companied by uranium ores." (Editor's Preface, p 4)
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The table of contents lists the following articles; V. S. Karpenko,
"Phenomena of the Metamorphism of Uranium Ores"; R. V. Getseva, "Charac-
teristics of the Alluvial-Metamorphogenic Type of Ore Formation"; Z. A.
Nekrasova, "The Problem of the Origin of Uranium Accumulations in Coals";
V. A. Polikarpova, "New Data on Nenadkevite"; Z. A. Nekrasova, "An Aqueous
Uranyl-Ammionitun Phosphate (Uramphite)"; A. A. Chernikov, O. V. Krutetskaya,
and V. D. Sideltnikova, "Ursilite, a New Uranium Silicate"; A. A. Cher-
nikov? "On the Conditions of the Formation of Sodium Autunite"; G. P.
Sidorov, R. N. Rafaliskiy, "A Hydrothermal Synthesis of Uraninite"; Ts.
L. AMbartsumyan, "Thermoanalytical Investigation of Some Uranium Minerals";
V. L. Shashkin, I. P. Shumilin, "A Radiometric Method for the Determina-
tion of the Uranium Content in Ore Samples"; V. L. Shashkin, I. P. Shumi-
lin, and M. I. Prutkina, "The Interrelationship Between the beta- and
k2;amma-Radiation of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Elements"; Ya. G.
Ter-Oganesov, T. I. Gvayta, Yu. V. Roshchin, and V. I. Zubova, "Methods
and Techniques of Aerogeophysical Prospecting for Uranium Deposits
Abroad."
6. Investi ation of Solid Phases Formed As a Result of the Neutralization
of Phosphoric Acid - Uranyl Phos hate Solutions With Ammonia
"On the Solubility and Composition, of Solid Phases in the System
NH3 - UO3 - H1PO4 - H20," by L. S. Itkina, I. S. Rassonskayal and
N. M. ChaplygIna, Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry
imeni N. S. Eurnakov, Academy of Sciences USSR; Nbscow, Zhurnal
Neorlanicheskoy Khimii, Vol 3, No 7, Jul 53, pp .575-1687
The solubilities in the system NH3 - UO3 - H3PO4 - 1120 were determined
at 25? at phosphoric acid concentrations within the range of 15-30%. It
was established that as the content of ammonia in the solution increases,
the concentration of uranium drops sharply, reaches a minimum, and then
increases up to a maximum corresponding to a combined crystallization of
ammonium uranyl phosphate and trisubstituted ammonium phosphate. Investi-
gation by physical methods of the solid phases correslIonding to a state
of equilibrium reSulted in the conclusion that the emilibrium solid phases
represent two types of solid solutions which contain equimolar quantities
of UO2 and PO4 and variable quantities of ammonia.
In connection with the work in question, different uranyl phosphates
and ammonium uranyl phosphates were synthesized and their properties deter-
mined. These salts were used.for introducing uranium into the solutions
studied.
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7. Heats of Solution of the Hydrates of Uranyl Nitrate in Ethers
"Determination of the Heats of Solution of Hydrates of Urany1
Nitrate in Diethyl Ether and Dibutyl Ether," by V. M. Vdovenko
and I. G. Suglova; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii,
Vol 3, No 7, Jul 58, pp 1573-1577
The heats of solution of the dihydrate, trihydrate, and hexahydrate
of uranyl nitrate in dibutyl ether and diethyl ether have been measured
in the concentration range of 0.002-0.02 mole per mol of the solvent.
Because of the less pronounced basic properties of dibutyl ether, the
heat of solution of the hydrates in it is more highly endothermic than
that in ethyl ether. The changes in the heats of solution of the tri-
hydrate and hexahydrate with the concentration are ascribed to changes
in the type of solvation of the dissolved salts.
8. Solvent Extraction of Rare Earth Elements
"The Extraction of Some Rare Earth Elements With Tributyl
Phosphate," by V. Jerabek and. A. K. Lavrukhina, Institute of
Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry imeni V. I. Vernadskiy,
Academy of Sciences USSR, and Institute of Nuclear Physics,
Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences; Moscow, Zhurnal Neouanicheskoy
Kbimii,, Vol 3, NO 7, Jul 58, pp 1703-1708
The investigation which has been carried out made it possible to es-
tablish the dependence of the degree of extraction of small quantities of
rare earth elements with tributyl phosphate on their order number when
these elements are extracted in the presence of relatively large quantities
of uranium, iron, and other elements. A rapid method is proposed for the
separation of unweighable quantities of promethium from large quantities
of other elements which enter into the composition of uranium ores. This
method makes it possible to conduct subsequent investigations on the de-
tection of the radioactive isotope Pm147 in uranium ore. This isotope
is formed as a result of the spontaneous fission of U230.
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9. Determination of Thorium. b Titration With a Se uesterin ,ent
"Complexometric Determination of ThoriunCWith the Use of 1-(2-
Piridylazo)-2-Naphthol as an Indicator," by A. I. Busev, L. V.
Kiseleva, and A. I. Cherkesov, Moscow State University; Moscow,
Zavodskaya Laboratoriya, Vol 24) No 1, Jan 58, pp 13-16
A method for the titration of thorium with the sequestering agent
trilon is described. 1-(2-Piridylazo)-2-naphthol is used as an indicator.
According to the author, this method can be applied in the analysis of
monazite sand and other minerals containing thorium after the phosphoric
acid has been separated.
10. The Chemical Characteristics of Transuranium Elements
"On the Dual Chemical Nature of Actinides" by Ye. S. Makarov,
Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry imeni V. I.
Vernadskiy, Academy of Sciences USSR; Mbscow, Zhurnal Neorgani-
cheskoyKhimii, Vol 3, No 5, May 58, pp 1079-15733
It is brought out that actinides exhibit a dual chemical nature and
that they resemble lanthanides on the one hand and elements of the IVa,
Va, and VIa subgroups on the other hand. Under the ctrcunstances the
name actinides is not considered to be quite appropriate for transuranium
elements. The chemical behavior of the elements in question is explained
by taking their atomic structure into consideration. This paper was pre-
sented at a meeting of the Scientific Council of the Institute of Geo-
chemistry and Analytical Chemistry ineni V. I. Vernadskiy, Academy of
Sciences USSR, held on 12 March 1957.
11. lex Oxalates and Carbonates of Plutonium
"Complex Oxalates of Tetravalent Plutonium," by A. D. Gel'man
and L. P. Sokbina; Mbscow, Zhurnsl Neorganicheskoyniniii Vol '
3: No 5, May 58, pp 1100-1104
The following complex compounds of tetravalent plutonium were iso-
lated for the first time in the solid state and analyzed;
[Pu (C294)51 ? 5K20; K4 [Pu (C204)4] ? 4E20;
K6 [Pu (C204)5] H2O;4 (NH4)6 [Pu (0204)5]i nI120
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The correctness of the formulas of these complex compounds was con-
firmed by determinations of molecillar electric conductivities and molec-
ular weights. It was eatablisheil that complex compounds of the constitu-
tion
(KINa)t [Pu (C204)4] ? 4H20
are capable of existing in two forms: in the form of red crystals and
that of crystals of a greenish yellow color. It was found that the com-
plex oxalates of tetravalent plutonium are stable in aqueous solution
both at low temperatures and on heating. When alkali or acid is added
to the solution of a complex compound of the type described, there is
either formation of hydroxide or dissociation of the complex compound
into its constituent parts.
"Preparation and Investigation of the. Properties of Some
Oxalates of Hexavalent Plutonium," by A. D. Geliman and
L. Ye. Drabkina; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy
Vol 3, No 5, May 58, pp 1105-1108
Plutonium oxalate of the composition Pu02 C204 ? 3H20 was isolated.
The solubility of this plutonyl oxalate in niric acid (0.5 - 3 N) in the
presence of oxalic acid and ammonium oxalate was determined. It was es-
tablished that the composition of the simplest complex compound obtained
by dissolving plutonyl oxalate in ammonium oxalate corresponds to the
formula (NH4)2 (Pu020204)2],,
"Preparation and Investigation of
bonates of Hexavalent Plutonium,".
of Physical Chemistry, Academy of
Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 3, No
the Properties of Some Car-
ty", Ye. Drabkina? Institute
Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal
5, May 58, pp 1109-1110
Ammonium plutonylcarbonate was isolated in the solid state and its
composition investigated. The composition was found to correspond to the
formula (m4)4 [PU02 (CO3)3]. It was established that; as a result of the
decomposition of ammonium plutonylcarbonate at 120-1300 the monocarbonate
PuO2CO3 is obtained.
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"Determination of the Composition and Dissociation Constants of
Complex Oxalate Ions of Hexavalent Plutonium," by A. D. German,
L. Ye. Drabkina, and A. I. Mbskvin, Institute of Physical Chem-
istry, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy
Kbinii, Vol 3, No 7, Jul 58, pp 1546-1550
The solubilities of plutonyl oxalate in HNO3 - (N1I4)2C204 solutions
have been determined at concentrations of ammonium oxalate ranging from
0 to 0.4 mole per liter. It was establishRd that in these solutions the
complex ions (PUO2q200? and [Pu02(C204)2)- are fowled, the over-all dis-
sociation constants ot which are equal to 2.2 X 10-i and (3.4 - 4.3).10-12,
respectively..
"Plutonium Carbonates of Sodium (Part 2)," by A. D. Geltman and
L. M. Zaytsev; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Mabel, Vol 3,
No 7, Jul 58, pp 1551-1554
Three sodium-carbonate complex compounds of plutonium have been iso-
lated and investigated, namely Naii. [Pu(CO3)4] ? 3 B20; Na6 [Pu(c03)51. H20;
and Na6 [Pu(CO3)5] ? H20 The assumption is regard to the effect of the
concentration of the carbonate ion on the composition of the complex car-
bonates that are formed was confirmed by the synthesis of well-defined
plutonium carbonates of sodium. This assumption was originally made in
connection with the investigation of the corresponding potassium. compounds
(of Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Kbinii, Vol 3, 1958, p 1304).
"Mixed Oxalate-Cqrbonate Compounds of Tetravalent Plutonium
(Part 3)," by A. D. Gel?man and L. N. Zaytsev; Moscow., Zhurnal
Neorganicheskoy Kbinii, Vol 3, No 7, Jul 58, pp 1555-150-
The following seven mixed carbonate-oxalate complex compounds of plu-
tonium have been isolated and investigated:
K2[PU(CO3)2C204] ? n 1120; Na4(Pu(CO3)2 (C204)21 ? 3 H30; Na4[Pu(CO3)3 c204]
? n 1120; KIIIPu(CO3)3C2014.1 ? n H20; K4Pu(C20103 (C204)2] P n H20;
Kig[Pu(0204)h (C204)3i ? n H20; Ki2[Pu(CO3) (C204)73 ? n H20
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It was established that there is a dependence between the concentra-
tion of carbonate and oxalate ions in the solution containing the complex
compound and the chemical composition of the latter. The dependence which
has been found makes it possible to establish the conditions necessary
for the formation of a complex compound of the desired composition.
