SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000100200001-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 118
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 4, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: December 5, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

DECEMBER
I INJi'_'1 A *-% *-% 1 1 1 1- n-
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PB 131891-T 11
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
U
SCIENTIFIC
INFORMATION REPORT
5 December 1958
Distributed Only By
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
OFFICE OF TECHNICAL SERVICES
WASHINGTON 25, D.C.
Issued Semi-monthly. Price: Per year $28.00; Single issue $2.75.
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Use of funds for printing this publication approved
by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget July 31, 1958.
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PLEASE NOTE
This report presents unevaluated information extracted
from recently received publications of the USSR, Eastern
Europe, and China. The information selected is intended to
indicate current scientific developments and activities in
the USSR, in the Sono-Soviet Orbit countries, and in Yugo-
slavia, and is disseminated as an aid to United States
Government research.
SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT
Table of Contents
I. Biology
II. Chemistry
III. Electronics
IV. Engineering
V. Mathematics
VI. Medicine
VII. Metallurgy
VIII. Physics
IX. Miscellaneous
NOTE: Items in this report are numbered consecutively.
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1. Cereal Rusts in the USSR
"Sporophyte Flora of the USSR. Vol 4, Fungi. I. Rust Fungi.
No I. Family Melampsoraceae," by V. F. Kuprevich and V. G.
Tranahel', Moscow-Leningrad, AN SSSR 1957, 1+20 p, ill., 29
r. 65 k. (from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Bioloaiya, No 9,
10 May 58, Abstract No 38720, by L. N. Kats)
"'T'his detailed monographic description of rust fungi includes a
gtaxeral part (the description concerns rusts in general) and a systematic
part (family Melampsoraceae). The history of the study of rusts in the
USSR (in floristic, phytopathological, and cytological respects) and
their interrelationship with the plants on which they feed, the type of
sporogenesis and developmental cycle (a diagram of types of development
is presented), and classification andi nomenclature are examined in de-
tail. These data are a key for determining the families, tribes, and
phyla (19 phyla of the Melampsoraceae family in all). The phylogenetic
relationships of rust fungi, their hosts, and their geographic distri-
bution are discussed. Comparative tables of the number of species and
phyla of rusts and the number of species according to families of host
plants in the USSR, the US, and Canada are presented. Special attention
is devoted to parasitism on crop plants. Methodology of work with
artificial infection and collection in nature is given. A general bib-
liography (with brief annotations) of works of Russian authors and some
foreign authors which deal with species in the USSR and adjacent countries
is included. Lists of accepted abbrevLations of authors' names and names
of regions of flora of the USSR referred to in the monograph are given.
The systematic section contains detailed monographic descriptions of
180 species of Melampsoraceae fungi and diagrams of sporogenesis in many
species. There are 160 illustrations. The book is a basic handbook for
identifying rusts and for developing measures for controlling them. The
herbariums maintained in the Botanical Institute, Academy of Science:,
USSR, and in the All-Union Institute of Plant Protection in Leningrad
were used in writing the monograph."
CPYRGHT
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2. Rust Fungi in Kazakhstan
"Sporophyte Flora in Kazakhstan. Vol I. Rust Fungi," by
G. S. Nevodovskiy, Alma-Ata, AN KazSSR, 432 p, ill., 24 r,
15 k. (from Referativnyy Zhu_rnal -- Bioloalya,, No 9, 10 May
58, Abstract No 38721) by L. N. Kats)
"A detailed monographic description of the rust fungi of Kazakhstan.
Detailed descriptions of 351 'rzhavchinniki' (rusts] (257 of them origi.
nal species) are presented. An explanation of the name 'rzhavchinniki,'
basic literature, diagnostic signs, general characteristics of the order,
and a description of the different types of development are given in
the introduction; the interrelationsbip between fungi and the plants on
which they feed and the extent of their harmfulness, and also control
measures, general and for separate basic crops, are examined. This is
a key for determining the families and phyla-of rust fungi. A description
of the different species is given ttccording to the family of the plant on
which the fungus feeds. The book is intended for a wide circle of
scientific workers, student biologists, and agricultural workers not only
in Kazakhstan but also in adjoining oblasts. No bibliography is given."
3.
Radioactive Isotope Effect on Chlorophyll Content of Plants
"The. Effect of Radioactive Isotopes of S35 and P32 on
Chlorophyll Content of Pi_..ts," By N. I. Bidzilya;
Kiev, Dopovidi Ukrains'koy Akademii Sill s'ko ospodars'-
kikh Naukz Vol 3, May/sun 555, pp 7-10 Ukrainian, sum-
mary in Russian)
CPYRGHT
"It was shown thattreati.ng oat seeds with small doses of p32
(100 microcuries per kg of seeds before sowing increases the chloro-
phyll content of the seedlings. The presowing treatment of sugar-
beet seeds with s35 did not significantly increase the total chloro-
phyll content of plant 1%aves."
CPYRGHT
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4. Diploids Proved More sensitive Than.Auto-Tetraploids to Gamma-
Radiation
"The Sensitivity of Diploid and Auto-Tetraploid Plants to
Gamma-Radiation," by V. V. Mansurova, V. V. Sakharov, and
V. V. Khvostova; Moscow, Botanicheskiy Zhurnal, Vol 43, No
7-12, Jul 58, pp 987-997
The aim of this research was to make a comparative study of the
sensitivity of diploid and autotetraploid plants toward various types
of ionizing radiations. The source of radiation was the radioactive
isotope cobalt-60, and the dose was 580-600 r/min gamma rays. The
following English abstract accompanies the article.
"The effects of gamma radiation on diploid and auto-tetraploid
forms of Polygonum and Panicum have been studied [diploids have 16
chromosomes]. The source of radiation was Co60, and the dosages used
were 10, 15, 20, and 30 kr. It has been established that gamma rays
reduce the percent germination of seeds and retard the growth of
plants. Diploids have proved to be more sensitive to the action of
gamma rays. The appearance of mosaic leaves caused by the necrosis of
cells has been observed in diploid plants. From the data obtained it
is obvious that the nucleus injuries are of decisive importance in the
deleterious effect of gamma radiation and that the duplication of chro-
mosome sets in auto-polyploids increases the resistance of plants to
the action of gamma radiation."
