SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000100170001-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 108
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 7, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: October 17, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

I f~R:ORI~RT I 0w
~.7 ~CTOgER ` x.958 - ..: ~ _ -~ Cif'
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PB 131891T-8
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
SCIENTIFIC
INFORM~,.TION REPOR?I"
17 October 1958
Distributed Only By
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
OFFICE OF TECHNICAL SERVICES _',~f~~',1J'y';; ;,?' ' ;r' % 1~,!c 1
1 h _CC .L
WASHINGTON 25, D.C. ~ if,,~,~ r.; .:t'.:I,;.,-. ~ ~~?~vFls C::i.:r
Issued Semi-monthly. Price: Per year $28.00; Single issue $2.75. ~t~ ~;'~~~ rr~)~,'_ ^A
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Use of funds for printing this publication app: oved
by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget July 31, 1958.
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PLEASE NOTE
This report presents unevaluated information extracted
from publications of the USSR, Eastern Europe, and China.
The infi'ormation selected is intended to indicate current
scientific developments and activities in the USSR, in the
Sino-Soviet Orbit countries, and in Yugoslavia, and is dis-
seminated as an aid to United States Government research.
SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT
Table of Contents
I. Chemistry
IT. Electronics
III. Engineering
N . Mathematics
V. Medicine
VI. Physics
VII. Miscellaneous
NOTE: Items in this report are numbered consecutively'.
Pa e
1
21
~+0
47
5~+
92
99
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T . CIICMTSTRY
Clicmistry and Technology o:C I'ue1E and. Pro~?~e1].an?';s
1. Inflammability Chara,cterist:ics of USSR Reaction Engine (~7ei:) Fuels
"Inflamma,bil3.ty of Reaction Engine [Jet] Fuelss," by N. A. Ragozin
and A. F. Vorob',yeva, State Research Tnstitu'h,e of the Civil A~.r
Sleet; Moscow, Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Mase1,, Vol 3, No lt?,
Apr 58, Pp 39-1~.5
The temperature 13.mits of the formation of explosive mixtures by vapors
of T-1, TS-1, and T-2 fuels, a fuel of ?f?,he kerosene type, and B-70 (an avia-
tion gasoline) depending on the altitude have been detexZn.ined. The physico-
chemical characteristics of these USSR fuels are described.
The a1?t,itude (degreo of rarefaction) wa;, determined at which ?l?,he for-
mation of superenriehed. mixtureU begins, with ?rhe res?ul.t that the explosion
point of the mixtures becomes unstable, The tempera?~,ures of the spontaneous
ignition of fuels and the temperatt~.res at which ?the fuels ignite on coni;act
with a hot surface were determined., The dependence of the flash point on
the vapor tension was determined.
The inflammability characteristics of the USSR fuels were compared with
those. of similar British and US fuels. The L15 fuels used for comparison
were JP-1, JP-3, JP-~?, B-73, and B-100/130. The concentrations of carbon
dioxide, nitrogen, methyl bromide, and carbon tetrachloride sufficient to
extinguisYi burning gasoline and kerosene vapors and to prevent their explo-
sion were determined. The results were compared with those obtained in
worlc done outside the USSR.
2. Method for Determination of Water Content of Fuels
"A Calcium Hydr? ide Method for the De?termina?tion of the Content
of Water in Fuels Under Consideration of the Kinetics of Hydrogen
Evolution, " by M . M . Kusakov, M . A . Landau;., N . M . Lubman, and
M. I. Shchetslto, Petroleum Institute of the Academy of Sciences
USSR; Moscow, K1.-~imiya i Telchnologiya Topliv i Masel, Vol 3, No 11?,
Apr 58, pP 55-61
Formulas have been de:^ived for the calculation of the water content of
liquid hydrocarbons on the basis of the pressure of hydrogen evolved as a
result of the interaction of the water with calcium hydride. Iri the method
described (p-method), the change in the vollune of the gas phase, the partial
pressure of hydrogen, and the solubility of hydrogen in the fuel are taken
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into consideration. Tt is shown that, when an excess of calcium hydride is
present, the reaction of the calcium hydride with water can be described by
a kinetic equation of the second order.
Starting from the kinetic equation for a reaction of the second order,
a graphic method i:; proposed for the determination of the limiting values
of the volume or pressure of hydrogen evo:i.ved as a result of the interaction
of calcium hydride with water.
A kinetic variant of the p-rr.~thod is described which makes it possible
to determine the content of wate_ in liquid hydrocarbons with a precision
sufficient for practical purposes (a precision of about 6~). This method
' is suitable for scien?h,~?iic research worts. By using it one can determine
not only dissolved water. but also water dispersed in the form of fine drop-
lets.
Consideration of the kinetics of the evolution:. of hydrogen in connec-
tion with the V-methoc: (volume method) makes it possible to reduce the time
necessary for the deterl.~3.nation and to improve the precision of measurements
from 5~ to approximately 396.
Tt has been found that saturation of liquid hydrocarbons with water for
the determination of the solubility of water in them is best done over the
vapor phase rather than by direct conts,ct of the fuel with water and mixing
of the two phases, because otherwise values which are too high are obtained.
Determination of the water content of fuels is of importance, even when
this content is extremely small, because at low tempcra?tures the water may
separate and clog fuel filters and the fuel supply system of planes. The
method described has beencheclsed on mixtures of T-1 l:erosene~,and B-70
gasoline with water.
3. New Method for Investigating Stability of Turbojet Fuels
"Evaluation of the Stability of Fuels of the Kerosene Type by
Circulating Them Through the Fuel Pumps of a Turbojet Engine,"
by B. F. Korobov and B. I. Komarov, All-Union Scientific Research
Institute of Petroleum Products; Moscow, Khimi i Tekhnologiya
~ Topliv i MasehVol 3, No ~+, Apr 58, pp 51-5~+
A method of repeated pumping 'of fuel through the fuel system of a turbo-
jet engine has been developed which makes it possible to subject to compara-
tive evaluation the stability of fuels. The resia.lts obtained indicate th~??t
the method. in question can be applied in connection with the solution of
practical problems pertaining to the use of fuels in reaction engines. By
using this method, suitable antioxidants can be selected and the catalytic
effect of copper alloys on the fuel studied. By pumping fuel of the kerosene
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type for 50 hrs at an inlet temperature of 800, it was established that
machine parts of alwninwn bronze remain unchanged; parts of VB-21+N antimony-
nickel bronze show local darkening; and parts of VB-241j antimony bronze
develop considerable dttrlcening over the surface and acquire a resinous coat-
ing. These changes indicate the differences in the catalytic effect exerted
by the three different types of bronze.
Investigation by the method developed of the effect of antioxidants
on fuels of the lserosene type indicated that p-hydroxycliphenylamine is su-
perior to the other additives tested and that it should be sub,~eeted to
further investigation.
4. Effect of Vanadium and Sulfur on Operational G'haracteristics of Gas
Turbine Fuels
"Fuel for Gas Turbine Power Plants," by B. V. Losiltov; Moscow,
Khimiya i Tekhnolo iYa To 1iv i Mase1~ Vol 3, No ~+, Apr 58,
PP 32- 39
Petroleum residue fuels (mazut) from crudes with a low sulfur content
and a content of vanadium lower than l X"10-3~ can be used on all gas tur=
tines suitable for heavy residue fuels. Mazut from sulfurous crudes con-
taining more than 1 X 10-3 of vanadium can be used on gas turbines if the
temperature of the gas immediately before entering the ttLrbine does riot
exceed 650?.
The application of fuels with a high vanadium content, which is typical
for mazut derived from sulfurous crudes, gives rise to serious difficulties
at forced-draft gas-turbine installations, because there is formation of
deposits and corrosion of the blade assembly. A promising method of elimi-
nating corrosion caused by vanadium is addition to th~: fuel of substances
which react with vanadium pentoxide and iron oxides, forming low-melting
compounds that do not form deposits. Good results were obtained with the
use of silicon compounds (e.g., silicones, kieselguhr or diatomaceous earth,
kaolin, and bentonite) and of barium, magnesium, and calcium naphthenates
soluble in the fuel. However, this method is not yet being applied exten-
sively in practice. Initiation of research in this field on a broad scale
is advisable.
The vanadium content of USSR crudes and of residual fuels derived from
them is known and must be taken into consideration from the standpoint of
possible damage to gas turbines.
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The application of distilled fuels of the diesel type with any su1:l:'ur
content should not give rise to di:t'ficulties as far as corrosion of gas
turbines due to the presence of vanadium is concerned, because these e1c-
ments, as well s,s other ash-forming elements (e.g., sodium), are for all
practical purposes absent in fuels of this type. On the other hand,
straight-run fuels are preferable to distilled products of thermal and
catalytic craclting or gas oils derived from coal distillation, becs,use the
latter have a high content of aromatic and unsaturated hydrocarbons, so
that deposition o~E' carbon is possible.
5. USSR Conference on P1ew Types of Motor r'uels
"An Intervuz Scientific-Technical Conference" (unsigned artic:l.e);
Baku, Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeni -Nefti i Gaz, No ,7,
CPYRGI-~'~l 58, p 1
"Scientist participating in the intervuz scientific-technical conference
[a vuz is a higher educational institution] emphasized in communications
made by them the exceptional importance of the decision made by the May 1958
Plenary Session of the Central Committee CPSU in regard to accelerated devel-
opment of the chemical industry.
"Thirty-three reports were presented a~.together. The newest methods
for the production of petrochemical products and motor fuels and oils were
discussed.
"In a report by Prof A. Z. Dorogochinskiy (Groznyy Petroleum Institute
and Groznyy Scientific Research Institute); B. K. Amerik, Candidate of Tech-
nical Sciences; and A. P. Litvin, engineer of the Groznyy Chemical Plant,
problems connected with the preparation of raw materials for petrochemical
syntheses were discussed.
"Papers by Prof N. I. Chernozhukov and V. I. Isagulyants (Moscow Petrol-
eum Institute imeni Acadcanician I. N. Gubkin) discussed problems pertain-
ing to the synthesis of lubricating oils and of efficient additives to~such
oils.
"Reports by Prof M. G. Mamedli (Azerbaydzhan Instrument Institute imeni
M. Azizbekov) and B. F. Koi?obov, senior scientific associate of the All-
Union Scientific Research Institute of the Petroleum Industry, dealt with
problems pertaining to the ;~~roduction of synthetic reaction-engine and gas
turbine fuels.
"A. D. Petrov, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences USSR,
discussed the synthesis of individual hydrocarbons from petroleum raw ma-
terials.
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"Oxidation of paraffin in the :foam ,phase formed the subject of a paper
by Docent I. G. Triandifilidi (Leningrad Polytechnic Institute).
"In reports by Docent A. K. Seleznev and T. S. Maksimova (Groznyy
Petroleum Institute), problems pertaining 'to the synthesis of betachloro-
ethers and the application of such ethers for chemical synthesis were
considered.
"A number of reports dealt with the improvement of catalysts and re-
search on catalysts applied in the petroleum conversion industry. Reports
in this field originated at the Chemical Institute of the Academy of
Sciences Azerbaydzhan SSR, the Groznyy Petroleum Institute, the Moscow
Petroleum Institute imeni Academician I. N. Gubkin, and the Groznyy Scien-
tific Research Institute.
"A very favorable factor in connection with the work of the conference
was the participation of a great number of production workers from enter-
prises locoed in the city of Groznyy.
"A resolution passed by the conference recommended that the composition
of individual hydrocarbons contained in the gasoline and ligroin fractions
of al]. principal USSR petroleum crudes be investigated, the structural group
composition of these fractions determined, and a card file of petroleum
crudes compiled.
"The necessity of expanding research on the separation of individual
hydrocarbons from hydrocarbon mixtures was pointed out. In view of the ex-
ceptional importance of work in this field, it has been decided to request
the Ministry of Higher Education USSR and the Presidium of the Academy of
Sciences USSR to hold an all-union conference on the subject.
"The conference furthermore recommended that higher educational insti-
tutions, research institutes, and industrial laboratories expand work on
the investigation of possibilities of applying large-scale processes such
as thermal and catalytic cracking, coking, etc., with the view of consider-
ably increasing the production of raw materials for petrochemical synthesis.
"The decision was made to develop the technology of dehydrogenation and
pyrolysis processes with the application of different catalysts and inactive
heat transfer agents, as well as to take measures for the acceleration of
the development of processes by which normal paraffinic hydrocarbons are
transformed into aromatic hydrocarbons by dehydrogenating cyclization. It
was furthermore recommended to expedite the practical application of results
obtained in work on the dehydrogenation of six-membered naphthenes contained
in the gasoline fractions of crude petroleum.
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"Measures have been suggested for t?,he improvement oi' the quality of
reaction motor fuels, including increases in their density and heat-energy
output, improvement of the thermal stability of fuels at high temperatures,
and application of procedures by which fuels for gas turbine engines can be
produced in the most efficient manner.
"The conference advocated the expansion of scientific research on the
production of synthetic fibers, plastics, and oxygen-containing compounds
derived from petroleum hydrocarbons. The advisabili?L-y of more profound
studies in the field of the preparation and investigation of the properties
of catalysts for diverse reactions was pointed out."
6. Bools on Gas-Turbine ,Fuels
lino Dlya Gazovylsh Turbin (Heavy Liquid
CPYRGHT
F~zel for Gas Turbines), by A. V. Kozhevnikov, Gostoptekhizdat,
Leningrad, 1958, 10 printed sheets, price 5 rubles 25 kopecks,
reviewed in No e Knigi o Nefti i Gazu V uska em a Vo Vtorom
Polugodii 195 Goda Plew Eooks on Petroleum and CTas To Be
Published in the Second Half of :L958, Gostoptekhizd,at, Moscow,
Apr 58, 2~+ pp (pp 17-18)
"This book discusses the physicochemical aspects of the production and
application of heavy liquid fuels for gas-turbine installations. The subject
is reviewed for the first time in the USSR literature.
"The book will serve the needs of engineers, technical workers, and
scientists engaged in the design and operation of gas turbines. It will be
of use to designers of gas turbines in the determir..ation of initial data to
be applied in the design of combustion chambers and in selecting construction
materials the operational characteristics of which depend on the properties
of the fuel being employed."
7. Production and Trans ortation of Li uid and Solid Acetylene
"The Propes~?ties of Liquid and Solid Acetylene," by I. I. Strizhev-
sltiy, Candidate of Chemical Sciences; Moscow, Khimic'_n_eskaya
Promyshlennost', No ~+, Jun 58, pp 221-227
Work on the properties of liquid acetylene, the sa?t-arated vapor pressures
of acetylene, binary acetylene mixtures (acetylene-carbon dioxide, acetylene-
ethane, acetylene-ethylene, and acetylene-acetone), the explosive properties
of liquid and solid acetylene, and the transpo..~tation of solid ~:.nd liquid
acetylene is reviewed, mainly on the basis of non-USSR publications. In the
section on the transportation of liquid and solid acetylene, addition of
small quantities of carbon dioxide, propane-butane, benzene, acetone, or
other admixtures to stabilize acetylene in the liquid state is recommended.
-6-
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As far as prevention of explosions in transportation and storage of liquid
acetylene is concerned, emphasis is placed on good heat insulation and use
of refriger~rl~s (e.g., solid carbon dioxide) a:.' a paclting between the
ace?tylera cylinder and the outer wall furnishing thermal insulation. Press-
ing of solid acetylene into blocks to reduce the surface is recommended.
An industrial procedure developed in the USSR by Yu. V. Dalago and
G. F. Cheplyugin is described whereby acetylene is filled into cylinders
cooled to minus 75?. Low temperatures are produced by evaporating liquid
oxygen. As the temperatus~e drops, the solubility of acetylene in acetone
rises: it amounts to 20 liters per liter of acetone at 20o and to 1,250
liters per liter of acetone at minus 75?. Filling of the cylinders with
acetylene takes place at a pressure of 0.4 atmosphere gauge from a gene-
rator of medium pressure.
Industrial Chemistry
8. Role of Develo went of Thermally Stable Plastics and of Production of
Acetylene From Methane in Current Seven-Year Plan
"Development of the Chemical Tndu.stry at an Accelerated Rate,"
by G. V. Uvarov, State Committee on Chemistry, Council of
Ministers USSR; Moscow, Khimicheskaya Prom shlennost', No ~+,
Jun 58, pp 197-200
As far as development ~f the chemical industry is concerned, the
May 1958 Plenary Session of the Central Committee CPSTJ put particular
emphasis on the production of plastics, synthetic fibers, and oilier syn-
thetic materials [elastomers] and products made of them.
A great amount of attention must be paid to research aimed at the
creation o:C fundamenta~.ly new materials and processes and to the develop-
ment of particularly strong and heat-resistant polymers for plastics and
synthetic fibers. An important part of the work in this field must be done
by scientists active at the corresponding institutes of the Academy of
Sciences USSR, the Physicochemical Institute imeni L. Ya. Karpov, and er'4u-
cational institutions.
To expand further scientific research, particularly in the fields of
the theory of the structure of polymers, the study of their properties,
and the development of methods for the production of new synthetic ma?teria,ls
and their applications in different branches of the national economy, a.n ex-
pansion of the network of scientific research institutes and their affiliates
and labora;.ories is proposed. Organization of the following institutes is
envisaged: Scientific Research Institute of Petrochemical Industries at Ufa,
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Scientific Research Institute of Chemicals for Polymer Materials at Tambov,
Scientific Research and Designing Institute of the Development of Machines
and Equipment for the Treatment of Plastics and Rubber (Itiev), and Scien-
tific Research Institute of Lacquer, Varn3.sh, and Paint Coatir.~s at Khot'-
kovo near Moscow. An affiliate of the Scientific Research Institute of
Soil Science (NIIPP) will be organized at Novosibirsk, one of the All-
Union Scientific Research Institute of Synthetic Rubber (VNIISK) at
Voronezh, one of the Scientific Research Institute of Organic Intermediates
and Dyestuffs imeni K. Voroshilov (1\'IOPiK) at I3erezniki, and one of the A11-
Union Institute of Synthetic Fibers (v~:I.~d) at Itrasnoyarak. Several other
affiliates of institutes will also be opened.
As early as in 1958-1959 experimental plant departments are to be
started at which acetylene will be produced from methane by partial oxida-
tion or electric cracking and polypropylene, polyPoimaldehyde, and other
products will be produced.
9. Advantages of Polyethylene as Electrical Insulating biaterial
"News of Science and Technology" (unsigned news items); Moscow,
Fizika v Shkole, Vol 18, No 5, Sep-Oct 58, p 17
In accordance with the decision of the May 1958 Plenary Session of
the Central Committee CPSU, the production of plastics in the USSR will
increase toward 1965 by factors ranging from ~-.5 to 8, depending on the
type of plastic. The production of polyethylene will expand at a partic-
ularly fast rate.
The characteristics of polyethylene as an electrical insulating material
are of especial advantage: they resulted in its use in diverse electrical
equipment, particularly radio equipment. Without the use of polyethylene,
development of efficiently and reliably working radar appliances would not
have been possible.
10. Progress in Work on He~.t-Resistant Organosilicon Compounds
"USSR Work on Heat-Resistant Organosilicon Polymers" (unsigned
article); Moscow, Khimicheskaya Promyshlennos?t', No ~~, Jun 58
CPYRG~'1~58
"On 19 May 1958 a collegi.um of the Ministry of Chemical Industry con-
sidered the status of scientif~.c research and experimental investigations
on organosilicon compounds.
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"During recent years, a number of new ehlorosilanes have been developed
and tested experimentally. This includes methylphenyldichlorosilane,
methyldichlorosilane, end chloromethyl dichorosilane. As a result of the
worlt that has been done, new organosilicon varnishes, liquids, lubricants,
and oils have been developed the thermal stability of which was raised up
to a temperature limit of 250-300?.
"Work has also been conducted on the further improvement of proceduxes
for the production by the fluidized solids method of basic intermediate
products for the production of organosilicon compounds. This type of pro-
duction was developed up to the stage of industrial application. As a
result of work done at the Dankovsk Chemical Plant, produc~cion of organo-
silicon compounds that are of importance from the economic standpoint was
launched.
"The production of the heat-resistant butadiene-styrene rubber SKT
was organized. Products made of this rubber can be used at temperatures
from minus 55? to plus 200-250?. Technical products made of SKT organo-
silicon rubber are being produced at the Sverdlo~rsk and Zeningrad Rubber
Technical Products Plants.
"The Moscow Institute of Plastics has developed and tried out at
experimental installations procedures for the production of new organosil-
icon resins, powders for pressure molding, and adhesives capable of with -
standing temperatures of 300-x+00? for long periods of time.
"The collegium noted that, notwithstanding the progress achieved,
the chemical industry does not yet satisfy to the fullest possible extent
the demand of the national economy for organosilicon products snd articles
made of these products.
"At the Danlsovsk G`hemical Plant, there is a serious lag as far as
introduction into production of newly installed capacity for the manufacture
of organosilicon products is concerned. Workers of the plastics industry
have not yet solved the problem concerning the development of a heat-resistant
foam plastic with the physical and mechanical characteristics that have been
specified.