Some problems pertaining to the structure of the products have been in-
vestigated. Determination of the molar conductivity and of the apparent
molecular weight indicated that all of the substances studied are of
the complex compound type.
12. A Procedure for the Purification of Niobium
"Separation of Niobium From Titanium by an Ion-Exchange Method,"
by 0. V. Al'tshuler, Ye. A. Subbotina, and A. F. Afaraslyeva;
Pbsc?w, ataSalanicl?MaiLISSIggatagb Vol 3) No 5, May 58,
pp 1192-1199
A procedure has been developed by separating niobium from titanium
in the form of their complex ions with the application of the anion-
exchange resin EDE-10. The data obtained in the investigation of the
equilibrium and kinetics involved in the ion exchange of niobium and
titanium indicate the existence of several types of complexions in
hydrochloric acid solutions. The composition of these ions is determined
by the concentration of HCI. The comparison of the behavior of niobium
with that of titanium in the separate and mixed solutions of these elements
indicate that there is formation of complex ions containing both elements.
For this reason, the separation of the two elements is difficult. The
investigation of the behavior of tantalum in hydrochloric acid solutions
indicated that its adsorption, as distinguished from the adsorption of
niobium and titanium, is not of the ion-exehahge type.
The purpose of the investigation was development of a procedure
suitable for the purification of large quantities of niobium. The labora-
tory results indicate that the procedure is suitable for this purpose.
After completion of the treatment a final content of titanium amounting
to only 0.15% was achieved when suitable eluents were used.
[For additional information on nuclear fuels and reactor construction
materials, see item No 50.]
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Inorganic Chemistry
13. Synthesis of Calcium Superoxide by the Irradiation of Ca02. 2H202
With Ultraviolet Light
"Formation of Ca(02)2 by the Irradiation Of Ca02 .211202 With
Ultraviolet Rays (Part 5)," by I. I. Vol'nov, V. N, Chamova,
and A. N. Shatunina, Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry
imeni N. S. KurnakOv, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal
Neorganicheskoy Khindi, Vol 3, No 5, May 58, pp 1095-1097
As a result 'Of the-irradiatiOn'OfCa 02. 2% 02 with ultraviolet rays,
peroxidic substancoswere obtained which had a lemon yellow color and con-
tained in addition to Ca.02,approximatelY.7% by weight :of Ca (02)2. The .
products obtained were not, and,th?a 02)2 contained in them
was found to be rather' unstable.
"The Effect of the Surface. on the,grocess:pf-theForamtion of
Ca(02)2 From 0a02 ? ,2H2 02 (Part OW by.I..I. Vol'nov and V. N.
Chamova,? Institute of General and;Inorganic,Cbemistry,imeni
N6 S. Kurnakov, Academy of, Scienees,USSR1 MbseoWl.:Zhurnal Neor-
ganicheskoy KlImiii Vol 3, No 5,. May 58, pp. 1098-?1099
By subjecting to vacuum drying Ca 02 ? 2112 02 at 500 and a pressure
of 10 mm of mercury during 100 minutes under conditions when one gram of
the diperoxy hydrate was spread out over an area of 900.sq cm, calcium
peroxide preparations were obtained for the .first time which contained
approximately 40% by weight of calci*superoxide iA addition to Ca02,
calcium hydroxide, and calcium carbonate. The results, obtained can be
regarded as a confirmation. of I. AL, Kazarnovakiy's equation for the
formation of superoxides from peroxyhydrates.
14. Retention of Water by Perchloric Acid Mbnohydrate in Non-Aqueous
Systems
"Perchloric Acid and its Derivatives; Part 4 The Binary
System Perchloric Acid Mbnohydrate-Acetic Acid," by A. A.
Zinov'yev and V. P. Babayeva, Institute of General and In-
organic Chemistry imeni N. So Kurnakov,Academy of. Sciences
USSR; Moscow., Zhurnal'Neor anichesko Vol-30-No 6,
Jun 58, pp 11l2i1l.32 : . ?
It was established that the compound:HC104 . H20. 2CH3 COOH exists
in the system perchloric acid Mbnohydrate-acetid acid.. This proves that
the monohydrate of perchloric acid .retains iti water firmly in the non-
aqueous system in question. At a temperature of about -24.5? the mono-
hydrate of perchloric acid undergoes d.transition into:the solid state.
The nature of the compound formed, at' this temppratur6 has not been
clarified.
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The purpose of the investigation described was clarification of the
question as to whether perchloric acid, which is very hygroscopic, retains
water in nonaqueoua systems.
15. Preparation of Anhydrous Perchloric Acid
"Perchloric Acid and Its Derivatives; Part 5 -- The Properties
of Perchloric Acid and Methods for Its Preparation," by A. A.
Zinoviyev, Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry imeni
N. S. Kurnakov, Academy of Sciences USSR; Macaw, Zhurnal Neor-
ganicheskoy Khindi, Vol 3, No 5, May 58, pp 1205-1209
Perchloric acid is the only oxygen acid of chlorine which can be ob-
tained in an anhydrous state. Anhydrous perchloric acid is a volatile,
highly hydroscopic liquid. The water that is combined with perchloric
acid is not In a free state but forms hydrates. Anhydrous perchloric acid
is obtained by eliminating the water from perchloric acid hydrates followed
by distillation of the anhydrous acid in vacuum. Because of the very
low stability of perchloric acid at elevated temperatures, its distilla-
tion from mixtures obtained after dehydration of perchloric acid contain-
ing water and also its repeated distillation are best done continuously.
Equipment which is uultable for a continuous process of this type is
described in this article.
16. The Polymorphism of Oxonium Perchlorate
"Perchloric Acid uld Its Derivatives; Part 7 -- On the Poly-
morphism of Oxoninni Perchlorate," by B. Ya. Rosolovskiy and
A. A. Zinov'yev, Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry
imeni N. S. Kurnakov, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow,
Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khinii, Vol 3, No 7, Jui..58, pp 1589-
1591
It has been established for the first time that the perchlorate of
oxonium undergoes a reversible phase transition at minus 23.40. This
transition is accompanied by an increase in the density of the oxonium
perchlorate.
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Insect Repellents
17. Acetyltetrahydroquinolines as Mosquito Repellents
"Research on Repellents; II -- Acetyltetrahydroquinolines as
Mosquito Repellents," by Ye. Kh. Zolotarev, M. L. Fedder, T. V.
Kalakutskaya, L. G. Yubin, and B. A. Dadtriyev, Chairs of
Entomology and Organic Chemistry of Moscow State University
imeni M. V. Lomonosov and the Central Scientific Research
Disinfection Institute, Ministry of Health USSR) Moscow,
Nauchnyye Doklady Vysshey Shkoly, Biolcyicheskiye Nauki,
No 2, 1958, pp 37-40
The purpose of this paper is to present the results of research in:-
volving the use of acetyltetrahydroquinolines as mosquito repellents
under laboratory and natural conditions. Favorable results were obtained
in experiments on Aedes communis Deg., A. cinereus Mg., A. vexans Mg.,
A. maculatus mg., A. Excrusians Wlk. and A. cyprius Zudl. in the Oksk and
Astrakhan state forests.
In addition to recommending the use of these quinolines as mosquito
repellents the authors presnt data for synthesizing 1-formy1-1,2,3,4,-
tetrahydroquinoline, 1-propiony1-1,21314-tetrq11 droquinoline, and 1-
caprony1-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline.
OT.zanic Chemistry
18. Organophosphorus Insecticides
"The Structure and Insecticidal Activity of Certain Phosphorus-
Containing Acid Anhydrides," by A. I. Razumov, N. N. Bankay-
skaya, and I. D. Neklesove, Tr. Kazansk. In-ta,
No 3, 57, pp 219-227 (From Referativnyy Zhurnal Khiniya,
CPYRGHT No 14, 1958, Abstract No 47855)
"25 g of (C2H50)2P(0)C1 were heated with 24 g of C2H5P(0)(0C2H5)2 at
114-129? for 40 minutes for the preparation of (C2H50)2P(0)0P(0)C2115(0C2H5)
at 35% yield. The boiling point is 120-1220/0.3 mm; nE? 1.4280; dr
1.1664. In an analogous manner, the following compounds were also prepared
(the temperatures are in dRgreesA heating time in minutes, yield in %,
boiling points in ?C/mm, 4v): [C2H5(C2H50)P(0)]20, 106-128, 6o,
42, 120.5-121/0.5, 1.4365, 1.1457; (c2H50)213(0)01,(0)(c05)2, 140-158, 60,
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35, 128-129/0.3, 1.4414. 1.1469; C2H5(C2H50)P(0)0P(0)(C2H5)2, 106-130,
60, 23, 124_126/0.3, 1.4502, 1.1194; (C2115)2P(0)0P(0)(C2115)2, 86-112,
105, 43, 142-143/0.3, 1.4648, 1.1042. The rate of hydrolysis was studied,
as well as the insecticidal activity (on Calandra granaria). In a number
of symmetric and unsymmetric anhydrides, the rate of hydrolysis and the
insecticidal activity drops with decreasing molecular weight of the ester
radicals in the molecule."
19. Detection of Cytisine for Forensic Purposes
"Reactions Detecting Cytisine in Forensic Chemical Investi-
gations,' by I. A. Marenich, Khar'kov Pharmaceutical Institute,
Chair of Forensic Chemistry; Kiev, Ukrainskiy Khimicheskiy
Zhurnal Vol 24, No "3, 1958, 388-390
Cytisine is an alkaloid whose toxicity is close to that of strychnine
and curare, and, satisfactory methods for detecting it in biological matter
are lacking. The purpose 'of !.the .present investigation is to se-
lect a'*ndcrocryStalloscopic_freaetion-dbr? cytisine that is sufficiently
accurate and sensitive. Crystals of cytisine iodobismuthiate, dibromo-
cytisine bromide, and cytisine chloroplatinate were . investigated.. A
table giving the optical properties of the crystals is given. The re-
action with iodine in sodium bromide yields the dibromocytisine bromide
crystals; however, this reaction is also positive for atropine. Atropine
can be distinguished from cytisine by using other reactions producing the
other crystals.
20. Chinese Research on Organophosphorus Compounds
"Studies on Organo-Amido-Phosphorus Compounds; II -- Tbc:
Influence of the Alkyl Radicals of Dialkyl-phosphites on
the Preparation of,Diaikyl Anddo-phosphonates," by T'ung
Tseng-shou ly li) and Chien Shih-ts'ung (
4 ), Deparfient Jf Chemistry, Academy of Medical ciences;
Peiping, littagthsueh Rsueh-pao (Acta Chimica Sinica), Vol 24,
No 1, 1958, pp 30-35
This item presents experiments
preparation of dialkylanilinophosAp
of eight dialkylphosphites, (R0)22TH
carbon tetrachloride and a tertiary
the alkyl radical.
undertaken t000bserve how, in the
nates? (RP-NR4aZ, the reaction
, with aniline in the presence of
base is influenced by the size of
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CPYRGHT
An English summary of experimental resuits is published in the
journal, which received the article for publication in July 1957.