CPYRGHT
5. Cobalt Distribution in Growing Plants
"Cobalt Distribution in Plants," by A. F. Agafonova,
Mikroelem nt v. S. Kh. i Meditsine (Trace Elements
in Agriculture and Medicine), Riga, Academy of Sci-
ences Latvian SSR, 1956, 213-219; (from Referativnyy
Zhurnal -- Bipl.ogiya, No 8, 25 Apr 58, submitted for
publication on 22 Aug 58, p 124, Abstract No 31,274, by
A. P. Shcherbakof)
"Using various methods of chemical analysis, radioautography, and
measurement of gamma-radiation activity, studies were conducted on the
distribution of cobalt in various organs and tissues of turnips, mustard,
beans, and table beets seedlings 6-30 days after being grown on lime-
enriched and untreated soils enriched with small quantities of radio-
active and nonradioactive cobalt. In turnips and mustard, cobalt was
concentrated essentially in the upper leaves and more in their periphery
than in the central parts. Significant amounts of cobalt were detected
in the root systems. The addition of lime greatly decreased the cobalt
CPYRGHT
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content in the plants. The cobalt content in the parenchyma of beans
was less than in their conducting system. During the initial phase of
plant growth, cobalt inflow into the upper leaves was greater than into
the lower leaves or into other organs. During later phases of growth,
cobalt accumulated in the leaves of lower layers. The latter phenomenon
is explained by the sluggish movement of cobalt in plants. This work
was done at VIUAA [All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Fertilizers,
Agricultural Engineering, and Soil Science imeni K. K. Gedroyets].11
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Chemistry and Technology of Nuclear Fuels and
Reactor Construction Materials
6. Intermetallic Compounds and Alloys of Plutonium
"Interactions of Plutonium With Other Metals as Related to
Their Position in the Periodic System," by A. A. Bochvar,
S. T. Konobeyevskiy, V. I. Kutayttev, T. S. Men'shikova,
and N. T. Chebotarev; Moscow, Atomnaya Ener i , Vol 5,
No 3, Sep 58, pp 303-309
The interactions of plutonium with metals of the I, II, III, IV
groups, metals of transition groups, and actinides (thorium and uran-
ium) are discussed on the basis of data obtained by the authors of the
article and their collaborators. The behavior of plutonium toward
metals of the I group is illustrated by the constitutional diagram of
the system plutonium-copper, that toward metals of the II group by the
diagram of the system plutonium-beryllium, that toward metals of the
III group by the diagram of the system plutonium-aluminum, that toward
metals of the IV group by the diagrams of the systems plutonium-lead
and plutonium-bismuth, and that toward metals of transitional groups by
the constitutional diagrams of the systems plutonium-zirconium,
plutonium-chromium, plutonium-iron, plutonium-molybdenum, and plutonium-
osmium. In the section on alloys of plutonium with actinides, the dia-
grams of the systems plutonium-thorium and plutonium-uranium are dis-
cussed in detail. General relationships pertaining to interactions into
which plutonium enters are derived.
7. The Preparation of Plutonium Tribromide
The Preparation of Plutonium Tribromide and Some Properties
of This Compound," by V. V. Fomin, V. Ye. Reznikova, and L. L.
Zaytsuva; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 3, No
10, Oct 58, pp 2231-2235
It was found that notwithstanding the thermodynamic advantages of
the reaction Pu 02 + CO + Br2 as compared with the reaction Pu 02 + HBr,
this reaction is not of great advantage from the practical standpoint,
because it takes place only at high temperatures. A convenient labo-
ratory method for the preparation of Pu Br3 is by reacting the oxalate
of tetravalent plutonium with hydrogen bromide at 5000;
-5-
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The spectrum of anhydrous plutonium tribromide differs from that
of the trichloride, indicating that there is a difference in the nature
of the bond.
The density of the plutonium tetrabromide depends on the composition
of the compound that has been treated with HBr. This density exhibits a
minimum of 5.0 grams per cubic centimeter in the case of the bromination
of Put (C204)3. 9 H2O and a maximum of 5.8 grams per cubic centimeter In
the case of the bromination of PuO2. The density of the bromide prepared
from Pu (C2002 ? 6H2O has an intermediate value.
It has been established that in a stream of bromine vapor, the tri-
bromide evaporates considerably more easily than in the absence of
bromine. This is due to the formation of Pu Bra, which is stable only
in the vapor state.
The hydroscopicity of plutonium tribromide has been investigated
and also the possibility of,isolating plutonium tribromide from its
solutions in hydrobromic acid. It was established that two hydrates of
this salt exist. The absorption spectra of these hydrates were deter-
mined.
It was established that both plutonium tribromide and its hydrates
decompose under the action of the alpha radiation emitted by plutonium.
The yield. of this reaction has been estimated.
8. A. A. Grinberg's Work on Complex Compounds, Nuclear Fuels, and
Reactor construction materials
"Election of Academicians and Corresponding Members of the
Academy of Sciences USSR" (unsigned article); Moscow,
Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Otdeleniye Khimicheskikh Nauk
No 9, Sep 58, pp 1135-1150
A. A. Grinberg is one of the most prominent USSR inorganic chemists.
He is known for his work in the field of the chemistry of complex
compounds. The major part of research done by Grinberg dealt with
physicochemical aspects of the coordination theory, the stereochemistry
of platinum metals, redox transformations and acid-base equilibriums
in solutions of complex compounds, and processes applied in chemical
technology. Grinberg proposed a new method for the determination of the
structure of geometric isomers (the so-called Grinberg method), sub-
stantiated the coordination formulas of complex compounds of divalent
platinum, and was instrumental in the development of ti. stereochemistry
of palladium. He also developed a number of new volumetric methods for
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the determination of platinum and iridium and on the basis of ex-
tensive research arrived at interesting conclusion pertaining to the
mechanism of phenomena responsible for the oxidation potentials of
complex compounds of platinum metals.
Grinberg extended the application of Kossel's theory pf acids and
bases to complex ammonates and checked experimentally N. Bjerrhum's
theory of amino acids. Investigations of the magnetic susceptibility
of platinum and palladium enabled Grinberg to clarify the nature of the
bonds in complex compounds of these metals. A number of experimental
and theoretical investigations by Grinberg dealt with relationships
pertaining to the trans-effect discovered by I. I. Chernyayev.
