SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000100150001-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 108
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 4, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: September 19, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

cI`AePB 1 1851:-76
19-SEPTEMBER ` 195~
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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
SCIENTIFIC
INFORMATION REPORT
19 September 1958
Distributed Only By
%l
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
OFFICE OF TECHNICAL SERVICES
WASHINGTON 25, D.C.
wls
O ~C)X_ Issued Semi-monthly. Price: Per year $25.00; Single issue $2.75.
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Use of funds for printing this publication approved by the
Digvector of the Bureau of the Budget July 31, 1958.
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PLEASE NOTE
This report presents unevaluated information extracted from
publications of the USSR, Eastern Europe, and China. The in-
formation selected is intended to indicate current scientific
developments and activities in the USSR, in the Sino-Soviet
Orbit countries, and in Yugoslavia, and is disseminated as
an aid to United States Government research.
SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT
Table of Contents
Page
I.
Biology
1
II.
Chemistry
4
III.
Earth Sciences
25
IV.
Electronics
26
V.
Engineering
36
VI.
Medicine
40
VII.
Metallurgy
80
VIII.
IX.
Physics
Miscellaneous
86
NOTE: Items in this report are numbered consecutively.
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CPYRGHT
1. Experimental Installation With 200-Curie Po-Be Mixture for Experi-
mental Irradiation of Animals
"An Experimental Installation for Irradiation of Animals by
Neutron Fluxes (ENO-1), (Report 1)," by A. G. Istomina and
I. B. Keirim-Markus; Moscow, Meditsinskaya Radiologiya, Vol 3,
No 3, May/Jun 58, pp 51-61
Although reactors and accelerators can be used as powerful sources
of fast neutron fluxes, they do not satisfy experimental conditions for
animal irradiation due to the following: first, they cause unilateral
irradiation; second, irradiation by fast neutrons is accompanied with
intense gamma irradiation and, in reactors] by thermal and resonance neu-
trons; and third, because irradiation in accelerators takes place in short
pulses and, as is known, pulsed irradiation can cause a different effect
on an organism from that caused by a constant flux. Therefore, an in-
stallation, planned in 1954 was designed with a 200-curie Polonium-
Beryllium mixture for the experimental irradiation of small animals by
neutron fluxes. The followin~'.is the accompanying English abstract.
"Computations show that the dose rate of gamma irradiation from the
sources equals only 2.5% of the dose rate of fast neutrons. Eighteen
such sources made of Po+Be were located in two flat cassettes in such a
way as to create a uniform field of fast neutrons in the central working
chamber with a dose of one rep per hour. The installation is shielded
by paraffin and borax blocks. The method of study of fast, resonance,
and thermal neutrons by activation of sulfur, gold, and indium specimens
and the absolute measurement of induced activity are described in detail.
The dose rate of the gamma irradiation was measured by the photographic
method."
Various formulas, graphs, and charts accompany the article.
2. Substances Adhering to Mitochondrial Surface Increase Cell Resistance
to Ionizing Radiation
"The Influence of Blocking Intracellular Structures bn Cell
Radiosensitivity," by M. N. Meysel', N. A. Pomoshchnikova,
and T. S. Sokolova, Institute of Microbiology of the'Academy
of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 117,
No 1, Nov/Dec 57, pp 142-145
The importance of the mitochondrial surface in its selective adsorp-
tion of substances which later are pubjected to oxidation-reduction proc-
esses is reviewed. Reference is made to research conducted by the authors
in 1950 on the topic of the blocking of mitochondria in yeast cells for
studying the physiological significance of intracellular structures.
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The aim of this research was to study the influence of the blocking
of mitochondria by berberine on the sensitivity of the cell and its var-
ious components toward irradiation. Yeast organisms were made fluorescent
by an aqueous solution of berberine sulfate (1:10,000), and irradiated.
Details of experimentr.,l procedure and charts showing the effect of blocking
(staining) and irradiation (30, 60, and 250 kr) on the processes of res-
piration and viability are included. The authors make the following con-
clusions.
1. Substances which 'become tenaciously attached to mitochondria of
cells, such as berberine, ethyl alcohol, and ether, distinctly. increase
cell radioresistance and decrease the injurious effects of ionizing ra-
diation. This mechanism is connected, first of all, with -changes in the
physi'chemical properties of the surface of mitochondria.
2. In vivo blocking of the nucleus also leads to increased radio-
resistance of the cell.
3. Blocking the vacuoles by neutral dyes has no effect on cell radio-
resistance.
4. The method of in vivo blocking of cell structures has definite
future prospects for research on normal pathological cell physiology.
Different Sources of Nitrogen Nutrition Exert Different Influences
on Viscosity, Elasticity, and Cold and Heat Resistance of Plant Pro-
toplasm
"Changes of Plant Resistance to High and Low Temperature as Re-
lated to Quality of, Nitrogen Nutrition," by K. A. Badanova, In-
stitute of Plant Physiology imeni K. A. Timiryazev, Academy of
Sciences USSR, Moscow; Moscow, Fiziologiya Rasteniy, Vol 5, No 4,
Jul/Aug 58, pp 353-356..
The aim of the research was to study the effect of various forms of nitrogen
nutrition on chemicocolloidal properties of the protoplasm of plant cells.
Tests were conducted on the leives of the makhorka [tobacco (Nicotiniana
rusticana)I plant to determine the degree of resistance of plant, cells
to high and low temperature after cultivating them on different nitrogen
nutrition sources (ammonium salts and nitrates).
A diagram and two tables show the effect of nitrates and ammonium
salts on plant cell coagulation and the influence of the quality of nu-
trition on cell content of organic acids and on the viscosity, elasticity,
and resistance cf plant cell protoplasm to high and low temperatures.
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Results indicate that the degree of plant cell resistance toward
high and low temperatures changes, depending on its nutrition. For
example, plant nutrition from ammonium sources leads to increased heat
resistance of the protoplasm, simultaneously with decreased cold re-
sistance. Both changes are accompanied by increased viscosity of the
protoplasm. On the contrary, decreased heat resistance and increased
cold resistance are accompanied by decreased viscosity of plant cell
protoplasm.
The author also discusses the effect of natural and artificial
methods of introducing various substances into the cell structure on
cell viscosity and elasticity.
The author concludes that different sources of nitrogenous nutri-
tion exert a substantial effect on plant metabolism which in turn de-
termines certain differences in the reaction of the protoplasm to ex-
ternal envirormentel factors.
4. Fluctuations in Ascorbic Acid Content in Leaves of Plants Under Polar
Conditions
"Seasonal Dynamics of Ascorbic Acid in Leaves of Plants Under
Polar Conditions," by I. D. Shmatok, Polar-Alpine Botanical
Garden, Kirovsk, USSR; Moscow, Fiziologiya Rasteniy, Vol 5,
No 4, Jul/Aug 58, pp 345-349
Research was conducted on the seasonal fluctuations of ascorbic acid
content of 18 plants (rhubarb) sorrel, lungwort, onions, lilies, prim-
roses, roses, carrots, etc.). A diagram illustrates the increase and
decrease of ascorbic acid with the phase of growth, i.e., during the
vegetative period, period of budding, blooming, seeding, and the end of
the vegetative period. A diagram presents detailed information on the
influence of the developmental period on ascorbic acid content in. leaves
of plants, calculated on the basis of raw weight and of absolutely dry
weight of plant material.
Results indicate the following.
-- 1. Seasonal fluctuations of ascorbic acid content of plants depends
essentially on the type of plant; i.e., some plants contain maximum ascor-
bic acid content during the earl part of the vegetative period, and others
attain maximum ascorbic acid content at a later period.
2. In all plants the amount of ascorbic acid in the leaves diminishes
at the end of the vegetative period, but in some plants there is an in-
crease of ascorbic acid after exposure to autumn frosts.
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Chemistry and Technology of Nuclear Fuels
and Reactor' Construction Materials
5. Crystallization of Uranium
"Recrystallization of Uranium Under the Effect of Thermal
Cycling," by A. A. Bochvar, G. I. Tomson, and N. T. Chebo-
tarev;, Moscow, Atomnaya EnergiyaU Vol 4, No 6, Jun 58, pp 555-
556
As a result of cyclic heat-treatment in the temperature range of 100-
5500 C with 6 cycle period of 50 sec in cranium hardened from the gamma,-phase as
well as annealed in the gamma-phase or cast uranium which did not undergo
additional deformation, a recrystallization occurs resulting in refinement
of the initial microstructure. The recrystallization starts at spots with
the greatest crystal lattice distortion.
Crystal Chemistry
6. Current Work at l..stitute of Crystallography, Academy of Sciences USSR
"Investigators of Crystals" by A. Novikov; , Moscow, Promyshlenno-
Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, Vol 3, No 74 (374)), 22 Jun 5 ,8 p 3,
The Institute of Crystallography, Academy of Sciences USSR, is the
only institution in the USSR which investigates in detail the structure
and physical properties of crystals, does research on phenomena taking
place in them, and conducts work pertaining to the industrial applica-
tions of results obtained in this field.
At the Laboratory of Electronography, work is being done on the
structure. of organic and inorganic crystals. Electronography is applied
in investigations of semiconductor materials and heat-resistant alloys.
Work in this particular field is being done under the direction of Prof
Z. Pinsker. By using electronographic techniques, one can investigate
the structure of the surface of germanium crystals and of the surfaces
of other crystals, as well as processes of corrosion and oxidation. Th'
novel methods employed in this field make it possible to solve some crystal-
chemical problems, for instance, those concerning the magnitude of the
force exerted 'between atoms and the nature of 'the interaction between atoms
in crystals.
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Work on the crystals used in scintillation counters is of im-
portance from the standpoint of prospecting for ores containing radio-
active elements. These counters are also used in nuclear investiga-
tions and in connection with work in which tracer atoms are employed.
The crystals used in scintillation counters are artifically grown in
laboratories. They consist'of anthracene, naphthalene, or sodium iodide.
The scintillator crystals are shaped in such a manner that the luminescence
which arises inside them is focused and directed into the aperture of the
photoelectric multiplier. This is achieved by giving to the crystals a
definite shape depending on the index of refraction of the crystals. Spe-
cial reflectors are also used.
Scintillation counters have acquired considerable importance in con-
nection with core sampling in test wells sunk at petroleum fields. By
using such counters, one may determine with a sufficient degree of pre-
cision the thickness of different strata including those bearing petroleum.
The principal advantages of scintillation counters are their high
sensitivity to all forms of nuclear radiation and the rapid response which
makes it possible to record individually particles which are emitted with
intervals as small as one billionth of a second. Interesting work is being
done at the institute on corundum and colored varieties of corundum, for
instance, rubies. A method of producing crystals in the form of thin stems
was developed at'the institute. However, rabies having this shape exhibited
a tendency to crack while they were cut and polished. N. Ikornikova and
A. Popova, Candidates of Physicomathematical Sciences, succeeded in elimi-
nating the 8titernal stresses in stem rubies which are responsible for this
crackingc Stem rubies will soon be used in the production of [jewel bearings
for] watches.
Quartz is of considerable importance as a material for the production
of spectrograph prisms or lenses which transmit ultraviolet and infrared
rays, wedges for polarization microscopes, and piezoelectric crystals for
different purposes. In work launched by N. Sheftel?, Doctor of Geological
Sciences, and continued by V. Butuzov, Candidates. of Physicomathematical
Sciences, it has been shown that quartz of the desired quality for these
purposes and of the necessary dimensions ,an be produced artificially. Work
on the mechanical properties of crystals which is being conducted at the
Institute of Crystallography under the direction of M. Klassen-Neklyudove
has yielded considerable information that has a bes.ring on the hardness,
plasticity, and elasticity of various materials used in technology and con-
struction.
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Electrochemistry
7. Development of Electrochemistry in USSR
"Today and Tomorrow; Ways of Perfecting Electrochemical Tech-
nology," by Prof V. Stender, Corresponding Member, Academy of
Sciences Kazakh SSR, and Prof M. Loshkarev, Doctor of Chemical
Sciences; Moscow, Promyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, Vol 3,
No 7l, (371), 13 Jun 5d, p 2
Electrochemical processing is of advantage because its use makes it
possible to transform electrical energy directly into the chemical energy
of products obtained at the electrodes. Another advantage of electro-
chemical processing is the possibility of manufacturing products of high
quality from the poorest crude materials.
Electrochemical processes have become the basis for the most im-
portant branches of present-day technology. For instance, the deuterium
needed for thermonuclear reactions is concentrated almost exclusively by
the electrolysis of water. The hydrogen that is obtained in this elec-
trolysis is used for the synthesis of ammonia.
In view of the fact that the demand for chlorine will soon exceed
that for caustic alkalis, it will be necessary to produce chlorine elec-
trolytically without producing at the same time caustic alkalis. In some
cases it will be advisable to subject to electrolysis chlorides of heavy
metals and produce these metals as a cathodic deposit instead of caustic
alkali.
Aluminum and copper are of fundamental importance to the electric
power industry; aluminum, titanium, and magnesium for the construction
of planes; nickel,, carbon-free manganese, and chromium are the most im-
portant constituents of alloy steels and heat-resistant alloys. All
these metals are produced by electrolysis.
Many rare metals which have become of the greatest importance in
technology are also produced by electrolysis: for instance, the lithium
which is converted into tritium, beryllium and cadmium for the nuclear
energy industry, and the cesium and rubidium which are used in photocells
employed in the automatic control of production processes.
Such rare elements as germanium, indium, gallium, thallium, rhenium,
and tellurium are also products of the electrochemical industry.
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Lectrocheml sourcesof current, particularly those with an intensive
effect such as galvanic cells and storage batteries, are necessary com-
ponents of self-propelled appliances, including automobiles, planes,
rocket missiles, and artificial earth satellites.
Development of the electrochemical industry is connected with the
development of the power production of the country. To expedite de-
velopments in this field, the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences USSR
has decided that three electrochemical research institutes will hence-
forth be active within the framework of the academy, namely, at Moscow,
Sverdlovsk, and Irkutsk. Furthermore,, the electrochemical divisions of
a number of scientific research institutes will be reinforced and new
electrochemical laboratories created.
In subsequent research in 'the field of electrochemistry, particular
attention must be paid to the problems mentioned below.
Current density must be sharply increased and the rate of electro-
chemical processes augmented. Difficulties arise in connection with
this, because the ions cannot be transported to the electrodes as fast
as they are used up there. As far as the production of metals and solid
products is concerned, the principal measure applied should be a substan-
tial increase in the circulation of electrolytes and thorough purification
of these electrolytes. The theory of the action of inhibitors of electrode
processes should be developed and new, more effective regulators of the
growth of cathodic deposits of metals found on the basis of this theory.