"The collegium outlined the principal problems which must be solved by
scientific research institutes with the view of eliminating within the
shortest possible time the lag existing in the development of new heat-.
resistant and mechanically strong organosilicon materials and products. To
coordinate all scientific research and experimental work pertaining to the
development of the production of organosilicon compounds and articles pro-
duced from them, the collegium recommended the organization of a special
scientific-technical council and unified plannl.ng of all measures to be
taken in this field."
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ll. Trends in USSR Petrochemical Synthesis
"Some Problems of Pe?L?ro].ewn Chemistry and of ?the Petro-
chenu.c;ta1 Tnctus?try, ~~ by 1~cademician A. V. Topchiyev, chief'
scientific secretary of the Presidium, Acc~,derr..y of Sciences
USSR; Moscow, Pleftyanoye Khozyaystvo, Vol 36, No 5, May 5a,
pp 1-13
The chemical conversion of petroleum gases and liquid hydrocarbons
derived from petroleuun has become an independent, rapidly developing field
of scientific research and industrial organic synthesis during recent
years. This type of conversion is referred to as petrochemical. synthesis.
Its rapid development is due to the fact that petroleum and products de-'
rived from petroleum are a readily available crude material from which a
great number of products of importance for the national economy can be
produced.
The development of the petrochemical industry will require more ex-
tensive work on the composition and properties of petroleum and products
derived from it. Investig~.tions in this field will involve new types of
research based on the application of the most modern physical methods.
One must utiliz,; extensively for this purpose 'the me?tYiods of mass-
spectrometric analysis, infrared spectrometry, absorption spectroscopy,
and ultraviolet spectrometry and possibly also procedures based on the
determination of paramagnetic resonance as well as a number of other
methods.
One must particularly emphasize the importance of investigations
on the composition, properties, and methods of conversion of petroleum
crudes for the further development of methods leading to the production
of reaction-engine fuels, lubricating oils, and additives ?to fuels and
oils. USSR achievements in the field oi' reaction-engine ?technology are
due to a considerable extent to worlt done by petroletun specialists . F~,tx?-
ther development of reaction-engine technology will require the synthesis
of new types of lubricating oils and of different additives to them.
Production of aromatics from petroleum raw m~.terials will expand,
because these hydrocarbons, in addition to unsaturated hydrocarbon gases,
have become a very important raw material for the synthesis of petrochemical
products, primarily high polymers. Polymerization of olefins in the petro-
leum industry has ceased to be a method for the production of liquid fuels
and lubricating oils and has become a method for ?the petrochemical syn-
thesis of high polymers. Hitherto, polyethylene was produced mainly in the
gas phase at high pressures (1,200-2,000 atmospheres) and at a temperature
of about 200?. At present, the high-pressure synthesis of ethylene is
being replaced by a low-presstu a synthesis of this polymer according to
Ziegler's method. However, not all possibilities of utilizing and perfect-
ing the radical-propagated high-pressure process of the polymerization of
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ethylene in the `ns phase have ye?t been exhausted. One may expert that;
the application of new, highly effective initiators genc.rat:ing free
radicals will make it possible to increase considerably the efficiency
of the high-pressure procc3s. Principal attention must be pai3 to the
development of a method fo,r the production of polyethylene at relatively
low pressures (35-50 atmospheres) with the: application of heterogeneous
catalysts, which resemble the aromatization catalysts applied in the
petroleum industry. Catalytic polymerization leading to isotactic poly-
mers (stereospecific catalysis) is acquiring increased importance. The
mechanism of the action of s?tereospeci:fic catalyists is not yet too well
known, and more research must be done on tkre subject. The high degree of
crystallinity of the new poly-alpha-olefins produced by stereospecific
catalysis lends to them a number of important characteristics, i.e., me-
chanical and thermal stability, properties which facilitate treatment
resulting in the formation of fibers, etc. Much attention is being paid
at present to the synthesis of fibers consisting of isotactic polypropyl-
ene, because this material is suitable for the production of .fibers of
a quality which makes the product competitive with nylon.
The application of complex organo!netallic catalysts is also of great
importance in connection with the polymerization of isobutylene. The
polymerization oi" isobutylene in this manner is of considerable theoretical
interest in view of the fact that the problem in question has not been
treated in the literature until now. At present, conditions have been
found of conducting the reaction in such a manner that the molecular weight
of poly3.sobutylene can be controlled within a range fxom a few hundred to
tens of thousands. The possibility of controlling the molecular weight of
polyisobutylene is apparently of considerable importance in connection with
the production of components of lubricating o~.ls used in the new technology.
The polyisobutylene produced by the new method diffe?^s from polyisobutylene
formed in the presence of aluminum chloride or boron fluoride.
Of considerable interest also is work on the production of copolymers
of propylene and ethylene with isobutylene and the production of polymers
of acetylene and of copolymers of this hydrocarbon with ethylene and propyl-
ene.
Much can yet be done as far as the synthesis of useful organosilicon
compounds from petroleum raw materials is concerned.
Practical applications of methods for the synthesis of organosilicon
compounds was initially res,lized in the USSR. Investigations which have
already been carried out in this field made it possible to synthesize a
number of new products of this type which. can be used as components of
lubricating oils and as initial monomers for the synthesis of organosilicon
compounds, including products of the elastomer type. The application of
organosilicon resins in aviation electrometers that operate ur..der a heavy
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work load increases ?L?he length of serv:tce of these motors by a factor of
5-6. The replacement of metal w.ItY.i plastics in the construction of boats
and small ships k~il1 eliminate losses due to corrosion, reduce the amount
of labor required for the production of the vessels, and, what is moat
important, make it possible to build nonmagnetic vessels.
The solution of problems pertaining to the synthesis oi' h.ighly
polymerized materials is impossible without improvement of the current
methods for the production of monomers. The very large volume of the pro-
duction of high polymers that has been foreseen can be realized only when
the monomers are available in large quantities a?t low cost. The only pos-
sible crude material for the production of such monomers is petrochemical
raw material. For this reason processes of the conversion of petroleum
hydrocarbons leading to nitrocompovnds, chlorinated derivatives, compounds
containing oxygen, and other products will be of primary importance.
Oxidation processes will play a very important rope in petrochemical
synthesis. One of the principal tasks in the field of oxidation processes,
particularly as far as liquid-phase oxidatio~.is concerned, will be the
development of a controllable process that makes it possible to produce
selectively the desired oxygen-containing compounds. Progress has already
been achieved in this respect. For instance, methods for the selective
oxidation of higher paraffinic hydrocarbons into the corresponding alcohols
have been developed. Oxidation of petroleum paraffins into fatty acids is
also being carried out on an industrial scale. Important problems must be
solved as far as development of effective methods for the production of
di carboxylic acids is concerned, including sebacic acid, azaleic acid, and
other acids needed for the production of high-quality plasticizers and
synthetic lubricants.
A promising field of organic synthesis is the chlorination of hydro-
carbons derived from petroleum, particularly hydrocarbons contained in
petroleum gases. G2ilorinated hydrocarbons are of great economic importance.
Specifically, one may point out that carbon tetrachloride is required for
the production of the new synthetic fiber errant.
In addition to chlorination, processes of the nitration of paraffinic
hydrocarbons are of great interest. Nitroparaffins are of importance as
solvents while nitroolefins can be used as monomers for ?the production of
highly polymerized products of a new type. In the field. of research on the
nitration of paraffins, one must differentiate between nitration reactions
and oxidations with nitric acid, investigating the two types of reaction
separately. Oxidation with nitric acid is much more selective than oxida-
tion with oxygen and will be of practical importance for this reason.
Investigation of the theoretical relationship under.~lying high-velocity
heat transfer has already formed to a considerable extF;nt, a scientific basis
for a new and very effective method of cracking gaseous paraffinic hydro-
carbons. The process in question must now be applied industrially and the
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principles that have been established employed in the production of buta-
diene, isoprene; and other products. This method for the production of
unsaturated gaseous hydrocarbons is becoming of great importance in con-
nection with the utilization of petroleum by-product gases.
No less important is research leading to the development of efficient
industrial methods for the separation of gaseous hydrocarbons. In addition
to improvement of the methods already available, attention must be paid to
theoretical problems pertaining to the separation of gases and the develop-
ment of gas separation procedures based on adsorption, diffusion, and thex-
mal diffusion.
The production of acetylene from natural gas with the application of
oxidative cracking and electric cracking will. be applied industrially in
the near future. At present the lack of efficient industrial processes
for the production of acetylene restricts the production of a number of
synthetic organic products including acetal~.ehyde, acetic acid, acrylic
acid nitrile, and other intermediates for the production of high polymers.
Problems of petrochemical synthesis should not be tackled on the tech-
nological level only. If this is done, only o.ld processes will be used
and in the best possible case processes already known abroad will be applied.
To eliminate the existing la,g of USSR science and technology in the field of
petrochemical synthesis, theoretical research must be done: otherwise,'tech-
nological progress will be impossible. There are many examples which dcan-
onstrate that theoretical research done by USSR scientists is capable of
leading to new industrial processes that are of importance from the economic
standpoint. Some of these examples are Lebedev's work on the production of
butadiene and of synthetic rubber from it; work by Zelinskiy and his school
on catalytic conversions of hydrocarbons; and the investigation of the for-
mation of hydroperoxides of alkyl-aromatic hydrocarbons, on the basis of
which a unique industrial method for the production of acetone and phenol
was developed which has been applied for the first time in the world in the
USSR.
If the trends in the field of petrochemical synthesis are analyzed, one
arrives at the conclusion that the following two principal directions and
main classifications are pre-eminent:
1. Work in the field of chain reactions and free-radical reactions,
the theoretical aspects of which are built on a solid basis created by -the
efforts of USSR scientists -- Here the principal problem is utilization of
the theoretical results which have already been achieved in the solution of
actual chemical problems. This, of, course, does not in any measure exclude,
but on the contrary makes necessary further advancement of the theory. The
USSR industry has not yet utilized to the fullest possible extent the possi-
bilities inherent in the theory of reactions propagated by radicals, particu-
larly as far as oxidations, nitrations, chlorinations, and some other types
of reactions are concerned.
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2. Work on catalytic processes, primarily those involving heterogen-
eous catalysis -- In this field theoretical work has not progressed to an
equally great extent. While in the i'ield of radical-propagated reactions
advanced theoretical results have been achieved, ?che theory of heterogen-
eous catalysis has not progressed to a sufficient ex?L?en?l;. There is still
no adequate scientific basis for the selection of catalysts which have a
specific action required for the realization of definite chemical processes,
and theoretical wo~.'c required for the industrial application of results of
laboratory research has often not yet been done. For ?hhese reasons, rc-?
search must be concentrated on the development of a theoretical basis for
practical applications of heterogeneous catalysis. Worls on homogeneous
catalysis must also be expanded: insufficient attention has been paid t;o
this type of catalytic conversion hitherto. Extensive possibilities exist
as far as the application of nuclear radiation in petrochemical synthesis
and in the conversion of petroleum in general is concerned. The application
of nuclear radiation is particularly promising as far o,s reactions proceed-
ing by afree-radical mechanism are concerned. Equally important is the
application of nuclear radiation in modifying polymerization processes with
the view of improving the properties of polymers. This applies to the
radiation-chemical polymerization of ethylene, propylene, and isobutylene.
Of considerable importance also is cracking of hydrocarbons by irradi-
ation and their radiolysis as a result of the action of nuclear radiation
applied under different thermodynamic conditions, particularly at tempera-
tures lower than those necessary for cracking.
Research on the radiolysis of alkanes has demonstrated that the prod-
ucts which are formed differ essentially from those obtained by thexlnal
cracking and that furthermore the specific relationships which underlie
radiolysis and the study of products obtained by radiolysis make it pos-
sible to clarify a number of fundamental problems pertaining to ?the role
played by ions and their interactions effects due to ?f;he properties and
behavior of radicals, and the action of excited molecules in transforma-
tions involving hydrocarbons. The stabilization by cooling of radicals
obtained by the action of nuclear radiation makes it possible to gain a
deeper insight into complex processes of radiation chemistry and represents
one of the most important problems as fax as moth production of new types
of fue]_ and the practical application of many processes of petrochemical
synthesis are concerned.
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12. Work ir. Far East on Crude Materials Containing Fluorine and Boron
"A Conference in the Far East on the Raw Material Basis for
the Development of a Chemical Industry There and the Prospects
of Such a Development," by Yc. P. O~.higov; Novosibirsk, Izv~esti
Sibirsltogo Otdeleniyu, Akademii Nauk SSSR, No 5, May 58, pp 138-
140
A conference on the raw materials available in ?the Far East and the
prospects of the development of a chemical industry there was held at
Vladivostok, 25-27 November 1957? This conference was organized on the
initiative of the Chemical Division (Otde1) of the Far Eastern Affiliate,
Academy of Sciences USSR, and the Maritime Division (Otdeleniye) of the
All-Union Chemical Society imeni V. I. Mendeleyev.
Representatives of the sovnarkhozes (councils of national economy)
of the territorial economic regions of the Far East and workers at the
Maritime, Far East, and Kamchatka geologic administrations, at the Ural
Scientific Research Institute of Chemistry of the Ministry of Chemical
Industry USSR (UNIKhIM), at the Far Eastern Affiliate of the Academy of
Sciences USSR, and at local higher educational insti~utions and industrial
enterprises participated in the meeting.
Twelve reports were given a.t plenary and sectional meetings. The
contents of some of these reports are reviewed briefly below:
In a paper entitled "Problems of the Development of the Chemical In-
dustry in the Far East" V. T. Bykov, Doctor of Chemical Sciences, and
Ye. P. Ozhigov (Far Eastern Affiliate, Academy of Sciences USSR), Car_d.i-
date of Chemical Sciences, stated that the following prerequisites exist
for the development of a chemical industry in the Far East: availability
of chemica.]. raw materials (deposits of fluorite of world importance and
occurrences of sulfur, coal, etc., as well as availability of wood), the
possibility of producing cheap electric power (by increasing the output
of the thermal electric power stations and building hydroelectric stations
at the Ulakhe River), and the advisability from the economic standpol.nt of
developing new enterprises in order to eliminate the necessity of shipping
ores and concentrates. Within the general scope of the development of
chemical industry, the construction of plants for the production of sulfuric
acid, hydrofluoric acid, and other acids and production of salts of these
acids and trace-element fertilizers in the maritime region are foreseen.
Furthermore, the building of a nitrogen fertilizer combine in Amurskay
Oblast and expansion of the sulfuric acid and forest products chemical
industries in Khabarovskiy Kray are proposed.
There is also the intention of constructing a calcium carbide plant
and a synthetic rubber plant in the Far East.
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A number of reports dealt with the possibilities of expansion of the
sulfuric acid industry in the Far East. Prof G. M. Vlasov (All-Union
Geological Scientii'ic Research Institute) discussed the history, geology,
and mineralogy of sulfur deposits in the Far East. He pointed out that
33 sulfur deposits have alxeady been surveyed ?there. Iie furthermore sub-
~ected to consideration the ways for the further investigation and develop-
ment of sulfur occurrences on Kamchatka and the Kurile Islands. V. Ye.
Savateyev (Far Eastern University), in a paper entitled "Volcanic Sulfur
Deposits of the Kurile Islands," stated that 21 sulfur deposits have been
discovered on these islands. The most promising deposits from the stand-
point of industrial exploitation are on Paramuahir Island.
In a report entitled "Volcanic Sulfur Deposits of Kamchatka," V. M.
Nikol'skiy (Kamchatka Expedition) noted that the volcan:i.c sulf~zr deposits
of Kamchatka have not yet been investigated thoroughly. However, the,
existence of 12 such deposits uas been established. Although no deposits
which would warrant industrial exploitation have been found hitherto, the
geological characteristics of Kamchatka indicate that prospecting for sul-
fur there will presumably be worthwhile. '
A. G. Bayula and N. V. Zakasovskaya (Far Eastern Affiliate, Academy
of Sciences USSR), in a report entitled "The Production of Sulfur Concen-
trates From the Sulfur Quartzites of Paramushir Island," brought out that
the sulfur ores of this island can be enriched by a flotation process us-
ing pine oil in a quantity of 1+50 grams per ton. The experiments that
have been carried out indicated that concentrates containing 70-80~ of
su1:E~r can be produced by this method with a yield no lower than 80gb.
Ye. A. Boom (Far Eastern Affiliate, Academy of Sciences USSR),
Candidate of Technical Sciences, told about experiments in which the
possibility of obtaining by the filtration method elemental sulfur with
a yield of 70-75~, and a purity amounting to 99.99 had been established.
The principal advantage of this method is the direct production with its
use of refined sulfur from the concentrate witl~.out having to produce lump
(kom) sulf~ir first .
0. A. Shumkov, chief concentrator of the Mining Division of the
Maritime Sovnarkhoz, recommended that, instead of producing Elementary
sulfur from quartzites, the quartzites be oxidized to obtain sulfur dioxide
directly.
A report entitled "The Present-Day Status and Prospects of the Develop-
s meat of a Production of Inorganic Fluorine Compounds" was given by G. N.
Bogachev (UNIKhIM), Candidate of Technical Sciences. He briefly m?.tlined
the history of the fluorine industry in the USSR; characterized tht: develop-
ment of the production of elemental fluorine, sodium fluoride, and sodium
fluorosilicate, as well as of other fluorides; and discussed in detail the
technology of the production of cryolite and aluminum f'lv.oride, describing
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methods that have been developed by UNIKhIM and the Scientific All-Union
Research Institute of Fertilizers and Insectofungicides. The author of
the report subjected to consideration the organization in the USSR of new
industries that will produce elemental fluorine, anhydrous hydrogen fluo-
ride, fluorosulfonic acid, cobalt trifluoride, and acidi~ potassium and
sodium fluorides. The raw material for the produc+,ion of these compounds
will be fluorite of high quality.
In a paper given .under the title "Concerning the Problem of New Tech-
nological Methods for the Production of Fluorine Compounds," M. A. Milthaylov
(Far Eastern Affiliate, Academy of Sciences US~;R), Candidate of Chemical
Sciences, brought out that it is possible to apply pyrohydrolysis with
superheated steam for the conversion of fluorite into cryolite or into salts
of hydrofluoric acid. It is best to apply the fluidized solids methods for
the treatment of either fluorite or a charge consisting of fluorite and
silicon dioxide. By using a mixed charge, one can produce fluorine deriva-
tives and cementing materials for construction purposes.
Ye. P. Ozhigov, Candidate of Chemical Sciences; M. A. Mikhaylov, Candi?
date of Chemical Sciences; and M. M. Golubev (Far Eastern Affiliate, Academy
of Sciences USSR), proposed, in a report given under the title "New Methods
for the Decomposition of Datolite Raw Material," two methods for the decom-
position of material of this type, viz., by treatment with superheated steam
or by treatment with a soda solution in an autoclave under pressure. Tn a
report under the title ''A Carbon Dioxide Method for the Conversion of Dato-
lite Ores into Boric Acid," Yu. S. Plyshevskiy (UNIKhTid), on the basis of
results obtained by investigation of the constitutional diagram of the
system Ca0 - B203 - Si02, expressed the ?pinion that da?tolite decomposes
at 920 + 20o with the formation of the calcium borate Ca0 B203, which is
readily-soluble even in weak acid. A method for the treatment of datolite
has been proposed which involves calcining at 960? after addition of calcium
oxide and subsequent decomposition of the calcined material in an a~atoclave
with carbon dioxide at a pressure of 5 atmospheres and a temperature of
95-100?. The degree of conversion into boric anhydride is 90.1+.
13. Czechoslovak Scientists Develop New Method of Producing Sulfuric Acid
"Local and Foreign News" (unsigned article; Prague, Obrana Lidu
' 28 Aug 58, p 2
Workers in the research department of a chemical es?t;ablishment in ~Tsti
? nad Labem [Inorganic Chemical Research Institute?] have discovered a method
of producing sulfuric acid from "losr-percentage" ores. Their discovery adds
to the world's technics.l knowledge and makes it possible to utilize Czecho-
slovakia's pyx?ite deposits which have a low percentage of sulfur.
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Inorganic Chemistry
14. Investigation b Magnetic Method of Spontaneous Decomposition of
Potassium Ozonide
"General Meeting of the Department of Chemical Sciences,
Academy of Sciences USSR, on 24-25'April 1958" (unsigned
article); Moscow, Tzvesti Akademii Nauk SSSR Otdeleni e
Khimichesltilth Nauk, No ,Aug 5 , pp 1017-101
I. A. Kazarnovskiy, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences
USSR, reported on an investigation by the magnetic meihod of the kinetics
and mechanism of the spontaneous decomposition of potassium ozonide. This
investigation was carried out together with S. I. ReylthsYyteyn, Candidate
of Chemical Sciences, and L. N. Bylsova.