Grinberg was the first to propose an explanation of this phenomenon
based on polarization.
Experimental data obtained during recent years enabled Grinberg to
discover the cis-effect. In addition to the complex compounds of platinum,
Grinberg investigated extensively compounds of uranium, thorium, zircon-
ium, and other rare elements of importance in connection with the chemis-
try of nuclear fuels. One must particularly point out the systematic
investigations carried out by him on complex compounds of uranium.
Grinberg was a pioneer in the application of tracer atoms to the
investigation of equilibriums and of the mobility of atoms in complex
compounds. He applied quite recently the method of isotope exchange in
combination with other methods for the solution of problems pertaining
to the mechanism of reactions which complex compounds undergo in solutions.
In addition to major theoretical investigations, Grinberg did work which
resulted in the solution of a number of important problems in the field
of chemical technology. Grinberg published about 130 scientific works,
including the monograph Vvedeniye v Khimiyu Kom leks kh Soyedineniy
(Introduction into the Chemistry of Complex Compounds , for which he
was awarded a Stalin Prize in 1946. At a general meeting of the Academy
of Sciences USSR held on 20 June 1958, A. A. Grinberg was elected
Academician in the Department of Chemical Sciences within the specialized
branch of inorganic chemistry. %
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9. Extraction of Rare Metals by the Amalgam Method
"At Enterprises and Institutes: (unsigned article): Moscow,
Pro shlenno-Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, Vol 3, No 81 (381),
9Jul 5, p 1
Rare metals of high purity (containing impurities in quantities of
the order of thousandths of 1%), which have acquired a great importance
in present-day technology, can be extracted by the so-called amalgam
method that has been developed by scientists at the Kazakh University
and the Institute of Chemicai sciences, Academy of Sciences Kazakh SSR.
Several kilograms of thallium and the first batch of cadmium of high
purity have already been produced under industrial conditions. Work
is being continued on the application of the new method to the production
of indium. In the opinion of Prof M. Kozlovskiy, who is directing this
work, the new method will find extensive application in the technology
of the extraction of rare metals from the complex multimetal ores that
occur in large quantities in Kazakhstan.
10. Treatment of Water for the Generation of Steam at Nuclear Power
t .._~
Plants
"Problems Connected With the Use of Water at Electric Power
Plants (Conferences at the Power Engineering Institute),"
by T; V. Chernova; Moscow, Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR "Vol
28, No 9, Sep 58, pp 117-119
A scientific-technical conference on problems pertaining to the
water regime, treatment of water, and measures to be taken for assur-
ing the purity of steam at nuclear electric power stations was conducted
26-28 May 1958 by the Commission on High-Parameter Steam at the Power
Engineering Institute imeni G. M. Krzhizhanovskiy. The purpose of the
conference was to collate results obtained in work done by Soviet
scientists on the water problem at nuclear electric power stations and
to draw up plans for further scientific research on different aspects
of this problem. Representatives of academic and specialized branch
institutes, higher educational institutions, and other interested organ-
izations took part in the conference. The reports presented and their
discussion indicated that the complex of problems pertaining to the
thermochemical transformations of water in the flow sheet of electric
power plants operating on organic fuel has been investigated to a suf-
ficient extent by Soviet specialists ?.n power engineering. However, the
research that has been done on the designing of reactors and steam
generators was concentrated primarily on ;physical processes and heat
exchange. As far as technology of water treatment and development of
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methods for the generation of pure steam at nuclear electric power
stations are concerned, not enough work on these subjects has been
done hitherto. Problems in this field are of decisive importance from
the standpoint of the reliability of the operation of many types of
nuclear electric power stations, their assembly, and the indices which
determine the economic aspects of the operation.
A number of problems was brought up the solution of which is
essential for the development of nuclear power engineering. Further-
more, the work to be done was outlined in connection with this. This
work will include research on thermophysical and physicochemical proc-
esses ocurring at nuclear electric power plants.
Particular attention must be paid to research assuring the reliable
operation of nuclear electric power plants and the design of single-
stage flow sheets. This applies to the investigation of the mechanism
of entrainment of water with the steam and methods of separating this
water from the steam; processes involving the bubbling of steam through
water and suspensions following surface evaporation; solubility in the
steam of substances the occurrence of which is characteristic for
conditions encountered during the operation of nuclear electric power
stations and the multistep washing of steam; processes of the formation
of deposits, the transfer of radioactive substances, and corrosion in
the stages or circuits; and characteristics pertaining to the use of
water and methods of removing radioactive substances from it in the
closed circuit where it is used.
One must also study methods for the treatment of feed water used
for replenishing and compiling instructions on the removal of inorganic
and organic hydrosols and colloids from desalinated water, do work on
the synthesis and investigation of ion-exchange resins used for ordinary
treatment and in electrodialysis processes, and expedite the introduction
of these resins into industrial application.
One must further assure the carrying out of investigations relative
to the design of condensers operating without vacuum and the development
of new designs for equipment of this type and also conduct invest!,gations
and compile instructions on the tightening of the e},b&,ft, the turbine,
the coupling rods for the control of the valves of to '?u%'bii,e, and the
shafts of the pumps. Experience acquired in the chemical industry
be taken into this work.
Among problems of primary importance, one must also n:'n"on those
relative to the nature of the iron and copper compounds present in the
water and steam, improvement of the efficiency of methods for the removal
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of dissolved gases from the vicinity of nuclear power stations, condi-
tions pertaining to the formation of radioactive deposits in the sec-
tion of the turbine between inlet and outlet ?ralve through which steam
passes and methods for washing out these deposits, removal of moisture
from the stages of the turbine and separation of moisture in these
stages as well as in intermediate separators for the elimination of
water, and conditions pertaining to radioalysis and removal of products
formed as a result of it from the closed stages or circuits.
A significant part of the research proposed will deal with the
following problems: development of efficient procedures for evaporation
in stages within the steam-generating assembly and evaporation in stages
in steam generators, development of instructions on anticorrosion
measures to be applied before the start of operations, measures for the
elimination of oxygen from the water by chemical methods, and deter-
mination of the rate of corrosion of materials in the liquid and vapor
phases under conditions encountered when these materials are exposed to
radiation.
It will be necessary to carry out a number of investigations on the
application of synthetic materials and parts made of these materials at
nuclear power generating plants with the purpose of replacing the con-
struction materials customarily used at present.