The regulators of the grqwth of cathodic deposits must preserve their ef-
fectiveness at high velocities of electrolysis. This has not been achieved
hitherto. The solution of the problem should be sought in reversing the
current periodically, whereby uniformity of the growth of crystals will be
ensured. Under the circumstances the application of much higher current
densities will become possible.
The employment in electrochemical technology of so-called intermediate
reagents functioning as charge carriers makes it possible not only to ac-
celerate a number of processes, but also to expand considerably the field
of the industrial application of electrolysis.
The development and introduction of this method of electrolysis must
contribute to the development of the industrial electrocynthesis of or-
ganic compounds. The introduction of intermediate reagents will make it
possible to use homogeneous catalysts to a greater extent than is possible with
the application of direct electrode processes. Intermediate reagents can
be applied not only in- reactions taking place in solutions, but also for
the oxidation or reduction. of solid phases or emulsions,"including those
involved in processes for the production of metal powders, higher metal'
oxides, and other products.
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It is important to develop new and stable anodes for the electrolysis
of aqueous solutions and fusions. In this respect good results are to be
expected when metal oxide anodes are applied. These anodes ought to be
sufficiently stable, have an adequate electric conductivity, and be me-
chanically and thermally resistant. In the electrolysis of fusions, the
applications of such anodes make it possible to increase considerably the
current density and to get rid of the anodic effect. In the electrolysis
of aqueous solutions, it will be possible to increase the length of opera-
tion of equipment between repairs and improve the purity of the cathodic
products.
Research must be done with a view toward developing processes of electro-
organic chemistry, with the use of which very precisely controlled syntheses
of complex organic compounds including drugs, dyestuffs, and other substances
can be carried out.
Further development of the electrochemistry and electrometallurgy of
newly discovered and rare metals will make it possible to extract them from
crude materials with high yields and to produce them in a purer state at a
reduced cost.
Great attention must be paid to the improvement of methods. for the
production of carbon-free chromium and manganese. The methods of amalgam
metallurgy should be developed. These methods are convenient for the step-
wise isolation in a pure state of individual metals from raw materials con-
taining a number of metals. They make it possible to concentrate the metals
being recovered from large quantities of very dilute solutions.
Electrochemical processes should be developed which make it possible
to obtain valuable products at both electrodes rather than only one. Chloride
solutions should be used to an increased extent in electrometallurgy in pref-
erence to sulfate solutions.
At the new electrochemical institutes to be opened at Sverdlovsk and
Irkutsk work pertaining to electrometallurgy and the electrosynthesis of
organic compounds ought to play a prominent role., in the opinion of the
authors of this article.
A special electrochemical journal ought to be published by the Academy
of Sciences USSR or the Ministry of Higher Education USSR.
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Industrial Chemistry
8. Trends in USSR Synthetic Rubber Industry
"Synthetic Elastomers," by Prof R. B. Dolgoplask, Doctor of
Chemical Sciences, and K. Piotrovskiy, Candidate of Chemical
Sciences; Moscow, Promyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya GazetaL Vol 3,
No 73 (373) 18 Jun 558, p 3
Industrial production of sodium butadiene rubber according to the
process devised by Academician S. V. Lebedev has been carried out in the
USSR on a large scale since 1932. However, it was clear from the very
beginning that sodium butadiene rubber is in many respects inferior to
natural rubber as far as some characteristics are concerned and cannot
completely replace,natural rubber in the production of a number of articles.
Under the circumstances new types of synthetic rubber had to be synthesized'
both with the aim of replacing natural rubber and for the purpose of de-
veloping synthetic products that possess novel properties required in spe-
cial applications.
Synthesis of Elastomers for General Purposes
The principal aim of work done in this field was replacement of natural
rubber wish a synthetic product. In the present-day synthetic rubber in-
dustry production of synthetic elastomers obtained by polymerization of
butadiene with styrene or alpha -methyls tyrene (rubbers of the SKS-30 A type)
plays the principal role. Although the application of synthetic rubber.9f
this type contributed to the solution of the problem of manufacturing tires
from synthetic rubber exclusively, without the use of natural rubber, tires
made of this kind of rubber are much inferior to those made of natural rubber.
To obtain high mechanical strength and other characteristics which are re-
quired of a good material for tires, synthetic rubber of the butadiene-
styrene type and other types of synthetic rubber must contain a considerable
quantity of filler (carbon black). As a result of the add3.tion of filler,
the elasticity of the rubber is reduced and there is a higher development
of heat following repeated deformation.
The quality of butadiene-styrene rubbers depends to a considerable
extent on the ratio between styrene and butadiene. When the content of
styrene is reduced, the elasticity is increased, while an increase in the
styrene content results in the formation of a product which resembles a
plastic rather than an elastomer. By varying the styrene content, products
suitable for different applications can be obtained.
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Polychlor.oprenc rubber (chloroprene), also produced by emulsion
polymerization, is manufactured-on an extensive industrial scale. Some
of the advantageous characteristics of chloroprene are resistance to the
action of solvents and ozone and stability as far as oxidative aging is
concerned? Furthermore, chloroprene is produced from readily available
raw materials (acetylene and hydrogene chloride) and is cheap for that
reason. A filler does not have to be added to this type of rubber. The
drawbacks of chloroprene as a material for the manufacture of tires con-
sist in an inferior stability at low temperatures and a low elasticity
caused by the presence of a large quantity of chlorine.
In recent years a method for the production of isoprene rubber
has been developed on the basis of a catalytic polymerization procedure.
The laboratory research and developmental work have already been com-
pleted and the synthesis of isoprene rubber (SKI rubber) will be carried
out within a few years on an extensive industrial scale, with the resu..t
that the USSR will no longer have to import any natural rubber in the
future.
A new approach to the production of elastomers of high strength
is the synthesis of the so-called carboxylate rubbers which contain, in
addition to butadiene or butadiene and styrene, small quantities of car-
boxyl groups in the polymer chain. The presence of carboxyl groups makes
it possible to vulcanize the rubber by means of metal oxides rather than
sulfur. As a result, elastomers with new characteristics are obtained.
Unfilled rubber of this type is distinguished by a high mechanical strength
not inferior to that of natural rubber as well as a very high resistance
to cracking and to oxidative aging at elevated temperatures. Investiga-
tions that are being conducted at present will indicate whether or not
carboxylate rubber can be used instead of natural rubber.
At present new ways can be discerned for solving the problem of
the synthesis of an elastomer which is equivalent or superior to natural
rubber. Among the possibilities envisaged is catalytic copolymerization
of ethylene with propylene or with other analagous unsaturated compounds.
Of definite interest from this standpoint is solution of the problem of
obtaining butadiene polymers with a regular structure.
As far as the problem of the synthesis of elastomers for general
purposes is concerned., a stage of scientific and technical knowledge has
been reached which makes it certain that synthetic rubber will be produced
which is analagous in its structure and properties to natural rubber.
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Synthesis of Elautomero for Special Purposes
Vulcanized natural rubber for all practical purposes loses its
elasticity (i.e., freezes) at a temperature of about minus 500. The
problem of the synthesis of rubber resistant to the effects of low tem-
peratures has been solved on the basis of the polymerization of butadiene
or the copolymerization of butadiene with small quantities of styrene
(or methyletyrene). The use of crude materials of this type makes it
possible to produce rubber which preserves its elasticity down to minus
700. It has been proved in principle that it is possible, by employing
the catalytic polymerization of butadiene, to produce elastomers which
preserve their elasticity down to minus 1000.
The problem of the synthesis of elastomers resistant to the
action of organic solvents has been solved by the introduction into the
polymer chain of polar groups and atoms such as nitrite groups and atoms
of halogens. One of the elastomers of this group is the SKN rubber, which
is produced industrially at present and is obtained by the copolymeriza-
tion of butadiene with acrylic acid nitrile. Other elastomers having
similar properties belong to the thiokol type.
Introduction into the polymer of polar groups which assure in-
creased stability at low temperature and increased resistance to the ac-
tion of organic solvents can also be achieved by the synthesis of polymers
of another type, for instance, polymers obtained by the copolymerization
of butadiene with methylvinylpyridine9 the polymerization of some organic
compounds containing flL,orine, etc.
Natural rubber and ordinary synthetic elastomers for general
purposes begin to decompose at temperatures in the range of 150-2000.
Rubber articles made of elastomers of these types do not stand a temper-
ature higher than 1500 in use. Present-day technology requires the de-
velopment of elastomers which can stand temperatures of 250-3000 and
higher, which do not swell strongly in organic solvents, and which pre-
serve their elasticity at temperatures down to minus 600. A silicone
ribber is being produced the principal chain of which consists of alter-
'eating atoms of silicon and oxygen. This chain is surrounded by organic
groups (methyl groups) that are bound to the silicon atoms. Rubber of this
type stands temperatures as high as 250-3000. By varying the nature of
the organic radicals which enter into the composition of the molecule of
this elastomer, one may improve the mechanical and thermal properties of
the product. A characteristic property of some silicone elastomers is a
combination of resistance to high temperatures with stability at low tem-
peratures (the elasticity is preserved down to minus 1000). Introduction
into silicone rubbers of appropriate polymer groups makes them resistant
to the action of organic solvents.
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The problem of the synthesis of elastomers which are resistant
to temperatures higher than 3000 will presumably be solved by the oyntheris
of heteroorganic polymers derived from organic compounds of boron, titanium,
and silicon, and other elements. Rather promising are elastomers derived
from unsaturated flumlcrc pnic compounds. Elastomers of this type swell only
to a minor extent in organic solvents and stand exposure to a temperature
of 3000 for a relatively long time. However, elastomers of this type de-
veloped hitherto still exhibit an inferior resistance to low temperatures;
they lose their elasticity at temperatures in the-,vicinity of
minus 250. A promising way of obtaining elastomers which are resistant to
high temperatures and stable to the action of solvents and the effects of
low temperatures is the synthesis of silicone rubbers in which a part of
the hydrogen atoms of organic radicals is replaced by fluorine.
The problem of increasing the resistance of rubber to wear is be-
coming of considerable importance. The greatest degree of success in this
field was achieved by the synthesis of the so-called polyurethane elastomers
obtained as a result of a polycondeneation reaction in which dicarboxylic
acids, glucose, and some diisocyanates participate. Filled rubbers produced
from these elastomers have a high elasticity in addition to a high degree
of resistance to wear.
When rubber of this type' is used as a material for the shoulders
of tire treads, tires can be produced the treads of which will not wear out
during the useful life of the car. Elastomers produced with the use of
methylvinylpyridine are also distinguished by a high resistance to wear.
Very promising is the development of the production-of butyl rubber,
which is obtained by the copolymerization of'is.obutylene with small quan-
tities of isoprene. Butyl rubber, in addition to having superior mechanical
characteristics, exhibits a very low permeability to moisture and gases and
has a high chemical stability.
The production of synthetic latices for various applications will
be considerably increased during the next few years.
The decision of the May 1958 Plenary Session of the Central Committee
CPSU has determined the ways along which the chemical industry of the USSR
will develop and the rate at which developments in different fields will
proceed. Particular emphasis will be placed on the chemistry of synthetic
polymers, specifically synthetic elastomers. The principal initial materials
required for the synthesis of elastomers manufactured in large quantities
(butadiene, isoprene, isobutylene, styrene, and methyl styrene) will be pro-
duced from petroleum products at all synthetic rubber plants, so that further
expansion of the production of elastomers is assured.
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9,, New Grade of Rubber for Use at Low Temperatures
CPYRGHT
"Cold-,Resistant Rubber," by G. Rubtsov; Moscow, Promyshlenno-
Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta,, Vol 3, No 90 (390), 30 Jul 5 ,U p 1 -
"The Yefremovsk Synthetic Rubber Plant imeni Academician S. Lebedev
has initiated mans production of the ccld-resistant SKVM rubber according
to a method developed at the central plant laboratory. By using cheap
transformer oil, the use of ethyl alcohol for the production of the new
type of rubber could be reduced 15%. SKVM rubber, which is distinguished
by a heightened plasticity and stability at low temperatures, has already
been used in the production of 500 kilometers of electric cables of dif-
ferent types."
[SIR Noteg SKVM rubber is apparently sodium-polymerized butadiene
rubber extended with transformer oil.]
Organic Chemistry
10. Organophosphorus Research
"An Improved Method for the Synthesis of the Di-beta,beta'-
chloroethyl Ester of bota-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid," by
Ye. L. Gefter, Scientific Research Institute of Plastics;
Moscow, Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii, Vol 28, No 7, Jul 58,
pp 1908-1909
A safe method for the isomerization of be',a,beta',beta '' -chloroethyl-
phosphite was developed which permits preparation of the di-beta,beta'-
chloroethyl ester of beta-chioroethyiphosphbnic acid with a yield of 63-
67%.
CPYRGHT
"Bis-triaroxyphospbazosulfones and Tetraaryl Esters of Sulfami-
dobisphosphoric Acid," by A. V. Kirsanov and'L. L. Matveyenko,
Dnepropetrovsk Metallurgical Institute; Moscow, Zhurnal 0bshchey
Khimii, Vol 28, No 7, Jul 58, pp 1892-1901
The reaction between bis-trichlorophosphazosulfone and sodium arylates
was investigated. Bis-triaroxyphosphazosulfones were prepared. The hy-
drolysis of bis-triaroxyphosphazosulfones was investigated, and the tetraaryl
esters of sulfamidobis-phosphoric acid we're prepared.
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"Trichloroisophosphazoacyl Compounds of the Aromatic Series,"
by A. V. Kirsanov and G. I. Derkach, Institute of Organic
Chemistry, Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSA; Moscow, Zhurnal
Obshchey Khimiix Vol 28, No 7, Jul 58, pp 1887-1892
The reaction for preparing trichloroisophosphazoaeyl compounds from
acylamidophosphoric acid dichlorides and phosphorus pentachloride was found
to be a general reaction of the aromatic series. Several trichloroisophos-
phazoacyl compounds of the aromatic series were prepared and their proper-
ties described.
Radiation Chemistry
11. Vulcanization of Elastomers by Irradiation
"The Structure and Properties of Rubbers Produced by Irradia-
tion Vulcanization," by B. A. Dogadkin, Z. N. Tarasova, M. Ya.