Potassium iodide slowly evolves oxygen at room tempe~~rature according
to the equation
2 K03 2 K02 ~ 02 ~ 11.6 kcal
Investigation of the kinetics of this reaction disclosed its auto-
catalytic character and the existence of an induction period. Measurements
of the magnetic susceptibility in the range of 0-200, which had been con-
ducted together with kinetic measurements, indicate that there is intermed-
iate formation of atomic oxygen; this is confirmed by the fact ?L?hat traces
of ozone are formed. It was found that during the initial period of the
decomposition the content of atomic oxygen in the solid reaction mass first
grows and then, after passing through a maximum at a point corresponding
to a 50y6 decomposition of the potassium ozonide, decreases to zero. At
the point of the maximum the solid phase contains about 20~ of the to?L?al
quantity of the oxygen that has developed in the form of atoms. At the
50~ decomposition point there are pronounced topochenu.cal maxima on the
curves of the rate of formation of atomic oxygen plotted against time and
the rate of formation of molecular oxygen plotted against time. The data
obtained support a hypothesis according to which the induction period is
characterized by an accumulation of defects in the potassium ozonide later
Lice, i.e., accumulation of 02 ions and oxygen atoms. After a certa3.n
critical quantity of these defeats has formed, the initial phase separates
into a phase saturated with lattice defects and nuclei of a new phase con-
sisting of K02. This point corresponds to the beginning of an active period
of the reaction, which from this point on proceeds mainly on the boundary
between the two phases.
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Organic Chemistr~r
15. New Organosilicon Monomers
"Synthesis of New Types of Organosilicon Monomers," by A. D.
Petrov, V. F. Mironov, V. A. Ponomarenko, S. I. Sadylth-Zade,
and Ye. A. Chernyshev, Institute of Organic Chemistry imeni
N. D. Zelinskiy, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Izv~esti~a
Akad~.mii Nauk SSSR Otdeleni e Khimicheskikh Nauk, No 8, Aug 58,
Pp 95-93
Work on the synthesis of organosilicon compounds conducted during the
past 10 years dealt to a considerable extent with the solution of the
following new problems: (1) development of methods for the introduction
into alkylchlorasilane radicals of diverse functional groups (double bonds
and halogeno, nitrile, butadienyl, carboxyl, and other groups), (2) develop-
ment of silicohydrocarbons and their derivatives capable of polymerization,
and (3) development of methods for the inclusion of different elements,
particularly metallic elements (A1, Ti, B, etc.), into siloxane chains.
The results obtained by the application of these methods are reviewed in
the following articles: A. D. Petrov and V. F. Mironov, U~ekhi Khimii,
Vol 22, 1g53, P 377 A. D. Petrov, V. F. Mironov, and Ye. A. Chernyshev,
~ekhi Khimii, Vol 26, 1g57, p 2g2; P~ George, M. Prober, and G. Elliot,
Chemical Reviews, Vol 56, 1956; and K. A. Andrianov, Uspekhi Khimii, Vol 26,
1957, p 95?
This article reports hitherto unpublished worlt done by the authors of
the article on the following subjects: (1) catalytic addition of silicon
hydrides to unsaturated and aromatic compounds, (2) high-temperature con-
densation of silicon hydrides with alkyl-aryl halides and alkenyl halides,
and (3) the synthesis of silicohydrocarbons and derivatives of silicohydro-
carbons capable of polymerization.
The following results were obtained in the work described:
1. In the presence of H2PtC16, allsyldichlorosilanes were found to
add acetylene, ethylene, and propylene in the temperature range of 20-600
with an almost quantitative yield.
2. In the presence of platinum catalysts, alkyldichlorosilanes give
higher yields of addition products, while silicochloroform gives higher
yields of addition products in the presence of peroxides.
3? Hitherto unknown dichlorosilanes and trichlorosilanes were obtained
by condensing alkyldic2~lorosilanes and silicochloroform with aryl halides
and a]kenyl halides at 600?.
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~. Silicon-containing der3va~ives of butadiene, acrylic acids, vinyl
ethers, and ace~ta].s were synthesized for the first time. These compounds
form solid polymers of the linear type under atmospheric pressure.
"General Meeting of the Department oi' Chemical Sciences, Academy
of Sciences USSR, on 24-25 April 1958" (unsigned art9~le); Moscow,
Izvesti Altademii Nauk SSSR Otdeleni e Khimieheslcilch Nault, No 8,
Aug 5 , pp 1017-101
On behalf of a group of workers active at the Institute of Organic
Chemistry (V . F . Mironov, V . A . Ponomarenlto, S . I . SadylsYi-Zade, and Ye . A .
CherYiyshev), A. D. Petrov presented a paper entitled "Synthesis of New
Types of Organosilicon Monomers." This paper described hitherto unpublished
work on the catalytic addition of silicon hydrides to unsaturated and aro-
matic compounds; the high-temperature condensation of silicon hydrides with
alkyl-, aryl-, and allsenyl halides; and the synthesis of butadienylsilanes,
trialkylsilylacrylic acids, trialkylsilylstyrenes, and silicon-containing
ethers and acetals. It was demonstrated in the worlt described that in a
number of reactions chloroplatinic acid is preferable as a catalyst to
platnium deposited on a carrier. Among the numerous organosilicon monomers
synthesized by A. D. Petrov's group there are many unsaturated compounds.
These compounds are of particular importance because of their tendency to
polymerize.
In the discussion which followed the presentation of Petrov's paper,
V. V. Korshak, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences USSR, noted
that in the work described a large amount of data has been obtained on the
basis of which one may draw conclusions in regard to the effect of silicon
in various groups on the reactivity of compounds containing these groups,
particularly as far as polymerization reactions are concerned.
Biochemistry
16. Czechoslovak P,esearch on Protein Molecules
"Good Eating," by Lt Col Antonin $alek; Prague, Zapisnik 5c3,
11 Jul 58, p 2
At the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences (Ceskoslovenska Akademie Ved),
A. Linek and C. Novak, scientific workers, are calculating the number of
atoms in protein molecules and the structure of these molecules. They need
four computers for their work, but they will not be able to reach definitive
results until they have better computers.
Another group of scientific workers, under the direction of Academician
F. Soren, Laureate of the State Prize, and Dr B. Keil, is studying the Mo1ec-
ular structure of proteins at the Chemical Institute of the Czechoslovak
Academy of Sciences. Their work in this field is known throughout the world.
International acclaim for their work is so great that the3T were asked to
assume the chairmanship cf two sections at a biochemical congress in Vienna.
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II. EC,ECTRONICS
Communicatior~
17? New Facsimile Eguixanent
?---r---
"New Facsimile Communication Equipment," by V. N. Amarantov
and C~., B. Davydov; Moscow, Elektroswaz', No 9, Sep' S8, pp 3y_~.3
During the past few years FTAM and FT,AM-2 models of Fast trasmitting
'facsimile equipment were developed in the USSR., The present speed of
operation of the FTAM equipment is 360 lines per min.
The FTAM-2, model is intended primarily for transmission of photo-
graphs through truck communication lines at a speed of 250 lines per min.
The resolving power of ;.his unit is 5 lines to one mm when operating at
the maximum speed of 250 lines per min. The basic parameters of the FTAM-2
unit fs^e: transmission speed, 60, 120, a.rwd 250 lines per min; diameter
of drum, 70 mm; length, 300 mm; feed, 0.2 and 0.265 mm; and carrier f:.^e-
quency, 1,900 cps at 60 and 120 lines per m~tn and 2,800 cps at 250 lines
per min. Synchronization is controlled by a tuning-fork oscillator.
The rect~ntly developed Soviet electrochemical paver IItril3_3 permits
obtai~;.r~s~ a satisfactory imt~.ge with. 5-6 P,rada,t:ions of darkness.
Tk~e FTAP equipment using flat sheets of electrochemical paper (unrolled
from aro11) has the following characteristics: the width of the picture
up? to 220 mm; .speed, 120 lines per min; feed, 0.2 mm, carrier frequency,
1,900 cps; and power supply from 127~or 220 v, 50-cps a,c line.
The new "Rekord" facsimile utilizes an electromechanical recorder
which applies ink or colored paste to a common writing paper, The pare-
meters of this device axe as foLZows: drum diameter, 70 mm; length l50 mm;
speed, 120 mm per min; feed, 0.2 mm; and carrier frequency, 1,900 cps.
18. Scatter Fropaga~ion in Northern USSR
"Experience in Establishing Regular Radio Communication on Mete:^
Waves Utilizing Ionosphere Sca.ttering," by A. Ya. Stukman; Mos-
cow, Elektrosvyaz', No 9, Sep 58, pp 7~+-75
In the course of many years of exploitation of the Leningrad-Murmansk
radio-communication line, it was established that frequent communication
fai~.urea from one day to 2 weeks' duration occurred mostly in the faZ..
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Experimental scatter propagation was conducted in December 1Q57 with Vl~'
transmitter installed in Lex~.ngrad. In this experiment the freg}iezcy-
range ~~~ 32-~+2 Mc was tested out using single rhombic antennas with sides
of 10-15 wavelengths. The power of the transmitter was about 8 kw.
This equipanent permitted establishing scatter propagation contact
and helped in forming a def3.nite conclusion as to the nature of equipment
required for this type of communication. An adapter was designed for re-
ception of VHG' signals with the existing equip?nent. The sensitivity of
the receiver was 0.25 microvolt for the band-pass of 3 ke and at signal-
to-noise ratio of 3. The variation in field intensity at the receiver
was small throughout the ~~ho1e 32-~+2 Idc range .
As a result of the investigation, the following requirements were
set up for satisfactory scatter propagation on this particular line: a
need for a more powerful transmitter and more efficient antennas at both
receiving and transmitting ends, The most advantageous :P`iequency ?r~ange
was found to be 36-37 Mc.
The Leningrad Directorate of Radio Communication and Radiobroad-
casting has taken steps to organize regular two-why radio communication
with Murmansk on meter waves utilizing scatter propagation.
Z9?, ? Recent Soviet Patents in F`1.eld of Communications
"Authorship Certificates" (unsigned article); Moscow,
Elektrosvyaz', No g, Sep 58, p 78
Class 21a~-, 320,. No 110+0 -- S. I. Katayev and A. M. PolykovskiY;
Method for Improving Utilization of Frequency Band of Commnunication Chan-
nel Transmiting Video Si~~nals
Class 21x1, 3320? No 110608 -- R. A. Kudryavtsev; Method oP. Am~;litude
Modulat3.on of Video Si~.~nals and De lice for Applying This Method
Class 21a3, 51. No log~+15 -- A. G. Muradyan, M. N. Stoxanov,, and. ,A.,. A.
Trifanov-Yakovlev: Method of Multiplexing Subscribers Lines on a City
Telephone Netti; orlt
Class 21a~', 2?~2. No 111238 __ E, V. Zelyakh and Ya. T. Velikin;
Electric Band-Eliminating Filter
Class 21a~', 2g. No 11060+ -- D. V. Ageyev, V. V, Malanov, and K. P.
Polov; Audio-Frequency Pulse-Power Amplifier
Class 21a~', 351. No 11027 -- L. N. Korablev; Electro*_iic Voltage
Regulator
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Class 21a4, 38. No 1101EF30 -- B. M. Vul and A. P. Shotov; Method of
Leads Manufacturing for the Middle Part of Germanium Tranaiatoro
Class 21a4, 4604. No 1101g~ -- A. I. Ardab'yevskiy, L. D. Balchra]ch,
and L. N. Deryugin; Method of Beam Swinging in a Linear Antenna
Class 21a4, 4604. No 110610 -- A. I. Ardab'yevskiy, L. D, Balchrakh,
and L. N. Deryugin; Method of Electric Beam Swinging Using Dispersal
Elements
Class 21a4, 4606. No 110733 -- B. B. Lagor'yev; Waveguide Transformer.
Electromagnetic Wave Props anon
20. Wave Propagation in Slotted Waveguides
"The Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves in Circular Waveguides
With Periodic Slots," by N. N. Smirnov; Moscow-Leningrad, Zhurnal
Tekhnicheakoy Fiziki, No 7, Jul 58, pp 1494-1504
The author examines the problem of wave propagation in circular wave-
guidea with spiral slots and with periodic ring slots. Equations for deter-
mining phase velocity and damping in waveguidea with ring slots and disper-
s-Ion equations for symmetrical waves in waveguidea with spiral slots are
computed.
Certa~,n cori^.lusio~is are reached in regard to wave propagation in wave-
~uides with spiral slots. Among these are the following:
1. As the angle of inclination of the spiral slot increases, the
phase velocity of the wave decreases and damping increases.
2. An increase in the relative width of the slot results in a decrease
in phase velocity.
Dispersion equations are also developed for nonsymmetrical waves.
It is suggested that waveguidea with spiral slots may be useful as
transmission lines for H01-mode waves mud: as.fl~1~. ~dCx~:s~n transmission
lines.
The assistance of L. A. Vaynshteyn and Ya. N. Feld is acknowledged.
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Instruments and Equipment
21. Iiigh-Precision Measurement of Maanetostriction
"Iiigh-Sensitivity Method for Measurement of Magnetostriction,"
by 3. I. Voslcoboynikov~ Moscow, Izmeritel'naya Telchnilca, No I+,
Jul-Aug 58, pp sg-61
An opticomechanical magnetostriction measuring device developed by
the author and built at the Central. Scientific Research Institute of
ferrous Metallurgy is described in this article.
The distinguishing feature of the device is a double-link ].ever of
the second order which actuates the pointer with a mirror. The sample is
clamped at one end in a fixed support and the other end is in contact
with the double-link liver. Abeam of light incident on the mirror is
reflected to a measuring scale.
The maximum error of the device is ~~ for measurement of longitudinal
magnitostriction and 596 for transverse magnetostriction. The described
opticomechanical magnetostriction meter has the following advantages over
other existing models: constancy of increment independently of the posi-
tion of light indicator, a much higher sensitivity, and capability of
measuring both ]:ongLtudi na1 and transverse magnetostrictive effect.
22. Multichannel Electronic Timer
"Multichannel Timer," by A. A. Vasi1'yev and I. IC.. G~~.gor'yev
Moscow Pribory i Technilca Eksperimenta, No 3, May-Jun.58,
pp 65-~8
A new device is described which can generate up to 25 separate pulses
each shifted with respect to the trigger pulse by a preassigned interval
from 0 to 10 sec with stability of -F].0-5't t0.5 microaec. The time-position
of each pulse may be controlled independently of each other in the above
indicated ranges in steps of 100 microaec, one milliaec, 10 milliaec,
100 milliaec, and one sec.
The operation of the device is such that at the moment of arrival of
the trigger pulse an electronic switch admits the l.6 Mc oscillation from
a stabilized quartz generator to a frequency divider.. The division factor
is 160, so that the frequency at the output of the divider is 10 lcc. The
10 kc frequency is fed to a counting circuit composed of five ring-of-ten
counters, which correspond to five decimal places. The desired pulses are
selected by connecting coincidence circuits to proper cei.ls of corresponding
counting circuits.
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This timer has provisions for obtaining of a series of pulses at
100 lcc, 10 lcc, one ltc, 100 cps, 10 cps, and one cps, which are properly
timed with respect to ?the trigger pulse. Each ring-of-ten counter has
Type TG-1-0.10.3 thyratrons, of which only one is conducting at any
particular instant. These ring-of-ten counters are reliable in operation
and do not require special selection of thyratrons.
23. Precision Frequency Meter
"Device for Precision Frequency Measurement," by R. I. Utyamy-
shev; Moscow, PriborY i Telchnilca Elcaperimenta, No 3, May/Jun 58,
PP 62-65
The article describes a high-speed electronic counting device which
utilizes a quartz oscillator to obtain high p;:ecision measurements. The
device can measure ac frequency in the range from 100 to 100,000 cps,
angular velocity in the range from 100 to 100,000 rpm, and time intervals
from 100 microsec to 1,000 sec. The accura~;~~ of the instrument is about
0.01`.
This frequency meter incorporates the following con-ponents: quartz
oscillator, frequency dividers, control amplifier; control. trigger, pre-
amplifier, blocking amplifier, pulse shaping device, decimal counters,
s9.gna1 level indicator, induction-type signal transducer, frequency dou-
bler, and amplifier of extraneous trigger pulses. The device incorporates
21 tubes of various designation.
21+. Classification of Soviet Mass S eetrometers
"Industrial Mass Spectrometers," by A. Pavlenko, A. E. Rafal''son,
and A. M. Shereshevskiy, State A11-Union Design Bureau for An-
alytical Instrument Building; Moscow, Pribory i Tekhnika
Ek_s~erimenta, No 3, May-Jun Sf3, pp 3-15
Application of mass spectrometers in industry is vexy promising due
to -the great flexibility of this method for fast gas analysis. Tn the
near futuxe mass spectrometers in combination with computer technique will
find a wide application in automation of many technological processes.
The present efforts in development of mass spectrometers are directed
toward the building of units in which the separation bf ions according to
their mass will take place in magnetic field, and of units in which the
ion separation will be carried out according to the transit time and the
change of energy. Mass spectrometers of high-resolving power utilize a
nonuniform magnetic field. Instruments of this type which were first
built in the USSR possess a resolving power of 5,000-7,000.
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The designation of the Soviet mass spectrometers is as Yellows:
MEQi, for chemical analysis; MI, Yor analysis oY isottope composition; and
MV, oY high resolving power, With respect to the principle oY ion separa-
tion, the spectrometers are designated as follows: 1, in homogeneous
magnetic Meld; 2, in nonuniform magnetic field; 3, reserve; ~+, magneto-
dynamic; 5, on the basis of transit time; and 6, at radio ~requoncy. With
respect to the Yield of application, the mesa spectrometers are designated
as Yellows: 1, indicators; 2, instruments for industrial control; 3, in-
struments for laboratory investigation; and 4, special instruments.
Thus in a mass spectrometer the designation MI 1305 would stand for
mass spectrometer for isotope analysis (MI) with separation in homogeneous
' magnetic Yield (1) Yor laboratory research (3), Yifth model (05).
The article describes the Yellowing models of mass spectrometers:
MI 1301, MI 1303, MI 1305, MISli 1302, Mkh 1303, MV 2301, MI 1].01, MI 1306,
MEQi 5201, and MKh 6401.
25? ~ Amplifier
"DC Amplifiers With Contact Converter," by G. I. Levitan;
Moscow, Izmeritel'naya Tekpnika, No 4, Jul~Aug 58, pp 5~+-59
Amplifiers with contact converters Yor imrersion oY do voltage. into
as voltage are widely used in measuring technique.
At the Electric Prospecting Laboratory oY the A11-Union Scientific
Research Institute oY Methods and Technique of Prospecting in Leningrad,
a portable do ampliYier was developed by the author and L. M. Ioffe.
The device has a sensitivity of 50 millivolts !,.nd an input impedance of
2.5 megohms. Type RP-~ polarized relay is used as a contact converter
operating at a frequency of 80 cps and a power consumption of about 2 mil-
liwatts. The RP-4 xelay was tested for 150 hours oY continuous operation
at a pulse spacing factox Yluctuation oi' 6~6. The range of measurement
of the device is 5 millivolts to 5 v.
The over-all amplification factor is defined as the ratio of pulse
peak at the primary winding of the output transformer to that of the input
do voltage; it was found t0 be 7,200. A negative Yeedback is utilized to
assure amplification stability for the condition oY plate voltage variation
up to 80 v. In recording the squaxe do pulses the rise time was o" the
order oY 0.05 sec. The device iuco:c~porated five pentodes in its circuit.
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Components
26. Barns-1;1.imination Quartz Filter for Multi-Channel Systems
"Band-E1.imination Quartz Filter for A-l2-Charnel High-Frequency
Telephone System," by F. V. Zelyalch; Moscow, Elek?trosvyaz',
No g, SeP 58~ PP 44-50
The purpose of this quartz band-elimii~a.ticn filter is to suppress
residual currents at frequencies of 60,64 .....,, 108 lsc, which might leak
through the modulators of individual channels.
The author states that despite the importance of such filters the
existing 19.terature does not contain the ax.~.?.ysis or methods for their
calculation. Thus, the purpose of this work is to fi11 such a gap in the
technica~ literature.
A series of formulas are developed which permit determining the phys-
ical dimensions and cuts of the quartz resonator plate. On the bra,sis of
the suggested method of calculation, Pt the Leningrad Branch of ;L-hr sci-
entific Research Institute of Communications, Ministry of Communications,
a quartz band-elimination filter for the A-12-channel high-i'requency tel-
ephone system was developed and tested for several years on a trunk long-
distance communication line. This filter was developed by A. D. Fedorov
under the direction of Ya. I. Velikin.~
27. Wire Tensometers
"instruments for Deformation Measurement With Aid of Wire Tenso-
meters," by V. V. Kedrov, M. B. Kaxvatskiy, and N. I. Morozov;
Moscow, Tru' Tsentral'no o Ae~?o-Gidrodinamich~sko o Instituta
imeni Prof N. Ye. ~hukovskiy, No g , 1957, ?3 P'A
This work is intended to provide information to pexsons er_gaged in
the experimental investigation of the strength of ma.rhine components with
the aid of wire tensometers. The article describe the principle of opera-
tion and construction of certain types of tensometers which have found
wide application in practice. Methods for selection of appropriate equip-
ment and circuits to fit the specific requirements are given.
Tensometers operating in a circuit with ac measuring bridges permit
simultaneous measurement of static and dyrlaani.c deformation. Circuits for
measuring deformation employing carrier frequency are built with three
units: the measuring bridge, amplifying device, and recording unit. The
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measuring bridge transforms the t~;nfaometer raoistnnce ir_to a ~,r.opor~tl.ana3.
electric voltage. The measuring b:cid~~c i:i supp:Lied with ac vo:L~taL;e from
a special carrier Frequency osc:i.;LJ_ator. llr~ a result of rlef~a.~me,ti.on, a
modtil:ation rocess oecuxs between the fixed points of tl~e tensometer
(transducer. The modulated sigtzal :f~um the output dia~Yo:c~:). l8 fed to
:he input of ati amplifier. The ampZi:eied w3ignral, is demodulated by a
phase-sensitive detector and through a filtrr :is fed to thc: 1~:,~~p c;f an
oscillograph.