"Researches on Organophosphorus Compounds; IV -- The Anomalous
Reaction of Some Alcohols With Phosphorus Pentasuldej by
Hu Ping-fang (1j1 ) and Chien Wan-i (11._ pu),
Peking Agricultural University; Peiping, Hua-hsueh Hsueh-ao
(Acta Chindea Sinica), Vol 24, No 1, 1958, pp 112-116-
This article, published with an English abstract, presents the
anomalous reactions of ter-butyl, ter-amyl, and benzyl alcohols, re-
spectivelylwith phosphorus pentasulfide at above 80 degrees.
"Ter-butyl alcohol and ter-amyl alcohol gave corresponding olefins
(63-67 percent) and a small quantity of a thio alcohol, whereas benzyl
alcohol gave dibenzylthio ether (41 percent) and an unknown semisolid con-
taining phosphorus. However, at 45-60 degrees ter-butyl alcohol and benzyl
alcohol gave the expected 0,0-di-ter-butyl-dithiophosphoric acid ester
(71 percent) and 0,0-dibenzyl-dithiophosphoric acid Oster (83 percent),
respectively. The former reaction product decomposed at 70 degrees, giving
ter-butyl thio alcohol and some olefins. The latter decomposed at 80.-100
degrees, yielding dithio ether, but no thio ether or olefins.
"Lead salts of the 0,0-dialkyldithiophosphoric acid esters and de-
rivatives were prepared and the new organophosphorus compounds analyzed."
21. Chinese Test Domestic Organophosphorus Insecticide
"Preliminary Experiments in the Use of the Organophos-
phorus Insecticide Dipterex for Exterminating Mosquito
Larvae," by.Ch'en 10,ang-chivan (TYL ) and Chten
Chin-pao (g_ 4;" 51); Peiping, 'Chung-hua Wei -sheng Tsa-
chih (Chinese Journal of Hygiene), No 2, 1958 (from Chung-
hua I-hsueh Tsa-chih (National Medical Journal of China),
Vol 44, No 6, 1958, p 620
CPYRGHT
"Results of field experiments indicate that Dipterex, experimentally
manufactured in China, is effective against mosquito larvae when used in
a concentration of 0.2 ppm, and against flies when used in a higher con-
centration. It appears to be a promising insecticide. The cost of pro-
duction would be about the same as for DDT since the raw materials are
available in China."
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Radiation Chemistry
22. Chinese Experiments in Oxidation by Mercury Resonance Radiation
"Oxidation of Sulfur Dioxide by Photochemical Reaction and Photo-
sensitization," by Ch'en Shih-wei ( ); Peiping; Hua-
hsueh Hsueh-pao (Acta Chimica Sinica), Vol 24, No 2, 1958, pp 187-
193
The experiments presented in this item were performed to investigate
the mechanisms of oxidation of sulfur dioxide by photoreaction and by
photosensitization and also to determine the quantum yields in sulfur
trioxide by each of these reactions.
Mixtures of 6021 02 or air, N2, and/or mercury vapor were exposed
to mercury resonance radiation under atmospheric pressure at room tempera-
ture. The mechanisms of photoreaction and photosensitized reaction are
proposed in disagreement with theories advanced by Blacet and Kornfeld,
respectively. Determined values of quantum yields of these two reactions,
are tabulated and discussed. Th A over-all quantum yields of photoreection
were found to be 1.12 at 1849.6 A and 0.31 at 2537.5 a, while those %,,f
photosensitized reaction were 1.39 and 0.68 at the lines 1849.6 a and
2537.5 a, respectively. -
As for the structure of the crystal quartz reaction tube used in
these experiments, the author refers to his earlier contribution in Hua-
hsueh Hsueh-pao (Acta Chimica Sinica), Vol 23, No 3, 1957. Methods of
purification, radiation, and light exposure determination are reportedly
described in his contribution to Journal of Physical and Colloid Chemistry,
Vol 53, 1949, p 486. Other techniques employed in this study are presented
in the article.
"Optimum Condition and Quantum Yield of Ozone Formation by
Mercury Resonance Radiation," by Ch'en Shih-Vei (S. W. Chen),
Department of Chemistry, Lanchow University, Lanchow; Peiping,
Hua-hsueh Hsueh-pao (Acta Chimica Sinica), Vol 23, No 3,
1957, PP 179-187
This article, received for publication in Decekber 1956, describes
work completed by the author at the University of Illinois and is pub-
lished with an English abstract of the Chinese text: .
o
"Under atmospheric pressure, the shorter line 1849.6 A of mercury
resonance radiation is responsible for ozone formation in oxygen, and not
the longer line 2537.5 a. The presence df van der Weals molecule, oh. or
(02)0, has no influence on ozone formation. The suggestions made by Wulf,
HerzBerg, Rollefson, and Burton that the primary step of photochemical
formation of ozone is at line 2530 a in Warburg's experiment is hereby
disproved.
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CPYRGHT
"According to the latest absorption data of the oxygen molecule in
the ultraviolet region, the mechanism of ozone formation in oxygen by
line 1849.6 R may be described as
02(3Lg) / 1849.6 R 2,0 ;3P)
020ED / 0(3p) / m 03 /
with a theoretical quantum yield of slightly less than 2, while its actu-
ally determined value was 1.87.
"It was found that the quantum yield of ozone formation decreases
considerably with a decreasing flow rate of oxygen and decreases slightly
with increasing temperature. It is only slightly influenced by admix-
ture with nitrogen.
"For the purpose of manufacturing ozone industrially, dry air can
be used as the source of oxygen, And a mercury lamp with suitable pressure
of rare gas, prominent in 1849.6 A line, is the best source of radiation.
The work can be performed at room temperature and atmospheric pressure
with a gas stream of moderate flow rate."
"Mechanism and Quantum Yield of Ozone Formation by Mercury
Photosensitization," Ch'en Shih-wei (5. W. Chen), Department
of Chemistry, Lanchow University, Lanchow; Peiping, Hua-
hsueh Hsueh-pao (Acta Chimica Sinica), Vol 23, No 3, 1957,
pp 188-195
This article, received for publication in December 1956, describes
work completed by the author at the University of Illinois and is pub-
lished with an English abstract of the Chinese text:
CPYRGHT
"Formation of ozone by mercury photRsensitized reaction was exten-
sively studied. The longer line 2537.5 X of mercury resonance radiation
can produce ozone indirectly thrRugh the excitation of mercury atoms,
whereas the shorter line 1849.6 A accomplishes this reaction both directly
and indirectly.
"The suggested mechanism of ozone formation in oxygen by the action
of excited mercury atoms in the 3PI state may be
Hg ('P7) / 02 (325) 71 M Hg02 / M
Hg02 / 02 (tg)---=:, Hg0 / 03
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The mercuric oxide once formed may further undergo many reactions; theo-
retically, the quantum yield would be less than 1, while the value we de-
termined is 0.51.
"The suggested mechanism of ozone formation by mercury atm in the
'PI state may be
Hg('P7) 02(32,g) Hg(iS0) 20,(3P)
0(3P) 7/-02(i) .y?'M --> 03 vi
with a quantum yield less than 2, while the value determined in the pres-
ent work is 1.15.
"Every mercury atom may be capable of passing through a great many
complete cycles in ozone formation when irradiated. The quantum yield
increases with increasing flow rate but decreases with increasing tem-
perature at which the oxygen was saturated with mercury vapors."
[For additional information on radiation chemistry, see item No 13.]
Radiochemistry
23. Review of Progress in Nuclear Chemistry
"The Present-Day State of Nuclear Chemistry," by A. K.
Lavrukhina, Uspekhi Khinii, Vol 27, No 5, Nay 58, pp 517-
550
In this article, work in the field of nuclear chemistry is reviewed
on the basis of both USSR and non-USSR publications. A bibliography con-
sisting of 376 references, of which 158 are USSR, follows the article.
Nuclear chemistry is defined as the branch of science which deals with
relationships pertaining to the transformations of nuclei of chemical
elements. The subject is reviewed under the headings of methods of nu-
clear chemistry, nuclear reactions taking place under the action of slow
particles, fission of nuclei of heavy elements under the action of slaw
(thermal) neutrons, nuclear transformations taking place under the action
of high-energy particles, nuclear reactions taking place under the action
of multiple-charge ions, and nuclear reactions occurring in nature.
In the section on methods employed in nuclear chemistry, it is pointed
out that one of the most effective methods used for the detection of nu-
clear reactions is the chemical identification of their radioactive prod-
ucts by radiochemical procedures. Another method is that of employing
thick photoemulsion layers and the third method is based on the investi-
gation of ionization phenomena taking place as a result of the emission
of particles formed during the reaction studied. According to the author,
only the application of all three methods makes it possible to investi-
gate the processes in question completely. It is emphasized that although
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methods of analytical chemistry are used in radiochemical investigations,
radiochemical analysis has special distinguishing characteristics be-
cause of the necessity of identifying radioisotopes on the basis of the
type of radiation, the energy of radiation, and the half-life of the
radioisotopes.
It is pointed out that investigation of nuclear transformations occur-
ring under the action of high-energy particles is carried out at present
exclusively with the aid of physical methods. It is added that mass
spectrometry is being used for the determination of quantities and mass
numbers of stable isotopes and that this method is being applied ex-
tensively for the analysis of isotopes of rare earth metals formed as a
result of the fission of uranium and plutonium under the action of thermal
neutrons.
In the section of the fission of nuclei of heavy elements by slow
(thermal) neutrons, it is stated that extensive work on the identification
of splinter elements formed as a result of the fission of uranium has
been done by Khlopin and his pupils in the USSR. The characteristics of
the fission of thorium, uranium, plutalium, americium, and curitun are
discussed. The practical importance of research on the fission of uranium
from the standpoint of application in the field of nuclear energy is em-
phasized.
In the part of the article which discusses nuclear reactions taking
place under action of high-energy particles, radiochemical investigations
by Seaborg of products of the botbardment of uranium with alpha particles
are mentioned. It is stated that similar investigations were undertaken
in the USSR beginning in 1950.
The mechanism of the splitting of nuclei by fast particles is dis-
cussed in some detail, considering the two possible cases, namely the
splitting of the nucleus in a highly excited state under emission of
neutrons and protons and the splitting of the nucleus following emis-
sion of a large number of neutrons (emission splitting).
The emission of light nuclei in transformations taking place under
the action of fast particles is discussed in considerable detail. Work
on the formation of light nuclei (beryllium isotopes) as a result of the
fission of uranium and thorium under the action of thermal and fast neu-
trons is reviewed.