Kaplunov, V. L. Karpov, and N. A. Klauzen, Scientific Research
Institute of the Tire Industry; Moscow, Kolloidnyy Zhurnal,
Vol 20, No 3, May-Jun 58, pp 260-271
The structure and properties of irradiation vulcanizates derived from
the technical and purified crude rubbers SKB [sodium butadiene rubber],
WK [natural rubber], SKS-30A [butadiene-styrene polymer], SKS-30 AM L oil-
extended butadiene-styrene rubber], and SKI [isoprene rubber] were in-
vestigated. Both the crude rubbers and their mixtures with fillers were
subjected to irradiation in a nuclear reactor and by means of a cobalt-60
radiation source. The total dose of radiation applied amounted to 107-108
roentgens. It was established that the &.:nsity of the vulcanization net-
work formed by irradiation is determined by the energy dose absorbed, the
type and composition of the rubber, the types of carbon black and anti-
oxidant used, the conditions of the irradiation (medium in which the ir-
radiation was carried out and temperature), and several other factors.
The yield of cross-links per 100 ev for extracted butadiene-styrene rubber
irradiated in air comprises approximately 12; for extracted NK, approxi-
mately 4; and for technical SKS-30A, 2.5. The degree of structure for-
mation increases with the temperature and decreases when an oxidation in-
hibitor (phenylbeta-naphthylamine) is present.
The irradiation vulcanizates exhibit a higher thermal and mechanical
stability than thiuram vulcanizates without sulfur. It has been found
that the irradiation vulcanizates change their characteristics least dur-
ing the process of chemical stress relaxation. In contradistinction to
sulfur vulcanizates, a correlation exists in the case of irradiation vul-
canizates between the rate of chemical stress relaxation and the density
of the vulcanization network of cross-linkages. These data testify to
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the formation during irradiation vulcanization. of cross-linkages of the
C-C type. Introduction of active carbon black brings' an increase in the
thermal and mechanical stability of irradiation vulcanizates.
With the aid of infrared spectra, the presence of carboxyl, hy-
droxyl, ester., and ether groups was established in the irradiation vul-
canizates of natural, butadiene-styrene, and sodium-butadiene rubbers
obtained by irradiation in air. Double bonds disappear almost completely
when a dose of 60 x 10 roentgens is applied to extracted butadiene-styrene
rubber. In technical rubber which contains the antioxidant phenyl-beta-
naphthylamine, the decrease in unsaturation on exposure to this dose amounts
to approximately 30%.
The tendency of radiation vulcanizates to crystallize on stretching
has been investigated in the case of vulcanizates of natural rubber. It
was found that irradiation vulcanizates obtained as a result of the ac-
tion of relatively low doses of radiation not exceeding 20-30 x 106 roent-
gens exhibit a degree of crystallinity equal to that of sulfur vulcani-
zates with the same density of the cross-linkages network. As the dose
of irradiation increases, the degree of crystallization decreases.
The conditions under which bulk multilayer samples are obtained as
a result of irradiation vulcanization were investigated. It was estab-
lished that it is possible to produce a homogeneous vulcanization network
independently of the thickness of the sample (within the limits of 0.1-40 mm).
The physicomechanical and technical characteristics of the rubbers
obtained as a result of irradiation vulcanization were investigated. It
was found that in comparison with the best grades of sulfur vulcanizates
containing the same quantity of filler, radiation vulcanizates exhibit
an increased resistance to temperature aging (a stability which is 4-5
times higher at 130?), lo:r residual deformation, a low hysteresis, a high
stability toward the effect of multiple deformations, and a high tempera-
ture resistance. The tearing strength of radiation vulcanizates in de-
pendence on the dose of radiation proceeds through a maximum. The index
of tearing strength exhibited by radiation vulcanizates is lower than that
of the best grades of sulfur vulcanizates.
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CPYRGHT
"News items (USSR)" (unsigned item); Moscow, Atomnaya l.ner iya
Vol 4, No 5, May 58, p 495
"The Scientific Research Institute of the Tire Indust-y together with
the Scientific Research Physicochemical Institute imeni Karpov carried
out irradiation vulcanization of three types of tires for motor trucks.
As material for the tires carbon black-filled natural rubber and carron
cord were used. The vulcanization was done at an installation for
radiation-chemical investigations equipped with a Co60 radiation source
having an activity corresponding to 21,000 gram-equivalents of radium
and in the gamma-radiation field of an experimental nuclear reactor.
"As compared with the best sulfur-vulcanized rubbers containing the
same quantity of filler, the radiation vulcanizates exhibited resistance
to aging (at the temperature of 1300) which was 4-5 times greater, a low
residual deformation, a low hysteresis, high resistance to repeated de-
formations, and high thermal resistance."
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Radiochemistry
12. Use ar radioisotopes in Nb'tallurgical Research at Ural Affiliate of
Academy of Sciences USSR
"Application of Radioactive Isotopes in Metallurgical Investi-
gations," by N. A. Vatolin and 1e. A. Vetrenko; Moscow, Atomnaya
Energya, Vol 4, No 6, Jun 58, pa 603-604.
Radioactive isotopes are being used to an increasing extent in
metallurgical investigations being conducted at the Ural Affiliate of the
Academy of Sciences USSR.
One of the most extensively used isotopes is s35. By using this
isotope, workers at the Laboratory of Steelmaking Processes, Ural Af-
filiate of the Academy of Sciences USSR; the Ural Institute of Ferrous
Metals; and the Central Laboratory of the Verkh-Isetsk Metallurgical
Plant investigated the desulfurization of transformer steel in a 14-ton
electric furnace.
S35 was also used for the investigation of the interaction of a
number Of sulfides with sulfates and sulfur dioxide. It was found that
as a result of the interaction of CaS with SO2 the sulfide sulfur is
fully eliminated, while sulfur and oxygen from the sulfur dioxide are
transferred to the sulfate that is formed. During the analogous inter-
action of cobalt sulfide with sulfur dioxide an intermediate reaction
with the formation of metallic cobalt takes place. In the investigation
of reactions of sulfides with sulfates the application of tracer sulfur
made it possible to establish the stoichiometric relationships with a
great degree of precision, which is very difficult to accomplish by
ordinary means.
The mechanism of the desulfurization of cast irons was investigated
with the application of Fe59.
By using zn65, the sublimation of zinc sulfide in processes applied
in the treatment of polymetallic ores was investigated. The volatiliza-
tion of selenium in metallurgical processes was s,4-udied with the applica-
tion of Se75.
Gamma radiation emitted by Co6o was employed by workers at the
Laboratory of Metal Casting, Ural Affiliate of the Academy of Sciences
USSR, in procedures for the control of the melting of cast iron in cupola
furnaces. Co6o was also used in investigating the distribution of metal
between mattes and slags in nickel production.
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Miscellaneous
13. Review of Progress in USSR Chemical Research
"Annual General Meting of the Department of Chemical Sciences,
Academy of Sciences 'USSR" (unsigned article); Moscow, Izvestiya
Akademii Nauk SSSR Otdeleniye Khimicheskikh Nauk, No 7, Jul
58) pp 908-910
The general annual meeting of the Department of Chemical Sciences
was held 24-25 March 1958 at the auditorium of the Institute of Physical
Chemistry, Academy of Sciences USSR. N. N. Semenov, academician-secretary
of the Department of Chemical Sciences, presented a progress report on
the most important achievements of work done at scientific institutions
of the Department of Chemical Sciences and affiliates of this department
during 1957 as well as on the organizational activities of the bureau of
the department during the period in question.
As a result of the successes achJeved by the USSR in the year that
marks the 40th anniversary of the October Revolution, the erroneous
assumption in regard to the weakness of.,Soviet science, which was based
on an impression created by propaganda spread outside the USSR, became
entirely untenable. The world realized that the Soviet people were able
to create during the years of socialism a science which has in many re-
speabs overtaken the science of the US and of other technically advanced
capitalistic countries.
A major part of Semenov?s report dealt with the most important
results obtained in work done at the institutes of the Department of
Chemical Sciences. Significant results were obtained in 1957 at the
Institute of Physical Chemistry. Research on the reduction of the me??
chanical strength and plasticity of metals by adsorption of surface-
active agents made it possible to formulate a theory of the action of
surface-active lubricants during the process of treatment of metals by
pressure and to develop a number of new lubricants. The formulation of
a theory of the formation of a double layer at the boundary metal-
semiconductor has been completed. An electrical potential theory of
physical adsorption has been formulated for adsorbents with an inhomoge-
neous energy distribution over the surface.
By appi;,ing isotopes for the investigation of the mechanism of
catalysis, the correctness of new concepts pertaining to catalysis could
be confirmed in connection with work done at the Institutes of Physical
Chemistry and Chemical Physics. Progress has been made in research in
the field of electrochemical kinetics and as far as the. application of
electrochemistry to the solution of problems of the theory of structure
is concerry.d. A theory has been developed explaining the passage at current
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through boundaries between semiconductors and electrolytes. Interesting
data have been obtained on the radiation-chemical oxidation of organic
compounds by the oxygen of organic solvents. Weighable quantities of
technetium have been isolated from molybdenum irradiated with neutrons.
[SIR Note: In a previous report on the general meeting of the Department
of Chemical Sciences (cf.Scientific Information Report, 8 August 1958,
PB 131891-T3, p 32, the material from which weighable quantities of tech-
netium were isolated was incorrectly given as neutron-irradiated lithium.]
Some of the properties of technetium were investigated. Methods have
been proposed for the dispersion of thermal clouds and fogs, the elimina-
tion of dust which may 'cause silicosis, and protection of various objects
against corrosion. These methods are undergoing successful tests and will
be introduced into practical application.
One of the shortcomings of work conducted by the Institute of
Physical Chemistry is insufficient coordination between the activities
of individual laboratories and divisions.
At the Institute of Chemical Physics, progress has been made in work
on the theory of chain reactions. A theory of the propagation of shock
waves of low amplitude has been developed for nonlinear conditions. The
theory of thermal explosions which had been formulated earlier at this
institute was expanded further and applied to the detonation of condensed
explosives. A new method has been developed for the oxidation of the
simplest hydrocarbons in the liquid phase at temperatures and pressures
clo:;e to the critical.
Significant progress has been made in the development of new ap-
pliances.. A new type of "time magnifying glass" has been designed for
the investigation of rapid processes. With the use of this appliance,
observations involving the recording of as many as 33 million frames per
second can be made. A new type of mass spectrometer has been developed.
The principle of the recharging of ions which underlies the operation o
the new mass spectrometer makes it possible to obtain spectra with a
small number of lines. Piezoelectric appliances for measuring pressure
have been developed. An apparatus has been designed for measuring elec-
tronic paramagnetic ^esonance in work pertaining.; to the investigation of
chemical kine`ics. New results on glass plastics [plastics reinforced
with glass fibers] ha~re been obtained at the Laboratory bf Anisotropic
Structures.
At the Institute of High-Molecular Compounds progress has been
made in the development of heat-resistant polymers, including transparent
polymers of this type. New data have been obtained on the mechanism of
catalytic polymerization. Possibilities have been found of synthesizing
block polymers with different numbers and dimensions of the blocks. It
has been established that there is a correlation between the rate of
destruction of polymers and creep. A theory explaining the mechanical
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strength and deformability of oriented polymers and a theory of inter-
molecular and intramolecular interactions have been developed. Work is
continued on the stabilization of cellulose and of its derivatives and
on the clarification of the mechanism of the oxidative decomposition of
cellulose esters and/or ethers. New adsorbents have been synthesized
which exhibit a high selectivity. New scintillator plastics and poly-
electrolytes useful for modifying the structure of soil as well as flota-
tion and coagulation agents have been developed. New appliances have
been designed for the investigation of the photoelastic effect and of
dynamic birefringence aldfbrthe application of procedures employed in the
investigation of reactions by the method of electronic magnetic resonance.
At the Institute of Organoelemental Compounds new methods for the
synthesis of organoelemental compounds have been developed on the basis
theoretical concepts formulated earlier. Alkylations of ferrocenes have
been carried out for the first time and the effect of different substit-
uents in ferrocenes on the orientation has been clarified. A new
method for the synthesis of tropilium has been found. It has been dem-
onstrated that extensive possibilities exist of obtaining organoelemental
compounds by reacting trialkyl aluminum with the halides of different
elements.
Interesting syntheses of peptides containing sulfur have been ac-
complished. New ylide systems with charges separated by an aromatic
nucleus have been synthesized. The development, of the theory of tau-
tomeric equilibrium has been continued.
The tendency to use the results of theoretical research and theo-
retical concepts for the solution of important practical problems,
specifically problems pertaining to the development of new monomers and
polymers, is characteristic for the Institute of Organoelemenial Compclnnds.
The results of a considerable number of investigations are being applied
in developmental work. This includes the synthesis of aminoenantic acid
for the production of the fiber enant, the synthesis of thiodivaleric
acid, and the production of highly fluorinated compounds to be used as
plasticizers and lubricants.
4
Of great importance are materials with a high heat resistance based
oil polyorganometallosiloxanes and elastomers with a high heat resistance
derived from organosilicon compounds. A large number of organoelemental
compounds containing phosphorus, silicon, germanium, tin, and other ele-
ments has been synthesized. Work is being conducted on the synthesis of
new organophosphorus insecticides.
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Extensive investigations have been conducted at the Institute: of
Organic Chemistry. New data have been obtained which confirm the struc-
tural and energy relationships underlying the nnxltiplet theory. Investi-
gations of methods for the synthesis of and determination of the properties
of various types of organoboron compounds have progressed and successftJ1
work has been done on organosilicon monomers and vinyl compounds. A new
method has been developed for the synthesis of macrocyclic compounds
which is based on the scission of thibphene rings. The employment of
tracer atoms has made it possible to obtain interesting data which con-
tributed to the clarification of the mechanism of a number of reactions
such as azoxy couplings, isomerizations, and reactions leading to azoxy
compounds.
Many of the results obtained are of great importance for the
national economy. A two-stage method has been developed by.'iwhich
isoprene is obtained from isopentane with a high yield. A method has
been proposed for the complete conversion of petroleum residues involving
the produ.tion of gaseous olefins with simultaneous reduction of the
ores of nonferrous metals. New efficient methods have been developed
for the synthesis of a number of substances used in perfumery (nerol,
geraniol, and farnesol). New luminophores have been synthesized. It
was established that lignin that has been oxidized with nitric acid can
be used to advantage in the drilling of petroleum and gas wells. An ef-
fective method for synthesizing the insecticide isodrene has been found.
It was shown that, by hydrogenating in an acidic medium cheap raw materials
containing pentosans, one may obtain valuable polyatomic alcohols with
good yields.