As a result of all of these investigations, experimental data will
be accumulated and collated, the physical and chemical aspects of the
processes will be studied, and methods will be developed for the calcu-
lation and design of the principal and auxiliary equipment of nuclear
electric power plants.
To assure successful execution of the work that has been recommended,
the conference proposed that particular attention be paid to the ex-
pansion of radiometric laboratories and improvement of coordination in
work of this type.
In the resolution passed by the conference, it was,pointed out that
the methods used in a number of investigations are not well-devised,
that some of the control and indicating instruments are not sufficiently
precise, and that the available methods for the determination of small
quantities of impurities are not sufficiently sensitive.
In connection with this, it has been decided to hold a special
session on problems involved in methods of measurement and pertaining to
the control and indicating instruments used in theriotechnical and physi-
cochemical investigations of processes of water treatment, the con-
tamination of steam, and corrosion as related to conditions encountered
in nuclear power engineering.
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In view of the fact that a number of accepted calculation stand-
ards regulating the corAtent of suspended and dissolved elements in
steam does not correspond to the requirements put by rapidly develop-
ing applications in the field of nuclear Dower engineering (e.g.,
standards relative to the content of chlorides in water used to blow
out steam generators and the content of sodium in the steam), the
conference recommended that tentative calculation standards be com-
piled for evaluating the quality of the water and steam in such a
manner that the results will be applicable from the standpoint of the
more stringen% requirements for the purity of steam imposed by the
operation of nuclear electric power stations.
A conference on problems of water treatment at thermal electric
power plants which employ steam of high, intermediate, superhigh, and
supercritical pressures was held 24-27 June 1958. This conference had
been organized by the Commission on High-Parameter Steam jointly with
the Ministry of Electric Power Stations USSR and the Moscow Department
of the Scientific-Technical Society of the Power Industry. The papers
presented at this meeting dealt principally with the desalination of
water by chemical methods. Particular attention was paid in the papers
presented to the magnesia method of removing silicic acid. It was
brought out that chemir l desalination by means of USSR ion-exchange
resins solved the problem of feeding high-pressure (up to 180 atmos-
pheres) drum boilers and opened up wide prospects for the application
of highly desalinated natural water and condensed water for the feed-
ing of powerful uniflow boilers operating at supercritical pressures.
The results of industrial testing of chemical desalination installations
and the prospects of their application at thermal electric power sta-
tions operating at superhigh and supercritical steam pressures were
discussed in a report given by F. G. Prokhorov.
On the basis of results which are now available, planning and de-
sign organizations have begun large-scale work on the designing of
4.on-exchange desalting installations for thermal electric power plants.
11
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Industrial Chemistry
11. Current Tasks and USSR Chemical Science
"Urgent Tasks of Chemical Science" (unsigned article);
Moscow, Pro shlenno-Ekonomicheska a Gazeta, Vol 3, No
115 (415, 26 Sep 58, p 1
The current emphasis on the expansion of the production of plastics
imposes new tasks on chemical research and involves a considerable
amount of developmental work in the sense that new and more perfect
technological processes must be created.
The principal initial raw materials for the most important branches
of the chemical industry are natural gas and by-product gases [of pe-
troleum production] as well as gases of petroleum conversion plants. The
treatment of raw material of this type will form the basis for an ex-
pansion of-the production of polymers including plastics, synthetic fibers,
and elastomers. The scientific research institutes will have to develop
economically advantageous methods for the production of acetylene by
oxidative pyrolysis, electric cracking, and high-temperature pyrolysis of
hydrocarbon gases. Extensive work has been planned on problems pertain-
ing to the production of polyethylene at low, medium, and high pressures
using different catalysts. Much remains to be done in connection with
the development of industrial methods for the production of polypropylene,
copolymers of ethylene with propylene, and the conversion of polyethylene,
polypropylene, and ethylene-propylene copolymers into articles and films
which have advantageous characteristics from the standpoint of applications
as electrical insulators and dielectrics.
It will be necessary to develop technological procedures for the
production of many new materials including rapidly setting phenol-
formaldehyde - resins, ion-exchange resins, and polyvinyl chloride com-
positions. Materials of this type will be applied in the medical and
foodstuffs industry. Polymers are needed for pressure molding, the pro-
duction of insulation for cables, and the manufacture of special heat-
resistant adhesives based on organosilicon derivatives and other organo-
elemental compounds.
In the field of synthetic fibers, it is of importance to develop
methods for the production of very strong viscose cords for tires, of
lavsan [dacron] fibers and of nitron [orlon], polyethylene, and other
fibers. In connection with the production of polyamide fibers, one must
develop methods for the production of adipic acid starting with benzene,
butadiene, or furfural, and of hexamethylenediamine, caprolactam derived
from benzene and aniline, and aminoenanthic acid synthesized from ethylene
and carbon tetrachloride.
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The principal task of scientific research and experimental work on
lacquers, varnishes, and paints will be replacement of raw material that
can be used as foodstuffs and the development of coatings stable at high
temperatures.
The principal technical problem in the field of synthetic rubber is
replacement of ethyl alcohol derived from foodstuffs, organization of
extensive industrial production of butadiene from butane, production of
isoprene rubber that is close in its characteristics to natural rubber,
and extension of the range of elastomers for general and specific appli-
cations. The scientific research institutes will have to do research on
polymers with the view of formulating a general theory of structure and
developing principles and methods for the production of plastics, elasto-
mers, and other polymers with predetermined structure and properties.
Extensive work will Lave to be done on the development of the produc-
tion of new polymers, new technological procedures, and new equipment
for the production of these polymers. During the following 2-3 years,
the specialized branch institutes ought to develop technological methods
and give to the planning organizations engaged in designing data based
on the latest achievements of USSR and foreign science and technology,
so that a great number of plants, plant departments, and types of pro-
duction can be planned and designed.