In the concluding section of the atticle, that on nuclear reactions
in nature, the role played by radioactive processes in the formation of
elements present in the earth's crust is pointed out. Natural decay proc-
esses and nuclear transformations taking place in uranium ores are dis-
cussed. The significance of data on the isotopic composition of elements
occurring i nature for the solution of geochemical problems is pointed
out.
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The article concludes with a reference to Lavrukhina's work in
which the yields of all isotopes of rare earth elements formed as a
result of the fission of uranium under,the action of 680-meV protons
vere evaluated. This made it possible to establish the role of the
fission process in the formation of the elements in question. Comparison
of the isotopic composition of stable isotopes formed as a result of the
fission of uranium with that of natural rare-earth elements showed that
the latter could not have formed as a result of the fission of nuclei of
heavy elements exposed to the action of high-energy protons.
"Progress of Nuclear Chemistry," by A. K.,Levrukhina, Doctor
of Chemical Sciences, Institute tf Geochemistry and Analytical
Chemistry imeni V. I. Vernadskiy, Academy of Sciences USSR;
Moscow, Priroda Vol 47, No 6, Jun 58, pp 9-18
This article covers the same ground as "The Present-Day State of
Nuclear Chemistry" by A. K. Lavruktinal Uspekhi Khimdi, Vol 27, No 5,
May 58, pp 517-550 (of preceding item) and the subject matter is arranged
in approximately the same manner. The treatment is much briefer and on
a more popular level, however. The concluding part of the article in
Priroda (pp 17-18), which consists of sections on the synthesis of new
chemical elements, production of radioactive isotopes, and production of
nuclear power, gives information that is not contained in the more ex-
tensive review in Uspekbi Khimii.
In regard to the synthesis of new elements, it is stated that ap-
plication of the chain reaction of uranium fission on an industrial
scale makes it possible to produce some of these elements in large
quantities. In connection with this, it is mentioned that a reactor
with a relatively low power capacity of 1,000 kw is capable of yielding
2 grans of plutonium per day and more than one gram of fission splinter
elements, from which technetium and promethium can be isolated in a pure
state. Technetium is used as a structural material for reactors, while
promethium is used for miniature electric batteries which have a long
useful life.
Following a discussion of applications of lEotopeu in science and
technology, whIch is given in the section on the production of radioactive
isotopes, it is suggested that powerful sources of radiation can be used
to advantage in conducting industrial chemical processes, such as the oxi-
dation of nitrogen of the air to nitric acid, petrochemical syntheses based
on the cracking of petroleum, etc. It is furthermore suggested that nu-
clear transformations will be used in the not too distant future for the
production of alloy steels without the use of rare and expensive metals,
i.e., steels will be produced by the irradiation yithoapprbpriate particles
of melts consisting of iron and other cheap metals.
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In the concluding section of the article, which deals with the pro-
duction of nuclear power, the cost o2 nuclear power and the planned con-
struction of nuclear electric power stations in the USSR under the Sixth
Five-Year Plan are discussed. Reference is made to work on controlled
thermonuclear reactions done in the USSR and elsewhere and to the pos-
sibility of generating nuclear power by the low-temperature synthesis of
helium and hydrogen nuclei with the aid of/A-mesons.
Miscellaneous
24. Future Plans for the Development of Chemistry iA the USSR
"Chemical Science in the Service of Socialistic Industry,"
by A. Topchiyev; Moscow, Kommunist, No 9$ Jun 58, p 43-50
In connection with the decisions of the May Plenum of the Central
Committee CPSU, the scientists and organizations of the Academy of Sci-
ences, according to the article, have a very responsible task in contrib-
vting to the increased production of synthetics and plastics. Such out-
standing men as N. N. Semenov, A. N. Nesmeyanov, V. A. Kargin, I. L.
Knunyants, S. S. Medvedev, K. A. Andriyanov, B. A. Dolgoplosk, V. V.
Korshak, A. A. Korotkov, and many others have already made valuable con-
tributions to the science and techniques of polymers. During the past
few years, primary attention of the investigators has been directed toward
the search for methods of synthesizing new polymers possessing specific
properties, primarily heat resistance and high chemical stability. Much
effort has also been exerted on the development of the chemistry and phys-
ics of high-molecular compounds.
Research has been conducted at the Institute of High-Molecular Com-
pounds on the development of new organic glasses; the feasibility of pro-
ducing organic glasses, with a heat resistance far surpassing that of the
glass presently produced [plexiglas], was demonstrated. A series of prac-
tical examples were presented and the feasibility of increasing the heat
resistance of such materials was demonstrated. A series of theoretical
investigations were carried out with clear plastics and the results of
these investigations will permit the determination of methods for increas-
ing the physicomechanical properties of plastics.
The Physicotechnical Institute, together with various institutes con-
nected with industry, has accomplished important work in obtaining es-
pecially stable materials. The results of these investigations are being
introduced to industry.
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At the Institute of Orgmoelemental Compounds, theoretical investiga-
tions were conducted with results which will provide the basis for devel-
opment of industrial methods for producing synthetic fibers, plastics,
high-temperature lubricating oils, aromatic substances, and others. This
institute, together with branch institutes, developed new heat-resistant
materials based on organosilicon compounds -- fire-resistant enamels whtch
are effective at temperatures up to 5500. The development of new methods
for synthesizing organosilicon monomers, polymers, and materials based
on these compounds is being conducted at the institutes of Organic Chem-
istry and Chemistry of Silicated. These institutes have synthesized
isoprene, the raw material for obtaining synthetic rubber.
Investigations on the synthesis of rubber by the Institute of High-
Nblecular Compounds have resulted in a method of obtaining a resin possess-
ing a widet range of temperature stability than natural rubber.
The Petroleum Institute, on the basis of vast research conducted
with branch institutes of the chemical industry, developed a technological
method for obtaining polypropylene, a valuable material in the polymer
industry. A highly effective variation in the process was suggested by
the Institute of Chemical Physics. TheorecticW.ly interesting and prac-
tically important results were attained during the investigation of the
processes for obtaining polyethylene and polypropylene with the use of
metal oxide catalysts -- a series of new polymers and copolymers were
obtained.
A general theory of polymerization, which will be widely used in ad-
vancing the present production of rubber and plastics, is being developed
by the sCientists of the Academy. of Sciences. Investigations on the
structure and mechanical properties of polymers will provide an opportundy
for determining the general relationship between the size and configura-
tion of the polymer molecules and the feasfbility of deriving new mate-
rials from these polymers. The investigation of the action of high energy
radiation on polymers will aid in the development of new products which,
will answer special requirements. Important work is being done on the
utilization of radiation in the polymerization process.
The program for accelerating the development of the chemical industry
levies on the Academy of. Sciences USSR a series of important concrete
tasks. To elevate Soviet science and techniques in the area of polymers
and monomers and to attain a leading position in the world in these fields,
broad theoretical and practical work must be directed toward these prob-
lems. During the next few months, with the cooperation of the institutes
of the Academy of Sciences USSR, and the Academies of Sciences of the
union republics and higher learning establishments, a prospective plan
for these works will be presented.
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During the next few years, the Institutes of the Academy of Sciences
USSR and the institutes of the Academies of Sciences of the union repub-
lics should aid industry in the development of those processes which in-
dustry will require in order to meet the plans of development called for
from 1959 to 1965. This concerns the development of mass production
facilities for the production of polyethylene and polyprolylene, produc-
tion of high-temperature reestant organic glass and highly resistant
fibers, plastics, and polyamides, and the development of industrial pro-
duction of new types of synthetic rubbers and many other technical 2roc-
eases which will be projected.
In connection with the over-all development from 1958 to 1960, a
series of new institutes will be organized under the Academy of Sciences
USSR, the Siberian Branch, the Academies of Sciences of the union repub-
lics, along with a nuAber of new divisions under the institutes of Chemi-
cal Physics, Physical Chemistry, High-Nblecular Compounds, Organoelemen-
tal Compounds, in the Physicotechnical Institute as well as under the
insitutes of the Academies of Sciences of the Latvian SSR and Armenian
SSR. It is proposed that an Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis be
formed on the basis of a nuMher of laboratories of the Petroleum Institute.
It will becone a center which will direct a series of affiliated insti-
tutes and industrial laboratories concerned with monomers and petrochemi-
cals produced by the oil and gas industry, as well as with olefins and
polymers.
All the world is aware of the achievements of Soviet reaction engire
rdques which =gestic:Islay hese sittEdnedtheir present level of development as
a result of the efforts of tne petroleum industry and petroleum chemists.
Further advances in reaction motor techniques will require the development
of new types of special fuels, lubricating oils, and various additives;
this io one of the leading trends in petroleum chemistry.
Work on developing effective processes for separating complex hydro-
carbon systems, especially hydrocarbon gas, should be accelerated. This
Is necessary in order to obtain high-quality polymer materials. The
natural gas laboratories of the Oil Chemistry Institute should focus their
attention on this problem.
A group of scientists at the Institute of Chemical physics will in-
vestigate chemical kinetics -- the basis for directing chemical reactions.
A de7?artment for investigating the dispersion of polymer systems should
be organized at the Institute of Physical Chemistry.
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The basic institute of the Academy of Sciences USSR which will con-
cern itself with the chemistry and physical chemistry of polymers will
be the Institute of High-Mblecular Compounds located in Leningrad. It
will play the role of an academic institute 4.n the great Leningrad com-
plex where many technological problems pertaining to plastics and their
treatment are determined.
Mbre attention should be focused on high-molecular inorganic com-
pounds used as construction materials, improvement of soil structure,
and many prdbieLz.connected with adhesives.
An institute should be organized in the Academy of Sciences USSR
which will concern itself with natural compounds -- polysaccharides,
proteins, and other high-molecular compounds. It is a proven fact that
the chemistry of natural compounds plays an important role in the therapy
of bacterial diseases.
The 'Academy of Sciences is confronted with a huge task in attempting
to organize these institutes and departments, as well as supplying cadres
Etna providing space, scientific equipment, and over-all guidance of activ-
ities...
The academy will take an active part in selecting the most im-
portant problems concerning the production and utilization of polymer
materials.
There is still much work to be done by the Academy of Sciences in
the publication and informational field, involving the issuing of tech-
nological literature, the organization and publication of new journals,
and an increase in the output of express information. The following
periodicals will be published.: liyaokomolekulyarnyye Soyedineniya (High
Nblecular Compounds);EiliaPlstIr(Plastics), and. Khimicheskiye Volokaa
(Chemical Fibers). In Addition, the president of the Academy of Sciences
USSR has ordered the publication of a series of popular scientific bro-
chures within the next few months; they were written with the aid of
leading scientists in the country.
[For information on analytical chemistry, see item No 102.]
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III, ELECTRONICS
Communications
...01.1.1.0MommalowelommiswemmilmaamillS.
25, ronsideration of Noise in
IIIMYOMMWD11.10.M,11.140M.....M11.4.0.11101M110..100.81MOMPIOW
PPM-FM Transmission
"Fluctuation Noises in FM Radio Lines During Transmission of a
Multichannel Signal With Pulse-Phase Modulation," by G. A.