The magnitude of osc:~.llograph bet~n deflccti~~n is aNscribed 1.~ Leal
equation A K E , where IC is a fun~tior. of the vo:~.tage supply (lips of the
measuring bridge, ~ fib sensitivity ny thc: br:tdge, Su 3.s thF br~.dge
transconductance; and Ssh is the ~.oop .~en3itivity. Thus ~K '= up Sm Su Ssh
The instrument ~+-ANCh-3a is intended fbr measLU~ement of static and
dynamic deformation in machine pasts and other s'~rur_tut^es. TYie devico
permits deformation at four points to 1~c mec:r~ured simultaneously. The
carrier frequency is 3, 500 cps and the operatir~, :~^equency band is 0 to
500 cps . The device uses wire e7.em~zntg of 60- to x+00-ohm resi etance .
The bridge power supply voltage ire 7 v. `1'hrz i.ns?trumEnt has tkL~ee ranges
a~ sensitivity, respectively, ZO :I+ 1. The maximum va1L~e of me:asiared
?,~ deformation is as follows : for the firs ; .range, 0 > gx10-~; :~aor the e;zcond,
1.25x10'3; and for the third, sx?0"~ expressed in rerln?tive un3.ts. Fre-
quency range of measured deformation is 0 to 500 cps. The autput o:? the
device 3s fed to a Type K9-21 loop osciLlogs~aph and will operate satis-
factorily at ambient temperature~~ of -?50? to +~0? C and humidity up to
98~. '.i'he device can operate continuous3.y for 2. ~ hr with voltage fluc-
tuation of ?5~. The instrument power supply is drawn from a?z ac power
line of 110-220 v and frequency a:L 50 c~a? x+00 cps; it consumes about '! 20 w.
The device weighs 35 ltg and has over?-?as? dimensions of x+70 x 2~0 x 280 mm.
The error of the instrument under orda.i~.ry conditions does not exceed 496.
The instrument 8-ANCh-7 is intended for simultaneous measurement of
static and dynamic deformations at r-.fight points. This instrument is con-
nected to the same type of tran3ducPy a,nd loop oscillog~?aph as the ~?-ANCh-3a
instrument. The technical s.pecific2tions and characteristics o~ this in-
strument are similar to the ~+-ANCh-3A.
The instrument 4-ANCh-5 measu:ce:s and registers static and dynamic
deformations at four points simultaneous?.y. The carrier flegaency is
7,000 cps and operating band is 1,000 cps, The ~-ANCh?-5 moael differs
fx~bm the other two models b;~ the me~chod cif connecting the measuring
bridges and by a wider frequency raI~(-:. Recording is doize with a magnetic
oscillograph. The instrument ha,s four r~e,~ of sensitivity with respec-
tive ratio.. of 100 ~+0 16 ~ 5. The maximum value of measured deformations
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are as follows: for the first range, 0.5 x 10-3; for the second range,
1.25 x 10-3; for ?the third range 3.12 x 10 -3; e.nd for the fourth rang?,
10 x 10-3 expressed in relative units. The frequency range of measured
deformations is from 0 to 1,000. The instrument 3s designed for operation
with the MPO-2 loop oscillograph. Overloading due to vibration direct7.y
acting on the instrument should not exceed one g. The aver-all instrument
error does not exceed 3 ~6.
The instrument 1+-AB-S measures dynamic deformations at three points.
The static deformation can be measured a.t only one point. The power to
the bridge is drawn from a 21E-v do source. The instrument has four ranges
of sensitivity with the following respective ratios: lO0 36 12.5 ~.
The maximum values of measured deformation are as foLl.ows: for the first
range, 12.5 x 10-3; for the second range, 1+X LO-3; for the third range,
1.1+ X 10'3; and for the fourth range, 0.5 x 10-3 expressed in relative
units. The frequency range of measured deformation is from 5 to 1,500 cps.
The total error of the instrument is 3~.
The tensometers described can, in addition to the measurement o:P
deformation also be used for measurement of other physicf,w7. magnitudes.
A number of data-units with resistance-wire sensing element have bean
developed to measure acceleration, pressure, force, momentum, and Diller
magnitudes.
28. Czechoslovalt Defectosco a Made With Transistors
"Defectoscopes With Transistors" (unsigned a.;^tici.e); Prague,
Obra,na Li du, 1 Aug 58, p 2
A group of workers led by Engr F`.,^antisek Matous at the '1.'ransportation
Research Institute (Vyzkumny Ustav Dapravni) has designed. a defectoscope
in which a part of the tubes were repZa.ced by transistors. The new instru-
ment is considerably smaller than previous models and weighs only 2.1 kilo-
grams.
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Computers and Automat~.on
29.. New Telemetering System
New Principles of Construction of Telemetering Systems W~.th
Pu1.ae-Time and Pulse-Width Modulation," by V. A. 21'in ana
A. I. Novikov; Moscow, Avtomatika i Telemekhanikw, No 8,
Aug 58, pp 757-761
The article discusses the principles of construction of single-
channel and multichannel telemetering systems incorporating exponential
transducers in which the time dig-ision o?~ channels is obtained without
the help of commutators.
As a result of this study, the Institute of Automatics and Tele?-
mechanics, Academ4Y of Sciences USSR, has developed neTa and simple high-
stability pulse-time and pulse-width transducers which were ca._].ed
exponential,. Such exponential pulse-width transducer^s are in the form
of a bridge, one arm of which incorporates two resistors and the other
a resistor and capacitor. The diagonal of the bridge has a diode. The
pulse-time modulation is attained by introduction of a disferentiating
circuit at the output of the transducer and pulse-shaping stages in the
transmitter. The transmitter of the VST-J system is built with semi-
conductor components having no tubes, cozztact elements, or Zc~ral power
sources .
The do pulses generated in the xeceiver a~?e of 1.5-sec data+ion and
of 2-sec period. The characteristic feature of the receivex is the pres-
ence of a memory element. The precision of the system is equal. to that
of afirst-class instrument. ~?roi dur~ to the ambient?~tempeiature fluctu-
ation in the range from -50oC to +,0?C and the power supply voltage varia-
tion within ?15~ are jsss than l.~i. ~ The distance range of the system having
a ~+-mill.imeter bimetallic tranram.,.saion line i3 truer 500 km.
In conclusion, the author states tYiFt the eacpor..ential transducers and
telemetering systems with exponential 'crsnsducers should rind wide applica-
tion in various fields of science and engineering.
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30. Computer Method for Integral Equation Solution
"Method for Instrument Solution of a Certain C1asa of Integral
Equations," by Yu. S. Val'denberg, Moscow, Avtomatilta i Te?e??
melthanika, No 8, Aug 58, pp 725-'(30
The article describes an iterative method for approximate solution of
T'riedho]m's and Voltterra's first- and second-type linear equations. This
procedure is of great interest because, in synthesis of the automatic
control systems for their optimum characteristics, the integral equations
are encountered.
The computer used in this study was built with two main units: the
computing unit and the storage unit. The computing unit would per:~orm
multiplication, integration, and subtraction. The storage unit memorizes
the ordinates of the desired function and later reintroduces them into the
computer unit. This reiterative process is carried out in s. closed system
of the two units mentioned. In case of simple iteration the storage de-
vice consists of two memory bloclts, in one of which is stored the 1Cth and
in the other the (:C+l)th approximatd.ons of the desired :Function. At the
end of calculation of each approximation, a special commutation device
switches these bloclts in such a manner that in the one in which the Kth
approximation was stored the (K+2) approximation will be recorded.
The afterglow effect of a cathode-ray tube is utilized in the storage
unit. The recorded ~unctuon is fed to the defl~action plates of the tube.
The "trace" of the 'deem does not disappear instantaneously and the image
of this function is read by the photomultiplier FEU-1 with the aid of a
1Vipltow scanning dish with holes placed in a spiral.. Photomultipliers
FEU-2 and FEU-3 aye used for obtaining vertical. and horizontal synchro-
izing pulses. The integral conversion calculator (VIP) performs the
integration of subintegral function. The control pulse unit (BUI) con-
sis?L?s of frequency dividers end syngle-shot multivibrators which :.?orm
the pulses of desired shape.
The field of application of this device is not lumited to the solu-
tion of integral equations with convolution-type kernel or experimental
curves.
The author expresses his appreciation far the help offered by
V. V. Solociovnikov.
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31. Automatic Optimizers
"Automatic Optimizer," by A. A. Fel'dbaum; Moscow, Avtomwtilc~. i
Telemukhanilca, No 8, Aug 58, PP 731-71+3
Self-regulating systems, which are at present in their infancy, will
acquire great importance in the near :P1.iture. One of the most significant
classes of self-regulating systems is the automatically optimizing system
whose function consists in automatic scanning for the conditions which
would ensure minimum value of a certain magr~.tude in the presence of
additional limitations. '
Automatic optimizers may be utilize-:d as automatic devised for solu?-
tion of variational problems by a direct method, for automatic synthesis
on models of optimal control psrts of automatic systems, for automatic
determination of dynan~.c characteristics of complex objects, and fur
optimizing the operating conditions of controlled objects in actua,7. pro-
duction.
Determination of the method of automatic scanning is the mowt impor-
tant problem in the design of an optimizer.
~2. Role of Information Theory in k~.iture Automation Discussed
"The ~'ransfer of Information -??- the Esseni-ial Feature of Control.;'
by A. M. Petrovskiy, Institute of A~ztomatics and Telemechanirs,
Academ?~r of Sciences USSR; Moscora,_Nauka i Zhizn', No 8, Aug 58,
PP 3-?4
Oae is obliged in each control system to deal with the transfex and
processing of information, that is, infoxnnatio : concerning the sitl~wtion
of the controllab'?e object e,nd the commands entering at that object. In
such appliances the ~.inction of procesr~ing and transfer of information
may be e:?fected maxiuelly, by automatic regulators, or by computers.
For example, the dispatcher of a power systP-zn or the computor con-
trolling its operation obtains information concerning the work of different
consumers of electric power, reprocesses this information; and sends sig-
nals contro~.ing the function of indiviuual generators to the stations in
the given power system.
In the axticle the author states that the transfer a?xid processing ~f
the information is the fundamental content of at~y process of control. Thus
the complexity of these processes in~eases and the role of the theory of
information becomes greater during the projecting of automatic systems.
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Several questions are discussed concerning the rational construction
of transfer systems and the conversion of information for the example of
remote control of a generator in a power system during varying load?
According to the author, two methods are possible for obtaining con-
trol commands at the point where the generator is located. According to
one method, these commands are generated in fu11 at the point of control
and are transferred over the line to the generator, where they are re??
ceived by a comparatively simple receiver of the apparatus.
Tn the second method it is taken into account that the character of
the load's change is repeated to a significant degree from day to clay
P.nd consequently the control commands are repeated at one and the same
time for different days.
F~camples are given, and from the material presented the value which
information theory will have for future automation is made clear.
33? New Components Needed for Breakthrough in Automation
"A Fruitful Principle," by M. A. Gavrilov, Doctor of Technical
Sciences, director of a laboratory, Institute of Automation
and Telemechanics, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Nauk~, i
Zhizn' , No 8, Aug 58, pp ~._7 ~- CPYRGHT
CPYRGHT
'+1hen asked whether there are new principles or discoveries in contem-
porary computers which will rmit a breakthrough in automation Dr Gavrilov
CPYRGHTreplied, regard to that uestion I t
a e arance o new re ay a ements, a utilization of the r
elements once they are developed in greater and greater quantities, and
the developunent of new circuits for new operations are the bases for ac-
complishing such an advance."
Citing the generally unexpected auccea;s of machine translation as sn
example, Gavrilov pointed out the difficulties involved in making predic-
tions on the direction and rate of develo~ent which can be expected in
automation and telemechani.es.
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34? Numerical Solution of Certain Integral Equations Without Commuter
"On the Problem Concerning ?the Numerical Solution of Integra.
Equations of the Stephan Problem," by L. I. Rubinsteyn, Ufa
Petroleum Institute: Kazan', Izvesti V sshikh TJchebnylch
Zaveden3.y, Matemat~.kaL Plo 4 (5 , 195 , pP 202-215
In an article by the author, which appeared in Doklady Akademii Nauk
SSSR, Vol 58, No 2, 1947, pp 202-214, the one-dimensional problem of Stephan
was reduced to a system of nonlinear ~.ntegral equations of the Volterra
type, for which convErgence of the Picard iteration was proved. The prac-
tical relization of the method presented had not yet been verified by
numerical. calculation. In the present work this gap is filled for the
simplest example in which the volume of calculations is approximately one
sixth the volume of the calcu~.ations in the most general case.
This decrease in the volume of calculations permitted carrying them
out without the utilization of high-speed computers or the help of tech-
nicians. At the same time it is so shoat that the calculation conducted
permits one to speak concerning the effectiveness of the method in the
general case.
35? Optimum System for Arbitrary Criterion of Ba~yes Tyke
"Deternd.nation of the Optimum System Accoi^3ing to are Arbitrary
Criterion," by V. S. Pugachev; Moscow, Avtomatika i Telemelth-
aniks,, VoT l:g, No 6, Jun 58, pp 519-539
A method is described which enables one to determine the optimum sys-
tem using an arbitrary criterion of the Bayes type in the clasc~ of all sys-
tems possible for which this criterion exists under extremely general as-
sumptions concerning signal and no3.se. The solution of the mrobiem is
reduced to the finding of certain ?inear operators and to the finding of
the minimum for a certain function or functional.
36. Stability of Nonlinear Systems
"Cor..cexning the Stability, of Periodic Conditions in Nonlinear
Systems Having a Stepwise: Charaeteristie," by M. A. Ayzerman
and F. R. Gantmakher; Moscow, Avtamatika i Telemekhanika,
Vol 19, No 6, Jun 58, pp 606-6'0~
A method is described w'r..ich enables one to find a linear approximation
equ~~.tion which solves the problem of the stability of the ,peri odic solution
for a system having a stepwise characteristic.
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37 ? Optimal. S,yatems for Aequiri ,and RaP,,oduc~in~r~ s in !'',^r:~r-1r~nc:e ra;~
Noise _."`---""-"'""'
CPYRGHT
"At the General Meetings of the; Depsx?tmEnta" (iz~si~;ned a:.?tici,c);
Moscow, Vestnilc Alca,demii Nauk SSSR, No 3~ Aug 58, PY 65-66
"At the General Mc~eting of the Dc~paxtment of Technical Sc:i.erzceu (o:F
the :academy of Sciences, USSR held 16-17 Tune 1958] ...the pape~~ of V. S.
Pugachev, Doctor of Technical Sciences, wary devoted to ne?~ methods of
determining optimal systems fo?!~ acquiring and reproducing sig~~i.~3 in the
presence of noise. This problem arisc~a in many ax?ea.a of contemporary
engineering, particularly in the solution oi' such probl.c:ma as autamat~.c
measurement and extrapolation of va:ciable quantities, automatic tc?acking
of moving objects, reception of radio signals, reproduction of s~~und ~u~d
images in television systems, designing ay automatic systemG oi' co~ltru?.
for machine tools, production. prc~cer~ses, ;flying, wet~.ther farecr~.si;i.ilg, etc.
"The new effective methods, developed by ac'rzev, :for so"?vi^~~ prc~b-
lems of acquiring and reproducing signr~,'i.s in the presence of noise ace
based on the principle oi' canonical fa:rm;z of random functions whi~:n mt.~ke
it poESible to unite all lcnown methods o:~? soluti.on of simi7.ar pr.?~b7.cmrs
existing not only earlier but even. the ne*a oxzes presented in this I'~~Iie'~.
These new methods are highly gencrai. and make it possible to so;.!vc~ ,-L~.rac?-
ticEU.ly all contemporary p~~oblem~ of acquiaitiun and rep~rod.urti onr,~' sig-
nals in an~r conditions, including even those ~'or which. prcvious?.y tkzore
were no methods of solution: determination oP. ~ptima~. t~ystemt~ practically
for arty given criterion, numerous optimal syrstF.ma with a,bitrary numbc:r_
of inputs and outputs, and optimrti]. systems desigrsed :for repr?oductioz?. of
signals representing themselves as functions of vector ax?~.unents.
"These methods make it possible to cabtain certain new g~xie.??al reau].ts,
for examp_1e, to demonstrate that in the no:^mal. 7.aw o:f cU.stri~~u.tior. off' sig-
nals and noise optimal systems a7?e linear for ai.~_ criteria, beloz~ing to a
very b-roa,d c? ass .
?The theory presented in the paper has great practical signi:~icance,
especially for new prospective automatic systems -- self-a,iljua?cir_g band
self-organizing."
38. F`1.rat East German ~ectro~iic Conz~uter BE;ing Tested
"The 1?`i.rst Electronic Computer of the GDR in Testing'' ~u-~gi~,~azed
article); Berlin, Radio and Fernsehen, No 15, Aug 58, p?+77
The D 1~2, an electronic digital computer developed by several. years
of joint work by the mathematic3.ans of the >lesden Technische Eochschule
and VEB Funkwerk, Dresden, is now tuzdergoing tests.
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Tn a demonstration, the machine computed the logarithms. of thr, numbe~~u
1-10 with an accuracy of 10-12. The D l~2 can carry out lU0 computations
to 20 decimal places :in a single second. An addition rec~{uires :L . ~+ mi'11i~
seconds, a multiplication 30 milliseconds, and a division ~+g mil7.??~er:onds.
The entire instrument has 800 tubes, 100 relays, and 1,000 sc~le2ium
rectifiers. T-r has an operating and control section, a scanning sect3.on,
and ahand.-perforating device for the preparation of the progz~aming tapas.
The magnetic storage drum can store 2,080 numbers or three times as mwr~y
commands, which corresponds to a capacity off' receiving about 10,000 dual
informations. The numbers and cormnanda axe fed to the machine by either
a tape or an electric typewrithr.
The Research Center. ~'or the Aviation Tndustry wants a computFr o:~
this ?type for full- time operation.
Materials
39? Photoemission Ft?om.HgSe
"Photoelectron Emission Fx?om Mercuric Selenide," by 0. M . Sor-skin,
Leningrad State University imeni A. A. Zhdanov; Mos,.u~a?-Lenin~;?^r~d,,
CPYRGH~riurnal Tekhnicheskoy ~`i.ziki, Tdo 7, ~'ul 58, pp .1+13-?123 CPYRGHT
"This work is concerned with ~a, atLtdy oi' the photoem3ssion from, mercuric
selenide (H~e) in which impurities, apparently, have conside~~ab?e e:f:'?i'ect.
Mercuric selenide belongs to that group of compounds which has a structure
of the ZnS type and is chaxact~rized by large drift mobility. The rele,tion-
ship between electron conductivity and the Hall carrier. concentration and
temperature for HgSe in a solid solution ha,s a typical`metallic'nature.
However, acco~: ding to previously obtained da1;a, the exiH-r. gy spec:trum a:~
an HgSe compo?and has a forbidden energy .zone df a definite vridth. An at-
tempt is made in this paper to explain this nonconformity."
CPYRGHT The author concludes that "?ouxe H~Se nears to be a. ~c?m4 t+r?!~Aiin-.nr
~d no a metal or semimetal.
"Results show that, during photoelectron emission, changes cf the
photoelectron work function with change of wavelength a?^o possible. This
Factor must be considered in the use of semiconductor photoc~;,thodes evr:n
if they de not exibit a photoconductive efi'ect."
This work eras conducted by the Chair of Electroph?vsics of the Scien-
tific Research Physics Institute of Leningrad State University.
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40. Effect of Pressure on Conductivity of Silicon Crystal
''On 'the Question of the Change in Electrical Conductivity of
Silicon at Superhigh Pressure," by Yu. N. Ryabinin, L. D.
Livshi~ts, and L. F. Vereshchagin, Laboratory of the Physics
of Superhigh Pressures, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow-
Leningrad, 2hurnal Tekhnicheskoy Fiziki, No 7, Jul 58,
pp 1382-1386
The relationship between conductivity of p-type silicon crysta.l.s and
pressure is examined and an analysis is made of the res~lts of measure-
ments of resistance at pressures of one to 28,000 kg~cm .
The resistance was measured at atmospheric pressure and found to
equal 77.7 ohms at 20?C. Resistance was constant for changes in polarity
and independent of the magnitude of current within 0.2-10 ma.
Approximately 80 measurements were made of the resistance of the
sample. As a result of these measurements, it was established that, as
pressure increases from atmospheric pressure to 25,000 kg~cm2, the resist-
ance of silicon decreases by approximately 1.386 of its initial valu.:.
In conclusion the authors state that the electrical resistance of
p-type silicon is, appesently, strongly affected by many factors such as
chemical purity, compositfion of the sample, and thermal a.nd mechanical
properties.