12. A Discussion of Current and Proposed USSR Research on High-Molecular
Compounds
"Progress of Research on High-Molecular Compounds (at the
Presidium of the Council on the Coordination of Scientific
Activities of Academies of Sciences of Union Republics and
Affiliates of the Academy of Sciences USSR)" by N. N. Golov-
kin and 0. S. Ignat'yev; Moscow, Vestnik Akademii Nauk
SSSR, Vol 28) No 9, Sep 58, pp 101-105
A regular meeting of the Presidium of the Council on the Coordination
of Scientific Activities of Academies of Sciences of Union Republics and
Affiliates of the Academy of Sciences USSR, which was held on 21 June
1958, dealt with problems pertaining to research in connection with the
production and application of high-molecular compounds.
The significance of this research in the light of decisions made by
the May 1958 Plenary Session of the Central Committee of the CPSU was
pointed out by A. V. Topchiyev, vice-president of the Academy of Sciences
USSR. He informed participants in the meeting of tb% state of research
in the field of high-molecular compounds at present, stating that at the
Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR research is being done on the synthesis
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of new linear polymers, ion-exchange resins, and homogeneous membranes
consisting of ion-exchange resins. Furthermore, processes of the
separation of hydrocarbon gases of the petroleum and gas industries and
ways of producing from natural gas chlorinated products forming crude
materialo for the production of synthetic fibers and plastics are being
studied there. Research done at the Academy of Sciences Azerbaydzhan
SSR is concerned primarily with the solution of theoretical and practical
problems pertaining to an expansion of the supply of raw materials con-
sisting of olefinic and aromatic compounds and the development of proc-
esses for the synthesis of monomers and high-molecular compounds.
The Academy of Sciences Armenian SSR is engaged in work on organic
synthesis, specifically the synthesis of acetylene derivatives. The
Academy of Sciences Uzbek SSR is doing work on the biosynthesis of
cotton cellulose and modifications of cotton cellulose with the aim of
producing new polymers. At the Ural Affiliate of the Academy of Sciences
USSR relationships are being studied which govern the copolymerization
of polyfunctional compounds with vinyl monomers.
Topchiyev pointed out that the research being conducted at present
is insufficient in scope. He stated that the Academy of Sciences USSR
has been charged with drawing up, together with the academies of sciences
of union, republics, the Ministry of Higher Education USSR, and the State
Conunittee on Chemistry, a tentative (perspektivnyy) plan for research
on high-molecular compounds to be done in 1959-1965. A special commis-
sioa for this purpose has been appointed.
Forty-two principal directions of scientific research have been
defined on which efforts should be concentrated.
Successful development of the polymer industry will depend to a
considerable extent on the availability of initial materials, i. e.,
monomers. To assure the necessary supply of monomers, it is necessary
to expand theoretical research and to develop new technological processes.
Petrochemistry will'play a leading role in this development. The
principal institutions that are called on to do work in this field will
be the institutes of the Academy of Sciences USSR and the academies of
sciences of the Azerbaydzhan, Ukrainian, Kazakh, Turkmen, Uzbek, Belo-
russian, Armenian, and Kirgiz Soviet Socialist Republics and also the
Kazan' and Bashkir affiliates of the Academy of Sciences USSR. The
principal lines of research to be pursued will comprise problems pertain-
ing to the synthesis of oxygen-containing monomers and monomers contain-
ing organoelemental bonds, including organosilicon monomers. A large
part of this research will have to be done by the Kazan' Affiliate. At
this affiliate research will be done on the synthesis of organophosphorus
compounds containing tin, silicon, and other elements and double bonds,
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epoxy rings, and other groupings capable of further transformations. A
number of scientific institutions within the Academy of Sciences USSR and
the academies of sciences of the Azerbaydzhan, Latvian, Kirgiz, and
Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republics and the Ural Affiliate of the
Academy of Sciences USSR will participate in work on the synthesis of
organoelemental monomers and polymers. A number of major lines of re-
search to be conducted will be concerned with the synthesis, applica-
tion, and conversion of polymers. This research, to give a few examples,
comprises the synthesis of new polymers exhibiting a h',:rh heat resist-
arice, superior mechanical strength, and other desirable characteristics
and the development of methods for the synthesis of new graft and block
polymers with the aim of developing novel materials with predetermined
characteristics. In conducting work on these important aspects of the
chemistry of polymers, practically all chemical institutes of the Academy
of Sciences USSR and a number of institutes of the academies of sciences
of the Ukrainian, Azerbaydzhan, Belorussian, Kirgiz, Armenian, Kazakh,
Georgian, and Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republics, as well as the Kazan',
Ural, and Moldavian affiliates, will participate.
Topchiyev emphasized that no sufficient provisions have been made
for work along some lines; for instance, only the Azerbaydzhan, Ukrainian,
and Belorussian academies and the Kazan' Affiliate of the Academy of
Sciences USSR propose to work on problems pertaining to the structure
and properties of polymers. The provisions made for the investigation
of reaction mechanisms are also inadequate.
Academician V. A. Kargin, chairman of the Scientific Council on
the Problem of High-Molecular Compounds, outlined the functions of this
council as a coordinating center and organization responsible for the
dissemination of information, the calling of conferences, and consul-
tations. Six sections have been organized within the council, viz.,
those of catalytic polymerization, monomers, synthetic fibers polymerized
plastics, aviation materials, and the conversion of plastics [into
finished products].
At present the council is preparing recommendations on research
dealing with important app,: ..cations of polymers such as the coating of
metals to protect them from corrosion. The council has also considered
problems pertaining to research on the synthesis of special fibers which
have unusual mechanical characteristics and can be used within a wide
range of temperatures. Research to be done on reinforced plastics was
also considered.
Representatives of the academies of sciences of union republics
and of affiliates of the Academy of Sciences USSR participated in a
discussion in regard to measures that should be taken for the most ex-
pedient solution of problems set to science by the May 1958 Plenary
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Session of the Cer.tra'. Committee oi' the CPSU. Academician A. Ye. i.rbuzov;
chairman of the Kezanc A.ffilis.t~~, of the Academy of Sciences USSR, touched
on the questionA of the distribution of scientific personnel in connection
with the expansion of work in the field of high-molecular compounds. He
warned against attempts to ensure progress of this work by weakening re-
search in other important scientific fields in which progress has already
been made. A similar opinion was expressed by A. L. Mndzhoyan, vice..
president of the Academy of Sciences Armenian SSR, who stated that in
making the effort to expand research on polymers one must not forget other
important fields of research in organic chemistry, specifically work on
physiologically active compounds. A. T. Kyll', director of the Institute
of Chemistry, Academy of Sciences Estonian SSR, discussed problems con-
nected with the utilization of Estonian oil shale as a source of chemical
crude materials. G. M. Shchegolev, director of the Institute of Thermal
Power Engineering of the Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR, expressed
the opinion that more attention should be paid in the tentative plan to
the utilization of coke-chemical crude materials and solid fuel for the
production of polymers. According to Shchegolev, work is being done at
the Academy of Sciences Ukrainian :SR with the purpose of producing from
the nor_coking coals of the Donets Basin crude materials for artificial
fibers and plastics. M. F. Nagiyev, vice-president of the Academy of
Sciences Azerbaydzhan SSR; V. 1. Nikitin, director of the Institute of
Chemistry, Academy of Sciences Tadzhik SSR; R. D. Obolentsev, chairman
of the Bashkir Affiliate of the Academy of Sciences USSR; N. F. Yer-
molenko, Active Member of the Academy of Sciences Belorussian SSR; Yu.