Malolepshiy; Moscow, Radiotekhnika No 7, Jul 58, pp 11-24
. The problem of noise immunity is considered in the PPM-FM transmis-
sion of multichannel signals. Graphs are given for determining noise
immunity in such systems, The threshold of the system is examined and
an analysis is made of operation above and below the threshold of im-
provement.
In i-f amplifiers having identical passbands there is some loss in
the signal-to-noise ratio of a PPM-FM system operating above the threshold
of improvement (5-10 db). However, at a threshold signal level of 2-8 db
the system has an advantage oyer the signal-sideband modulation-FM receiver
(for the same number of channels).
A PPM-FM system is found to be more satisfactory when it is necessary
to increase the maximum communication range at the expense of an increase
in the noise level.
26. Ferrumthic Method of Facsimile Transmission
"Ferrography -- Magnetic Method of 'nage Recording," by V. A.
Vatsenko and V. G. Patrunov; Moscow, Elektroevyazg, No 7, Jul
- 58; PP 49-55
.In 1956 experiments with ferrographic recording of facsimile 'messages
began at the Moscow Communicatons Electrical Engineering Institute. In
the first series of experiments magnetic drums were used; later experiments
were extended to recordings on magnetic tapes.
The controlling factOr of quality of ferrographic reproduction is
the dimension of the recording slit in the magnetic head. The length of
the slit should be about 10 microns; this will assure passage for the
whole spectrum of facsimile signal (1,300 t 500 a at 60 rpm of the drum)
with a rather low aperture distortion. The width of the slit, is chosen
equal to the scanning feed, which is generally about 0.2 mm. Black mag-
netite and heat-treated carbonyl-iron powders (P-4 and P-8) were found to
be the best for ferrographic recording.
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Up to 250 copies can be obtained from an original facsimile record-
ing, but such a multicopying process requires redeveloping of the original
after every print. The ferrographic recordings display exceedingly sharp
contrast; to produce semicontrast recordings special treatment is required.
Ferrographic facsimile images are inferior to those obtained by opti-
cal methods, but are superior to those obtained by electrochemical and
electrothermal methods.
27. New Develompt in Pulse-Time Modulation
"Pulse-Time Modulation With Variable Period and Identification
Code," by A. N. Svenson; Moscow, Elektromazg? No 6, Jun 58,
pp 21-29
This article describes a new variant of pulse-time modulation which
permits considerable narrowing of the spectrum of the transmitted signal.
The method is especially adaptable to multiplex radio-relay communication.
It was shown theoretically that this new pulseAime modulation method,
which incorporates the identification code, is about six times as effec-
tive as conventional pulse-time modulation when applied to radio-relay
communication lines. In this new system the modulator and discriminator
units are substantially more complicated in construction than the equiva-
lent units of a conventional pulse-time modulation system.
The effectiveness of the new pulse-time modulation system can be
further improved in case of duplex radio-relay communication, when the
spectrum can be further narrowed.
28. Automatic TelfahmEE in USSR
"To Extend Automation in the Field of Communications" (unsigned
article); Moscow, Elf2LEarml, No 6, Jun 58, pp 3-4
The article contains the following passages.
CPYRGHT
"To our regret, up to the present, city telephone stations are auto-
matized only to an extent of 5 and rayon telephone stations only to an
extent of a few percent and, in the case of intercity telephone networks,
the automation has only just begun.
"We can no longer be satisfied with the existing 'order' system in
intercity communication, where one has to wait to be connected. An urgent
national problem is to organize a fast intercity telephone system. Such
a system can be set up by extending telephone networks and building multi-
channel cable and radio-relay lines. As the extent of telephone network
automation increases, the creation of a unified automatic telephone net-
work for the whole Soviet Union will come closernto reality.
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CPYRGHT
"Realization of such a system on the territory of a nation as huge
as the USSR will not be easy and will require appreciable time."
29. "Svet" Transistorized. Radio Receiver
"Radio Receiver 'Sveto (unsigned article); Moscow, Vestnik
Svyazip No 5, May 580 cover page
The Institute of Radiobroadcast Reception and Acoustics has built a
small superheterodyne receiver called the "Svet" ("Sputnik") which has
seven transistors and uses printed circuits. The set is designed for
long- and medium-wave reception. It has a power output of 100 milliwatts;
sensitivity varies from 1,500 to Soo microvolts per meter. Electric power
to the set is'supplied from a small TsNK-0.4 storage battery which is re-
charged by a 5-v silicon solar battery. The weight of the receiver is
Boo g and its dimensions are 185 x 125 x 49 mm.
30. New Soviet Patents in Field of Communications
"Authorship Certificates" (unsigned artiale) Moscow, Elek,-
trosvyazg, No 6, jun 58, p 78
Class 219,40 1401, No 109137. M, V. Verzumov. A Method of Single-
Sideband Modulation In Radiotelephone Transmitters.
Class 21e4 1.4(110 No 109288. M, B. Rabinovich and A. M. Mekkel'.
Single Tube OscillaVOr With Noncontact Moaulator for Frequency Modulated
Voice-Frequency Carrier Telegraphy,
Class 21E140 1402. No 108979, V. A. Nyurenberg. Device for Aut,omatic
Control of Radiobroadcasting Installations.
Class 21a40 27, No 109252. A. V. Pashkov, Electromagnetic Relay.
Class 21E0'0 30135. No 109313. Yu, S. Karp. Device for Signal Demod-
ulation of Frequency- or Amplitude-Modulated Signals.
Class 21E14, 46. No 109293, V.D. Kumetsov, Traveling-Wave Antenna.
Class 21a40 4602, No 109292, V. L. Frumovich, Antenna Assembly
With Controlled Directivity Pattern.
Class 21E140 4606. No 109994, A. L. Drabkin. Recurrent Circuit
Waveguide Device for Matching Load Impedance With Effective Resistance
Within a Frequency-Band Range.
Class 21E0.0 71. No 109254. G. V. Kal9man, A Method of Measuring
the Speed of Voltage Pulse Build-Up Which Drives a Magnetron.
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Class 21d2, 4201. No 108786. Yu. A. Gayevenko. Ferroresonant Volt-
age Regulator.
Class 21e? 36,, No 108732, G. Kh. Novik and I. A. Aronov.,
Phasemeter.,
Class 21g, 1301. No 109304. Ye. V. Baranov.
With Cylindrical Cathode.
Class 21g, 38., No 109140, B. N. Konovalov.
ing Delay at Cutoff of Transistor.
Electronic
Power Oscillator Tube
A Method for Eliminat-
Class 21a2, 3602e NO 109331, A. S. Yukhnevich. A Method of Double
Multiplexing of a Telegraph Communication Channel for Facsimile Operation,
Class 21a3, 38., No 109291. V. G. Bosenko. Layout for High-Frequency
Subscriber Automatic Telephone Line.
Class 21a42 2401. No 109679. N. A. Simonov and N. V. Deryugin.
Automatic Frequency-Tuning Device.
Class 21E14, 6601. No 109329., G. H. Kalinin. Control Method for
Plane Reflector Antennas.
Class 21a4, 71., No 107448, D. I. Mirovitskiy. Instrument for Reflec-
tion Coefficient Measurement of Inclined Incidence Wave on Sample.
Class 21E14, 71,, No 109328.,
coupler for Coaxial Lines,
Class 21E14, 71, No 109639.
Measuring Pulse Amplitude.
A. D. Selivanovskiy., Directional Loop
V. K. Gordeyev. Compensation Method of
Class 21b? 8. No 109345, A. A. Vyselkov, and G. I. Rogova. Primary
Electrochemical Current Source,
Class 21c, 4202, No 109354, L. S. Orelovich. Method of Automatic
Switching-On of Auxiliary Power Supply.,
Claim 21d2 1202. No 109934, V. M. Kvyatkovskiy and A. Ya. Ozol. .
Device for Automatic Excitation Arc Restriking in a Mercury-Arc Rectifier,
Class 21d2, 4201. No 109965, E. A. SuRazov.,
Regulator.
Class 21d2, 54, No 109919., S. M. Yegudov and
uring Device for AC Voltage Regulator.
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Ferroresonant Voltage
S. I. Novikov., Meas-
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Class 21e, 29(12. No 109915., V. M. Pochekayev. Device for Measuring
Capacitance and Inductance by Resonance Method.
Class 21e, 36, No 109294. N. N. Malakhov. Device for Controlling
Nonuniformity of Frequency Response in Four-Terminal Networks.
Class 21e, 36, No 109327. F. S. Iskozer. Wattmeter for Measure-
ment in High-Frequency Circuits.
Class 21g, 1320. No 109056. M. 1. Yelison and G0 F.. Vasil'yev.
Heaterless Cathode Assembly for Electronic Vacuum Instruments.
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
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31. New Audio-Fre uency p4ssleptlIalr
"A New Highly Effective Power Pulse Amplifier for Audio-
Frequency Oscillations," by D. V. Ageyev, V. V. Malanov, and
K. P. Polov; Moscow Radiotpkhnika, No 6, Jun 58, pp 47-51
A new method is suggested for pulse amplification of audio-frequency
oscillations. The characteristics and operation of the system are dis-
cussed.
A simplified circuit diagram of the amplifier used in the experi-
ments and its parameters are given. Results of the investigation showed
that at maximum signal level and at a frequency of one kc the efficiency
of the amplifier was an the order of 84%. Nonlinear distortion in the
passband of the amplifier was 3-6%.
The advantages of the amplifier are that it has a high efficiency
(near 100%) and does not require a pulse transformer.
!32. Eamiments With New Traveling-Wave Tube
"On a Traveling-Wave Tube With Secondary Electron Multiplier,"
by D. N. Venerovskly; Moscow-Leningrad, Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoy
Fiziki No 5 May 58, pp 1089-1095
This article describes attempts to develop a tube in which it would
be possible to simultaneously amplify a low frequency signal, generate
a carrier frequency, and modulate the carrier by a law-frequency signal.
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Conditions necessary for achieving such an operation in a single
tube involve replacing the electron gun and oxide thermionic cathode in
the ordinary traveling-wave tube with a secondary electron multiplier and
an electron-optical adapter in place of the secondary electron collector.
The coefficient of secondary emission must be independent of the magni-
tude of load current on the emitter, this being acccmplished by the use
of emitters of magnesium and beryllium alloys on copper, aluminum, and
nickel bases.
In operation, the primary electron beam from the gun is directed to
the first dinode of the multiplier and, after passing all the dinodes, is
amplified to the necessary magnitude. From the last dinode the electrons
are focused' by the electron-optical device through the tube where an
interaction occurs between the electron flow and the field of the delay
system.
Since the multiplier is a linear wide-band amplifier, modulation of
the primary electron beam results in modulation of the output current of
the multiplier and beam current within the treveling-wave tube.
A description of the experimental tube and its dimensions are given.