At the Division of the Chemistry of Petroleum and Gas of the
Petroleum Institute work has been successfully completed on the synthesis
of propyleje and polypropylene, the polymerization of ethylene into a
high-melting polyethylene, the radiolysis of hydrocarbons under the
action of nuclear radiation, and high-velocity cracking of paraffinic
hydrocarbons.
At the Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry imeni N. -S.
Kurnakov work has been continued on the investigation of physicochemical
properties of compounds of rare elements. The effects produced by 'the
temperature, concentration, pressure, and other factors governing equilib-
rium on the composition, structure, and reactivity of compounds of this
class were investigated. New data have been obtained on the chemistry
of complex compounds. The development of a new theory of the hydration
of ions in aqueous solutions was completed. A new method for the pro--
duction of anhydrous tin chloride and a method for refining tin in the
form of its chloride were tried out on an industrial scale and found
suitable. A new method has been developed for the group precipitation
of platinum metals by means of which the total. quantity of platinum
metals present in dilute solutions can be precipitated.
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At the Institute of Silicatte Chemistry a new method has been pro-
posed for the synthesis of methylsiloxane chlorides which contain in the
principal chains alternating atoms of silicon and carbon. It proved
possible to expand the application of the reaction of catalytic dehydro-
condensation of trialkyl silanes with different oxy-, oxo-, and polyoxy-
organic compounds. It was established that hexalkyldisiloxanes are
capable of splitting under the action of alcohols; organosilicon com-
pounds can be synthesized by this means. A series of investigations has
been completed on the principal mineral used in ceramic production,
namely, mullite, and on the nature of solid phases formed as a result
of the heating of Oxides of elements of the fourth group. of the periodic
system. The institute is conducting successful work on the introduction
into industrial application of special types of protective coatings? and
impregnating agents.
At the Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry imeni
V. I. Vernadskiy progress has been made in research on the geochemistry
of niobium, tantalum, zirconium, hafnium, molybdenum, rare-earth elements,
zinc, lead, uranium, and boron. Work has been continued on the deter-
mination of the absolute geological age by radioactivity methods. New
biogeochemical subdivisions ("provinces") were found. A major deposit
of boron minerals was found by means of neutron core sampling. In the
field of analytical chemistry, work on the development of methods for
the determination of many chemical elements by spectral, X-ray, oscillo-
graphic, chromatographic, and radioactivation procedures was done. Re-
search in the field of nuclear chemistry was continued successfully.
At the Radium Institute imeni V. G. Khlopin the existence of the
formerly discovered cis-effect in complex compounds of divalent platinum
has been confirmed experimentally. Progress was made in the investigation
of the properties of different compounds of uranium, thorium, pluton,um,
radiozirconium, radioniobium, and rare earths. Interesting data have.
been obtained on the behavior of substances in extremely dilute solutions.
Wo.,k has been successfully continued on the investigation of the mecha-
nism of the splitting of complex nuclei by fast particles. Work has also
been done on cosmic radiation and the determination of absolute geolotr'.-;al
age. A method has been developed for producing photoemulsions with a
very high degree of grain dispersion. ~.T'he.se emulsions exhibit a high
sensitivity.
At the Hydrochemical Institute, work was continued on the physico-
chemical conditions under which natural waters are formed and the changes
in.the hydrochemical conditions at water reservoirs in connection with
hydrotechnical construction.
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At the Kazan' Affiliate of the Academy of Sciences USSR organo-
phosphorus and organoarsenic compounds were synthesized and investigated.
A general method has been developed for the synthesis of various sub-
stituted amidophosphates. A method has bep a proposed for the systhesis
of the free radical diphenylpicrylhydrazine. Extensive tests are being
conducted on the insecticides octomethyl and dithiophos and on the drug
phosorbin. Investigations of petroleum and natural gas occurrences in
the Tatarskaya ASSR are being continued.
At theUr'l Affiliate of the Academy of Sciences USSR a method has
been developed for the complete utilization of dusts and distillates
(and/or sublimates) with the extraction of rare elements. Research has
been done on the electrolysis of rare metals and the development of a
solid electrolyte for fuel cells. The quantitative characteristics of
the reactivity of the benzene nucleus in reactions of alkylation with
olefines in dependence on the nature of the catalysts, of the alkyl
groups, and the temperature of the process were defined. Results of
importance from the standpoint of practical applications were obtained
in work on the development of high-quality reaction engine fuels and
diesel fuels.
At the Bashkir Affiliate work is being successfully conducted on
the development of new methods for the conversion of petroleum crudes
containing sulfur.
In summarizing the information given in his report, Semenov remarked
that during recent years, particularly in 1957, considerable progress
has been made in the fields of organic synthesis, the theory of structure,
and the reactivity of organic substances. The progress made in the fields
mentioned is due primarily to work done at the Institute of organoelemental
Compounds, which has rapidly become one of the principal centers in the
world at which research on organoelemental compounds is done. +'Significant
progress has been achieved in petroleum chemistry and heavy organic syn-
thesis, although the rate of development in this general field cannot be
regarded as adequate. It is necessary to expand considerably research on
the chemistry of polymers and on the synthesis of naturally occurring
compounds and compounds of importance from the biological standpoint.
In the field of inorganic chemistry, work on the chemistry of complex
compounds, particularly those of platinum metals, in radiochemistry, and
in goechemistry is on a sufficiently high level. Although some progress
has been made in the chemistry of rare elements, it is necessary to ex-
pand work in this field to a considerable extent. Work on general prob-
lems of inorganic chemistry, the theory of valency, thermochemistry, and
the chemistry of semiconductors is conducted on an inadequate scale.
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In the field of physical chemistry, the work of the institutes of
the Department of Chemical Sciences is at a sufficiently high level as
far as problems in the field of surface phenomena, the chemistry of elec-
trode processes, chemical kinetics and catalysis, and the kinetics of
combustion and explosions are concerned. Quantum mechanics are still
not being applied to an adequate extent in chemistry. The lag which
exists as far as the development of new physical and physicochemical
methods is concerned must be ascribed principally to the absence of ade-
quate support from the standpoint of the design and development of new
equipment.
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14. Electrical Charges on Natural and Artificial Cloud Particles
Investigated
"On the Electrical Charges of Cloud Particles," by A. P. Sergi-
yeva, Institute of Applied Geophysics; Moscow, Izvestiya Akademii
TTauk SSSR Seriya Geofizicheskaya, No 3, Mar 58, PP 347-357
Method and apparatus are described for the measurement of charge on
a large number of particles. Data were obtained on the distribution of
charges of both artificial and natural clouds. It was shown that in the
case of artificial clouds the nuliib:r of charged particles depends on the
age of the cloud. Data were also obtained on the distribution of charges
in a unipolarly charged fog and in natural clouds. It was shown that in
natural clouds, as the particle size increases, the dispersion of charge
also increases.
This method has many advantages over existing methods. It has a high
resolution and permits measuring the distribution of charges on a sample
of 50,000-100,000 particles of unequal radii. The apparatus itself is
of such design that the aerosol is maintained at its original temperature
while being analyzed. The method permits measuring the distribution of
charges on artificial and natural clouds, changes in this distribution,
and the magnitude of charge on individual particles. The apparatus cap-
tures fine particles of 4-60 microns if the charges on t em are such that
the ratio e/r varies in the interval 0.4.10-4 to 8.0'10- electrostatic
units/cm. It is stated that the method is useful for investigating
solid or liquid aerosols.
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Communications
CPYRGHT
15. New Method of Single-Sideband Signal Generation
"Certain Potentialities of Phase-Filter Method of Single-:.'
Sideband Signal Generation," by I. V. Lobanov; Moscow, Elektro-
svyaz', No 8, Aug 58, pp 22-29
The article describes a two-channel variant of single-sideband
signal generation utilizing a new phase-filter method.
"In the process of investigation of the new method, we have estab-
lished the possibility of a two-channel operation which can be brought
into effect by connecting to the output of the device an additional unit
assembled with low-frequency transformers."
The filter calculation was carried out with the aid of a standard
developed at the Chair of Long-Range Communication of the Military Engi-
neering Academy of Communications imeni S. M. Budennyy. The experimental
equipment was tested in the frequency range of 1-4 Mc..
The results obtained from the first series of tesis of this single-
sideband signal generation method proved very promising in application
to HF and VHF signal modulation.
16. Recent Soviet Patents in Communication Field
'Authorship Certificates" (unsigned article); Moscow, Elektro-
svvaz', No 7, Jul 58, pp 77
Class 21a, 3254. No 108554. Ye. A. Nikitin, N. I. Svetlov, and
V. P. Yurchenko. Method for Improving Raster Quality in a Facsimile
System.
Class 21a, 1. No 110309. A. M. Pshenichnikov. Device for Conver-
sion of DC Voltage Into Proportional Repetition-Rate AC Voltage Pulses.
Class 21a1, 701- No 111231. V. Ye. Bukh-Viner. Method for Noise
Immunity Improvement in Repeating Multichannel Systems.
Class 21a1, 3413. No 110718. N. L. Artem'yev and G. V. Braude.
Photoconducting Target of Television Transmitting Tubes With Fhotoresistors.
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C1uce 21a1, 902. No 1096P3. M. U. Polyak. Audio-Frequency Tele -
gr,vphy Method With Manilmlation of Sideband. Modulation.
Class 21a1, 3211. No 109961. I. I. hilevich. Device for Recep-
tion of Facsimile Images With Aid. of Ferromagnetic Particles.
Class 21a2; 36.
Deloyed Coincidences.
No 110268.
V. I. Smirnov.
Device for Obtaining
Class 21a2, q07.
Immune Fittings.
No 110568.
A. D. Tkachenko.
Telephone Noise-
Class 21a3, 3. No 109995. 1. Ye. Finkkler. Telephone Commutator
for Central Battery System.
Class 21a3, 66. No 109992. V. A. Godlevskiy, S. A. Vasilyev, L. M.
Gol'thteyn, M. F. Lutov, and 0. A. Sobolev. Method of Identification of
Calling Number and Device Accomplishing it.
Class 21a3, 6730. No 110329. B. S. Livshits, M. M. Vitsnudel',
and S. V. Levina. Device for Transmission of Inductive Signals.
Class 21a)1., 802.
No 109993.
L. A. Korneyev. Quartz Oscillator.
Class 21a1[, 71.
No 107500.
M. I. Syr'ev. Method of Mhasurement
Electric Field Intensity.
Class 21d2, 1202. No 110270. P. V. Terent'yev. Device for Protect-
ing High-Voltage Rectifiers From Anode Overvoltage During Breek in Heater
Circuit.
Class 21e, 12. No 110228. V. A. Kadkin. Device for Mbasuring
lbgnetic Properties of Ferromagnetic Materials.
Class 21e, 3702. No 109990. V. I. Itskhakin, G. F. Filippov, and
P. P. Dndtriyev. Method of Testing High-Frequency Coaxial Cables With
Current for Their Heating.
Class 21g, 1001. No ll0'!i-41. B. M. Vul. Nonlinear Semiconductor
Capacitor.
Class 42g, 1001. No 110566. T. Ye. Zaytsev. Method of Estimating
Sound Fidelity and Speech Intelligibility for Transmission Over a Tele-
phone Channel.
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17. Further Possibility of Narrowing Telephone Channel
"Possibility of Telephone Channel Spectrum Narrowing by Trans-
mission of Instantaneous Speech Frequency or by Application of
Frequency Dividers,"' by A. V. KandinOv and G. I. Tsemel'3 Mos-
cow, Elektrosvyaz', No 8, Jul 58, pp 3-8
The article describes experimental investigation of telephone-
transmitted speech restored by its instantaneous frequency and amplitude.
The basis for the suggested system of narrowing the frequency spectrum of
a telephone signal is the assumption that the spectrum of instantaneous
frequency of a speech signal is considerably narrower than the-frequency
spectrum of the speech on a whole. This system presumably,can be realized
by two methods: transmission of instantaneous speech signal frequency
in the communication channel or division of frequency of the converted
speech signal.
The evaluation of the quality of speech restoration was conducted
with coherent speech as well as with separate syllables and was judged
for speech articulation and naturalness of sound by four listeners. It
was thus established that, in case of spectrum limitation of the modulat-
ing signal by a 0- to 2,000-cycle band-pass filter, the speech was fully
restored with all the original peculiarities of the voice.
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
18. Effect of Ground Conductivity on Radio Wave Propagation
"Radio Wave Propagation and Ground Conductivity," by V. Kashprov-
skiy, Moscow, Radio. No 7, Jul 58, pp 19-21
The article describes five methods for measurement of ground conduc-
tivity which has a pronounced effect on the propagation of ground radio
waves. The article suggests: a simple method of ground conductivity
measurement based on measurement of electromagnetic wave attenuation in
the ground. Investigations-have shown that for the greater part of the
USSR territory the radio wave attenuation, (V) in the wavelength range
from 200 to 2,000 m can be expressed by the formula
21T 30. ar-f
where O' is ground conductivity expressed in mho per meter and wavelength
7 in meters.
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In the Moscow region, where ground consists mostly of clay formations
with a high water table, the value of ground conductivity'is about 10-2
mho per meter.
19. Efforts to Compile a Ground Conductivity Map of USSR
"Rules for Radio Amateur Competition in Compiling the Ground
Conductivity Map of the USSR" (unsigned article); Moscow,
Radio, No 7, Jul 58, p 18
The competition is organized for the purpose of mass engagement of
radio amateurs in helping to collect data on ground conductivity of the
USSR. All participants in the competition submitting valuable data on
ground conductivity will be awarded diplomas from the periodical Radio.
All materials pertaining to ground conductivity should be submitted
to the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Terrestial Magnetism,
Ionosphere, and Radio Wave Propagation. The final date for submission
of the information collected will be 1 September 1959.
Aids to Navigation
20. MPK-1 Portable Direction Finder
"Portable Field Radio Direction Finder MPK-1 With Magnetic
Antenna," by N. Korsakov; Moscow, Morskoy Flot, No 5, May 58,
p 21-22
At the experimental shops of the Arctic Scientific Research Insti-
tute of the Main Administration of the North Sea Route, Ministry of
Maritime Fleet USSR, a highly portable radio direction finder, the MPK-l,
was developed. The device permits accurate determination of the direction
of any operating radio station. This direction finder with its magnetic
antenna is mounted in a 10 x 18 x 25 cm wooden box. Small power-supply
batteries are placed in the pockets of the operator.
The MPK-1 is a superheterodyne, 3-d class radio receiver assembled
with miniature tubes (lA2P, 1B2P, 1K2P). The wavelength reception band
is 400-1,300 M.
The experimental MPK-1 unit was tested under field conditions on
the Karelian Isthmus about 100 km from Leningrad.