Yu. Matulis, president of the Academy of Sciences Lithuanian SSR; S. A.
Giller, Corresponding of the Member Academy of Sciences Latvian SSR; and
Academician I. P. Bardin, vice-president of the Academy of Sciences USSR,
also participated in the discussion.
At the end of the meeting, Academician A. N. Nesmeyanov, chairman
of the Council on Coordination of Scientific Activities of Academies of
Sciences of the Union Republics and Affiliates of the Academy of Sciences
USSR stated that scientists, engineers, and designers must be mobilized
for a concentrated effort in the chemical field. According to Nesmey-
anov, all possibilities which are available must be utilized; this is the
essence of coordination of research. He emphasized that in order to
achieve progress in the chemistry of high-molecular compounds one must
find new scientific forces rather than base one's efforts on those which
are already being employed to advantage in research pertaining to other
important fields that have already advanced and are now firmly established.
According to Nesmeyanov, it would be inadvisable to destroy something
that has already been organized or is being organized. For instance, at
the Academy of Sciences Armenian SSR very productive work is being done
on the chemistry of physiologically active compounds. The work in
question is very promising and much has already been achieved in this
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field. It would be wrong to net obstacles to the continuation of
research conducted there and have the specialists working there do
research on polymers.
Nesmeyanov also pointed out that it would, be an error to dis-
regard fields of research which have not been designated as being of the
greatest importance at present. One must pay suffir?iant attention to
research in the coke-chemical field and to work on naturally occurring
substances such as cellulose, pentosans, and lignin. Extensive work in
these fields is being done at the academies of ociences of the Uzbek,
Latvian, e.nd several other union republics. This work must be assisted
in every respect. The Presidium of the Council on Coordination made a
number of recommendations to the presidiums of the academies of sciences
of union republics in connection with the increased concentration on
work in the field of high-molecular compounds which is envisaged. In
carrying out measures pertaining thereto, particular attention should be
paid to the training of personnel in the fields of the chemistry and
physics of high-molecular compounds.
13. R. Kh. Freydlina's Investigations on Organoelemental Compounds
and Telomerization
"Election of Academicians and Corresponding Members of the
Academy of Sciences USSR" (unsigned article); Moscow Iz-
vestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR _Otdeleniye Khimicheskikh Nauk,
No 9, Sep-W, pP 1135-115
R. Kh. Freydlina is a prominent scientist active in the field of
organic chemistry, specifically the chemistry of organoelemental com-
pounds. Her research on the chemistry of substances of this class in-
cludes work on compounds of Mg, Hg, B. Ti, Si, Zr, Sn, Pb, As, and Sb.
In the course of her work in the field of organoelemental compounds she
has carried out a number of investigations on the chemistry of compounds
derived from titanium, silicon, and multivalent iodine. The most ex-
tensive work done by Freydlina concerned telomerization reactions, trans-
formations of telomerized products, and the application of reactions of
this type in the industry.
Freydlina discovered a number of new and important methods of syn-
thesis in the field of organometallic chemistry: she investigated the
dual nature of saturated and unsaturated alpha- and beta-substituted
aliphatic compounds of mercury, lead, and thallium and showed that these
substances are true organometallic compounds rather than complex [addition]
compounds. Freydlina subjected to detailed investigation the chemistry
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of organic compounds of titanium, synthesized the first lower polymers
of polytitanoxane, and developed the basic methode of synthesis tp be
applied in this field. Later, these methods were expanded to work on
the chemistry of zirconium, In the field of silicon chemistry, Freydlina
discovered the reaction of thermal telomerization of olefines with
silicochloroform and with organic derivatives of silane. The new re-
action makes it possible to synthesize novel siloxane polymers.
Investigation of the chemical transformation of k., (`, , L , i- -
tetra-chloroalkane telomers and related compounds enabled Freydlina to
compare the chemical reactivity of different functional groups con-
taining chlorine (dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, trichlorovinyl, etc.)
that are present in saturated and unsaturated compounds. Freydlina
developed new methods for synthesizing from compounds containing
different chlorine-substituted functional groups various polyfunctional
organic substances useful as intermediate products for the production of
synthetic resins, fibers, plasticizers, lubricants, and aromatic sub-
ste.nces. As a result of her research, a new field of homolytic rear-
rangements of aliphatic compounds in solutions was opened up. Freydlina
published altogether about 100 scientific works, including the monograph
Sinteticheskiye Metody v Oblasti Khimii Metalloorganicheskikh Soyedineniy
M s aka (Synthetic Methods in the Field of the Chemistry of Organo-
metallic Compounds of Arsenic).
The results of scientific work done by Freydlina and the group directed
by her are being introduced into industrial application; a new industrial
process for the synthesis of w -aminoenanthic and w -aminopelargonic
acids and by-products accompanying them was developed on the basis of this
work. The new fibers named enant and pelargon are produced starting with
these acids. At a general meeting of the Academy of Sciences USSR held
on 20 June 1958, the election of R. Kh. Freydlina as a Corresponding
Member of the Academy of Sciences USSR by the Department of Chemical Sci-
ences in the specialized branch of organic chemistry was confirmed.