The multiplier used in the tube wap developed by G. S. Wildgrube in the
USSR and consists of nine amplification stages providing an output cur-
rent of 20 ma for a primary beam current of onepta.
On the basis of preliminary experiments the author draws the follow-
ing conclusions.
1. There is a linear relationship between the amplitude of the
excited electromagnetic field and the current of the electron beam for
changes of the latter from 0.5 to 1.2 ma.
'2.L The amplitude build-up time of oscillations in the tube, for
abrupt changes in beam current, does not exceed 10-6 sec.
3. A possible change in generated wavelength due to a threefold
increase in beam current does not increase the error of wavelength
measurement by more than 0.0
33, Quartz Oscillators
"Bridge Circuits of Harmonic Quartz Oscillators," by M. M.
Fruzhanskiy3 Moscow, Radiotekhnika, NO 6, jun 58, pp 29-46
The operation of bridge circuits in harmonic quartz oscillators is
analyzed. On the basis of this analysis A quasilinear method is sug-
gested for transforming the results of the investigation into a simple
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graphical orm. This method may be used with a sufficient degree of ac-
curacy to determine the amplitude and frequency of oscillations in quartz
oscillators and to determine the y.Piationship between different circuit
parameters and the amplitude and frequency .of oscillators with an
inductance-capacitance and pure capacitance bridge in a feedback circuit.
The frequency of oscillations in the bridge circuits is found to be
equal to or very near the series resonant frequency of the quartz, and,
consequently, greater frequency stability is obtained.
34. Computation of Helica11piral-aeam Antenna
"A Helical Spiral Antenna With Constant Pitch," by N. P.
Timirev; Moscow, Radiotekhnika, No 6, Jun 58, pp 18-28
Equations are developed for determining the components of the radia-
titan field of a helical spiral-beam antenna with constant pitch. The case
of an antenna having a very small conical parameter is examined, and it is
found that, from the viewpoint of radiation, the "beam" turns of a helical
spiral antenna may be replaced by some equivalent cylindrical spiral hav-
ing the same number of turns and constant parameters.
It is shown that, in principle, it is impossible to obtain circular
polarization in a helical spiral along its axis.
Recommendations are given for the choice of optimum constant radia-
tion parameters.
35. Effect of Window in Waveguide on Losses
"Losses in a Waveguide Due to the Presence of a Window With
Finite Conductivity in the Wall of the Waveguide?" by I. V.
Lebedev, Tr. Most. Enell. In-ta, 1956, No 18, pp 369-379
(from Referativnyy Zhurnal Elektrotekhnika No 7, May 57,
Abstract No 15730)
The effect of the presence of a rectangular window lacking ideal con-
ductance on losses in a waveguide is considered. A relationship is estab-
lished between losses and dimensiens of the window, location of the window,
and dimensions of the waveguide. Computations are expanded to include the
case of a window filled with an electron-ion plasma, allowing determina-
tion of the magnitude of voltage of the electrical field in the plasma
with an independent charge.
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CPYRGHT
Radar
36. Computation of Effective Radar Range
"Computation of Effective Range of Pulse Radar According to
Its Parameters and a Given Probability of Target Detection,"
by M. M. Gerdov,' Moscow, Radiotekhnikal No 7, Jul 58, pp 55-61
Certain formulas are introduced which may be used for computing ef-
fective radar range. The effect of internal receiver noise and fluctua-
tions of the returned signal due to movement of the target are considered
in the computations. The appearance of useful signal and noise at the
output of the receiver are treated as compatible factors.
The formulas presented do not take into consideration the effect of
reflections from the Earth in the formation of antenna radiation patterns
or the attenuation of radio waves in the atmosphere.
Radar parameters may be computed with these formulas in cases of
visual detection and in angle and range tracking of a target.
It is concluded that operation with large-scale images would improve
accuracy as well as the effective range for a given probability of detec-
tion. This may be accomplished in practice by the use of a sweep delay
in range scanning.
37. Consideration of Noise in Automatic Range Finding Systems
"The Effect of Fluctuations on the Operation of an Automatic
Range Finder,".by I. N. Amiantov and V. I. Tikhonov; Moscow,
Avtomatika i Telemekhanikal No 4, Apr 58, pp 325-333
Some problems concerning stability and errors due to noise fluctua-
tions in automatic range finding systems are examined.
"The operation of the most simple types of automatic range finders
are considered for cases of sufficiently small fluctuations and a station-
ary target. Generalizations are made in relation to: (a) more precise
and more complicated types of range finders, CO consideration of the
nature of movement of the target, and (c) making assumptions concerning
the small size of the fluctuations and, in particular, determining er-
roneous operation of the coincidence tubes."
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Instruments and EmImpt
38. DevelgoalL2f Wideband Noise Generator
"A Wideband Noise Generator for the Decimeter Band," by A. D.
Kuzymin and A. N. Khvoshchev; Moscow, Radiotekhnika, No 7,
Jul 58, pp 36-42
A noise generator is described which is capable of covering a fre-
quency band of 300-3,000 Mc without retuning. The generator consists of
a coaxial line, the inner conductor being a spiral coil wound around a
gas-dlscharge tube. The ends of the wire are attached to standard 50-ohm
coaxial plugs. The characteristic impedance of the generator is 50-ohms.
All deta.!.ls of the generator are made of silver-plated brass.
In a frequency band of 300-3,000 Mc the generator has a noise tempera-
ture of 15,9000 K t 7% and a? standing-wave ratio of less than 1.5. Damp-
ing was greater than 35 db.
It is noted that the noise generator described is not suitable as a
technical instrument owing to certain imperfections in design but is sat-
isfactory for experimental work.
A significant part of the experimental work was performed by A. A.
Stdorova and V. S. Savel,yev at the Scientific Research Institute of the
Mihistry of the Radio Engineering Industry.
39. Cot Ion of Magsatis.
"Computation of a Magnetic Amplifier by Linear Magnetization
Characteristics," by L. V. Safris, Sb. Nauch. Statey. Rostovsk.
In-t Inzh. Zh.-d. Tmstmo, 1956, No?foa.hefera-
tivn Zhurnal Elektrotekhnika, No 7, May.57, Abstract NO
1":030
It is shown that, with certain assumptions, the linearized charac-
teristics of a core magnetized simultaneously by constant and alternating
magnetic fields may be used in an analysis of operation and for computing
a magnetic amplifier. The values used in the computation are analogous to
those of mutual conductance, plate resistance, and amplification factor of
an electron tube. Experimental verification shows that the accuracy of
computations is sufficient for the preliminary computation of a magnetic
amplifier.
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Camters and Automation
40. Specifications of New Counting Tubes
"Commercial Gas-Discharge Counting Tubes (Decatrons);" by I.
Ya. Breydo and G. M. Yankin; Moscow, Radiotekhnika; No 7,
Jul 58, pp 80-86
Basic parameters and design data are given for gas-discbarge counting
tubes with cold cathodes -- type YeG1 and YeG2 decatrons -- produced in
the USSR. The article examines various control-unit circuits and notes
the applications of decatrons.
Electrical specifications for the two decatrons include the fol-
lowing
Ignition voltage, anode-cathode: no more than 300 volts.
Supply voltage: 360-450 volts. .
Counting speed for YeG1 decatron: not less than 8,000 pulses per
second (average of 10,000 pulses per second).
Counting speed for leG2 decatron: not less than 3,000 pulses per
second (average of 6,000 pulses per second).
Duration of contrcl pulses: 30-50p sec.
Life of decatron: an average of more than 500 hours.
41. MARS-300 Centralized Control Electronic Machine
"Electronic Machine for Centralized Control," by :B. M. Yakob-
son; Moscow, Pr....2.11912S0erlie9 No 7, Jul 58, pp 4-8
At the Independent Design-Technological Bureau for Biological and
Physical Apparatus (SKTB BFA); the MARS-300 machine for centralized
control of industrial processes was built. The first model of this
machine was intended for control of technolcgical processes at a syn-
thetic rubber plant. The MARS-300 machine can measure and control tempera-
ture, vacuum, and flow at 300 different points. Maximum speed of the ma-
chine for sampling all the 300 points is 30 sec. The machine provides
information in digital form by printing on a card, or in the farm of sig-
nals on a mnemonic network. The MARS-300 is built with 780 relays; 35
step-selector switches', 26 electronic tubes, 6m germanium diodes, 2;000
resistors, and E00 capAcitors. The over-all size of the machine is
2,000 x 2,000 x 600 mm.
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42. Simulation of Electrical Circuits
"System Simulation Units," by V. A. Ivanov, Sb. Rabot p0 Avto-
matike iTelemekhanike, Moscow, Academy of Sciences USSR, 1956,
pp 134-145 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal Elektrotekhnika, No 7,
May 570 Abstract No 19268)
A description is given of the circuit for a delay unit and some spe-
cial transducer units for the formation of an output voltage which is a
linear, parabolic, or exponential function of the value of the mechanical
movement. On the basis of the transducer units, a circuit for a dif-
ferential bridge is given which has inductive data units for subsequent
rectification and amplification of signals. For the creation of func-
tional relations of the circuit, elements are given which have correspond-
ing characteristics of electron tubes.
43. EI-S Electronic Analog Computer
"The Specialized EI-S Electronic Analog Computer," by N. S.
Nikolayev; Moscow Byulleten1 Tekhniko-Ekonomicheskoy Infor-
matsii, No 3, 1958; pp -10
CPYRGHT
Following is the full text of the article.
The EI-S electronic analog computer is being successfully employed at
the All-Union Scientific Research Institute for the Petroleum Industry.
The EI-S electromodel is intended, in general, for the solution of
problems concerning underground hydraulics associated with the rational
development of large-scale petroleum deposits. /Nevertheless, it is pos-
sible to solve other engineering problems on it which .are reducible to
partial differential equations of the Laplace and Fourier type for bound-
ary conditions of the first, second, and third kind and for initial con-
ditions both fixed and variable according to time. The form of the region
for the problems may be varied, and the boundary conditions may be given
on the exterior as well as on the interior contours of the region.
The precision of the problem's solution on the EI-S electromodel is
characterized by the errors of the finite-difference method and instrument
errors of the electromodel. The total magnitude of error does not exceed
several percent of the maximum value of the unknown quantities.
.The EI-S electromodel is constructed according to the block-section
principle. Its basic element is a trizonal matrix of electrical conduc-
tors on which are gathered the parameters of the region fbrtheiroblem to be
solved. The central zone has 75 x 95 junctions and consists of two
matrices. The junctions of both matrices may be connected, thus yielding
the possibility of modeling three-dimension regiono (with one space rela-
tive to the z axis). The matrix of middle zone has a mesh spacing two
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CPYRGHT
times greater than the central zone, but consists only of one layer. The
dimensions of the middle zone are 59 x 75 junctions. The matrix of the
periphery zone has an eight times wider mesh spacing than the central
zone; its dimensions are 39 x 39 junctions. The matricies of the central)
middle, and peripheral zones are connected with the help of special match-
ing circuits, transition zones assuring an even transfer from a matrix
with a fine mesh spacing to a matrix with a wider mesh spacing.