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CPYRGHT
21. Effect of Noise on Automatic Tracking Systems
"The Effect of Noise Fluctuations on the Accuracy of an Automatic
Tracking System With a First Order Astaticism and a Passband Con-
trolled by the Input Signal," by Yu. M. Kazarinov, Yu. A. Kolo-
menskiy, and R. I. Smirnov, Leningrad Electrical Engineering
Institute imeni V. I. Ulyanov [Lenin],' Leningrad, Izvestiya
Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy-Priborostroyeniye, No 2, 2, 1957,
pp 3-12
An attempt is made to determine the increase in accuracy of a system
having a passband controlled in accordance with changes in the spectrum
of the input signal in comparison with a system having constant parameters.
The problem assumes that the input value of the tracking system changes
with constant speed and white noise is present at the input of the receiv-
ing device.
A comparative evaluation is made experimentally of the root-mean-
square error of a pulse-phase system of automatic frequency tuning
with a constant and a controlled amplification factor.
As a result of the analysis an expression is obtained for the RMS
error in relation to the basic parameters of the system, and conditions
are found for the minimum RNS error for the presence of noise fluctua-
tions and a constant rate of change of the pulse signal. The RNS error
of the system may be significantly decreased by controlling the passband
relative to variations in the speed of change of the pulse signal.
22. New Radar Station "Don"
"To Coordinate the Interests of Fleet Operation With the Safety
Requirements of Navigation" (unsigned article); Moscow, Morskoy
Flot, No 6, Jun 58, pp 1-2
CPYRGHT
The article contains the following passage: In the second ua ter
01 19)b our sps wi 1 be receiving the new radar
will be in no way inferior in their technical parameters to foreign
models of similar class. A new small-size radar station is now in the
process of design."
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Instruments rand Equipment
23. Speed Regulation in Magnetic Recording Systems
"On Speed Regulation of a Synchronous Reluctance Motor in Sys-
tems of Precision Magnetic Recording," by L. A. Pusset; Moscow,
Avtomatika i Telemekhanika, No 6, Jun 58, pp 5711-581
The stability of systems of Putoritic speed regulation of synchronous
motors as usedin tape transport mechanisms is examined and certain recom-
mendations are given on th, choice of parameters for such systems.
The advantages of electromechanical phase-detecting elements over
simple phase discriminator circuits are pointed out. These include
greater freedom in selection of parameters for achieving stability in
the regulation process and less relative dependence on voltage fluctua-
tions which would cause changes in frequency.
24. New Highly Sensitive Frequency Meter Developed
"On the Problem of Design of Frequency Meters for Commercial
Frequencies," by M. L. Fish, Penza Industrial Institute,; Len-
ingrad, Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy-Priborostroyeniye,
No 2, 1958, pp 22-31
A commercial frequency meter based on a phase circuit developed by
the author and V. N. Mil'shteyn (Izmeritel'naya Tekpnika, No 6, 1955) is
described and compared with other meters of the same category. The meter
uses a magnetoelectric ratiometer as the measuring device.
Specifications of the new instrument include the following: measur-
ing range, 49-51 cycles; power consumption with filter, 2.5 w; error due
to voltage change of 10?, 0.02%; weight, 8 kg; and dimensions, 180 x 200
x230mm.
The design of this new frequency meter is seen as the basis for the
construction of a series of meters covering a band of 40-1,500 cycles.
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25. Use of Electromechanical Feedback in Profilometers
"Correction of Measuring Force of a Contact-Type Profilometer
by Means of Electromechanical Feedback," by N. G. Ignat'yev,
Leningrad, Institute of Precision Mechanics and Optics; Lenin-
grad, Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy-Priborostroyeniye,
No 2, 1950, pp5 3
The author proposes a method for correcting the dynamic and static
forces of the feeler needle of a profilometer. The principle of opera-
tion relies on the application of a negative force of an electromechan-
ical system to the acting force of the basic electromechanical feeler
system; the resulting force of the needle on the surface of an object is
the difference between these two.
A description of the profilometer feeler system and amplifier cir-
cuit is given and the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the feedback
circuit are determined.
electromechanical feedback coupling is found to be particularly
effective in high-speed profilometers which have considerable inertial
force.
26. Ultrasonic Cutting Device Developed
"Ultrasonic Semiautomatic Device," by A. P. Sviridov, Central
Scientific Research Laboratory; Leningrad, Izvestiya Vysshikh
Uchebnykh Zavedeniy-Priborostroyeniye, No 2, 1958, pp 159-163
The author examines the effect of magnetostriction in ultrasonic
devices and its application in a number of production processes.
Magnetostrictive semiautomatic devices for cutting hard stones
(having a hardness of 6-9 on a 10-unit scale) were developed in 1957 in
the Central Scientific Research Laboratory of the Gem Stone Industry in
LeningraC'.. The 200-watt oscillator used in the i:-strument operates in a
frequency 'band of 15-25 kc, and. the frequency of the vibrator is 18-18.5
kc.
The device is designed for cutting corundum, agate, quartz, porcelain,
and similar materials to a diameter of 0.5-25 nmz and a depth of 10-15 mm,
The abrasive suspension used is boron carbide and water.
The efficiency of magnetostrictive vibrators at frequencies of 16-25
kc was found to be 40-50%o'-
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Components
27. Printed Circuit Development in USSR
"Potentiometer L1:Lectronic Amplifier With Printed Circuit," by
Ye. V. Migushin; Moscow, Priborostroyeniye, No 6, Jun 58, pp
19-21
CPYRGHT The article contains the following passages:
"In owe domestic radio-electronic industry the methoJs of pressing
and electrochemical depositio-,i of copper ('Start' TV set,'Dorozhnyyl radio
receiver, computers, etc.) are widely used in the manufacture of printed
circuits.
"After centralized production of pertinax sheets is organized (at
the Izolit plant), a considerable improvement in printed circuit tech-
nology and introduction of the foil etching method (radio receivers
Kris-ball, Volna, and others) can be expected.
"We are manufacturing electronic UE-109 and UE-209 amplifiers in
several models. Such amplifers are intended to magnify small dc signals
from data-transmitting measuring units, etc.
"The electronic amplifiers are now assembled on two insulting printed
sheets of laminated GF-lVV pertinax 1.0-1.5 mm thick with a 0.03- to
0.05-mm-thick copper printed circuit.
"The printed circuit is one-sided, i.e., all the radio components
(capacitors, resistors, tubes, etc.) are mounted on the circuit-free
side. This construction of the printed sheet is made for the purpose
of automatic soldering of the electric contacts by means of immersion
in molten solder.
"In developing the design and technology of printed circuits, the
experience and achievements of design bureaus, scientific research insti-
tutes, and plants of various administrations, as well as the results of
experimental work conducted by the All-Union Scientific Research Tech-
nological Institute for Instrument Building (VNITIpribor) in cooperation
with the Lvov Plant, were exploited."
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Computers and Automation
28. Examination of Periodic Conditions in Systems of Automatic Regulation
"On the Stability of Periodic Conditions in Systems of Automatic
Regulation Found Approximately on the Basis of Filter Hypoth-
esis," by V. A. Taft; Moscow, Avtomatika i Telemelchanika, No 6,
Jun 58, pp 558-563
An approximate method is suggested for analyzing the stability of
periodic conditions in nonlinear systems of automatic regulation. This
method is based on the assumption that the system contains a linear fil-
ter. A comparison is made between the conditions of stability derived
by this method and those suggested by L. S. Goldfarb (Avtomatika i Tele-
mekhanika, No 5, 1911.7) based on the method of harmonic balance.
29. Analysis of Dynamics of Relay Servomechanism
"Dynamics of an Electric Relay Servomechanism With the Load
Changing Proportionally to Motion," by N. S. Gorskaya; Moscow,
Avtomatika i Telemekhanika, No 6, Jun 58, pp 5140-557
The author examines the dynamics of an electric relay servomechanism,
the load of which changes proportionally to movement. Movement of the
servomechanism is described by a complete second order differential
equation where the right side of the equation is a relay function repre-
senting a characteristic with a loop and a dead zone. A complete solu-
tion cf the problem is given by the method of point conversion.
30. Reproduction of Functions of Variables Into Electrical Voltage
"One Method for the Reproduction of Functions of Two Independent
Variables," by A. V. Paley and V. S. Pustyl'nikov, Penza In-
dustrial Institute; Leningrad, Izvesti a Vysshikh Uchebnykh
Zavedeniy-Priborostroyeniye, No 2, 1953, pp 36-43
A method is suggested for the reproduction in voltage form of any
functions of two independent variables. Intersecting curves and families
of intersecting curves may be reproduced by this method using electrical
conoids with comparatively simple circuits.
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Such conoids have been usad in pilot training for determining the
relationship between the true flight speed of an aircraft and the number
of revolutions of the engine and pitch angle of the plane. An ordinary
servosystem with an electronic amplifier and a Type RD-09 motor is used
to convert the voltage taken from the conoid to an angle of rotation.
Materials
31. Solar Energy Converters
"Silicon Photocells as Solar Energy Converters," by V. S. Vavilov,
G. N. Galkin, and V. M. Malovetskaya; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya,
Vol 4, No 6, Jun 58, pp 57L-575
Results of investigation of properties of p-n junctions obtained by
means of thormodiffusion of phosphorus into silicon of p-type are described.
Data on charge and spectral characteristics of silicon photocells with
p-n transitions and on the work performance of these photocells at strong
intensities of illumination are presented.
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32. Electromagnetic Mining Devices
"Radio Waves Disintegrate Rock," by V. Pospelov; Moscow
Promyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, 1 Jun 58, p 3
Presents some of the achievements of the All-Union Scientific Research
Coal Institute in the field of non-mechanical rock crushing. The projects
are under the supervision of Anatoliy Vasil'yevich Varzin.
The radiating device "Shakhta" was specifically developed for the
secondary crushing of large pieces of ore and hard rock in the mines of
Ust'-Kamenogorsk. It may also be applied in .stoping when explosives are
not admissible. Direct current is supplied to the radiator from a recti-
fier placed within or outside of the mine. The power in continuous radi-
ations is about 2.5 kilowatts at a frequency of 3,000 megacycles. When
directed at rocks the energy of the electromagnetic waves is transformed
within the rocks into thermal energy. The resulting stresses cause crystal
and layer displacements which end in disintegration of the mass.
A more powerful apparatus of the system "Gol yak" is being placed in
series production and a new mining unit of the "radio combine" is being
developed. The new unit will be equally effective with both the hardest
and softest rocks and in the opinion of specialists may become the univer-
sal mining machine of the futare.
33.
"Apparatus for Mechanical Tests of Metals at Pressures up to
30,000 Kilograms per Square Centimeter." by Yu.N. Ryabinin,
L. F. Vereshchagin, D. B. Balashov, L. D. Livshits; Moscow,
Pribory i Tekhnika Eks erimenta, No 2, Mar/Apr 58, pp 79-85
Gives a detailed description of the design and operation of an appa-
ratus for testing the ductility and tensile strength of metals and alloys
under hydrostatic pressures up to 30,000 kg/cm2. The authors say the basic
idea of the device was that of Brictnan (P. V. Bridzhmen, Issledovaniya
bol'shikh plasticheskikh deformatsiy i razryva [Investigations of Large
Plastic Deformations and Rupturej, 1955, Publishing House of Foreign
Literature, IIL). However, the lack of sufficiexlt detailed data necessi-'
tated reconstruction of a similar apparatus from the beginning utilizing
experience acquired in other experiments in the field of high pressures.
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CPYRGHT
The device consists basically of a multiplier for generating the
desired pressure and a medium (of either pentane or aviation gasoline as
neither congeal at the high operating pressures) for transmitting this
pressure to the test specimen. The test, specimen is placed in a reverser
which is located in the high-pressure chamber forming the so-called "lab-
oratory under pressure." This high-pressure chamber is set in a thick-
walled conical vessel made of steel 45KhWiA heat treated to 48 to 50 Rc
hardness. This vessel is in turn seated in a thick-walled retaining vessel
made up of three rings of 451ChI vfl3'A steel heat treated to 43 to 45 Rc.
Pressures of 260 to 300 kg/cm2 are supplied to the multiplier by an NZhR
type high-pressure pump.
The plunger which delivers pressure to the high-pressure chamber is
made of the superhard, powdered metal alloy VK8 (92 percent tungsten car-
bi(?e and 8 percent: cobalt) which was tested at pressures in excess of
30,000 kg/ant. Steel Shlhl5 heat treated to 58 to 60 R. hardness is used
for a bushing component in the electric lead-in of the multiplier. A so-
called "compressimeter" for measuring forces directly acting upon the
specimen is tied in to a double Thomson Bridge circuit at the electric
lead-in. Pressure within the working fluid (test chamber) is measured
directly by a manganin manometer the resistance of which was tested by a
Wheatstone Bridge type MVL-47 withia galvanometer type GZP-47. Resulting
measurements of liquid pressure were accurate to within one percent.
The apparatus was developed at the Laboratory of the Physics of Super-
High Pressures, Academy of Sciences USSR and tested at operating pressures
of 30,000 kg/cm2. Investigations were performed on the ductility of steel.
A photograph is given of a test specimen of steel 45.
34. Power Production Planning in the USSR
"Factory Manufacturing Technique of Thermal Electric Stations as
Important Factor in Reducing Time and Cost of Construction," by
F. V. Sapozhnikov; Moscow, Elektricheskiye Stantsii, No 7, Jul 58,
pp 8-12
The article includes the following passage:
"At present 80% of the total electric power generated comes from ther-
mal electric stations. The ratio of electric power production is expected
to remain approximately the same for the period 1959-1965. Therefore, power
generation expansion as a whole will depend on the tempo of construction of
new thermal electric stations.
"The planned increase in production of natural gas will further ac-
centuate the significance of construction of thermal electric stations as
the most economical form of capital investment."
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CPYRGHT
35. Hysteresis Motors
"General Problems of the Theory of Hysteresis Electric Motors,"
by A. N. La.rinov, N. Z. Mastyayev, and I. N. Orlov of Moscow
Power Engineering Inotitute, and D. N. Panov of Taganrog Radio
Engineering Institute; Moscow, Elektrichestvo, No 7, Jul 58,
pp 1-6
Initial work on hysteresis motors began in the USSR in 1950 at the
Chair of Electrical Equipment for Aircraft and Automobiles of the Moscow
Power Engineering Institute, and later was extended to other scientific-
research institutes and plants. Due to their valuable features, hysteresis
motors, are now becoming more widely used. The hysteresis motor is a syn-
chronous motor with a permanent magnet field. The stator is wound in a
conventional manner and the rotor is made of magnetically hard material
and has no winding. The article describes a method for calculation and
design of hysteresis motors.