~+1. Method for Determining Diffusion Lengt~i in Germanium
"Examination of the Photomagnetoelectric ~'ffect as a Method for
Determining the Volume Length of Diffusion in Germanium," by
S. G. Kalashnikov and Ye. G. Landaberg, Institute of Radio
Engineering and Electronics of the Academy of Sciences USSR;
Moscow-Leningrad, Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoy Fiziki, No 7, Jul 58,
pp 1387-?1393
A study is made of the applicability of the photomagnetoelectric
effect in determining the volume length of diffusion and the speed of
surface recombination in germanium. Certain existing conclusions of the
theory are examined and a comparison is made between values of diffusion
length obtained by this method and values obtained by the photoelectric
method. Results of both methods were in agreement within the limits of
random errors of measurement.
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In dei;ertnining diffusion length, measurements were made simultaneously
of photomagnetoelectric emission and pho?L?oconductivity which made it pos-
sible to disregard the effect of surface recombination on the illuminated
surface.
Among the advantages of the photomagnetoelectric method for measuring
diffusion length are the following:
1. Measurements of both n- and p-type samples may be easily made.
2. Measurements of very small diffusion lengths are possible even
in heavily alloyed samples.
3. The method requires no complicated apparatus.
[For additional information on materials, see Item No g and 43.]
Miscellaneous
42. Soviet Patents in Field of I:U.ectrcnics
"Publication of Awarded Authorship Certificates for InventionE
Registered With the State Invention Register of the USSR" (un-
signed article); Moscow, i3ull~~t~;1" Izobreteni.y, No ~, 1958,
pp 34-60
Class ~lal, 1101. No 112484 -- B. P. Terent'yev and Yu. V. Bogoslov-
skiy; A Method for Automatic Reception of Telegrams
Class 21a1, 1105. No L10118 -- A. O. Smiryagin, L. A. Korobkov, and
S. F. Shavrin; A Method of Storir~ and Reprodkcing of Telegraph Signals
Coded Combinations
Clara 21x1, 3201. No 111706 -- L. A. Korobkov, V. Ye. Belovitskiy,
and A. B. Lobanov; Fast-Operating Tape E1.ectronic Terminal Telegraph
Clans 21a1, 3413. No 112443 -- A. P. Nefed'yev and B. V. ICxusser;
Two-Sided Target Transmitting Television Tube
Clara 21a4, 802. No 112115 -- V. M. Tvanova, A. I. Belolconev, and
A. B. Aronov; Circuit for Quartz Local Oscillator
Class 21a4, 813. No 112482 -- A. A. Shenogin; Noise Generator of
Cenj;imeter Range Waves
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Clare 21a~', 22. No 111811 -- A. ,A. Piotrovskiy; Controlled Wave-
guide Power Divider
Clare 21a~', 1E601. No 111219 -- V. L. Frumovich; Device for Control-
ling the Antenna Pattern Directivity
Class 21a~', 54. No 112125 -- I'. K. Sergiyenko and I. M. Nemzer;
Device for Conversion of Binary Code Into a New Code Insensitive to
Changes of Polarity or Phase of the Signal by 1800
Class 21a~', 73. No 112258 -- I. V. Guzeyev and V. M. Ginzburg;
Waveguide Type Device for Transmission of High-Frequency Energy
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III. ENGINEERING
1~3. Progress of Work on Rhenium ~.n the USSR
CPYRGHT
"Research on Rhenium (An All-Union Conference)," by Ye. M.
Savitskiy and S. A. Ross; Moscow, Vestnik Akademi_i Nauk SSSR,
Vol 28, No 8, Aug 58, pp ]2 1-].22
"Recently, a number of extenr~ive investigations nn the properties of
rhenium has been carried out. On the basis of these investigations many
very important and promising applications of this rare metal and its com-
pounds and alloys in radioelectx?onics, electrical engineering, the chemical
industry, the production of heat-?resistant alloys, etc., can be envisaged.
"For the purpose of exchanging experience, coordinat;Lon, and deter-
mination of th. most promising lines of research to be conducted on rhe-
nium, the Institute of Metallurgy imen:L A. A. Baykov, the Iru3titute of
Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and~Crystal Chemistry of Rare Elements of the
Academy of Sciences USSR, and the ;l'nterdepa,rtmental (Mezhd.uvedomstvennaya)
Commission on Rare Meta:l.s at the State Scientific-Technical Committee of
the Council of M~.nisters USSR conducted at Mo,ecow on 26-~7 May 1958 an
All-Union Conference in which reprFSentatives of scientif is research in-
stitutions, h3.gher educational ins~cil-,utions, industrial enterprises, and
state planning organizations part-,icipated.
"More than 30 reports dealing with raw mater3.e1 resources, the tech-
nology of the production of rhenium methods of analyr~ia~, the physico-
chemical properties of rhenium, and possib~.lities of the application of
this metal as well as of its compounds and alloys were presented and dis-
cussed at the conference.
"The great expansion of research on rhenium both in the USSR and
abroad was. noted.
"At the same time, it was pointed out that the volume of the produc-
tion of rho:iiun- :i~ ~ inadequate, the purity of the rhenium produced is in-
sufficient, the metal it too expensive, and not enough work is be~.ng done
on expanding the raw mster:tal basis for the production of rhenium,
"As a result of investigations which have been done, rhenium and its
alloys can already be applied in the indc;~+try as a material for Electrical
contacts, some parts of .radio engineering equipment, as a material for
thermocouples (tungsten-rhenium alloys), and as an alloying element for
heat-resistant. and titanium alloys, Also very promising 3.s the coating
with rhenium of tungsten filaments for incandescant bu1b~, electrol.ytie
coating with .rhenium and its alloys of copper, tungsten, graphite, chromium-
nickel alloys, and other materials., the application of rhenium for the
manufacture of springs operating at high temperatures, the use of rhenium
as a catalyst, etc,
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"Talr.9,iig 9.nto consideration the extensive poksib9.lit:~.es ex~.i.ating in
tkte USSR as f'ar as supplies of xaw material are concerned and the fact
that fields of application kiave already been developed., the conference
recognized ate necessary the taking of urgent mear~ures aimed at a sharp
incr. ease in the production of rhenium and the organization of t;h.c: ~.ndus-
trial production of intermediate products made of rhenium and its alloys.
The resolution of the conference emphasized the 1.mport;ante of prospecting
for raw material containing rhenium and of the invest~,gat;ion of forms in
which rhenium occurr~ in ores and minerals. The urgent necessity of develop-
ing technolog~.c-a7. methods for extract~.ng rhen:i.um in connert~.on with the
conversion of cc.~-pper concentrates containing this m~tA.l and of developing
technological proced.~xres for recover:tng rheniu,~ from dusts was also empha-
sized.
"Idith tb.e purpose r~t? c:oorc'tiina.ting ec:ient9.fic research on rhenium and
exchanging ex:perienre in this fiold, the organization of a specJ.al coordina-
tion committee at the Trstitute of :Metallurgy .Cmeni A. A. Baykov wa,s rec-
ognized as necessary. Rebresentatives of the leading scientific research
organ'.zations and of the :industry a,re to be ass:Igned to this committee."
~~+. Compensati.n~Netwo?:?:k:s Sm~,rove ~ostabl.lizer Character~.~ttics
"Improvemer..t of Dynamic Characterf.st ic:s of a CTyroStabilizer
With the Aid of Compensating Networks," by _T,. Te Borisenok,
MoECOw,, ri~dascsow, ?zuest. _AltademT.i Nauk SSSR O~~del.eni~e
T~:khn:i~,heski'kr~Na~ak~ No 5, N1ay 5d, pp X1??2 __..._~._.,..~,.
2"ie general theory of one?~axis, two??axis, and three??axis gyrostabilizers
was developed in the. works of B. V. Bulgakov, A. Yu. Sshlinskiy, Ya. N.
Roytenberg, and others. For providing stability and the requl.x?ed indexes
of the quality of operation in the scheme of the gyrostabilizer, electrical
compenFtiating networltb wh9.ch convert the 5igna7. picked off the precession
axis of the gyroscope axe introduced in the scheme of tY:.e g~mostabilixer.
The purpose of this article is to compare the dynamic characteristics
of one-axis gyroscopic stabilizers equipped with various passive compensat-
ing networks. The comparison of gyrostabilizers with the same sharp static
characteristic showed that a gyrostabi:Lizer with a compensating n~:tworlc of
the second ordex? has the following advantages over a stabilizer with a link
of the first and, specifically, the second orders (l) transient proce~tses
are damped faster and {2) deviations under the effect of harmonic external
forces are considerably decreased.
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45. Suyersonic Studies Solve Critical Design and Structural Problems
CPYRGHT "At the General Meetings of the Departments" (unsigned arri-
c1e); Moscow, Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR, No H, Aug 58, p 65
"At the General Meeting of the Department of Technical Sciences [of
the Academy of Sciences USSR held 16-17 June 1958] G. I. Petrov, Corre-
sponding Member of the Academy of Sciences USSR (elected an Academician
at the General Meeting of the Academy of Sciences USSR on 20 June ,1958),
delivered a paper on the motion of a real gas with velocities considerably
exceeding the speed of sound.
"A rapidly developing aviation and rocket technology has set forth
increased requirements for accuracy of obtained experimental and design
data and has placed before aerodynamics many new and difficult tasks.
For designing and planning craft which fly in the atmosphere at velocities
considerably exceeding the speed of sound, and power plants, the study of
the motion of a gas in the immediate vicinity of the surface of the craft
where the influence of viscosity and heat conductivity appear acquires a
special significance.
"By experimental investigations it was shown that the velocity dis-
tribution both in the laminar and the turbulent boundary layer at velocities
on the edge which exceed the speed of sound, are similar to the subsonic
boundary layer and are excellently described by exponential laws. In
supersonic flow in reg9.ons with very sharp linear deformations of flow
parameters (the basis for compression shock and others) the basic aspects
of boundary layer theory and phenomena occurring here cannot be described
by parabolic-type equations. In these regions it is possible to use egos=
tions for a nonviscous gas but under conditions of mixed vortex flow.
"The study of the interaction of strong dumps from the boundary layer
made it possible to establish certain general rules to explain and predict
a niunber of phenomena connected with flows in diffusor ducts, pressure
chambers, flow past wings, with the operal;ion of air brakes and in other
cases having important practical significance.
"Numerous semiempirical methods of computing coefficients of heat
transfer and friction in supersonic flow in the turbulent boundary layer
are based on the application of integral relations and the establishment
of the relation between local boundary layer characteristics and local
coefficients of heat transfer and friction, while the results obtained
by different methods disagree.
"For the experimental study of heat transfer and fz?iction in turbulent
supersonic flow the development and finishing of a very fine method of
direct measurement of local coefficients of heat transfer and friction is
required. As Petrov noted, the experiments conducted make it possible
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CPYRGHT
to establish the nature of the boundary layer structure and to
evaluate methods of decreasing thermal flows which are extremely impor-
tant for developing methods of protecting structures from thernu~l effects
at very high flight velocities."
1~6. Bigimbal Arrangement Im roves G~rostabilized platform
"On the Motion of a Gyrostabilized rl4tform Mounted in a Big-
imbal," by N. T. Kuzovkov, Moscow; Moscow,_ Izvesti a Akadernii
Nauk SSSR, Otdeleniye Tekhnicheskikh Nauk, No 7, Jul 5 , pp`
A Bigimbal is an ordinary gimbal supplemented by a stirrup device,
i.e., a bow with a slit, in which a rod slides which is rigidly connected
with the inner gimbal ring, The general theory of bigimbals was developed
by A. Yu. Ishlinskiy and G. V, Crekhovich. Tn an article on the basis of
certain results of this theor ,
y (Tshlinskiy, A. Yu., Mekhanika s etsial n,Ykh
giroskopicheskikh sistem [Mechanics of special gyroscope systems , Publish-
ing House of the Academy of Sciences iJkx'a~.nian SSR, Kiev, 1952) equations
of small oscillations of a gyrostabilized platform in a Bigimbal about a
position characterized by large deviation angles of the outer ring and
stirrup are constructed. A comparison of these equatlons with equations
of the same type platform mounted in an ordinary gimbal (Kuzovkov, N. T.,
"On the Motion of a Gyrostabilized platform at High Deviation Angles," Inv.
AN SSSR. 0'.['N, '.`io 1, 1958) are also made. -'
47. Loading and Roll Angle Calculations
"Calculation of Zoading and Angles of Roll of An Airplane
Moving On a Space Trajectory," by R.D. Txodov; Moscow, Truce
Tsentral'nogo Aero-Gidrodinamicb.esko o Ins;;ttuta imeni Prof
N.Ye. Zhukovsk.ogo, No 702, 1957, ~2 pp
Formulas and graphs az'e presented to find the flight parameters neces-
sary to maintain an airplane on any given trajectory, i. e., for finding
the necessary angle of ro1.l, angle of pitch, and normal loading for an air-
plane at a given point for a given angle of slope of trajectory, angle of
incidence of the principal normal and radius of curvature of the trajectory
at that point.
Formulas and graphs are also given for solving the converse problem
of finding the trajectory characteristics of an airplane for given flight
parameters, i.e., for finding the radius of cf.~.rvature of the trajectory, the
angle of incidence of the principal norms]. and the angle of slope of the
trajectory at a given point for a given loading, angle of roll, and angle
of pitch at that point.
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The authors say these formulae may be useful in solving various prob-
lems related to t.ra~ectorierd of airplane flight particularly for airplanes
moving on space trajectories.
This work was designed for engineers and scientific workers concerned
with problems of flight dynamics.
48. Bending and Stx?ea~ses ~n Cantilever Plates
"Application of a Corrective Function Method in Calculations of
Deformations of Cantilever Plates," by V,M. Frolov; Moscaw,
Trudy Tcentral?nogo Aero~~idrodinamicheak~o Inatituta i~neni
N.Ye.,Zhukovsko~ No 705, 1957, 3~pp
A method is presented for the calculation of bending and atreacep of
rectangular and triangular cantilever plates. The method is based on the
assumption that during loading the transverse sections of the plates parallel
to the function become deformed. Solutions are given for problems on re6-
tangular and triangular plates based on the concept of bending functions
in the form of the sum of a ba~:Lc function determined by a ao~called.beam
theory and a corrective fuacctwirn? Thr caxrect~.ire fubc~S.mit~.derlvod.by i~wing thebeam ti~eay
by a method Which appears as a Ltihysical sequence and an additional approach
which permits reducing the stated problem to integration of sufficiently
simple differential equat3.ons.
Calculatio~ls indicated that in transverse bending of a rectangular
plate the cross sections are deformed. The magnitude of these deformations
and also the ].aw for their changes longitudinally depend on the relative
length of the plate. 1n the rase of constant loading the values of bending
for a fully anchored root section appear insignificantly small in comparison
with total plate bending. Be,:ding atrFas curves for rectangular plates of
different lengths show that there is a certain rediatributio}~ of stresses
near the ,unctions which is caused by the effect of the ~unctione but which
has no effect on total strength.
In triangular plates the deformation of cross ~oectiona has a local
character. F.or pates with a fully anchored root section the bending of
cross sections is sma'11. compared to basic bending values for both constant
? loading and when a concentrated forces is applied to the ape~c. Tn the c'aae
of oblique fastening, strength~of~material formulas for wedge-shaped beams
arc not suitable for calculation of bending of triangular plates . Calcula-
ticina of bending stresses along sections of triangular p1.ai;ep with oblia_ue
~urictions i~howed a sharp redistribution of stresses near the ~unetion8.
During elastic deformations in certain obliquely anchored plates the increase
of stresses at the trailing edge portion of the ,unction may be 2~5 times
greater than the average BtreRaea obtained through the strength of materials
theory.
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The aut.zors conclude that the corrective function method permitc better
accuracy for approximated solutions of a number of problems in structural
mechanics of cantilever plates.
This boolt is designed for engineers dealing with calculations of
strength of short-span wings and turbine blades and for scientif is workers
specializing in the applied theory of elasticity and structural mechanics,
~9. ~uations of Disturbed Flight Movements in Structural Diagram Form
"The Airplane As An Object of Control (Structural Diagrams of
Equations for Disturbed Movement of An airplane)," by V.S. Vedrov,
G.L. Romanov, V.N. Surina; Trudy No 71+, Ministerstvo Aviatsionnoy
Prom shlennosti SSSR, 1957, ~+3 pP ~~
A study is made of the concept of equations for the disturbed movements
of an airplane in the form of single-circuit structural diagrams. A concise
analysis is made of the characteristics of the ind~.vidual links and their
change with change of speed and flight altitude. Aerodynamic coefficients
characteristic of a modern subsonic het airplane are used in calculations
of link characteristics for altitudes of 5 and 12 kilometers and flight
speed of 800 km~hr. Derivations are made for trar.~sfer functions during con-
trol with rudders and ailerons and also fox simplified expressions of transfer
functions in relation to the range of frequencies which correspond to a
breakdown of the disturbed movement into simple types.
This work proved that the system of differential equations for both
Laterally and longitudinally disturbed movements of an airplane (equations
in variants) can be presented in the form of a simple single-circuit struc-
tural diF~gram with links of the first and second order whereupon the signals
on the input and output of the links have a specif is physical value. This
structw.?al concept of systems of equations malsep l.ti rossible easily to apply
modern methods in the general theory of control such as the frequency method,
the theory of compensating circuits, structural analysis, etc., in the study
of problems of stability and control. :C~t permits giving simple approximated
expressions for transfer functions of the airpl.a.ne control system in rela-
tion to the frequency ranges of different types of movement. In particular,
in contrast to existing methods which give approxima~;ed, transfer functions
for rapid angular movements relative to the center of gravity, with this
method it is easy to obtain approximated expressions for transfer functions
for sluggish movements connected with displacements of center of gravity.
This concept also makes it possible to set up approximated differential
equations for different practical cases.
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In a section on transfer functions of organs of control and simplifica-
tion of equations of movement and transfer functions the authors say, "In
this section we analyzed various simplifications for the case of an 'ordinary'
airplane practically free of aperiodic instability. Such an analysis and
corresponding simplifications can be easily accomplished in any case where
the characteristics of the airplane are strongly different from the ordinary."
The authors acknowledge the assistance of Doctor of Technical Sciences
M.A. Tayts and Engineer Ye.N. Arsen'yev in preparing the work for publica-
tion and also that of Technicians Z.N. Frolova, A.S. Verevkina, and K.A.
Lapshina who conducted all the calculating and formulating work.
50. Ferroresonant Voltage,,Regulator
"Theory of Ferroresonant Voltage Regulator," by D. I. Bogdanov,
Moscow, Vestnik Electro-Prom shlennosti, No 7, Jul 58, pp x+3-47
Magnetically soft materials with rectangular hysteresis loop are widely
used at present in electrical equipment. Examples of such materials are
the alloys N50P and N65P which have a coeff icient of loop "rectangul.artty"
above 85~. The type E310, E320 and E330 steel which are generally used in
the form of annealed tape wound in the shape of a toroid also have a rather
high coefficient of loop "rectangularity" up to 859. These steels are
generally annealed at 900?C and subsequently cooled in the air.
The article discusses theory and calculation procedure for ferroresonant
regulators with saturable cores having a sharply rectangular hysteresis
loop.
Tn his calculations the author proposes a simplification of the hyster-
esis loop representation by merely using three straight lines. The author
postulates that this simplification is justified by the fact that the magnetic
field intensity of a saturable core is great compared to the coercive force.
The optimum parr~~ ~ ~ters of the voltage regulator are finally esi,ablished
after several varian.A of calculations for the saturable core.
51. Reorganization of Soviet Machine Buildi Institute
"Scientific Research Institute for Normalization in Machine
Building," (unsigned article); Moscow, Stand#:rtizatisiya, No
3, Jun 58, p 48
The All-Union Scientific Research Inst:?'_tute of Machine Building Technology
(VNIITMash) of the Glavniiproyekt under the State Planning Committee to-
gether with the experimental plant "Krasnyy Fakel" have been transferred
to the Committee on Standards, Measures, and Measuring Instruments.
The All-Union Institute of Machine Building Technology is being re-
organized into the All-Union Scientific Research Institute for Normaliza-
tion in Machine Building and will have an experimental base.
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52. Biorthogonal System
"Concerning One Biorthogonal System," by R. M. Martirosyan,
Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics, Academy of Sciences
Armenian SSR; Yerevan, Doklady Akademii Nauk Armyanskov SSR.
Vol 27, No 1, Jan 58, pp 3-11
In the work by Langer, which appeared in Transactions of the American
Mathematical Society, Vol 31, 1928, p 868, a simultaneous expansion was
given for a hair of functions in terms of the eigen functions of an equa-
t ion having th? form y' '_ 2ai~ y;~,~ y_ 0 ( in the s implest case ) with given
boundary conditions. The analogous problems for equations of the fourth
order were first considered by Papdovich in connection with certain problems
of the theory of elasticity (Stroitel'na a Mekhanika Kobabl a, (Structural
Mechanics of Ships), Vol 2, Leningrad, l9 1 For equations of the second
order an expansion in terms of eigen functions, somewhat different from
the expansion of Langer, was fir~~t presented in the work of N. Kh. Arutyunyan,
M. M. Dzhrbashyan, and R. A. Aleksandryan, which appeared in Tzvestiya
Akademii Nauk Arm~nskoy SSR, Seriya Fiziko-Matematicheskikh Nauk, Vol 10,
No 1, 1957. Their work arose in connection with the solution of a mixed
prob 1em for hyperbolic equations containing a mixed derivative. The latter
reference served as the basis for investigations of M, M. Dzhbashyan who
constructed the appropriate integral transformations on the semiaxie (0,~).