14+. A Glass Cement for Aluminum and Light Alloys
"New Glass," by G. Alova; Moscow, Znaniye-Sila, Vol 33, No 8,
Aug 58, p 23
At the Chair of Glass and Silicate Technology, Belorussian Polytech-
nic Institute imeni Stalin, new types of glass have been developed in work
done under the direction of Academician M. A. Bezborodov, Academy of
Sciences Belorussian SSR. With the use of a charge containing oxides of
silicon, boron, aluminum, and magnesium, glass was developed which melts
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at approximately 1,5000. This new glass has a coefficient of expansion
which is approximately the same as that of quartz. Because of its low
coeffirien*" of expansion, glass of this type can stand sudden changes of
temperature amoun?Ging to 2200 without cracking.
By using a charge which contains cesium in addition to boron oxide
and lead oxide, a glass was produced which has a coefficient of expansion
32 times higher than that of quart:. Glass of this composition melts
more readily than aluminum. By adding silicon dioxide to the charge, one
can reduce the otherwise high expansion of cesium. By varying the propor-
tion of silicon, one can control the coefficient of expansion of the
glass and produce glasses which have any desired coefficient of expansion.
Glasses the heat expansion coefficient of which equals that of aluminum,
duraluminum, magnesium, and other light metals and alloys can be obtained
in this manner. Such glasses can be used as coatings protecting metals
from corrosion, as lubricants and coolants in the extrusion of light
metals and alloys, and as cement ("solder") for joining parts made of
aluminum and light metals in general.
[For additional information on industrial chemistry, see Item
No 10. ]
Chemistry and Technology of Fuels an: Propellants
15. Esters of Perchloric Acid
"Esters Formed by Perchloric Acid With Some Polyfunctional
Alcohols; Part IV" by A. A. Zinov'yev, I. A. Zakharova, and
G. P. Kondratskaya, Institute of General and Inorganic
Chemistry imeni N. S. Kurnakov, Academy of Sciences USSR;
Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganichesko;,r Khimii, Vol 3, No 10, Oct 5f i,
pp 2390-2397+
Complete and incomplete esters of ethylene glycol, glycerine, and
pec,taerythritol with perchloric acid have been synthesized for the first
time. The complete and incomplete esters of glycol and glycerine, which
were obtained in the form of mixtures, are heavy (specific weight about
1.7) liquids difficultly soluble in water and readily soluble in diethyl
ether. The corresponding esters of pentaerythritol are colorless solid
substances. The esters of ethylene glycol, glycerine, and pentaerythritol
with perchloric acid are unstable substances which explode with great
violence on being subjected to heating, impact, or friction.
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16. A USSR Bibliography on Reaction Engine Fuels
Reaktivnyye T opliva (Fuels For Reaction Engines); Moscow,
Inlormatsionnyy Ukazatel' Bibliograficheskikh Spiskov i i
Kartotek, Sostavlenn kh Bibliotekami Sovetsko o So uzal
(Informational Index of Bibliographies and Card Filesl
Compiled by Libraries of 'the Soviet Union), No 9, Oct 58,1
p 26.
A bibliography of books and periodical articles published in Russian
and languages other than Russian on the subject of reaction engine fuels
during 1954-1958 was issued in May 1958 by the Central Scientific-
Technical Library of the Petroleum Industry, Moscow, Dmitrovskiy 1-y
proyezd, 10 (10 First Dmitrovskiy Drive). This bibliography lists 369
titles and is designated by the number 2073. Typewritten copies of
bibliographies compiled by the library in question are supplied free
of charge.
Radiochemistry
17. Review of USSR Work on the Application cf Radioactive Isotopes
"Application of Radioactive Isotopes in the USSR", by A. V.
Topchiyev, I. T. Alad-yev, and P. S. Savitskiy; Moscow,
Atomnaya Eneraiya. Vol 5, No 3, Sep 58, pp 321-334
The first section of the article reviews the action of nuclear
radiation on chemical processes, materials, and the organism, i. e.,
deals with work in the field of radiation chemistry. It is stated that
the practical application of radiation-chemical processes involves the
use of nuclear reactors, accelerators of charged particles, or radi-
ation sources formed by radioactive isotopes or reactor fuel elements.
Work on radiation-chemical polymerization, oxidation of organic
compounds, halogenation, cracking, and application of nuclear radia-
tion for increasing the efficiency of catalytic processes is reviewed.
In the section on radiation-chemical polymerization, the use of ionizing
radiation for the synthesis of graft and block polymers is discussed.
An investigation of the effect of gamma radiation on polydimethylsiloxane
rubber in a helium atmosphere is described. It is pointed out that by
the application of a dose of 100 mgrad [megarads] a thick vulcanization
network can be produced in silicone rubber of this type, so that crys-
tallization at low temperatures is suppressed entirely and the elastomer
acquires a high degree of stability at low temperatures.
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In the section on radiation-chemical halogenation USSR work on the
radiation-chemical fluorination and introduction of fluorine-containing
groups into benzene as a result of the action of radiation are described.
According to the information given, carbon tetrachloride is fluorinated
by means of inorganic fluorides. Benzene is reacted with CF2C12 or
C2F2 C1_3 by irradiating the mixture. The review of the work in the field
of radiation chemistry contains a discussion of the application of radi-
ation for increasing the mechanical strength of metals. This r. view is
concluded with a discussion of the use of radiation methods for the
preservation of foodstuffs, in the production of natural silk, and in the
biochemical synthesis of egosterol.
The second half of the article, which deals with the application of
radioactive isotopes in research, control processes, and analysis, states
that industrial application of isotopes made it possible to save 1.2-1.5
billion rubles in the USSR in 1957. Applications of radioactive isotopes
in ferrous metallurgy; prospecting and production of petroleum; prospect-
ing for minerals containing boron, carbon, lead, tungsten, mercury,
antimony, and molybdenum; procedures for industrial control; chemical
analysis and chemical work in general; flotation; and biological research
are reviewed. In the section on chemical analysis, the application of
radioactive isotopes in the separation of elements close to each other
in chemical characteristics (e. :g., rare-earth elements, niobium-tantalum-
titanium, zirconium-hafnium) is pointed out. The application of radio-
act ,ive isotopes in the determination of the purity of semiconductor
materials and materials used for the construction of nuclear reactors
:Ls emphasized.