36. Effect of Power Supply From Kuybyshev Hydroelectric Plant on Moscow
Network Pe ..-formance
"Operation of Thermal Electric Station Systems Under Conditions
of Variable Load," Ya M. Ostrovskiy, N. P. Kurkin, A. I. Kryukov
and I. Z. Tsyrkin; Moscow, Teploenergetika, No 8, Aug 5$, pp 3-8
The.article describes the problems that arose at the thermal electric
stations ofMosenergo((oscowRegional Power System Administration) as a re-
sult of power supply from the Kuybyshev Hydroelectric Plant. Prior to
connection (1956) of the Kuybyshev Hydroelectric Plant to the Moscow power
network, the major portion of power was generated at thermal electric
stations which comprised, about 85% of the total installed capacity of the
system. As a result of supplying power to the Moscow network from the
Kuybyshev plant, the daily electric power generation at the thermal sta-
tions has become highly irregular and the utilization of installed capacity
has decreased considerably. The number of hours of utilization of in-
stalled capacity at the thermal stations fell in 1957 to 4,507 hours as
compared to 6,358 hours in 1956 and 6,981 hours in 1955. Power generation
at the thermal stations in 1957 has dropped 23% compared to 1956.
"It should be noted that, although the power supply from the Kuybyshev
Hydroelectric Plant has complicated the operating performance of a number of
thermal stations, it has at, the same time set up a precedent for radical
improvement of power supply to consumers, as well as improvement of relia-
bility and economy of operation of the system's electric stations.
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CPYRGHT
"The new operating conditions of thermal electric stations, resulting
from power reception from the Kuybyshev plant, required preparatory work
in all steam-generating departments of the electric stations.
"In the boiler rooms, due to a sharp increase in the number of boiler
firings, an acute problem arose of how to reduce the firing time in order
to lower the fuel consumption and to effect the boiler firing in the short-
est possible time during the morning load peaks of electric stations utiliz-
ing a minimum of on-duty personnel.
"Thus, in spite of greater operating difficulties at the thermal sta-
tions caused by sharply increased load fluctuations, measures were taken
to assure reliable operation of electric stations, to improve technical-
economical operation indexes of the system on the whole and to assure suf-
ficient flexibility of the standby:"hot" reserves in case of disruption of
the Kuybyshev-Moscow electric transmission line."
37. Use of Helicopters for Laying Down Fireproof Zones During Forest Fires
"Laying Down Fireproof Barrier Zones From a Helicopter,"
by N. Kubatskiy, V. Molchanov and P. Bitkov; Moscow,
Grazhdanskaya Aviyatsiya, No 4, Apr 58, P 31-32
After briefly reviewing US efforts to use helicopters to lay protective
fireproof zones during a forest fire, the authors state that they have used
a PS-8 compressor installed on a MI-4 helicopter and have been successful
in 44 tests out of 56. The PS-8 compressor weighs approximately 180 kgs
and has a 600 liter capacity which is capable of covering an area 100-300
meters long. Plans call for increasing this to 200-400 meters.
38. All-Union Society of Inventors and Rationalizers Organized
"At the Organization Committee of the All-Union Society of In-
ventors and Rationalizers," unsigned article, Moscow, Izobre-
tatel' i Ratsibnalizator, No 5, May 58, p 5
A passage from the article reads as follows:
"The workers, engineering-technical personnel and employees enthusi-
astically supported the resolution of the Presidium of the All-Union Central
Council of Trade Unions concerning organization of the All-Union Society of
Inventors and Rationalizers. Wide masses of workers were actively and in
a business-like manner involved in the work of organizing the primary
branches of the society."
The chairman of the Organization Committee of the new society is Viktor
Pavlovich Karyakin.
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VI. MEDICINE
Communicable Diseases
39. Brucellosis Control in Voronezhskaya Oblast
"Experimental Work on Brucellosis Control in Voronezhskaya
Oblast," by T. G. Dzhuro, Voronezhskaya Oblast Sanitary-
Epidemiological Station; Moscow, Zhurnal Mikrobiolo ii,
Epidemiologii i Immunobiologii, Vol 29, No 7, Jul 56,
PP 98-103
The purpose of publishing this article was to acquaint the journal's
readers with the brucellosis control program organized by the author in
Voronezhskaya Oblast, in which the presence of the disease among cattle
was verified bacteriologically in 1931. Brucellosis was also detected
among humans from 1947 to 1956 in all rayons of the oblast except two.
Incidence data collected for cattle, sheep, goats, swine, and humans are
presented and analyzed.
On the basis of data obtained in epidemiological and epizootological
studies in the,oblast, attempts were made to decrease the incidence of
brucellosis among humans in, disease foci. The first step of the eradi-
cation program was the distribution of special forms to all farms threat-
ened with brucellosis and to rayon sanitary-epidemiological stations.
Results of monthly examination of animals for brucellosis, date of plac-
ing the farm under prophylactic control, and date when healthy conditions
had been re-established were noted on these forms, of which five types
are illustrated. All antibrucellosis measures employed are discussed in
the text. It is stated that new agents -- sulfanilamides and antibiotics
-- were employed in treating brucellosis patients, but that intravenous
vaccine therapy remained the basic method. .
CPYRGHT The following conclusions are offered on the basis of data obtained:
"1. Complex measures which should be taken by medical, veterinary,
and farm organizations have determinative significance in brucellosis
control. Timely vaccine prophylaxis (vaccination and revaccination) has
a large.share in these measures.
"2. The success of measures for eliminating brucellosis from animal
husbandry farms and protecting persons. therein from becoming infected de-
pends on the whole on active control by soviet and party organs and on the
initiative and persistence of medical and veterinary workers.
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"3. Timely performance of antibrucellosis measures and establish-
ment of strict control for elimination of brucellosis foci in animal
husbandry farms require the widespread acquaintance of medical and veteri-
nary workers with the epizootic and epidemiologic conditions of the rayon.
"4. Documentation which is precise and singularly adapted to each
kray and oblast with respect to its implementation is necessary for correct
organization of brucellosis control work; the documentation should be estab-
lished by special instructions of the Ministry of Health USSR."
The author states that, as a result of all the measures taken by medi-
cal workers in the antibrucellosis network of Voronezhskaya Oblast to-
gether with the public health organs of the rayons, including the partici-
pation of veterinary service workers, the incidence of brucellosis has been
decreased 91.3% below 1950 statistics.
40. Differential Diagnosis of Q Fever in Leptospirosis Foci
"The Clinical Manifestations and Differential Diagnosis of
Q-?Rickettsiosis (Q-Rickettsiosis and Leptospirosis)", by
Ya.S. Pupkevich-Diamant, Armavir; Moscow, Klinicheskaya
Meditsina, No 6, Jun 58, pp 77-89
A detailed discussion of the similarities and differences between the
clinical manifestations and diagnosis of Q fever and leptospirosis and an
exhaustive chart for the differential diagnosis of the two diseases are
given. Epidemiological, serological, and clinical data, including typical
case histories, are presented in tabular form. Twenty-four Soviet and 17
non-Soviet references are listed in the bibliography.
CPYRGHT On the basis of the material presented, the following conclusions are
drawn:
"1. In water-borne leptospirosis foci, clinically similar diseases
are sometimes observed which yield negative results in laboratory tests
for leptospirosis. In attempting to discern their etiology, the presence
of Q fever cases was detected for the first time in a number of rayons.
"2. Cases were observed in which antibodies to both infections were
present simultaneously in the blood serum of active and recovered patients.
The same situation was encountered in examining the blood sera of animals
in an effort to determine the sources of the infections. These facts tea-'
tify to the parallel course of both diseases in individual natural foci, to
the presence of common sources of infection of both diseases (cattle and
horses), and to common routes of infection (bathing in water contaminated
by the excretions of animals, consumption of food containing contaminated
water or milk products, or caring for diseased animals).
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"3. The similarity of the clinical symptomology in the initial period
of both infections results in the possibility of their erroneous diagnosis,
which makes it mandatory that special importance be attached to their timely
and complete laboratory investigation and to striving in every suspected
case for hemocultures of the pathogen or repeated positive serological re-
actions (agglutination and complement fixation reactions), which, in fresh
cases, always reveal accumulating titers.
"4. A clinicoepidemiological working differential diagnosis ;;able
for Q. fever and the leptospiroses which refines the differential diagnosis
details has been proposed.
"5. The examples of Q fever cases which have been presented distin-
guish the peculiarities of the clinical course: the presence of exanthema,
hemorrhagic phenomena, enlargement of the regional lymph nodes and compli-
cations (pericarditis, exudative pleuritic, inflammation of the endocardiun,
and enduring nonresolving focal pulmonary lesions), which also bespeaks the
significantly more polymorphic clinical manifestations of these cases within
the territory of the USSR."
41. Neurological Phenomena in Q Fever
"The Neurological Characteristics of Q Fever," by D. N.
Vaysfel'd, Magnitogorsk Southern-Ural Railroad Hospital;
Moscow, Klinicheskaya Meditsina, No 6, Jun 58, pp 89-94
Neurological phenomena occurring in 51 Q fever patients observed by
the author and others described in the literature (15 Soviet references in
the bibliography) are tabulated and discussed.
On the basis of the data presented, the following conclusions are
CPYRG given:
"1. In the overwhelming majority of Q fever patients we observed the
so called 'vegetative reaction syndrome.'
"2. Investigation of vegetative algesic points is a valuable diag-
nostic device which broadens the semeiotic concept of the disease and makes
it possible to judge its, dynamic development.
"3. In addition to functional disorders of the central nervous system
and its higher vegetative formation, we noted affection pre-eminently of
the left sympathetic column (especially its cervical portion) and of the
solar plexus in our patients.
"4. Changes in the nervous system, especially in its vegetative
apparatus, play an important role in the pathogenesis of Q fever."
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Immunology and Therapeutics
42. Immunogenic Prcperties of Antiplague Serum
CPYRGHT
"The Problem of the Comparative Immunogenic Effectiveness
of Antiplague Serum and, Its Globulin Fractions," by L.
Ye. Khundanov, V. S. 'K lesnik, and G. P. Pletnikova,
Irkutsk Scientific Research Institute; Moscow, Zhurnal
Mikrobiolo i E idemiolo i i Inumznobiologii, Vol 29,
No 7, JW1 , p 110 author's abstract T, -T
"The objective of this research was to clarify the comparative re-
sistance of guinea pigs to experimental infection with B. pestis follow-
ing passive immunization with these preparations: specific serum or
protein products of its fractionation -- whcle globulins and gamma
globulins.
"The work was done on 80 guinea pigs separated into four groups:
(1) 22 pigs infected after preliminary introduction of serum, (2) 22 pigs
infected after preliminary introduction of whole globulins, (3) 22 pigs
infected after preliminary introduction of gamma globulins, and (4+) 14+
pigs infected without any preliminary preparation (controls). The afore-
mentioned preparations were administered in a single subcutaneous 5 ml
injection 20 hours before infection. Infection was produced with a sub-
cutaneous dose of 1,000 microorganisms (10 Dlm) of a virulent plague
strain (No 14+3). The animals were chloroformed at different periods after
infection (two pigs out of each experimental group and one control) and
were dissected immediately.
"Animals which died during the experiments were also dissected.
During dissection of the animals, pathological-anatcmLlcal changes were
recorded, seedings from organs were done, and material was taken for
pathological examination.
"The pathomorphological and bacteriological data obtained showed that
the course of plague infection was relatively less virulent in guinea pigs
infected after preliminary subcutaneous introduction of antiplague serum
or products of its fractionation (globulins and gamma globulins). A tend-
ency to limitation of the process to the region of the portal of entry
was observed and substantiated by the prec?.om.inant localization of the
pathogen at the site of its introduction and in the surrounding lymph nodes
where, as a rule, limited, almost encapsulated abcesses, but not the dif-
fused, exudative-alterative inflammation observed in control animals were
observed. The comparatively infrequent observation of septic foci in the
organs was a characteristic of plague infection; which corresponded with
the marked tendency of the infection to be limited to the portal of entry
region.
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CPYRGHT
"Together with this, our attention was directed to the almost con-
tinual presence of secondary pneumonic plague foci, the more distinctly
developed, the longer the time elapsed from infection. This pneumonia
usually consisted of significant manifestations in the pathomorphological
picture of the disease, especially in killed animals, which could not be
said of controls (animals which had died and animals which had been
killed), in which, as a rule, sharply pronounced septic phenomena predomi-
nated in the pathomorphological picture of the disease.
"Pathomorphological manifestations of plague in different groups of
previously immunized animals differed somewhat (although the results of
bacteriological investigation showed nothing definite in this respect):
In animals which had received gamma globulin before infection, cellular
proliferation in inflammatory foci was considerably more sharply pro-
nounced, septic foci were most infrequently observed in the organs, pneu-
monic foci were relatively larger in diad animals, necrosis of elements
of alveolar exudate was less extensive, and plague microorganisms were
less abundant. In animals which had been given whole globulins before
infection, inflammatory foci were less sharply delineated, and contained
more plague pathogens; septic foci were encountered in the lungs more
frequently than in animals which had received gamma globulin, and simi-
lar septic foci were most often observed in the spleen and liver of all
three groups of animals. In animals which had received serum before in-
fection, regional inflammatory foci were most numerous and least sharply
delineated, septic foci in the spleen were observed more often than in
animals which had received gamma globulin and small septic foci were en-
countered in the lungs more often than in animals which had received whole
globulin; granular-adipose dystrophy of the hepatic parenchyma was most
sharply pronounced, and inflammatory foci devoid of visible plague micro-
organisms we encountered in this organ more frequently than in the other
groups of animals.
"The data presented make it possible to conclude that comparative
resistance to plague infection is present in animals which have received
antiplague serum and its fractions. Thus, judging by pathomorphological
data, gamma globulin was found to exert a more pronounced effect than
whole globulins and natural serum."
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CPYRGHT
113? Attenuated B. pestis Strains Studied in Mice Under the Effect of
Cortisone
"The Use of Mice Under the Effect of Cortisone as an
Experimental Model for the Study of B. pestis Strains
With Decreased Virulence," by S. L. Blyakher, State
Control Institute of Vaccines and Sera imeni Tarase-
vich; Moscow, Zhurnal Mikrobiologii E idemiolo ii
i Immunobiologii, Vol 29, No 7, Jul 58, pp 56 72
In general, this article discusses artificially increasing the
sensitivity of animals to infection with a particular pathogen in order
to create an experimental model of the disease. A number of methods for
establishing these conditions are referenced; the role of cortisone in
the development of the infection process and the formation of immune
reactions in the organism is pointed out. It is stated that in massive
doses cortisone sharply decreases resistance to infection in a number of
animals and in the human, which phenomenon is substantiated by the fact
that pathogenic, conditionally pathogenic, and even saprophytic micro-
organisms are capable at times of proliferating intensively in the organ-
ism and causing severe disease of a septic nature.