Thorough consideration of these results raises the following problem:
Let k denote the eigen elements of the equation (A~'~-w2E ) (A-w1E) l~_0
in the Hilbert space H. In what manner can the system~~QQ be completed
with three consecutive elements in order to obtain a bibr~ogonal system
in the space H . H X H with a suitably chosen scalar product?
This work is devoted to the solution of this problem. The work con-
sists of two parts. In the first part the construction is given for the
indicated biorthogonal system. In the second part it is provea that gen-
erally it is impossible to expect. completeness of the indicated system in
the general sense of the word. Apparently, expansions in terms of the in-
dicated biorthogonal system are possible only for elements belonging to
the region of def inition for the operator A.
Thus we consider the equation
(A~~w~ ) (A-~w1E) = 0 ~
where A is an arbitrary symmetrical operator in the Hilbert space H while
wl and w2 are real numbers having the same sign.
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53? Integrodifferential Operators
"On the Use of Some Integrodifferential Operators," by
M. M. Dzhrbashyan, Academician, Academy c+f Sciences
Armenian SSR, and A. B. Nereesyan; Moscow, Doklady Akademii
Nauk SSSR, Vol 12 1, No 2, Feb 58, pp 210-213
In this work a aeries of new results in the theory of Dirichlet eerier
and in the theory of quasianalytical classes of functions are presented.
These results were obtaineu by the method of introducing special integro-
differential operators, combined with the notion of fractional integration
in the Riemann-Lionville sense.,
54. Quas iconformal Mappings
"The Use of the Variation Method in Solving Nxtremum
Problems of Quasiconformal Mappings," by P. P. Belinakiy,
Mathematics Institute of the Siberian Devartment, Academy
of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Doklady Akadem:'.i Nauk SSSR, Vol
121, No 2, F~b.58, pp 199-201
In this work the problem is considered to find the maximum of the
real function F(zl , , zk, wl~ , w ),
k
wow (zn) . t~? i vn.
It was assumed that reflection ie conducted on a certain canonical
region with normalization guaranteeing the singleness of the reflecting
function for given charac er etics. For example, a yr w(z) be the
reflection of the circle ~ z~L 1 on the circle w L 1, w(0)=.0, w(1)=
1. We will assume the function F as continuous an ifferentiable by
un, vn. On the strength of the class of q=quasiconformal reflection
being closed, there exists a general q-reflection w= f (z), for which
F assumes the minimum value. We will assume from the start for simplicity
that the extreme reflection is sufficiently smooth and will actually try
to find it. Let the characterietica of the inverse reflection equal p
(w), 8 (w) (i.e.~, the infinitely small circle with its center at the point
w), respective to thr: main axes p (w ~ 1 and the angle 8 (w) between the
mayor cemiaxis and the x axis.
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55? Differential Equations of Banach S ace
"On Certain Differential Equations in a Banach Space," by
K. A. Breis; Kiev, Ukrainsk~ Matematicheakiy Zhurnal, Vol
l0, No 2, 1958, pp 115-120
The author studies linear differential equations of the form
dx/dt A (W t ) x
in which x= x(t) is a vector function of the real variable t having values
in a Banach space. A (W t) is a linear limited operator, acting in a
Banach space with values in that apace, which is periodical with respect
to t, anduJis the "great" parameter. The analyticity of the basic system
of solutions of these equations with respect to the parameter=~,.1'~is
established and an effective algorithm is given for obtaining the solu-
tion.
56. Nonautonomous S stems
"On the Theory of Nonautonomous Quasilinear Systems With
Many Degrees of Freedom," by G. Ye. Ku~mak; Kiev, Ukrainskiy
Matematicheskiy, Zhurnal, Vol 10, No 2, 1958, pp 128-146
The system of equations considered is
n
~---- r
axe/at t
a~i ~ E f~ I xl, , vp 1 (t ),
? ~ vn(t ), ~~
(3
being a small parameter.
It is assumed that forE 0, the system above becomes a linear system
of equations with.constant coefficients, which has no equal characteristic
numbers. The functions vp~,l (t) vn (t) are known.
A method is suggested for solving the system above which permits the
obtaining of the approximate relations suitable for the study of the solu-
tion over a long interval of time. This method is applied to the cases
connected with the existence of different linear dependences between char-
acteristic numbers of the linear system. By means of the method aperiodic,
periodic, and quaciperiodic solutions and the solutions tending to them
may be studied.
Several examples are given.
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57. Integral Representation of Measurable Functions With Kernels
"Concerning the Integral Representation of Measurable Func-
tions With Kernels by Generating Unitary Transformations of
the Space L (O,a~)," by A. A. Talalyan, Institute of Math-
ematics and2Mechanic~, Academy of Sciences Armenian SSR;
Doklad Akademii Nauk Arm ansko 5SR Vol 26, No 5, .Tun 58,
PP 257-2 1
Let K(x, t) and L(x, t) be kernels of the unitary transformations of
the space L2 (O,Cn) such that the following assertions hold for any func-
t ion f (x) in L2 (0, Q7 )
1. i. m.
a ~ ~ K (x,t) f (t) dt xg (x),
0
1. i. m.
a ~ Q'.% L (x, t) g (t) dt .. f (x), where, as
usual, the notation 1. i. m. denotes a limit in the sense of convergence
a>~
in L2 for a-> ar1
On the strength of the cingle-valuedness of the transformation,
Consequently, for any a~ 0
K(x, t)f (t)dtll=.
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fa
(0, ~ )
(1.2)
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f (x) for O~xLa
where f (x};
a
` 0 for x~a -
g (x) for OLx La
0 for x ~ a. .
We assume that for any a~ 0 and b' 0 (a, b ~ '~ ~~ )
(1.3)
(1.5)
K2 ~ (x, t) dx dt~? pop, L2 (x, t) dx dt~.4.pp.
(1.6)
The purpose of this work is to prove the following theorems:
Theorem I -- Let K (x, t) and L (x, t) be functions defined for
QL x-~-~ and' 0 G t L-~ap, satisfying the relations
(l.l), ~ (1.2) and (1.6).
Then for any measurable function f (x, t) defined for
0 L x G~44~ there exists a measurable function Z (x) integrable on the
square for each finite interval and having the pra~,erty that the expression
on arty finite interval CO, ~ Gb ), to f (x) .
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Tn particular, when f(x) is an almost everywhere finite function,
a theorem stronger thorn theorem I holds. Tn order to formul to that the-
orem, we introduce the following definition: the sequence ?, Pn (x)
oi' almost everywhere finite measurable functions converges i~ the meuti to
f(x) on the segment Ca, b~ in the generalized cense, for anyE ~ 0
the e exis s a set E e~a , b~ such that ores E~ b-a-and the sequence
fn (x) converges in the mean to f (x) on the set E.
Theorem II -- Let K (x,t) and L(x,t) be functions defined for
OL x~ and O~~cL-FCb, satisfying the relations (1.1), (l.2), and (1.6).
Then for any almost everywhere finite measurable function ;f(x), defined
for 0 G x~,+~q there exists a measurable function ~ (x), integrable and
having that property that the expression
(x, t) r (t) dt converges in the mean in the
generalized sense on each finite interval lying in 0,-hCb), t.o f(x).
The following theorem also holds:
Theorem III -- Let K (x, t) and L (x, t) be functions defined for
0 G x ~.}(Yj, 0 L tL~-Q~ and satisfying (l.l), (1.2), and (l.6).
Then there exists a measurable function (x) different from zero,
integrable on the equate in every finite interval a possessing that property
that tYle expression
L (x, t ) r (t ) dt exists in the mean in the
generalized sense for any finite interval lying in I O,i~), to 0.
The method developed by the author in his work,!-concerning the con-
vergence of aeries in a Bazic space Lp which appeared in~Izvestiya Academia
Nauk Arm ansko SRR Seri riziko-Mattmaticheskikh Nauk, Vol 10, No 1, 1957,
was employed for proof of these three theorems. '
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58. Nonlinear Elliptical Differential Equations
"Concerning Certain Properties of Solutions for Nonlinear
Equations of the Elliptical Type," by L. M. Kuks, Lvov
State University imer~i Ivan Franko; Kazan', Izveati
~shikh Uchebnykh Zavedeni~ Matematika, No 5 , 1958,
Pp 13~-~39
The work consists of two parts. In the first part linearization was
performed based on the Chaplygin and Fragmen-Lindelef theorems. In the
second part the Picone Identity is generalized for a quaailinear equation
and by the use of it the Sturm theorem is proved. The comparison theorem
is used for obtaining several criteria for the uniqueness of the Dirichlet
problem.
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V. MEDICINE
Bacteriology
~). Methods of Investigating Atmospheric Air Bacteriologically
"A Comparative Evaluation of Methods for the Bacteriological
Investigatioiz of Atmospheric Air," by V. T. Burgova, Inform-
atsionn~r Byulleten' In-ta Sanitarii i Gigiyeny imeni Er~. mans
Information Bulletin of the Institute of Sanitation and Ay- ~~
' CPYRGHT giene imeni Erisman), 1957, No 9, Pp 22-25 (from Meditsi kiy
ReferativnYW Zhurnal, Series No 4, No 6, Jun 58, p 30
"Three methods of testing air -- the sedimentation method and two
aspiration methods (one utilizing membrane filters and the other the
Krotov apparatus) -- were comparatively evaluated. Samples of air were
taken in Moscow during all seasons of the year and a notation made of
the temperature, relative humidity, and direction and speed of the wind.
For the comparative evaluation methods, the results of each of these were
evaluated on the basis of one m3 of air. A total of 430 analyses were
m~;1e by the sedimentation method. A total of 460 air samples were tested
with the aid of the membrane filters. Best results were obtained with
No 3 type filters. The air was filtered at the rate of l0 liters per
minute for 10 minutes. A total of 700 analyses were conducted utilizing
the Krotov apparatus. The air was filtered at the rate of 25 liters per
minute, and the plates rotated at the rate of 50-60 revolutions per minute.
For determining the number of bacteria, 150 liters c~rere collected, and
for determining the cocci group and anaerobic microorganisms, 250 liters.
"After comparing the results obtained, it was determined that the
sedimentation method gave higher bacterial air pollution indexes than
the aspiration methods. Calculations made according to Omelyanskiy's
formula showed that in one m3 of winter air there were 800 microorganisms;
spring, 1,600; and fall, 10,000. According to the author, these high
figures could have resulted from some accident while collecting the sample
or possibly a mistake in calculation. Utilizing the membrane filter method,
it was determined that one m3 of air contained 190 microorganisms in the
winter, 580 in the spring, 1,500 in the summery and ?50 in the fall.
Utilizing the Krotov method, it wah determined that .one m3 of air contained
240 microorganisms in the winter, 590 in the spring, 2,200 in the summer,
and 1,800 in the fall. The author believes that the Krotov method gives
more exact indexes of the bacteria 1 pollution in the air because of the
uniquensess of the construction of the apparatus which permits the sampling
of all fractions of a bacterial aerosol."
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Fematology
60. Program of Academy of Medical Sciences USSR for Study of Leukosis
CPYRGHT
"Khronika"; Kiev, Vrachebnoye De 1o, No 8, Aug 58, p 895
"Since the etiology and pathogenesis of leukosis has not yet been
determined and since world medical science has not provided an effective
therapeutic substance for this disease, the Ministry of Health USSR has
undertalten a series of measures. A program which calls for increased
experimental and clinical research has been presented for a more detailed
study of this problem.
"The Presidium of the Academy of Medical Sciences USSR has proposed
that the Institute of Experimental Pathology and Cancer Therapy, the
Institute of Oncology (Leningrad), and the Institute of Epidemiology and
Microbiology imeni Gamaleya increase their work on the study of the etiology,
pathogenesis, and experimental therapy of leukosis.
"Certain institutes have been given the responsibility of searching
for new, effective chemotherapeutic substances and antibiotics. At the
Institute of Pediatrics, Academy of Medical Sciences, a Hematological
Department has been established and will concern itself with the study of
leukosis and other blood diseases in children.
"To ensure uninterrupted experimental work, mice, with acute and mild
forms of leukosis, should be bred and supplied to the proper organizations.
In the coming year, a seminar will be held on the problem of leukosis.
"It has also been proposed that Laboratories be organized, staffed,
financed, and equipped for the study of the etiology, pathogenesis, and
experimental therapy of leukosis at the Leningrad, Kiev, Kharkov and
Georgian institutes of hematology and blood transfusion.
"At the same time, because of overcrowding, special hematological
departments are being established in all the republic and oblact hospitals.
"In some large cities, including Kiev and Kharkov, hematological
departments, with rooms having a capacity of 25-30 patients, are being
organized in the scientif is research pediatrics institutes.
"A laboratory for investigating chemotherapeutic substances and
antibiotics for leukosis therapy is being established by the All-Union
Scientific Research Chemicopbarmaceutical Institute.
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6 1. Blood Transfusion Reactions and Role of Cerebral Cortex
"The Role of the Functional Condition of the Cerebral
Cortex in the Pathogenesis of Transfusion Reactions After
Intergroup Transfusions," by M. P. Brusnitsina, Candidate
of Medical Sciences, Kharkov Medical Institute; Kiev,
CPYRGHT Vrachebnoye Dalo,_ No 8, Aug 58, p 894
"The intervenous administration of a bromide, it was determined, can
attenuate and in certain cases completely eliminate the reactions caused
after transfusion of small amounts of intergroup blood, and, in addition,
markedly lower the intensity of the reaction of the capillary system.
The possibility of preventing a reaction following the transfusion of
compatible blood after the intervcnous administration of a bromide indicates
that changes in cortic;^1 ~.ynamics play an important role in the pathogenesis
of these phenomena.
"This course of therapy should be carried out by 5-6 transfusions of
intergroup bluod in 3- to 8-milliliter dosage over an interval of 2-3 days.
Intergroup transfusions should be controlled by determinations of the
functional condition of the liver and kidneys."
62. Level of Blood Serum Proteins and Liver Proteins Altered in Tourniquet
Shock .
"Blood Serum Proteins and Liver Proteins Under Conditions of
Tourniquet Shock," by A. V. Zhukov, Uch. Zak.;, 2-y Mosk. Med.
In-t (Scientific Reports of the Second Moscow Medical Insti-
tute , 1957, No 6, pp 36-40 (from Referativnw Zhurnal --
Khimi a Biolo icheslca a Khimi a, Moscow, No 17, 10 Scp 58,
CPYRGHI~' 2
"The rate of inclusion of S35-tagged methionine increased in the blood
serum and liver during tourniquet shock caused by applying bands on the
extremities of rabbits. This increase amounted to an 86~ rise in albumins,
57~ in globulins, and 38~ in liver proteins. On cooling the extremity
on which the tourniquet was applied, the rise in the inclusion of S35_
tagged methionine in the blood serum and liver proteins was less than at
normal body temperature. Three hours after removing the tourniquet,tbe tot al
protein content in the blood serum decreased, on the average, by 1.03."
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63. Inununological Shifts in Anemias and Rhesus Negativity Correlated
"Immunological Shifts in Patients With. Hemolytic, Aplastic,
and Hypoplastic Anemias," by M. A. Umnova, Yu. T. Loriye, and
F. E. Faynshteyn, Central Order of Lenin Institute of Hemat-
ology and Blood Transfusion (director., Prof A. A. Bagdaaarov,
Active Member, Academy of Medical Sciences USSR), Ministry of
Health USSR; Moscow, Problemy Gematologii 3 Pexelivaniya Krovi,
Vol 3, No ~+, Ju1~Aug ~, pp 1 -23
To study immunological. shifts in diseases of the blood system, the
authors analyzed the blood of X15 patients suffering from various forms
of hemolytic, hypoplastic, and aplastic anemias. Teats were run for
erythrocytic heteroagglutinins, isoagglutinins, isohemolyains, and rhesus
factors. The direct and indirect Coombs test :as also run.
Results indicate signif icant ~.mmunological shifts, i. e., presence
of immune antibodies and autoantibodies both fixed in the serum and in
erythrocytes, and titer increase in normal, iso-, and heteroantibodies
in patients with acquired hemolytic anemia. The authors also point out
the prevalence of Rh negative subjects among patients with congenital
hemolytic anemia and with the Marchiafava-Micheli syndrome.
The authors present two possible explanations for these facto:
1. Rh negativity, to a certain degree, predisposes people to the
development of certain diseases.
2. Pathogenic factors which have caused certain diseases also affect
the antigenic structure of the erythrocytes of these patients. The: authors
think the second explanation is the more probable.
The authors conclude that the pathogenic factors, which bring about
def icient erythrocytes during the process of the latter'e development,
also affect the development of the antigenic structure of erythrocytes,
as a result of which Rhesus receptors are either not formed or are in-
adequately developed. Further research is necessary to confirm this ex-
planation, the authors conclude.
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Immunology and Thexapy
64. Report on Live Vaccines
"Live Vaccine~;'by Prof B. E1'bert; Moscow, Meditsinskiy
CPYRGHT Rabotnik, 16 Sep 58, P 3
"The protect~.on of humans from diseases caused by bacteria and viruses
by means of vaccines with specific immunity is an important branch of theo;
retical and practical immunology. This division of immunology, as is known,
is called immunoprophylaxis. One of its methods is the use of live attenu-
ated bacteria and viruses for vaccination.
"The use of artificial methods of immunoprophylaxis goes back to the
distant past,, when notions of the bacterial or viral nature of infectious
diseases did not yet exist. Toward the beginning of the 20th Century, medi-
cine and veterinary medicine already had methods of .vaccinating against
smallpox, anthrax, and rabies at their disposal.
"The significant achievements accomplished in the last four decades by
Soviet authors in the study and application of live attenuated cultures off'
bacteria and viruses against the virulent pathogens of tuberculosis, plague,
tularemia, brucellosis, influenza, and otY~er infectious diseases are of
great scientific interest. This affords the possibility of eradicating
natural smallpox and decreasing the incidence of tularemia, tuberculosis,
etc.
"The introduction of live attenuated bacteria leads to decreased
function of the physiological mechanisms of protection from an infectious
agent and the products of its vital activity. Research of Soviet authors
showed that introducing live, weakly virulent, or not entirely virulent
but at the same time immunog~ c strains of bacteria into the organism
facilitates the development the ~tnccine process. The administration
of such cultures is accomparzl~a by the development of specific immunogenic
shifts in the organism, and furthermore guarantees a completely or re-'
latively harmless infection in response to a virulent .agent. ~"~'
"The selection of methods of conferring powerful inoculation immunity
by the use of liYe vaccines is the result of research which makes it possible
to discover the characteristics of the mechanism of infection and immunity
of the corresponding pathological process. The possibility of introducing
the method selected into antiepidemic practice is controlled by analysis
of widespread epidemiological observations.
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"Thus, the ;primary tasks of Soviet immunologists were the study of
the conditions governing the genesis, development, and outcome o~ the in-
fection process; routes of distribution of the pathogen in the organism;
histomorphological, biochemical, and immunological response reactions;
duration of parasitization of the infectious agent in the tissues; and,
finally, its paths of egress into the surrounding medium. The same pro="
blems ~rere also studied with respect to the vaccine process.
"The next task of the immunologists was the analysis of biological
shifts of pathogenic microo~ganisms against which a method of specific
imrcunoprophpr7axjs had been developed as the result. of a study of the mut-
ability of the pathogen in ontogenesis.
"Along with development of the leading principles of immunopxophylaxis,
which assure the absolute protection of the human organism from specific
infection, considerable attention was devoted to studying methods of obtain-
ing live attenuated cultures, stabilization of the newly acquired character-
istics, and selection of the most ideal method of administering the live
vaccine. The method which corresponds to the route of introduction of the
bacteria or virus i:z natural infection and the same Issues which are .highly
sensitive to the given pathogen is often considered the~best'for such
administration. Thus, the tularemia pathogen causes a pathological pro-
cess following any method of invasion of the organisms of humans and
susceptible animals However, the skin and mucous membranes of the
upper respiratory tract., are the routes of infection under natural conditions:
bubonic, ulcerous-bubonic, anginous-bubonic, oculo-bubonic, and the pul-
monary, nongeneralized form of tularemia. In accordance with this, we
proposed the cutaneous method of immunization with live tularemia vaccine,
~?rhich was found to be effective from the standpoint of intensity of developed
immunity and is the simplest method under mass vaccination conditions.
"The theoretical treatment of the problem of specific protection
of humans from tularemia and the practical accomplishment of immunoprophylaxis
Frith live antitularemia vaccine are great achievements of Soviet immunolo-
gists. The attempts of a number of investigators abroad and in the USSR to
base the effectiveness of active immunization on the subcutaneous infection
of killed suspensions of .virulent tularemia bacilli concluded without re-
sults.
"The key to the resolution of this problem is our work in cooperation
with N. A. Gayskiy on the study of the mechanism of infection and immunity
in experimental tularemia. This research demonstrated that it was possible
to achieve specific protective immunity against massive doses of virulent
agent as a result of vaccination with weakly virulent but immunogenic B.