For greater working convenience and better utilization of the matrix
it may be "cut" into a series of strips and interconnected in a long strip
or ring.
The flexible capacity of the region for the problem to be solved
(or the right part of Fourier's equation) is simulated with the help of
capacitors connected to the junction points of the matrix. The value of
capacitance for each magazine may change by unit steps 15 times. Through
these capacitances the initial conditions are assigned for the solution
of the Fourier equation.
The EI-S model consumes about 75 kilowatts in the heaviest operation
(when all units are working). All the energy is converted by electronic
rectifiers and stabilizers which are located in the model's section of
power supply blocks. The power supply of the model is sectionalized and
this permits supplying the voltage only at the working junctions of the
model.
All the working circuits of the model have an automatic signaling
for their good working order or trouble condition (light and sound). The
most important junctions, in case of impairment, are automatically replaced
by auxiliaries without interrupting the process of the problem's solution.
The model is provided with a control-testing apparatus, enabling one
to perform a quick check on all functioning junctions, replacing them at
that time with auxiliaries.
The model has approximately 8,000 electron tubes, hundreds of thou-
sands of resistors, capacitors, and other radio and electrical devices.
For guaranteeing the normal temperature of the system, each block of the
model is provided with a ventilating cooling system which is switched on
automatically at the time of switching on of the block. The blocks and
units of the model occupy an area of approximately 200 square meters.
From the standpoint of volume of the actual operations, the number
of junction points, and the variety of assignment of boundary conditions,
the EI-S model is a unique mathematical machine.
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CPYRGHT
The EI-S model differs from the most perfect EM-5 and EM-8 matrix
electronic models (the laboratory models of which were produced by the
Laboratory of Electrical Modeling of the Academy of Sciences USSR) by c
considerably larger matrix capacity, 20,000 junctions instead of 2,000
in the EM-5); by the method of setting-up the parameters of the matrix,
executed according to the principle of setting up of the conductors,
owing to which there is the possibility of simulating a region with
heterogeneities (1:2,000 instead of 1:100 in the EM-5); by the number
of assigned channels for the boundary conditions (750 instead of 120
in the EM-5 model); by the significantly greater flexibility of the
timed 9rogram of boundary conditions channel operation as compared with
the EM-5 and EM-8 models, which only permit switching on of the chan-
nels at an arbitrary moment of solution, but not turning them off (the
EI-S guarantees their turning on and turning off); by the great accuracy
of the region assignment, assignment of boundary conditions, and measure-
ment of the results of the solution; by the possibility of an automatic
change of the character of the boundary conditions in the solution proc-
ess; and by the presence of 50 functional transformers which permit one
to assign 50 varieties of time variables for boundary conditions.
Functional transformers in matrix models were in general not used
before. The EI-S makes possible for the first time the step-by-step
approximation of a function with the help of electronic units without
the application of electromechanlcal elements (relays and step-by-step
selector switches.
44. Universal Programs
"An Algorithm for the Automation of a Numerical Solution for
the Plane Dirichlet Problem of Laplace's Equation," by M. A.
Aleksidze, Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engi-
neering, Academy of Sciences USSR, and Mathematical Institute
imeni A. M. Razmadze, Academy of Sciences Georgian SSR; Moscow,
Doklady Akademii Nauke_2221L Vol 119, No 5, 1958, pp 847-850
(article presented by Academician S. L. Sobolev on 27 November
1957)
CPYRGHT
Following is the full text of the article.
1. For the successful exploitation of electronic digital computers
of the universal type it is necessary to have universal programs (UP)
for the entire class of problems which have well-developed general numeri-
cal methods of solution. The advantages of UP over problem programing are
the complete automation of both stages of programing and a substantial
decrease in volume of the initial information. The initial information
for the UP solution of the first boundary value problem will be the coded
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CPYRGHT
equations for the boundary of the region and the functions defined on the
boundary. It is assumed in the described algorithm that the equations are
given in parametric form and that with increase in the parameter the re-
gion is traversed from the right.
The unusual unwieldiness and monotypic nature of the final calcu-
lations during the solution of boundary value problems by the matrix method
make application of electronic digital computers extremely effective. The
complete automation of the solution for a boundary problem also presup-
poses automation of the following processes: (a) replacement of the bound-
ary with a broken region consisting of sides and diagonals of the matrix,
(b) transfer of the matrix region into the interior storage unit (vW) of
the computer (linearization of the region), (c) finding of all boundary
points and the necessary information for formation of irregular difference
equations at all these points, and (d) immediate calculation and deduc-
tion of the final results into a form convenient for decoding.
2. We consider the finite difference analog of the Dirichlet problem
for Laplace's equation
zLh u0 in G p
where Ah is one of the matrix approximations of the Laplace operator.
U (A) =TC (A,B)u(0 We will call the points B$ for which
C(A,B) .4. 0, the neighbors of A in the sense of operator 4 h. We will
name as counting points the junction points of the matrix lying within
the region Gh or on the contour rh. A counting point will be on the
boundary if the distance from it to the boundary of the region along
coordinate lines is less than the mesh spacing of the matrix. In the
contrary case the counting point will be internal.
For the purpose of automation, classification of the counting
points as interior points and boundary points is not sufficient. The
number of pant types depends on the nature of the boundary problem,
on the geometry of the region, and on the formulas approximately replac-
ing the differential operators. In the case of the simplest approxima-
tion of Laplace's operator and correction of functional values at boundary
points according to Collatz? a further additional classification of the
set of boundary points is necessary. Double boundary points are points
lying simultaneously on the contour and on the broken approximating con-
tour. The remaining boundary points, depending on the direction of their
reference value, are divided into groups of the rights left, upper, and
lower boundary points. The values of the function at the calculating
points employed for correction of the functional values at the boundary
points are called reference values.
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CPYRGHT
With regard to the considered regions we assume that they are
bounded by a finite number of curves given in parametric form satisfying
the Lipschitz condition of order 1. Ilbe Lipschitz constants on individual
sections of the boundary must be given in the initial information. The
regions may have apertures and narrow inlets and can form a number of
disconnected calculating points.
For linearization of the region having a fixed column height
we find the smallest rectangle enclosing the given region in its entirety
and afterward the columns of the rectangle are transferred into the WU
of the machine; whereon thrl neighboring points will be found in rigorously
defined cells.
For marking the bulk of the storage it is possible to utilize
either a local mark (to store in each cell an indication to which type of
point the given cell relates, or an integrating mark (to comprise and
store individual information concerning alternation of all point types
in each coluMn). The choice of a local or integrating mark depends on
the geometry of the region, on the capacity of the computer's VZIJI and
on the number of divisions in a storage cell. In the case of an arbitrary
region the local mark is expeditious for.. the BM [high-speed electronic
computer].
We will call the numbers of the straight lines forming the joints
the whole number coordinates. Thus we will call [y/h-(Y0 - 512 h)/h]0
[x/h - (x0 - 512)/h] the integer parts where x, y are the .coordinates of
the given point and xo 0 yo are the coordinates of the initial point for
the contour traversing. It is not difficult to see that the whole number
coordinates of a boundary point and of the lower corner of the square,
where the given point is located, coincide.
We say that a boundary point is found if, in addition to the whole-
number coordinates, all necessary information for its processing isobtaine0.
For locating boundary points it is possible to move along the straight
lines forming the matrix region and to find the intersections with the
boundaries of the region or to move along the boundary and to find the
intersections with the straight lines. Because of the difficulty in
providing the initial information in the first case., we choose the second
method.
We divide each square of the matrix into nine sections (Figure 1)
and compile the collations El, E2 and the comparisons E3, E4, E5, E6
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CPYRGHT
ip
"1
E2
vv vv v
/ [Yin+1 >

E3
< p >
E >
E4
< p >
E6

< ? ?
where (a,> denotes the address of the cell where a is stored; [2c)
(y40.1 and [x]nl[yln are the whole-number coordinates of the points
f ( s ) and f ( s4 s ) s satisfies the inequality
Ix (s) - x(s h, 1Y(s) - Y(s+6s)14 h..
We will consider collation and comparison presented above as
logical expressions. Collation (comparison) is true (Ei = 1) if the com-
mand following by number is performed after it; in the contrary case col-
lation (comparison) is false (Ei = 0).
Let us consider all the possible cases generated by the binary
alternatives Ei. The 64 possible cases may be grouped in the following
manner: after the cases 55, 59, 61, 62, and 63, the next step is made
along the contours after 71 111 130 14? 15, 29, 301 31, 39, 43, and 47,
inverse passage is made according to the contour with the spacing Ci s/2;
after 50-61 91 10, 21, 221 231 251 270 37, 38, 41, 42, 45, 46, 53, 54, 57,
and 58 in conjunction with right traversing of the region the whole number
coordinates of the boundary points and all information necessary for cor-
rection of the value of the function in them are stored. The remaining
cases are impracticable from the fact that the inequalities
ILA/
0
1
u2 1 2 I_TT 2 2 ? u i - 1 ui 4- 14- ? ? ? ? Ti2 < 111? 1(c -f-... X2 )11
1n'
The practical value of these two theorems, it is claimed, is apparent when
U11 U are not explicit functions of time. In this case, in order
that Y (U1, ..., Up) be sign-definite, it is necessary and sufficient
that at least one of the functions U2(xl' x) take on only positive
1 n
values at all points different from
= . ? ? = xn = 0
and satisfy the conditions
Ul(xl, xn) = . Z- 1(x1, xn) =
Ui
= Ui 1(x1, ...? xn) = Up(xl, xn) 0.
Several simplifications following from the above result are explained.
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114. Lyalunov Stability Criteria Shawn Applicable to Systems With Time Lag
"Stability in the First Approximation of Systems With Time Lag,"
by B. S. Razumizhin, Moscow; Moscow, Prikladnaya Matematika i
Mekhanika, Vol 22, No 2, Mar/Apr 58, pp 155-166
It is shown that Lyapunov's theorem on asymptotic stability for sys-
tems of differential equations of the first approximation are applicable
for systems with time lag. Certain sufficiency conditions for stability
In the first approximation are obtained for such systems.
The methods developed in the article are applied to a second-order
differential equation describing transition processes in certain automatic
control systems.
115. Flow of Shock Wave Past an Arbitrary Profile Studied
"Flow of a Shock Wave Past a Symmetric Profile," by0. M. Belot-
serkovskiy, Moscow; Moscow, Prikladnaya Matematika i Mekhanika,
Vol 22, No 2, Mar/Apr 58, pp 206-219
The flow of a shock wave past a plane body of arbitrary form or pro-
file and with axial symmetry is considered. A plane-parallel supersonic
flow of an ideal gas strikes the body at a zero attack angle and constant
velocity. The shape and position of the shock wave produced in front of
the body is assumed to be unkawn. It is required to calculate the per-
turbed turbulent flow in a minimal region of influence, i.e., in the region
bounded by the shock wave, the axis of symmetry, the profile of the body,
and the first boundary characteristic between the wave and the body.