In his own experiments, the author used male white mice weighing,
16-18 g. He mentions that cortisone obtained from the English firm of
Biddle Sawyer and from the French firm of Roussel differed somewhat in
their activity. Different vaccine strains of B. pestis, EV-76, No 1,
AMP 3270, the EV strain selected, were used in the experiments. The
method of preparing cultures is described in detail. Final suspensions
contained one billion microorganisms per ml according to optic standards.
These suspensions were then diluted with physiological solution so that
the doses contained 0.5 ml for subcutaneous and 0.1 ml for intravenous
administration. Material frou various organs of mice which died during
the course of the experiments was seeded on dishes containing Martenovskiy
agar and 5% "manifestator;" a filtrate of a bouillon culture of B. mesent-
ericus fuscus or B. mesentericus vulgatus 66; according to Pokrovskaya,
Pryadkina, Gutorova, Blyakher, and Suslova (1957), this preparation can
stimulate the growth of B. pestis.
Two series of experiments were performed in which the cultures were
introduced via the subcutaneous and intravenous routes, respectively.
The results of these experiments are discussed in detail in the text and
are summarized in two tables and three illustrations. Conclusions presented
on the basis of the results are as follows.
"l. Single introduction of 3.5 mg of cortisone to mice sharply in-
creased their sensitivity to B. pestis with attenuated virulence. Subcu-
taneous introduction of 500,000 B. pestis microorganisms, strain EV-76,
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CPYRGHT
to mice which had received cortisone caused the death of 80-90% of the
animals following the appearance of acute plague septicemia, which was
never obser-red in normal animals. After the intravenous introduction of
plague pathogens, mice which had received cortisone were found to be still
more sensitive -- even 1,000 microbial cells of B. pestis strain EV-76
brought about the death of all animals following the appearance of plague
septicemia.
"2. Mice subjected to the action of cortisone are a highly sensitive
experimental model for studying B. pestis strains with attenuated viru-
lence.
"3. Mice which have received cortisone can be used for performing
biological tests in investigating various objects for the presence of
plague infection, especially in those cases in which the plague pathogens
are contained in small quantity in the material examined or have decreased
virulence."
44. Vitamin B12 Therapy E ds Therapeutic Possibilities of Treating
Inflammatory and Toxic Diseases of the tic Nerve
"The Use of Vitamin B12 in Treating Diseases of the Optic
Nerve,," by S. Rzhegak, V V. Bartoushek, -And B. Dubanskiy,
Clinic of Eye Diseases, Military-Medical Academy imeni
Ya. Ye. Purkine (head of the chair, Prof M. Klima, Doctor
of Medicine), Gradets Kralove, Czechoslovakia; Moscow,
Vestnik Oftal'mologii, No 4, Jul/Aug 58, pp 28-31
The authors.. review various methods of treating diseases of the optic
nerve. Therapeutic means used include stimulating therapy, use of ACTH,
vasodilating, ganglioplegic, and neuroplegic drugs, and the use of vitamin
B1 and other components of the vitamin B group.
Results indicate a favorable effect of vitamin B12. This is attri-
..uted to its selective affinity for the optic nerve, its specific favorable
influence on the metabolism of substances in the nervous tissue to preserve
normal function and structure of nervous tissue (especially the myelin),
and the detoxifying effects of vitamin B12. Tests have also proved that
the absence of vitamin B12 causes injuries to the central nervous system.
The authors review the results of treating 24 patients suffering from
injuries to the optic nerve tract with vitamin B12. Results indicate tb;.t
both medium and large doses of vitamin B12 are effective. Medium doses
ranged from 100 to 250 milligrams per day, with a total of 2,000-3,000
milligrams, depending on the course of the diseases and the signs of re-
mission.
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The authors conclude that the use of vitamin Bl2 significantly ex-
pands therapeutic possibilities in inflammatory and toxic diseases of
the optic nerve, in both their acute and chronic forms.
Pharmacology and Toxicology
15. Use of Unithiol in Cobalt Intoxication
"Unithiol -- An Antidote for Cobalt," by A. I. Cherkes
and B. S. Braver-Chernobulskaya, Department of Experi-
mental Therapy, Ukrainian Scientific Research Sanitary
Chemical Institute; Moscow, Farmakologiya i Toksikologiya,
No 3, May/Jun 58, p 59-63
It is well known that sulfh
many biological yd-"3'l groups in proteins are important to
processes; metabolism, growth and development of cells,
neuroreflex regulatory functions, and transmission of neuromuscular im-
pulses, as well as chemoreception (Ih. S. Koshtoyants, yr. N. Chernigovskiy,
and others).
It has been determined that the blocking of the sulhydryl groups in
proteins leads to the destruction of the normal activity of many enzymes
and consequently to the disruption of the activity of organs and tissues.
In agreement with numerous data, the mechanism of the action of certain
pharmaceuticals (antibiotics and phytoncides) is also related to the re-
activity of the sulfhydryl groups.
Therefore, among the great number of enzymatic poisons, (substances
which inactivate enzymes) those which have the capacity of combining with
the tissue thiol (sulfhydryl) groups are especially interesting.
Notions concerning the mechanism of the toxic action of such a series
of poisons provided the theoretical prerequisites for research on corre-
spf)nd9.ng antidotes from among those compounds which contain free sulhydryl
groups (thiols) which, after being introatuced into the body, would possess
the capacity to inhibit the poison or reactivate'theblocked sulfhydryl
groups in the tissue enzymes.
On the basis of this, research conducted at the Ukrainian Scientific
Research Sanitary Chemical Institute resulted in the synthesis (by V. Ye.
Petrukhin and others of many thiols of which the most active was sodium
dithiol-2,3-dimercapto]?ropansulfonate -- CH2SH-CHSH-CH2SO3Na.H2O -- called
unithiol (A. I. Cherkes and others, and N. I. Luganskiy).
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Many experimental investigations and clinical observations indicated
the feasibility of utilizing unithiol as an antidote which would be
therapeutically effective in cases involving mercury, arsenic, nickel, and
chromium intoxication.
In the light of this it was decided to study the antidotal activity
of unithiol in relation ;u other heavy metals as well as cobalt which is
widely utilized (in the production of hard) heat-resistant, magnetic,
oxidation-resistant alloys, as well as in the production of catalysts and
paints, and in the treatment of malignant tumors in the form of radio-
active cobalt).
In experiments on dogs and cats it was demonstrated that unithiol
prevents a decrease in blood pressure due to cobalt intoxication and pre-
vents the development of polycythemia. A pronounced therapeutic affect
was accomplished w..th unithiol in experiments on rabbits after the rabbits
were injected with 60 mg/kg of cobalt chloride (LDBo). Unithiol therapy
was begun on the third day and continued for 6 days with a total adminis-
tration of 450 mg/kg.
Unithiol forms a cy:lic complex with cobalt and thereby averts or
displaces the blocking of' sulhydryl groups found in the enzymatic systems.
with the action of cobalt chloride solutions, in concentrations of
2.10-' and 1+.10-3, on the isolated heart of a frog, various disruptions
in cardiac activity were observed (decrease in amplitude, and rhythm and
a stoppage of the heart in the diastole). Washing the isolated heart
with a 1.10-3 solution led to a prompt restoration of cardiac activity
(within 2-3 minutes).
Therefore, on the basis of the data presented, it is suggested that
unithiol be utilized as an antidote in cobalt intoxication.
1+6. Toxicity of Beryllium Oxides
"The Problem Concerning the Toxicity of Beryllium Oxides,"
by V. V. Mel'nikov; Moscow, Farakologiya i Toksikolo iya,
No 3, May/Jun 58, pp 73-77
This article reviews the work of various Russian scientists (B. I.
Martsinkovskiy, Ye. Ye. Syroyechkovskiy, Ye. M. Zamalihovskaya, I. G. Gelman,
A. N. Magnitskiy, T. N. Ablina, and S. V. Volter) and foreign scientists
concerning their work on the toxic action of beryllium. On the basis of his
review the author concludes the following:
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"1. The toxicity of insoluble beryllium salts, including oxides, is
not increased with an increase in dispersion.
"2. The most toxic compounds of beryllium appear after internal
administration.
"3. The animals most sensitive to the action of beryllium oxides
after internal administration appear to be rabbits, then dogs, and finally
rats.
"1+. In view of the fact that identical experimental data by various
investigators do not exist, further experiments are required concerning
toxicological data on beryllium compounds."
11.7. Effect of Atropine and Estrogen on Carbohydrate Metabolism
"The Effect of Atropine and Estrogen on Carbohydrate Metabolism
in Rabbits," by A. P. Voloskova, Tr. Vses. In-ta. Eksperim.
Veterinarii (Works of the All-Union Institute of Experimental
Veterinary Medicine), 1957, No 20, pp 310-311, (from Refera-
tivn Zhurnal -- Khi'ni Biolo icheska Khimi , No 15,
CPYRGHT 10 Aug 5d, Abstract No 20155, by N. Shvarsalon
"It was determined that atropine increases the glycogen concentration
in rabbits blood, while folliculin and microbial cultures of paratyphoid
and brucellosis decrease its content. The same results -- abortion -- as
those obtained with the administration of folliculin and the bacteria
cultures were obtained by the administration of synestriol to four heifers.
The author concludes that atropine prevents abortion in rabbits as a re-
sult of facilitating carbohydrate metabolism."
118. Method for Determining Residual Metaphos in Food Products
"A Method for Determining Residual Metaphos in Food Products,"
Inform. BMosk. In-ta. Sanitarii i Gi iyenii (Information
Bulletin of the Moscow Institute of Sanitation and Hygiene)
No 10-11, 1957, pp 11-13 (from Referativnyurnal -- Khimi
Bya,
iolo jcheskaya Khimiya, No 15, 10 Aug 58, Abstract No 18961,
CPYRGHT by V . Sabov
"From 150- to 200 g of material is extracted with ether for 2 hours.
The extract is condensed, 50 ml of water is added, and the remainder of
the ether evaporated. Then 1-2 ml of H202 (30%) and one ml of NaOH (15%)
is added and the solution alternately brought to a boil and cooled for the
next hour. After cooling, 1+.5-5 ml of ZnS04 is added together with enough
water to bring the volume up to 100 ml. After 15 minutes it is filtered
and the residue washed with water. Water is then added up to 100 ml, and
the yellow solution is measured colorimetrically in a 'Gener' cylinder
with a standard solution (one mg% solution of paranitrophenol)."
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49. Synthetic Drug Substitutes in Medicine
"Synthetic Substitutes," by A. Mndzhoyan, Academician, Academy
C PYRG HT of Sciences Armenian SSR; Moscow, Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, 1 Aug
58, p 2
"Progress in medicine has always been related to progress in many
contiguous disciplines. Organic chemistry, which not only permitted the
synthesis of many existing natural substances but also opened avenues for
producing new active preparations for treating and preventing diseases,
occupies a prominent position in the development of therapeutics and
prophylaxis. Native chemical science has directed a great deal of work
in this direction, filling the pharmaceutical arsenal with new active
preparations.
"A definite portion of the work in this area was conducted by the
scientists and workers of thr: Institute of Fine Organic Chemistry of the
Academy of Sciences Armenian SSR. For mor,~ than 10 years the scientists
of this institute have concerned themselves with solving important problems
in contemporary natur.l science -- the relationship between the chemical
structure of organic compounds and their biological action in the body.
This is important not only in relation to the ultimate goal, research,
concerning e, general theory of 'structure and action) but also in relation
to the development of highly reactive and highly selective therapeutic
substances.
"The Institute of Fine Organic Chemistry has developed a series of
original domestic preparations which have been successfully introduced
into medical practice. These include ditiline, gangleron, and many others.
The former is a synthetic substitute for natural curare. Possessing selec-
tive action on the myoneural endings, it produces temporary weakness in
the voluntary musculature. It provides an opportunity, tog--ther with small
doses of ether or chloroform, for conducting complicated procedures on the
heart, lungs, internal organs, etc. The temporary action of the prepara-
tion and its slight toxicity provide not only an opportunity for its utili-
zation in contemporary anesthesiology but also an opportunity for utilizing
it in psychiatry as a muscle relaxant during electroshock therapy. For the
satisfaction of the practical requirements of the therapeutic organiza-
tions in our country, the technological department of the Institute of Fine
Organic Chemistry organized the mass production of this preparation.
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CPYRGHT
"Another medicine developed by the institute, gangleron, possesses
effective and selective action. Possessing gangleo-blocking action, it
has been used with success in treating stenocarditis. The results of the
work of many therapeutic organizations in Moscow, Leningrad, Yerevan, and
other cities indicates that gangleron not only alleviates the disease
syndrome preceding stenocarditis, but also forestalls the appearance of
the attack itself. Clinical observations have indicated that in specific
cases the preparation displays a positive action during the treatment of
ulcerous diseases.
"Extensive research for selecting preparations of high hypotensive
action is also being conducted at the institute.
"The experimental results make it possible to assume that certain
of these and other preparations will be placed in clinics soon as thera-
peutic agents for treating hypertonic diseases.
"Recognizing the necessity for obtaining higher and more powerful
stimulatants for these and other functions of the body, the scientific
collective of the institute is conducting broad investigations in this
area of endeavor."
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Public Health, Hygiene, and Sanitation
90. Probleni'ot Urban Sewage Contamination With Radioactive Potassium
"Concerning the Problem of the Content of Radioactive
4 Potassium in Urban Sewage,"' by L. B. Dolivo-Dobrovol'skiy
and F. S. Zavdl'sk$y, Moscow Scientific Research
Institute of Sanitation and Hygiene imeni Erisman; Moscow,
Meditsinskaya Radiologiya, Vol 3, No 3, May/Jun 58, pp, 65-67
During the last few years thousands of researchers have'been engaged in
conducting mass determinations of external contauination of water, air,
and food products with radioactive sources, especially K-40. The authors
present a table showing the balance between K-40?radioactivity in sub-
urban sewage, mixed urban and suburban sewage, and sewage from industrial
areas.