~`azlarense cultures which differ from virulent strains only slightly in regard
to antigenic characteristics. The complex character of the antigen of virulent
and "vaccine strains is substantiated by the most recent research (plsuf'yev
and associates, etc.). The stability of the prbperties''of tsayskiy vaccine strain
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No ?.5 for humans and guinea pigs despite numerous passages through white
mice, has also been completely proved. Histological examination showed
that the vaccine strain caused the development of an inflammatory process
which was localized principally at the site of introduction of the vaccine
and in the regional lymph nodes, and which was benign in character. After
subsequent infection with a virulent culture, the changes also bear the
character of a productive type of inflammation.
"The high effectivenPSS of the cutaneous method of vaccination has
been demostrated by antiepidemic practice. This method completely guaran-
tees the establishment of immunity against any form of infection of the
human with B. tularense via the respiratory tract, skin, mucous membranes,
or intestines.
"The ~:ondition of infection allergy is an index of immunity. It can
be affirmed that a single cutaneous vaccination;?was the decisive factor
in decreasing the incidence of tularemia and even in eradicating it com-
pletely in a number of oblasts in the USSR. Along with the method of
preventing natural smallpox by vaccine, the method of immunoprophylaxis
of tularemia is the most effective of all methods we know for protection
from infectious diseases. Such is the opinion of leading representatives
of Soviet microbiology epidemiology, and the clinical management of in-
fectious diseases, such as Zhdanov, Timakov, Rudnev, Vygodchikov, Groma-
shevskiy, and Bilibin. The research oi' Tinker and Drozhevkina, Puchkova,
Yudenich, Sil'chenko, Kazberyuk, Olsuf'yeva, Yemel'yanova, and many other
Soviet scientists has been highly significant in the resolution of theo-
retical and practical problems of immunoprophylaxis of tularemia. The
research of Faybich and his co-workers played a large part in the creation
of a stable preparation, i.e., the dry tularemia vaccine. The next task
is to obtain new vaccine strains capable of establishing a defense against
cultures of B. Tularense with maximum virulence.
"Soviet immunologists also contributed to resolving the problem of
immunoprophylaxis of tuberculosis. Sober and objective scientific evalu-
ation of the facts made it possible for the public health organs to intro-
duce antituberculosis vaccination into practice, gradually and then on
a wide scale.
"One of the most important conditions which guarantee the immunogenicity
of live vaccines is their capacity too be preserved and to vegetate in
tissues. The intracutaneous and cute~neous methods of administering BCG
and the combination of the cutaneous and oral methods of vaccination against
tuberculosis (Ge1'berg) satisfy this principle in its most pronounced
form. We established the significance of 'residual virulence'-of vaccine
strains in regard to immunoprophylaxis of tularemia and a number of other
infectionse only those strains in which a definite degree of virulence
is maintained have immunizing properties; then an immunologically and-
morphologically complex reaction occurs slowly between the microorganisms
of the vaccine which are introduced and the cells of the host tissues.
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"The work of Soviet immunologists?also led to the development of
effective methods of immunization against pappataci fever (Ananyan) and
dermal leishmaniasia (Kozhevnikov). Pshenichnikov's investigation oP
'the modifiability of typhus rickettsia in the process of their adaptation
to the organism of the typhus carrier has prospects. The introduction
of 'f'ixed' typhus virus to guinea pigs causes an atypical infection in
them, and a simultaneous increase in titer-specific antibodies and the
development of resistance against highly virulent rickettsia. It can
be stated that Soviet immunology has come close to obtaining a live
typhus vaccine. It is also pertinent to speak of the persistent research
of Soviet authors on the resolution of the problem of im~mxnoprophylaxis
of influenza and on the production of attenuated and immunogenic strains
of typhoid and dysentery pathogens (investigation of the Timakov labora-
tory and our own).
"Results obtained in working out the problem of live vaccines verify
the significant achievements of Soviet immunologists. Further improve-
ment of our knowledge in the field of physiological bases of immunological
processes and the principle biochemical factors in infectious diseases
will make it possible, to a still greater degree, to arm the Soviet public
health service with reliable methods of specific prophylaxis."
65. Action of Some Antibiotics on Bacterial Toxins
"The Inactivating Action of Antibiotics on Certain Bacterial
Toxins," by V. 1V. Dergach (for the Degree of Doctor of Medical
Sciences), Kharkov Medical Institute; Kiev, Vrachebnoye De1o,
CPYRG~Ta~ Aug 58, p $93
"It was determined that biomycin, sanazin, levomycetin, and synthomycin
possess inactivating properties in relation to botulin, tetanus, staphylo-
coccus, and diphtheria toxins. Their detoxification and disintoxification
effects are increased with increased dosage; however, higher than optimal
dosages decrease this effect.
"The strongest action is obtained by the combination of levomycetin
and biomycin with sanazin which should~be administered internally at a
very early stage. After the combined administration of these antiobiotics
and specific sera, the therapeutic effect of the preparations is markedly
increased. Changes in the functional condition of the central nervous
system show an ef'f~ct on the intoxications studied and the effectiveness of
the antibiotics.
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"Urethan narcosis facilitates the course of botulin intoxication;
detoxification, disintoxification, and the therapeutic action of these
antibiotics and their combinations with specific sera are also facilitated
by this type of narcosis.
"Caffeine had no marked effect during the course of botulin intoxi-
cation, was useful to patients suffering diphtheria, and made the con-
dition of patients suffering from tetanus of staphylococcus worse.
"The results of this work can serve as an experimental basis for
new and more effective therapy of botulism, tetanus, and diphtheria by
the correct combination of antibiotics and specific sera."
66. Simple Method for Treating Burns With Plaster of Paris
"A Simple Method for Treating Burns With Ordinary Plaster of
Paris," by L. A. Melnik, Chair of Surgery (head, Prof V. M.
Gin'kovskiy), Odessa Institute for Advanced Training of Phy-
sicians; Moscow-Kharkov, Orto edi a Travmatolo i i
Protezirovaniya, NR 1, Jan Feb 5 , pp 35-3
Clinical observations were made on the action of ordinary gypsum
powder in~`the treatment of 264 burn patients at the Surgery Clinic of
the Odessa Institute for the Advanced Training of Physicians.
Ninety-six of the patients had burns covering up to 20~ of the body
surface; 97 patients, 21-30~; 37 patients, 31-~+0~; and 3~+ patients, more
than ~+0~ . ~
It was found that ordinary gypsum: is an excellent physical antiseptic
and pan be successfully used in the therapy of burns. The gypsum elimi-
nates pain in the burned area, prevents plasmorrhexis and markedly reduces
toxemia. The gypsum scabs formed on the burned area protect ~.t from
secondary infection and external irritants and accelerate the healing pro-
cess.
Burn therapy-with ordinary gypsum provides good cosmetic and functional
results. It significantly decreases use of bandages.
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Microbiolo~~ '
67. Adaptation of Tick-Borxie Enncephalitis Virus to 'unfavorable Conditions
"A Study of the Adaptation of Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus
Strain 'YaS-8' to unfavorable Conditions for Its Development,"
by A. K. Subladze and P. S. Andorov, Institute .of Virology
C PYRG HT imeni D. T. Ivanovskiy; Moscow, Voprosy Virusolo~, Vol 3,
No 4, J'u1~Aug 58, p 229
"The volume of works devoted to the study of the adapta~+;ion modifi-
ability of the tick-borne encephalitis virus is not large. '1't is known
that prolonged passage df the virus in white mice does not produce pro-
found changes in its biological activity or antigenic characteristics.
Passage of the tick-borne encephalitis virus on chick embryos, exactly
as in the case of Czechoslovak ?ticlc-?borne encephalitis virus, does not
produce qualitative changes. Modifiability of the virus on culture in
tumor tissue has been described. R. M. Shen reported on modifiability
of the virus of louping-?ill of sheep following its culture in mouse sar-
coma. S. G. Zvyagin described the modifiability of tick-borne encephalitis
virus obtained through passages on Kroker's sarcoma -- the disappearance
of pathogenic and the presex~*ration of immurlogexxic characteristics. A. V.
Pshenichnov and fl. A. Kychanova repor?te~d on reir:.forcemexit of the virulence
of the virus following passage of the virus on Kroker's sarcoma. A. I.
Ivanenko observed a regular tendency of the pathogenic characteristics
to increase with complete preservation of viral neurotropicity on con-
tinued passage on Erlich's ascitic carcinoma.
"Culturing the virus in chick embryo tissue culture (?_2 passages)
did not cause marked changes in it. biological activity or antigenic
structure. Work was done on passing the virus in susceptible animals.
A. K. Shubladze and S. Ya. Gaydamovich reported ~?tY:e possibility of
adapting the louping-ill virus to the rat organism b~? passing it 'through
white rats. A. I. Drobyshevskaya did not detect changes in the original
characteristics of the tick??borne encephalitis virus on passing it through
the brains of guinea pigs and white rats.
"The aforementioned works indicate the possibility of changing cer-
tain characteristics of the virus on the one hand, and the difficulty,
on the other.
"We attempted to adapt ?51'aS?-8' strair..s from the tick-borne encepha-
litis virus group to unfavorable developmental conditions ?-??? to tissues
of de-embryonated eggs, to nerve tissue of guinea pigs immune to the virus,
and to pulmonary tissue of white mice.
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CPYRGHT
"It is known that many organic substances fluoresce in the; visi;ple:
part of the spectrum when irradiated wi~tb. t~l.~traviol.e.~~, rays. This capar_ity
is employed in luminescent microscopy, which permits detaile3 study of
microscopic biological objects which fl,ucrescee
"Luminescent microscopy is app;.ie9.for observing the herpes, foot-
and-mouth, lymphogranuloma, and swine plague viruses. Observations of
the viruses of chickenpox, shixu,~les, ericephal,itie, psittacosis, and other
infections were carried out with fl?aarr':scing antibodiES.
"In this research, luminescent ana:iysis was ~a.sed for detecting differ-
ent zones of fl.uorescenc:e during paper electrophcrese:s of 'viral and control.
suspensions of mouse brains. These methods were tested for th.e observation
of tick-borne encephalitis virus.
10-5 to 10?6 was used in the experime~nt~s.
"Mouse brains which contained tic?s--borne encepb.alitis virus (.?Sof?int
strain) served as infection mstarial. Steri;.e 'brai:a was pul;rerized in a
centrifuge test tazbe with a glass rod ?.zntil. a ~0~~~5e~ suspension in physi-
ological solution was obtained. This ti~iruti s':j.spension was oentrif ugFd for
5-10 minutes at '1,000?.1,500 rpm; sui;arnatar~d fl?aid with a virus titer of
-64-
"In the adaptation experimeirt~.5, 23 passages in d~:??erribryonated eggs,
25 passages in white mica, by ?t-,he j.ntranasai. in.?trodL,ction of ?virus~~containing
lung suspensions, ~ passages i,n gv,inea pigs with intermediate passages in
chick embryos, and 7 passages in guinea pigs by i:n?tracerebral, infection
without intermediate passages ware performed.
"A certain degree of adaptation was noted after?pas,sages in de-
embryonated eggs and after intra,nasal infection of white mice,
"After passage in de~yembryonated eggs, the: trir~us was preserved through
l2 passages, although it was not succesef'ally observed after the first in-
fection of white mice. A starle, adapted variant, of passed virus was not
obtained in any of the experiments."
68. Rapid Method of Detectin~Tick~?Bori:e Ence-halitis Virus
"The Problem of Detecting the Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus by
the Method of Luminescence and Electrophoresis (Preliminary Re-
port)", by V~ I{. Izotov and 0~ V. Baroyan, Institute of Virology
imeni D. I. Ivanovskiyy Moscow, Voprosy Virusolo~ii, Vol 3,
CPYRGI~ ~+, Jul/Aug 58, pp 21.7W220 "- ~'
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"A plexiglass apparatus was used for electrophoresis. This apparaus
(Figure 1) is a horizontal pan with electrode racks which hold up to 5
liters of buffer solution. The carbon electrodes in the pan have a dia-
mFter of l2 mm and are distributed along the whole length of the electrode
rack. The pan is completely covered by glass plates on top and by rubber
strips al~~ng the edges. A rectifier designed for an output of 10-12 ma
and a vo7',;age of 50-350 v serves as a source of constant voltage. The
buffer solution is veronal-medinal, pH 8.6; ion strength 0.05. Dyes --
(l) fluorochrome acridine orange No 255 (one mg per 100 ml of physiological
solution) and (2) acid blue-black (l0 mg per 100 ml of physiological
solution). The electrophoresis apparatus was sa'~ up in an isolated room
for safety purposes.
"Chromatographic paper No 1 and 4, Second Leningrad Paper Factory,
was used in the experiments. Fight to ten strips of paper 36.x 3 em with
glazed surface are suspended on the edges of an interior cuvette of the
apparatus. So that the dry strips of paper will not sag into the pan,
they are fastened to the cathode and anode poles with plexiglass plates.
The remaining free ends of the paper strips are not dropped into the
buffer at first.
"A 0.03 ml amount of the viral. brain suspension being investigated
is put on the paper strip at a distance of 0.5 cm from the edges of tb.e
bend in the paper at each pole.
"After 20?-30 minutes, taken the drops have dried completely, a small
volume (0.02 cnl) of acridine orange so:Lu?tion is put on this same place
with a wire loop so that the dye will not ~?~~n beyond. the edges ~f the
spot formed by the brain suspension. After 20-30 minutes, when trxe drops
of dye have dried, the strips of paper are saturated with buffer solution
by means of a pipet or with filter paper, their ends are lowered into the
electrode container, and the current is turned on.
"The following are put on control strips of paper: (1) brain suspension
from healthy mice and acridine ox?ange solution, a:nd (2) acridine orange
solution.
"In addition to the experiments performed in the foregoing manner,
another series of experiments was done on separation (by paper electro-
phoresis) of brain suspension; the fractions were observed by means of
acid blue-black dye.
"Toward the end of electrophoresis, the paper strips are dried at
100? for 20 minutes in order to fix the proteins and inactivate the virus.
After drying, the electrophorogram is scanned for fluorescence by means
of the L-80 apparatus (the L-80 was designed for luminescent analysis of
vitamins; a PRI{-~+ lamp serves as a source of excitation, the light filter
transmits ultraviolet rays with a wavelength of ~?00~-320 mpt) or arE stained
with acid blue-black dye.
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"Results of the experiments ?-?? after e~.ectrophoresis ofi' brain suspen??~
sLons subsequently stained with ac:ld blue-?black dye (la hours, gradient
pote~-tial 2-3 v~crn us:t.ng a 0.3-0.1~ ma current; per strip of paper), the
most rapidly mov:Ln~r fraction was detected on the electrophorogram. This
fraction was considerably mox?e pronounced on electrophorograms with a
virus brain suspension (figure 2).
"To explain the difference in natural fluorescence of viral and con-
trol brain suspensions after electrophoresis, we were obliged to alter
the experimental conditions somewhat, i. e., electrophoresis was carried
out for 90 minutes, the gradient potential was 6 v~cm, and the current
was 0.~-1.2 ma for one strip of paper. Under these conditions, two bluish
spots --the natural fluorescence of the viral and control suspensions--
were observed on the electrophoregrams in the ultraviolet rays (Figure 3).
"The first fluorescing spot was located at the point where the material
was applied; more intensive fluorescence was seen in the virus suspension.
The second fluorescing spot was located at a distance of 2-3 cm from the
first on the anode side.
"If acridine orange i~? appl9.ed and electrophoresis is carried out
with n viral and a con+.rol suspension, the difference between therm both
in degree of i'luorescence and in color of fluorescence is clearly differ-
entiated with ease, Fluorescence of a sharp orange color, characteristic
for the virus suspension, was obser?~red on the paper strip on which the
brain suspension and the fluorochrome were subsequently put, and was con-
siderably weaker for the control suspension,
"To determine the specificity of the natural fluorescence which we
observed in the virus suspension, we attempted to extinguish 'this phenomenon
by neutralization with specific antisera. It was established that the
natural fluorescence is sharply extinguished after +.reatment of a virus
anitgen with specific antisera. The same virtzs suspension, treated with
normal or heterological immune serum, continued to give characteristic
fluorescence.
"l. The paper electrophoresis method permits detection of the pre-
sence of tick??borne encephalitis viral in mot~se brain suspensions within
18 hours .
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CPYRGHT
"2. The combination of the paper electrophoresis method and lumines-
cent analysis shortened the time necessary for observation of the tick-
borne encephalitis virus in mouse brain suspensions to as little as 1 l/2
hours; the specificity of the natural fluorescence of the virus suspension
observed during this process can be demonstrated by the phenomenon of ex-
tinguishment with specific antiserum."
An i]_lustration of the apparatus and two electrophoregrams are in-
cluded in this article.
Pharmacology
69. Effect of Diazolin on Typhoid Fever
"The Effect of Diazolin on Typhoid Fever Intoxication of
Rabbits," by Z. A. Popenenkova, Department of Chemotherapy,
Institute of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy, Academy of Medi-
cal Sciences USSR; Moscow, Farmakologiya i Toksikologiya~
No ~+, Jul-Aug 58, pp 86-87
Typhoid intoxication was induced in rabbits by internal administration
of sterile typhoid vaccine (subjected to heating) prepared from ?,aboratory
strain E. typrosa 4446 in doses of 25 billion microorgani?ms; per kg of
body wei~Lt. 'T'his dosage was fatal to the animals after 12-60 hours.
It was determined that a 10 mg/kg dose of diazolin given 1-2 times
every 24 hours had no effect on the death rate of the animals.
Public Health, 7i:,~giene, and Sanitation
70. Disinfec?ion of Air With Volatile Oil Aerosols
"The Problem Concerning the Disinfection of Air With Aerosols
of Volatile Oils," by D. K. Vedibeda, Kiev Institute for the
Advanced Training of Physicians; Moscow, Gigiyena i Sanitariya,
No 8, Aur 58, p 80
Investigatio::c concerning the disinfection of air with the volatile
oils from eucalyptus, coriander, and lavender were conducted in a hermeti-
cally scaled room where a 2~O emulsion of the volati~e oils in quantities
of 0.25, 0.5; and 1.5 mg per m3 were dispersed. In addition, a 0.5 ml
suspension of Staphylococcus albus, in a concentration of 1C million micro-
organisms per ml, was dispersed in the chamber.
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The .results indicate: (1) The volatile oils possess bactericidal
activity in relation to Staphylococcus albus during 'the droplet phase of
the aerosol, especially with the larger doses (0.75-1.25 ml); (2) the
bactericidal activity of the aerosols as well as the action time increases
with an increase of concentration; (3) the greatest bactericidal activity
was achieved with the volatile oils of eucalyptus, and the least with
lavender.
71. Expansion of Health Service Facilities in RSFSR
"Plan for Rxpansion of Health Service in the RSFSR for 1958,"
by V. 2. Mayevskiy, Sovetskaya Medi.tsina, No 5, May 58, pp
CPYRGHT 121-125
"The State Plan for development of the national economy of the RSFSR
for 1858 was confirmed at the fifth session of the Supreme Soviet RSFSR,
held in January 1858. Aside from providing for rapid irxdustrial expansion,
the plan for 1958 also gave much attention to growth in the field of
health protection.
"The plan for 1958 provides for considerably greater growth of the
physical base of health service establishments over 1957. Construction
work is rapidly increasing on new hospitals, outpatient cl9.nics, nurseries,
sanatoriums, sanitary-epidemiological stations, pharmacies, homes for
medical workers, facilities to house medical schools, dormitories for
students, and medical plants. The growing network of medical and sani-
tary establishments are being supplied, with improving efficiency, with
modern diagnostic equipment, medical instruments, and more effective
medical preparations.
"The plan for 1958 stresses the following problems on the solution
of which the main attention must be concentrated:
"l. Speeding up construction of buildings to house hospitals and out-
patient clinics (rayon hospitals in particular).
"2. A11-out effort to increase the number of buildings to be used
as nurseries for children of employed women.
"3. An increase in the production of medical goods needed by medical
and sanitary establishments.
"4. Construction of homes for medical workers and dormitoriesfor medi-
cal students.
"5. An increase in the number of sanatoriums which would be able to
accommodate people who need some special form of hospitalization.
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CPYRGHT
Zr,t~le 1 below shows the growth of medical establishments in the RSrSR
during the 3~-year period 1956-1958.
"Analysis of the :figures :Ln Table 1 point, f:Lrst of all, to the steady
and rapid groWLh of medical establishments that are under the ,jurisdiction
of the Ministry of Health RSFSR? The physical base for medical aid to the
population is becoming more efficient and is expanding. During 1958 alone,
the hospital networlt in the RSI'SR will be increased by more than 42,000
beds.