A numerical solution is given for the problem using the "integral
relations method" proposed by A. A. Dorodnitsyn ("A Method for the Numeri-
cal Solution of Certain Problems of Lerodynamics", Trudy Tretlyego Vse-
soyuznogo ihtematicheskogo S'yezdal Vol 2, 1956). The method reduces the
integration of a system of nonlinear partial differential equations to the
numerical solution of a certain approximating system of ordinary differen-
tial equations. With the use of electronic computers, the integral rela-
tions method, it is claimed, makes it possible to obtain final results with
the necessary degree of accuracy for a problem in an exact representation.
Expressions for the angle between the lines of flow and the line of
constant velocity are derived for the general case and for the case of a
circular cylinder. The latter problem was worked out on the "BESM" high-
speed electronic calculator for Mach numbers 3, 4, and 5. Values for
velocity, pressure, and other parameters are tabulated.
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116. Construction of Lyapunov Functions For Equations With Variable Co-
efficients Described
"On a Method for Constructing Lyapunov Functions for Linear
Systems With Variable Coefficients," by Ya. N. Roytenberg, Mos-
cow; Moscow, Prikladnaya Matematika ? Mekhanika, Vol 22, No 2,
Mar/Apr 58, pp 167-172
A "powerful" method for constructing Lyapunov functions for systems
of linear differential equations with variable coefficients is described.
The treatment is an extension of the work of N. G. Chetayev (Ustoychivosti
Dvizheniya (Stability of Motion), 2nd Ed, GITTL, Moscow, 1955).
117. Interaction of a Shock Wave With the Boundary Layer
"Interaction of a Shock Wave With a Boundary Layer in the Region
of the Leading Edge of a Flat Plate at High Supersonic Speeds
Taking Radiation Into Account," by G. A. Kulonen, LeningradState
University; Leningrad, Vestnik Leningradskogo Universiteta, No?,
Seriya Matematiki, Mekhaniki I Astronomii, No 2, Apr-Jun 58,
pp 172-188
The interaction of a shock wave with a boundary layer by the leading
edge of a flat plate at high supersonic speeds is examined taking radia-
tion into account. It is proposed that the plate radiates and receives
heat according to the law 3.=o 1.4. The integral equation of the
momentum is used for solving the problem. Calculations are made for the
following cases: (1) h = 20 km, Pr = 0.71, M1 : 10; (2) h = 20 km,
Pr = 0.71, M1 = 15.
The effect of the radiation on the surfece temperature of the flat
plate and other values are shown in comparison with an insulated surface.
The work represents a summary of diploma work completed by the author
under the supervision of Prof I. P. Ginzburg at Leningrad State University.
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118. Buckling of Thin Films
"On the Nonlinear Theory of Thin Films," by N. .F. Mozozov,
Leningrad State University imeni A. A. Zhdanov; Moscow, Dok-
lady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 114, No 5, 11 jun 57, pp 968-971
The article treats the essential solution to the problem of the
buckling of thin films. The author departs from the work of D. A. Panov
(Tr. TsAGI, 450, 1, 1939) and Friedrichs-Stoker (Am. J. Math., 63, No 4,
839, 1941), who presented a solution for the case of spherisymmetrically
loaded films, as well as from the work of I. I. Vorovich (DAN, 105, No 1,
1955), who treated the question of inclined films, and presents a solu-
tion to the problem by means of other methods and for other boundary con-
ditions.
It is found that, if the contour is sufficiently smooth, the bi-
harmonic Green function G, together with its first derivatives, is uni-
forMly continuous with a certain region.
119. Theoretical Study of Relaxation at East German Plastic Laboratory
"On the Theory of Relaxation. I. The Thermodynamic FUndamen-
tals and Their Mathematical Solution," by S. Kaestner, Labora-
tory for Plastics, Berlin-Adlershof; Leipzig, Annalen der Physik,
Vol 1, No 6/8, 1958, pp 377-399
The basic thermodynamic equations are first set up in a general form,
which takes into account both pure relaxation and simultaneous effects of
internal friction. A tensor representation in the space of the variables
of state is used in the mathematical formulation of the theory; this ap-
proach proves to be valid also for the subsequent solution of the basic
equations. The results are presented in table form, and their applica-
tion to mechanical and dielectric relaxation is discussed.
Emphasis throughout is on the explanation of the mechanical and di-
electric relaxation behavior of matter. The discussions, however, are
treated in such a general manner that they also apply for other relaxa-
tion phenomena where no magnetic fields are in effect. The treatment is
limited to homogeneous systems. It is also assumed that the deviation
from thermodynamic equilibrium is always sufficiently small. The author
arrives at a linear theory of relaxation in the tensor representation.
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For the special case of mechanical relaxation without internal fric-
tion, the relationships derived here go over into the theory of pure re-
laxation of Meixner (Z. Naturforsch%., gal 1954, p 654); if, on the other
hand, mechanical isothermal processes are taken into account, there is
agreement with the formulas given by Blot (J. Appl. Phys., 25, 1954,
p 1385).
Throughout the article, the distinction, is made between retardation
(Verschiebungsrelaxation) and relaxation (Kraftrelaxation).
IX. MISCELLANEOUS
220. Selected Dissertations Defended in Doctoral and Candidate Examina-
tions in Hungary in November-December 195 and in the First Three
Months of 1958
"Reports of the Scientific Qualifications Committee -- New doc-
tors and candidates," (unsigned articles) Budapest, Magyar Tudo-
many
"New candidate -- November-December 1957," January-February 1958
issue, pp 57-58
Gyula Deak received a Candidate of Chemical Sciences degree on the
basis of his dissertation, "A Study of Reactions Catalyzed by BF3;" his
opponents were Corresponding Member [of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences]
Sandor Miller and Gyorgy Varsanyi, Candidate of Chemical Sciences.
"New candidates -- January 1958," March 1958 issue, pp 89-90
Adam Bosznay received a Candidate of Technical Sciences degree on the
basis of his dissertation, "Concerning a Method for Deterril.ning the
Specific Angular Frequency and the Induced Oscillation Ability of an
Oscillating System With Several Degrees of Freedom and Concerning the
Practical Application of This Method;" his opponents were Endre Reuss,
Doctor of Technical Sciences andjozseBartay.Doctor of Technical Sci-
ences.
Ede Kapuy received a Candidate of Physical Sciences degree on the
basis of her dissertation, "An Approximation Method for Calculating the
Electron Energy'of Tetrahedral Hydride Molecules;" her opponents were
Rezso Gaspar, Doctor of Physical Sciences and Tibor Hoffman, Doctor of
Physical Sciences.
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Pal Tetenyi received a Candidate of Chemical Sciences degree on the
basis of his dissertation, "Kimbics of the Dehydrogenization of Alcohols
and the Nature of the Metallic Catalyst," defended in the USSR.
"New doctor -- February 1958," April 1958 issue pp 142-143
Gyorgy Koranyi received a Doctor of Chemical Sciences degree on the
basis of his dissertation, "The Effect of the Vapor of Metal Chlorides.
on the Surface Structure of Glass;" his opponents were Academician Aladar
Buzagh, Bela Lengyel, Doctor of Chemical Sciences, and Bela Lanyi, Doc-
tor of Chemical Sciences.
"New doctor and candidates -- March 19580" June 1958 issue,
pp 237-238
Zoltan Bruckner received. a Doctor of Chemical Sciences degree on the
basis of his dissertation, "The Role of Surface-active Materials in the
Regeneration of Rubber in an Aqueous Neutral Medium;" his opponents were
Academician Zoltan Csuros, Academician Geza Schay, and Corresponding Mem-
ber Sandor Muller.
Magdolna B. -Varga received Candidate of Biological Sciences degree
on the basis of her dissertation, "Paper chromatography Investigation of
Growth-Inhibiting Materials With Special Regard to the Formation of Pulpy
Matter;" her opponents were Vilmos Frenyo, Candidate of Biological Sci-
ences and Domokos Fejer, Candidate of Biological Sciences.
Emil Varga received a Candidate of Medical Sciences degree on the
basis of his dissertation, "The Properties and Physiological Function
of Myosin Choline-Esterase;" his opponents were Academician Kalman Lissak
and Mrs Vilmos Szekessy, Candidate in Medical Sciences.
121, Recent Academia Sinica Developments
"New Briefs," (unsigned article), Peiping, Wo-hsueh T'ung-pao
(Scientia), No 13, 1958, p 416
This article reports the following developments in the Academia
Sinica:
The Institute of Physics has been renamed Institute of Atomic Energy,
Academia Sinica /14 Ai, 'i '(.r )-
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The Kiangsu Branch of the Academia Sinica was established during an
organizational meeting held in Nanking on 30 June 1958 and the Kiangsi
Branch, during an organizational meeting held in Nan-ch'ang on 1 July 1958.
The Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (AA th ),
Academia Sinica, has been formally established on the basis of the In-
stitute of Metallurgy and Ceramics (Ch'ang-sha Branch). The responsible
person of the new Institute are Chou Hsing-chien ( 4.) director;
director;
Huang P'ei-yuan ) and Chang Hsing-fu ( 34L )21; SO, deputy
directors.
?
The Institute of Nationalities Research ( & A ht 1.',1} 'Orir ) was
.-
formally established during an organizational meetingin Peiping 23 June
1958. Director of the ipstituteV Liu Chlun (ill ); deputy direc-
tors and Su K'o-ch'in (j)- A.) U.), Weng Tu-chien g u 4,E), &la
K'ang-nung ( i i( t'....), and Ya Han-chang ( 2 4- Jr ).
122. New Divisions Formed at Academia Sinica
"Preparatory Committee of Academia Sinica's Northwest Branch
to Establish New Institutions," by Huang Wei; Peiping, K'o-
hsueh T'ung-pao (Scientia), No 13, 1958, p 384
To meet the needs of industrial and agricultural developments in
the northwest, the Academia Sinica has decided that during the Second
Five-Year Plan, its Northwest Branch will establish four new but small-
scale research divisions with major responsibilities as follows:
1. Division for Comprehensive Research on Power (fb TIJ "2
0..): to study the utilization of solar energy, wind, and water
energy.
2. Chemical Research Division (1tJ 4- . X41: 131
4-0 4 ). to collabo-
rate with Lan-chou University in research on analysis and refining of
rare metals and in research on salt lakes.
3. Forestry and Soil Research Division (4... ,o,
to conduct research on silviculture, pedology, botany, and sand stabili-
zation in conjunction with the planting in Kansu Province of 2,000 kilo-
meters of shelter belts and the conversion of 10 million mou into arable
land.
PI:
4. Civil Engineering and Construction Division (b. A-- * kli t
-kli-
, ): to study civil engineering and construction problems encountered
in basic construction work in the Northwest, including soil foundations and
antiseismic structures.
* * *
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