Results indicate tNxt'the agrcox!mate potassium' radioactivity inthe mixed
city sewage was 2.3x19'`l1 curies per liter, sewage from purely suburban
areas contained 6x10 curies per liter, and sewage from industrial
areas contained 1.7x10-11 furies per liter.
The authors concide that by analyzing these data it is possible
to say that each city dweller eliminates into the city sewage about 300
micrograms of K-40 which has an activity equal to about 2x10-9 curies
per day. The natural specific radioactivity of city sewage (with reference
to K-40) is in the range of 6x10-12 curies per liter.
Radiology
51. Protective Effect of Chondroitin Sulfate Against Lethal X-Ray Doses
'Protective Effect of Chondroitin Sulfate Against Lethal
Doses of X Rays," by N. D. Petrova, L. I. Polikarpova,
M. F. Sbitneva, L. T. Tutochkina, and V. V. Shikhodyrov;
Moscow, Meditsinekaya Radiologiya, Vol 3, No 4, Jul/Aug 58,
PP 34-41
The aim of this research was to study the protective effect of
chondroitin sulfate, as a representative of the group of mucopolysaccha-
rides, against ionizing radiation. Tests were conducted on three groups
of mice irradiated with a dose rate of 23-30 r/minute and a total dose
of 600 r. Experiments were set up to prove the effect of chondroitin
against ionizing radiation when applied intraperitoneally and intraven-
ously, as evidenced by animal survival, changes in animal body weight,
and changes in the weight of the spleen.
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Results indicate the following
1. Chondroitin sulfate administered peritoneally to mice 5-10
minutes before irradiation, at the rate of 25 mg per g of body weight,
showed no significant protective effect (11% survival in experimental
animals, as compared with 5% survival in controls).
2. Chondroitin sulfate administered under the above-mentioned con-
ditions but intravenously proved effective against ionizing radiation,
effecting 53% survival in experimental animals, as compared with 7% in
the controls. The life span of nonsurvivin$ animals was prolonged from
12 days in. the controlp to 14 days in the experimental animals. Chon-
droitin sulfate also caused a faster rate of restoration of body weight
in the surviving animals,
3. Additional protective effect of chondroitin sulfate was evidenced
clinically by the following: A faster restoration rate of the number of
leukocytes and the leukocyte formula during the restoration period, a more
intense regeneration rate of the cells of the fibroblast series and of the
loose connective tissue series, and a favorable effect on the metabolism of
procollagen in the skip during the early stages of radiation sickness.
4. The authors present two hypotheses on the mechanism of the pro-
tective effect of chondroitin sulfate, or its transformation products:
(a) the effects on the primary processes caused by ionizing radiation
are due to competition for free radicals; by preventing changes from occur-
ring in the loose connective tissue, it obstructs the onset of injuries to
the collagenous structure in the intercellular substance; and (b) the
favorable effects on the early biological reactions caused by irradiation
are due to the possibility that chondroitin sulfate can block enzymes which
cause the destruction of intercellular substance.
52. Etiology of Acute Radiation Sickness Distinguished From That of Most
Acute Radiation Sickness
"Concerning the Development*of the Most Acute Form of Radiation
Sickness," by L. F. Semenov, Central Scientific Research Roent-
genoradiological Institute (Leningrad) of the Ministry of Health
USSR; Moscow, Meditsinskaya Radiolo iya, Vol 3, No 3, May/Jun 58,
pp 70-77
The author presents a comprehensive discussion of the type of acute
radiation sickness developed after the irradiation of the whole animal, the
trunk only, and the head only, of experimental animals (mice, rats, rabbits,
dogs, guinea pigs, and cats).
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F ive charts present the rate. of death of animal.;;, due to various doses
of irradiation under the above conditions. Changes in the blood pie*,ure
under these conditions are reviewed. The author makes the following con-
CPYRGHTelusions.
?1. The development of the most acute form of radiation sickness is
determined by irradiation of the head.
"2. The most acute form of radiation sickness results from smaller doses
of ionizing radiation following irradiation of only the head than following
general irradiation.
113. The use of narcosis at the moment of irradiation prevents the
development of the most acute form of radiation sickpess, and in this case
the pathological process takes the form of the acute type of radiation
sickness. Cysteineamine and thiourea used as prophylactic agents do not
affect the development or the course of the most acute form of radiation
sickness.
1%. The most acute form of radiation sickness differs pathologically
from the acute form of radiation sickness. The mechanism In the development
of the most acute form of radiation sickness is due to the direct effect of
ionizing radiation on the activity of the nerve centers, while the mechanism
of the acute form of radiation sickness is mostly reflex in nature."
53. Disturbed Regulatory Role of Central Ne: ^irous S rs~tem_Intensifies Sen-
sitivity to Insulin During Acute Rad:~ a;t, ,.on Sickness -E
"Concerning Hormonal Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism
in Acute Radiation Sickness," by D. A. Golubentsev; Moscow,
Meditsinskaya Radiol iL, Vol 3, No 3, May/,jun 58, PP 35-37
The aim of this research, which was conducted between 1952 and 1956,
was to study the role of the endocrine glands. in carbohydrate metabolism
during acute radiation sickness resulting from general X.-irradiation of dogs
(400 r), rats (750 r), and rabbits ('1,000-1,500 r).? Results indicated the
following.
1. The experimental animals showed decreased hypoglycemic reaction to
insulin during the first few days. but the hypoglycemic effect of insulin
increased sharply starting with the 7th and continuing to the 25th day, at
which level it remained during the entire second month in the surviving
animals. This increased sensitivity to insulin administration led to the
development of a severe hypoglycemic condition which was accompanied with
periodic convulsions and prostration,
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2. No changes were observed in irradiated animals toward the hyper-
glycemic effect of adrenalin administration during the first day, but
during the peak of radiation sickness the administration of adrenalin
speeded the Cori cycle, caused increased dissociation of glycogen reserves
in the skeletal muscles of irradiated animals, and increased the glycogen
level in the liver and in the myocardium.
Increased sensitivity toward insulin is explained as due to the disturbed
regulatory role of the central nervous system and the weakened functional activ-
ity of the hypophysis-adrenalin system and of the adrenal cortex.
The author concludes that his data agree with the well-known* fact of
decreased glycogen reserves of the,liver during the, peak of radiation sick-
ness and that adrenalin normalizes the disturbed relationship between gly-
cogen reserves of the liver and of the skeletal muscles.
54. Decreased Gl ycine Absorption by Intestinal Epithelial Cells in Radiation
Sickness Is Improved by A d d i n g Inor anicPhhosphate. and ATP
"Concerning the Problem of the Mechanism of Disturbed Intestinal
Absorption of Glycine After X-Ray, Irradiation," by Vo Ao Shater-
nikov; Moscow, Meditsinskaya Radiolo&jn, Vol 3, No 3, May/Jun 58,
pp 37-42
The aim of this research was to study the effect of irradiation on the
absorption of certain amino acids. This was done by.studying the effect of
X?-irradiation on oxidative phosphorylation since glycine absorption in the
small intestines depends on oxidative phosphorylation in the intestinal epithe-
lium.
Simultaneous observations were made of glycine absorption by the walls of
the isolated intestinal loop of Tiery and of oxidative phosphorylation of
intestinal epithelium. Sharp wavelike or periodic disturbances in the
processes of glycine absorption following X-irradiat.en were observed sinrul-
taneously with the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation in the epithelial
cells of small intestines.
The addition of inorganic phosphate and adenoste triphosphate to glycine
administered into the intestine increased the absorption of this amino acid.
Thus the author concludes that, disturbed processes of absorption of
glycine in irradiated animals depends on the inhibition of oxidative phos-
phorylation in the epithelial cells of the intestines.
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55. X-RayEffects on Enzymatic Secretions of Small Intestines in Acute
Radiation Sickness
"Secretory Function of the Intestines During Radiation Sickness,"
by M. F. Nesterin, Radiobiological Laboratory (head, G. P. Yeremin)
Institute of Nutrition of the Academy of Medical Sciences
USSR; Moscow, Meditsinskaya Radiologiva, Vol 3, No 3, May/Jun 58,
pp 42-46; and "Secretory Function of Small Intestines During Acute
Radiation Sickness," by K. V. Smirnov, ibid; pp 46-51
The aim of both investigations was to study the secretory and enzymatic
function of the small intestines during radiation' sickness. Tests were
conducted on dogs irradiated with 400 r-of X rays.
Results are as follows
1. As developed in the first report, X-ray effects on various enzyme
secretion processes differ. The secretion of enterokinase, saccharase, and
phosphatase may be disturbed while no change occur, or changes may last for
only definite periods in lipase and peptidase. Changes in enterokinase and
phosphatase excretion do not always coincide with changes in the enteric
juice composition, which indicates that other biochemical factors also
contribute to changes in enzyme excretion. Changes in water and'enzynie
elimination with feces during radiation injuries are independent of each
other.
2. The second research report proves that periods of increased enzyme
activity alternate with periods of normalization and depression. "Milk-egg"
and liver diets do not normalize the secretory function of small intestines
in dogs. The author concluded'that these disturbances in secretory processes
in the small intestines are connected with pathological shifts: in the central
nervous system and'in metabolic processes.
.56. Changes in Physical Thermoregulation After Single General Irradiation
of Rabbits by 1,000 r of X Rays Studied
"Changes in Physical Thermoregulation After Single General
Irradiation of Rabbits by X Rays With 1,000-r Doses," by
I. N. Kondrat'yeva; Moscow, Meditsinskaya Radiologiya, Vol 3,
No It, Jul/Aug 58, pp 8-15
The aim of this work was to study physical thermoregulation of animals
after a single'general irradiation, because it is known that physical ther-
moregulation is an important index of the functional condition of the vege-
tative nervous system. Tests were conducted on"rabbits because they have a
well-developed physical thermoregulation system.
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Five composite tracings illustrate changes in temperature readings and
respiration frequency with time as a factor after irradiation. Another com-
posite diagram presents changes in certain vegetative reactions and clinical
symptoms, such as strength of vascular reaction, latent period of vascular
reaction, strength of respiratory reaction, frequency of respiration, rectal
temperature, and body weight.
Results indicate the following.
1. Change in physical thermoregulation after a single general X-irrad-
iation are of a phasic nature: There is an immediate burst of stimulation
with increased temperature, and speeded respiration; then during the first
through the second day after irradiation, significant disturbances of physical
thernoregulation become evident.;.. these are followed by absent or weakened
vascular reactions and by significant inhibition-of respiratory reactions.
Then, starting with the 2d to the Rd and through the 7th to the 9th, day, there
it an unstable restoration of ph sical thermoregulation, but as a ru3,e,the
respiratory component does not attain its original value.
2. From 2 to 6 days preceding the death of the animals acute inhibition
of physical thermoregulatton is again evident.
3. Inhibition of vascular and respiratory reactions soon after irradia-
tion are most probably conditioned by inhibition from centers in the spinal
cord which are connected with the stimulation of the brain.
ii. Further changes in physical thermoregalation are dependent on the
condition of the compensatory capacity of the central nervous system.
57.? Charging Device for Individual Pocket Dosimeters Manufactured
"Charging Device for Pouket Dosimeters," by Ye. V. 'Itekhin,
Central Scientific Research Roentgenoradiological Institute
of the Ministry of Health USSR; Moscow, Meditsinskaya Radio-
Vol 3, No 3, may/Jun 58, pp 68-69
Pocket dosimeters designed for individual monitoring by people working
with X rays and gamma rays are finding increasingly more extensive and varied
use in the USSR. These pocket dosimeters have a charging unit equal to 200
volts. Details of the construction and charging and an external view of the
dosimeter and its charging unit accompany the article. ,One photograph illus-
trates the act of charging the cylindrical dosimeter by its charging unit
(also cylindrical) which has a wider diameter than' the dosimeter and slips
over the latter to establish contact.
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The advantages of this dosimeter and its charging device include the
fact that every person working with penetrating radiation always has' his
own individual charging appliance which requires no galvanic batteries.
In addition, this appliance is simple and cheap to manufacture.
58. ? Distribution of Radioactive Phosphorus P 32 in Central Nervous System
"The Dynamics of the Distribution of Radioactive Phosphorus
P32 in Various Portions of the Central Nervous System Under
Normal Conditions and During the Action of Caffeine and Bro-'
mine," by A, I. KarayeV and A. A. Khudazarov, Dokl. AN Azerb.
SSR, 1957, 13, No 5, 559-564 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal --
Khimi a Bolo icheska a Khimi a, No 15, 10 Aug 58, Abstract
CPYRGHT No 201 46, by V. Korzhov)
"P32 was administered subcutaneously to rabbits under normal conditions
or 20 minutes after the injection of caffeine or NaBr, at the rate of One ml
Of 106 solution per, 1g of weight. After 1.3 and 24 hours, the radioactivity
of portions of raw brain iVissue., up to 200 mg from various parts of the
brain, was measured. Under normal conditions, the various portions displayed
vSEious degrees of P32 fixation. During the first hour, the concentration of
P , in decreasing order, is distributed in the following manner: spinal
cord, medulla oblongata, white matter of the large hemisphere Varolius bridge,
cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and the midbrain. These ,gelation ships are
altered with the passage of-time; after 3 hours the Pic- content is lowered
in many portions while after 24 hours the content increases above the content
after the first hour. After the preliminary administration of caffeine
and NaBr, changes in the distribution of P3?, in relation to the norm~are
observed; however, these changes are not strictly uniform or regular in
character ei "ier with regar4 to the various areas, or-with regard to time."
59. Special Apparatus for External Irradiation With Beta Radiation
Indicates 65.:r Approximate Tolerances Dose for Mice
"Concerning the Problem of the Biological Effect'of External
Irradiation With Beta Radiation," by S. N. Aleksandrov, K. F.
Glakovskaya, 0. G. Matveyev, and V. A. Petrov, Central Scientific
Research Hbentgenoradiological Institute of the Ministry of
Health USSR; Moscow, Meditsinskaya .Radiologiya, Vol 3, No 4,
Jul/Aug 58, pp 6-8
The aim of this research was to investigate certain changes due to the
external effects of beta radiation. Albino mice (437) were irradiated in a
specially designed'apparatps (a cylindrical glass jar with a 0.5-liter capac-
ity and with an ac ive layer of Sr90 (NO3)2 and Sr90 912.6H20, containing
460 millicuries SrY ) The dose rate was ~5 r per minute, The experiment
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animals received surface doses of 65, 125, 250, ar.e? 500 2'. The article
describes changes. in the blood 'picture, 'and healing of skin wounds, and
compa:^es percentage survival of ey.iierlanantai and control animals.
Results indicate that after is radiat.Ion with a dose of only 65 r no
discrepancies in