Table 1. Principal Indicators of Development of Therapeutic
Establishments of Ministry of Health RSI'SR During 1958
in Comparison with 1956-1957, Not Counting Therapeutic
Establishments of Union Sutordination (Ministry of Com-
munications and Ministry of Health USSR)
Categories Covered by
Plan
156
157
1958 (planned)
Total No of hospital beds
(in l,ooo)
755.4
797.6
.839.8
In cities
5og.8
538.6
566.2
In rural areas
175.7
184.0
192.6
For psychoneurotics
69.9
75.0
81.0
Total increase of hospital
beds during year (in 1,000)
35.2
41.1
42.2
No of tuberculosis, maternity,
and children?s beds (Counting
those reserved for communicable
disease)
No of tuberculosis beds
(l,ooo) 58.4 64.4 68.2
84.2 88:0
g2.1
(1,000) 1].3.7 121.6 128.7
No of hospital beds for each
10,000 people
In RSrSR '70.0 72.6 75.6
In cities q8.9 103.0 107.2
No of maternity beds
(1,000)
No of beds for children
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Categories Covered by
Plan 1956 1957 1958 (planned
No of rayons, with rayon
center in rural areas, with-
out hospital in rayon center 100.0 93.0 84.0
Rayons with hospitals
under construction 13.0 18.0
45.0
No of feldsher-midwife posts
(l,ooo) 42.5 43.2 44.4
Total No of positions for
medical officers in medical-
sanitary establishments
(in l,ooo)
215.8
225.0
239.0
In cities
180.7
189.0
201.5
In rural areas
35.1
36.0
37.5
Total No of positions for
ph
(i
ysicians in cities
n 1,000)
Medical district therapists
13.4
16.7
1g.6
Medical district pediat-
ricians
10.8
11.3
12.8
Tot
10
al No of physicians per
,000 people (in 1,000)
16.6
17.0
17.7
In cities
30.6
31.4
32.4
3.5
3.7
4.0
"It is evident from Table 1 that half of the new hospital beds which
will be available during 1958 will be reserved for pregnant women, child-
ren, tuberculosis patients, and psychoneurotic patients. Approximately
44~ of the total number 'Of new beds made available during 1958 will be
apportioned among rayons of the Urals, Siberia, and the Far East. The
need for hospitalization in those areas is particularly great because of
rapid industrial expansion there.
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"By the end of 1y58 there will be 75.6 beds for each 10,000 people
against 726 beds for each 10,000 people in 1957; in cities the change
will be from 100,e7 beds to 10702 beds par 10,000 people; in rural areas,
from 310 to 321 beds per 10,000 peopled To properly appraise the
dl.ffei?ence in allocation of beds in urban and in rural areas, it must
be borne in mind that among the patients who will be cared for b y city,
rayon, and oblas~t hospitals, 25-30?J6 will come from rural areaso Con-
sequently, ?the .rural population will actually be provided with greater
hospital care than appears on papers Furthermore, in classifying the
therapeutic establishments into rural and urban, it must be borne in
mind that rayon hospitals and medical district hospitals, which are
situated in sparsely populated areas, are usually considered to be
either cities or workers settlements, but actually they serve the rural
population working in the kolkhozes around themo
"However, despite considerable growth of ?the networ:c of hospital
establishments that will take place during 1958, the problem of pro-
viding hospital service to a11. who need it will not be solved and, as
before, must be given principal attention when plans are formulated
for expanding health servl.ce in the RSFSR during the next few yearso
"Table 1 shows that the number of rayon centers without any hospitals
has dropped to 84o Buildings to house hospitals will be under construction
in 45 of such rayonso
"Training of a large number of physicians within a short period of
time would be a great achievement in the socialist health services Table
1 shows that the number of physicians per 10,000 people increased each
year in the RSFSRo Tn 1958 there will be 17x7 physicians for each 10,000
peopled .T..n other words there will be 565 people for each physician,
According to available data for 1953, there were 763 people for each
physiciax: in the US; 1,10('i people for each physician in England; 1,,13n
people for each physician in Franca; 750 people for each physician in
Berman Federal Republic; and 820 people for each physician in Ttalyo
"The principal indicators of growth of children's establishments in
RSFSR, during 1958, are shown in Table 20
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CPYRGHT
Table 2. Principal Tndicaturs of Development of Establishments
for Children in the RSFSR During 1958 (establishments under
,jurisdiction of Council of Ministers RSFSR) in Comparison
with 1956-1957
Categories Coverad by the
Plan
X56
1957
1958 (Planned)
Total No of spaces in permanent
nurseries for children listed
in national budget (in 1,000)
576.1
.
624.6
678.7
In cities
413.5
452.0
491.9
In rural areas
162.6
172.6
186.8
No of additional spaces in
permanent nurseries for kolkhoz
children (in 1,000)
6.4
8.0
9.0
No of spaces in homes foz? child-
ren and homes for motrers and
children (in 1,000)
Total No of spaces in permanent
nurseries for children up to
3 years old
30.3
82.0
30.0
.
87.9
30.0
94.3
In cities
116.0
124.4
134.1
In rural areas
39.7
41.5
44.E
No of spaces in nurseries
for children for each 100
employed women
4.0
4.3
4.5
"The need for expanding tree network of nurseries in the RSFSR depends
on the tempo of industrial growth. The number of women working in factories,
plants, construction, sovkhozes, and in cultural and service establish-
ments is increasing. It can be seen from Table 2 that the number of
spaces in nurseries during 1958 will increase by 54,000 over 1957?
"A need for nurseries exists in kolkhozes. Buildings are being con-
structed to house nurseries in kolkhozes of Ryazanskaya Oblast, Belgorod-
skaya Oblast, 1Curskaya Oblast, and Voronezhskaya Oblast, and in Krasnoyar-
skiy Kray and Stavropol'skiy Kray. Funds for construction of these build-
ings have been made available by the kolkhozes. In Ryazanskaya Oblast,
460 buildings were constructed to house nurseries. Those buildings were
constructed in a record time. Sufficient evidence exists that the 1958
plan for expansion of nurseries will be overfulfilled considerably.
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"The problem of getting nurseries built must be solved within a short
time. In planning health service for the next few years, therefore, ex-
pansion of nurseries must be tbz primary thought of health agencies and
of local executive committees of workers? deputies.
"Figures showing expansion of sanatoria facilities in the RSFSR are
given in Table 3.
Table 3. Principal Indicators of Expansion of Sanatorium Facilities
in RSFSR During 1958 in Comparison With 1956-1957
Categories Covered by
Plan ___,_
156
1957
1958 Fla.nned
Total No of spaces in
sanatoriums when fully
occupied (in 1,000)
137.3
140.9
147.0
Those occupied around-
the-clock
116.0
122.0
1`6.5
Total No of spaces in
tuberculosis sanatoriums
for adults and children
(in 1,000)
72.8
73.3
73.7
No of spaces in sanatoriums
provided for in national
budget on basis of expen~i.iture
allocated for public hea;Lth
(in 1,000)
69.6
'72.4
,
75.7
"Table 3 shows that the number of spaces in sanatoriums during 1958
will increase by 6,100. This increase will be due to the fact that the
number of special sanatoriums, reserved for treatment of patients with
gastrointestinal diseases, disease of the heart, joints, tuberculosis of
osseus tissue, etc., will decrease.
"Sanatoriums must be looked upon as therapeutic establishments with
a definite missiono to carry on a particular form of hospitalization.
Sanatoriums take care of both people who are still ill and convalescents
fr~-~.. some severe illness. Hospitals and sanatoria supplement each other;
i?or that reason, expansion of sanatorium facilities must be coordinated
with construction of hospitals. Construction of buildings for sanatoriums
is particularly urgent in the central zone of the RSFSR and in the Urals,
Siberia, and the Far East. Taking that into consideration, the-plan for
1958 will provide for sufficient expansion of sanatorium facilities.
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"Fur:thermore, any lag in construction of rest homes cannot be permitted
'to go unnoticed. The Ministry of Health RSFSR must in the future give
some thought to rest homes and allocate funds for their construction.
"/1 considerable increase in funds for capital construction has been
allocated so that the plan for development of health service in the RSFSR
during 1958 can be carried on without any interruption. (See Table ~+).
Table 4. Capital Investment for Construction of Hospitals.,
Nurseries, and Sanatoriums by Ministries, Departments,
and Councils of National Economy RSFSR for 1958 in
Comparisor_ With Capital Investment During 1956 and 1957
Categories Covered by
Plan
1956
1957
1958 (Planned
Total amoun~ of capital
investment (million rubles)
979.5
1,036.7
1,334.3
By Ministry of Health
RSFSR
429.4
483.6
550.0
For hospitals
524.5
771.7
896.8
For nurseries for children
84.0
183.7
247.6
For sanatoriums and rest
homes
121.0
98.0
131.0
Public health facilities
added (beds)
13,200
19,478
24,074
By Ministry of Health
RSFSR (beds)
4,050
6,521
7,000
Sanatoria
(beds)
1,370
1,369
1,641
Rest homes
(spaces)
1,390
1,200
1,550
Nurseries
for children
(spaces) 26,549 31,218 42,603
Housing areas for Medical
workers and dormitories
for students in medical
educational institutions
added (1,000 sq m) 32.7 33.5 36.0
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CPYRGHT
"It can be seen from Table 4 that the total amount of capital invest-
ment for construction of buildings to house establishments that render
health service will increase during 1958 by 286 over 1957.
"The amount of money allotted f'or construction of hospitals and out-
patient clinics is 16~ higher than :Lt was in 1957; for expansion of nurse-
ries, 350 higher. In line with the expansionist policy, expenditures for
other health service establishmentts is also higher for 1958, Hospital
capacity will increase by more than 24,000 beds this increase is 23.5
greater than that which was planned for. 1957p There will be 42,000
spaces more in nurseries by the end of 1958. This increase in the number
of nurseries surpasses the 1957 increase by 37~,.
"Allocation of money for construction of sanatoriums and resorts fox
1958 is higher by one-third. Aside from the fact that there will be 1,600
more beds available in sanatoriums and 1,500 more spaces in rest homes
by the end of 1958, considerably more money has been allocated for in-
stallations of general nature (buildings to house hydropathic and mud-
bath establishments, resort outpatient clinics, dining halls, etc.).
"The Soviet government has been liberal in allocating money for con-
struction of buildings to house therapev.tic establishments, sanatoriums
and homes for children. It is the duty of all health agencies to utilize
the money in an economical and efficient manner, reduce th.e cost of con-
struction, create a situation that is conducive to comfort of patients,
reduce the construction time, and avoid dispersing funds by constructing
too many buildings.
"Manufacture of medical equipments such as instruments, and medical
preparations, is of great importance for efficient medical aid to the
population. No measuxes c.i any kind to reduce incidence of any disease
can be carried out if a sb.ortage exists in medicamFrts and medical equip-
ment.
"Figures in Table 5 show the trend of growth of medical industry in
the RSFSR during 1958.
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CPYRGHT
Table 5. Growth in Production of Medical Goods in Establishments
of Councils of National Economy RSFSR
Categories Covered by
_ Plan
1956
1.957
1958 (planned)
Gross Product (million
rubles)
Production of chemicals
and drugs
Production of medical
instruments and equip-
ment
2,169.9
1,575.1
1+17.9
2,501.5
1,807.5
48~ .1
2,802.8
2,052.5
57-5.9
Pz?uduction of medicinal
glass and other articles
176.9
208.9
234.1+
Commodity production
(million rubles)
2,11+3.4
2,557-?>+
2,857.9
Important manufactured
goods
Pvramidon (tons)
293.3
X22.3
365.0
Phtivazidum (tons)
120.6
7.55.9
156.0
Endocrine preparations
(million rubles)
83.6
9u.0
99.35
Streptomycin (~ of 1955)
124.7
179.3
233.4
Biomycin (~ of 1955)
214.2
209.9
326.5
Syringes (1,000)
2,].86.0
2,282.5
2,500.0
Pharmaceutical wares
(1,000 pieces)
739.3
97.7.9
1,008.1
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"Fulfillment of the plan for expanding the physical base of health
protection throughout the RSFSR during 1958 is a great new contribution
toward creation of an efficient socialist health service in our country.
There is no doubt that all medical workers in the RSFSR -- physicians,
pharmacists, feldshers, and nurses -- as well as laborers, engineers
technical worker^s, and service personnel of medical industries, con-
struction trustee, and administrations will exert all their efforts not
only toward fulfillment, but also toward overfulfillment of the plan
for 1958?"
72. Prophylaxis of Infectious Diseases in Uzbek
"The Prophylaxis of Infectious Diseases in Uzbek SSR," by (:.
Makkhamov, Voprosy Kxaye~roy Fatologii (Problems in Regional
CPYRGHT Patho:Logy); Moscow, 1957, PP 25~; (from ' Meditsinskiy
Referativnyy Zhurnal, Part N, 1958 SupF;.~ment, p 52
"The incidence of infectious diseases has decreased from year to
year in the Uzbek SSR. The incidence of malaria during 3.953, was one
tenth of that in 1949; pappataci fever, one twenty-second; typhus, by
less than one tenth. The incidence of new cases o.F brucellosis during
1953 was half the number in 1949.
"These successes in the fight against infectious diseases were
attained primarily because of the work of 190 sanitary??epidemiological
stations which employ more than 600 doctors. In addition to the Insti-
tute of Malaria and Parasitology, 143 antimalaria stations and 400 anti-
malaria points have been established. There are also two republic and
six oblast antibrucellosis stations, and ten oblast houses for sanitary
instruction. A Scientific Research Sanitaary Hyg3.ene Institute was also
established."
73. Hospital Center in Angarsk
CPYRGHT
"A City in the Taiga," by M. Mirskiy, Special Correspondent of
Meditsinskiy Rabotnik in Agarsk, Irkutskaya Oblast, Meditsinskiy
Rabotnik, 9 Sept, p 2
"booking over the sun-soaked and widely dispersed city of Angarsk,
driving along its wide asphalt avenues,, ?_ooking admiringly at blocks of
four- and five-story houses, makes it difficult to believe that only 10
years ago a Siberian taiga sprouted all over this a~.?ea. At one time a
hunter would stray here occasionally in search of wild animals, and rarely
did any fisherman pursue the cilu~?se of the Siberian river Kitoy.
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"Remnants of taiga can be found here even now. Powerful cedars, thick-~
set pines, tall spruce trees, and well-shaped birches can be seen growing
on every inhabitable block and in the yard of every house. These Siberian
giants on the streets and in the yards give the city a unique appearance.
"Furthermore, these islands of tayga in the city of Angarsk are not
there for decorative purposes. They reduce noise i;o a considerable extent
and they purify the air, filling it with a spicy woodland aroma.
"The city of Angarsk was planned we1.l. Large: industrial esta~alish-
ments are situated far from the main residential area.~;'Th.e residential
area and the industrial section are separated by a wide stretch of pri-
meval taiga. That explains why the air here in Angarsk is always, fresh,
pure, and clear. The snow-covered peaks of the Sayany mountain range
can be seen in the distance on a clear day.
"Employees of the sanitary-epidemd.ological station are always on the '
alert to protect the population against, air pollution and against unbanitary
conditions. The people of Angarsk are great ad~crocates of cleanliness.
Hundreds of activists and public spirited citizens help 'the medical workers
maintain proper sanitary conditions. They are the ones who conduct in-
spections and give instruction in sanitation to workers in industrial
establishments and on construction projects.
"Considerable construction is going on in Angarsk and the work is
progressing well. Homes that are being con.st;ructed here have all necessary
conveniences, i. e., water supply a sewer system, and central heating.
A heating plant in operation in Angarsk guarantees a sufficient supply of
heat for every apartment in the city e?tren during the severer Siberian
winter.
"Much attention is given in Angarsk to therapeutic establishments and
institutions for children. A special center was built houF.;~.g among other
things a 500-bed central hospital: The separate buildings housing the
hospital facilities are we11 arranged and the equipment in them is ex-
cellent. The hospital has separate buildings for the therapeutic and
surgical wards, a ward for children, a maternity home, and an'outpatient
clinic, Physicians assigned to the hospital are devoted and compe~Gent.
The total number of physicians, feldshers, midwives, and purses employed
in the therapeutic establishments and children's institutions of the
city is almost 1,500.
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"The chief of the city health department, M. A. Usova, released the
names of the following best medical workers of Angarsk: traumatologist
A. A. Antochenko; oculist G. A. Panchernikova; and head of the surgical
ward, surgeon G. A. Matveyeva. Matveyeva performed hundreds of operations
during her 6 years with the hospital. Many people are indebted to her
for their good health and expressed their confidence by electing her a
d~:puty of the city council.
"Senior nurse :of the hospital for communicable diseases Ye. N.
Zakharova, head of Nursery No 2 N. M. Shch?uko, and a number of others
were also elected deputies of the city council. They all are active
in the work of the permanent committee on health of th.e city council
of irorkers' deputes.
"The life led by medical workers is the same as that led by con-
struction wor~yers and other workers of this fine Siberian city."
Accompanying this article is a photograph of "the children's build-
ing of the hospital center in the city of Angarsk."
7~+. Effects of Heat on 4~crkers Inves?ri~ated
CPYRGHT
"On the Basis oi' Recommendations of Scientists-Hygienists," by
the Tashkent correspondent of Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, Meditsin-
.~____
skiy Rabotnik, 26 Aug 58, p ~+
"For years employees of the Tashkent scientific research institute
of sanitation have been studying. the effects of high altitude on the hu-
man organism. It is known that exposure to heat' especially in shops
where the temperature is high, results in loss by humans of a consider-.
able amount of moisture. Scientists have been attempting to solve the
problem of normalizing the water-salt metabolism and thereby conserving
the necessary; amount of liquid in the organism, thus preventing desicca-
tion.
"Research has been carried on at the Uzbek metallurgical plant imeni
V. I. Lenin. Observations have been made for the past 3 years of a new
drinking substance, a cherry extract. Ode group of workers in the rolling
mill and open-hearth plant ttsed the cherry extract; another group used
a 0.5~ gaseous solution of salt. After 3-~+ days, the first group turned
to drinn.ng the salt solution and the second group, the cherry extract.
This made ~.. possible to compare the effectiveness of various drinking
substan:.es. It was found that the cherry drink was more palatable, quenched
thirst muc;i better, and contributed to improvement in appetite and effici-
ency. Those who drank the cherry extract perspired less.
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"Cherry dr:tnkc is used notr in all shops where the t~:mperature is high.
"Ol;her research projects Are carried on at the institute. Scientific
worker Z. D. Amanov is trying '.,o find a way to improve the working con-~
ditions in grain establishments. I~Ie proposed a number of measures which
wound prevent recurrence of occupational diseases. Installation of arti-
ficial ventilation and. improvement in the worlsiz~r conditions of people
who look ~L-hrough eyepieces of opt~.cal instruments were based on recommenda-
tions proposed by him."
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I1zI d:i c.l.o~y
7j ? Sa:?ems Mct~,r~LU:?eu ~'or Wusl~i~z W:i?l?.lI Ior>j.zirig Radiation
"Meu,sw~es :fox Iln.p~?oviz~ the Pro?t;GCtion of Medic~11 Personnel
Woilc:ing Wit}:a Sources o:~ IoI~1. ring Radia,i?ion and Radioactive
Stibs?L-n,rleer~," from the Minic?try ~~f lIenltil USSR; Kiev,
Vrachebno~e Uez?.o, l~lo G, Aug j~, p ~3~T
Dur:tnr; ?the past; :Cetr y~~axs, the the oL ~ti~,p,~xt~,tus~s and instruments
whic}z contain a Source oY, ion:izin~; radiation or :radioaei.;ive isotopes has
increa3ed ~~?ea.tly. This i z espc~cia:~1+~? true in clit~.cs and ins?t:itutions
- ?w?orlcin~; on n~al.ignten?t tumors, diseasE;s at the blood, the endocrine system,
etc. Bt?CauSt? o:f ar.~atis:^a,c?tor;j wog?leing r.~onditiona ~'or tho personnel who
worlc 'with t114se specioi ^pi~.ratuses, inst;?UT11f?Il'I;s, and radioactive substances
. thema~:lves, tu~~ zaidez? i:~?~?Croduction ox ~theF methods into the pub?,ic se'?~-
vi::e i3 -rJEiIlg J.e:.l.s!yea.
A. cher~lc hus :?eves:l.ed a series oil saaa.t~z?y regulation violations. The
Kiev Roent?gon-?I;ad:iowgica:;. a.nd C~uco? ogioa:'. Insti tu?te is -repo^ted as one
of the or gal~i.za?t;:iorlr C:LtE:CI i~"or in:~?e,ation oi' saui?L-a:,:~y re~ulstions. At
the in~sti-tui;e, rr~d.ios,c~tive subs?I;axlr_es ?~ael e stored in a v~aillt ~?rh:i ~h had nc
provi~;ion iar iJr ot?.ec?t:iosl :~'rozn l;:Inml~ti rr~,diation.
Minister of He~~.th U~SSl; M, ll. Ko~~~igiz~. ha.s directed the ministers
of the union w epub3.i ~:s, tlzE' prt'si~'?.a,~t of thti Aca.denzyr off' Medical Sciences,
arld the d.i e~~to:cs :,:`? thE; vexio~s sc:iF;~:.ti:i'-[.e resc~~zv~^c:h institutes to organize
e,nd cf~??.~:y out, tc~~;~:thf;~ Trith .LF3b(JI` u:.ti.c,~ ,~:?Mg~~,~,;izs,t~.ons during the third
quarter of lyo5#3, s, ?tt-iorough irnr~'s-cigr:,i~:.on a_' the pr. ovisions for protecting
personr_~:]. wog?'Lsirg w;.'ti1. ?^adioac?L?ivN aub ?~a;ac~es ea.d appax"atuses . The results
of ?L?hesr i.rvestik~~~?ti^.:~a shou~.d. be :