CPYRGHT The article is concluded with a section entitled!"Some Information! CPYRGHT
jun Me ro uc on of so It is stated that more than 90 radio-
active isotopes, 170 stable isotopes, and more than 360 tracer compounds
are Produced in the USSR. More than 100 types of radiation sources in-
cluding sources based on the use of Co 6o , Cs137, Sr30, pm 147' TU 170
Ir192 and Eu154 are produced. According to the text of the article,
the following quantities of isotopes (in curies) will have been pro-
duced in the USSR in 1958:
C060
+U-
mor
198
e m
190,000
Au
19000
C14
200
1r192.
800
p35
1
1,100
Cs
37
1, 500
Sr35
l70
900
Tu
750
1131
1, 200
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Production of more than 70 new radioactive and stable isotopes and
of 140-160 compounds derived from them will be started soon.
It is stated that methods for the separation of stable isotopes in-
cluding electromagnetic separation, countercurrent diffusion, ion ex-
change, distillation, electrolytic methods, chemical exchange methods,
and others are now being applied extensively in the USSR, The state of
progress in this field is such that the (JSSR can separate and produce in
considerable quantities stable isotopes of practically all elements.
Some stable isotopes (e. g., nickel and chromium) have been produced
in the USSR in quantities of the order of kilograms. At present research
work is being done on the development of methods for the production of
monoisotovic materials to be used in the construction of nuclear reactors.
A bibliography consisting of 74 USSR references and non-USSR refer-
ences is appended to the article.
18.
Progress of Nuclear Science in China
"Achievements of Science and Technology in China" (unsigned
article); Moscow, Pror, shlenno-Ekonomicheska Gazeta, Vol
3, No 127 (427 ), 2ct 1958, p
According to the New China News Agency, 33 radioactive isotopes have
been produced with the aid of the first experimental nuclear reactor in-
stalled in China, which is the most powerful in Asia. More than 100
isotopes will soon be produced.
The radioisotopes that are being produced include cobalt-60, sodium-
24, phosphorus,.-32, and calcium-45.
Nuclear science and technology in China have reached in many fields
a level corresponding to that attained in the rest of the world. For
instance, the nuclear emulsion prepared in China is as good as that
produced in England.
Counters of different types are being produced-which are used for
the determination of the type, energy, and intensity of various kinds of
radiation and also telescopes which record the intensity of cosmic radi-
ation.
The release of 100-channel and 50-channel pulse analyzers indicates
that China has mastered the complex production techniques involved in
nuclear electronics.
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On the eve of the celebration of the anniversary of the People's
Republic of China (1 October 1958) operation of a 4.5-mev betatron
("electron cyclotron") was begun at Peiping.
A number of metal oil.-diffusion vacuum pumps mn,1e available since
recently in China maker, it possible to achieve very high degrees of
evacuation. The largest of thesa pumps is capable of evacuating 40,000
liters of air per second.
In addition, production has been started of different spectrometers
for the measurement of the intensity of radiation, of a millimicrosecond
pulse oscilloscope capable of recording changes in nuclei taking place
within one billionth part of a second, separators of isotopes, and other
important equipment applied in nuclear science.
P4ysical Chemistry
19. Relation Between the Mobility of Ions in the Lattice of Oxides and
the Velocity of Isotope Exchange
"The Question of the Connection Between the Mobility of Ions
in the Lattice of Oxides and the Velocity of Isotope Ex-
change," by S. Yu. Yelovich and L. Ya. Margolis, Problemy
Kinetiki i Kataliza (Problems of Kinetics and Catalysis ,
No 9, 1957, pp 129-132 and 134-142 (from Referati
Zhurnal -- Khimiya, No 17, 10 Sep 58, Abstract No 5 6791.,
by M. Sakharov)
"The kinetics of the interaction of CO with samples of Mn02 (1) with
various degrees of deviation from the stoichiometric composition at 200
and isotope exchange between CO and (1) under flow reaction conditions
between CO and 016018 were studied. Increased mobility of 0 atoms was
established in the samples of (1) with insufficient 0 in the lattice.
In connection with this, the discovered absence of a noticeable effect
of the 0 content in the lattice of (1) on the speed of chemosorption
of CO attests, in the author's opinion, to the fact that the diffusion
of 0 does not appear to be a limiting factor in the chemosorption of CO.
It was further established that the more 0 there is in the lattice, the
greater the velocity of isotope exchange. The authors point out the im-
portance of taking into consideration the degree of stoiehiometricity
of the solid oxides both during the study of processes of isotope ex-
change and during the study of the mechanism of catalytic reaction by
isotope methods."
CPYRGHT
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Isotopes
20. Methods of Computing the Equilibrium of an Isotope Exchange Reaction
"Methods for the Statistical Computation of the Isotope Ex-
change Equilibrium in the Gas Phase,: by N. M. Tatevskiy,
Proble Kinetiki I Kataliza (Problems of Kinetics and
Catalysis)., No 9, 1957, PP 339-344 and pp 369-370 (from
Refe ti Zhurnal -- Khimiya, No 17, 10 Sep 58, Ab-
atrac No 5 3, by I. Godnev)
"The method of computing the equilibrium constants of isotope ex-
change reactions proposed by the author (Zhurnal Fiz. Khimii, Vol 25,
No 3, 1951, p 261; V. M. Tatevskiy and A. V. Frost, Vestn. MGU, No 12,
1947) p 113) and I. Bigeleison and M. Mayer (Journal of Chemical
Physics, Vol 15, No 5, 1947) p 261) is generalized to cover the case of
computing the anharmonicity of vibrations, the interaction of vibrations
and rotations, and other correction factors. The generalization is ex-
pounded on the example of a molecule of a type of asymmetrical gyroscope.
The equilibrium conatant Kp of the isotopic reaction r lA / 2B /
-r 11 / r2B / ? ? ? . (Whgtel A, afid? ? Ay B( and -B are ) moleczules. Of
the same elemental composition containing different isotapea)
1s expressed in the form Kp ,4a K x .. ,, where the function
cp represents a ratio of the Some, of the states of the molecules A and
A including the zero energy factors. In determining the-type-of the
function CpA, , the different electron states of the molecules and A.
the anharmonicity of vibrations, and the interaction of vibrations and
rotations are considered; moreover, the expression for the rotational
sum according to the states derived earlier (K. E. Stripp and I. G. Kirk-
wood, J. Chem Phys., No 19, 1951, p 1131; (R Zh Khim, 1956, No 15532) is
used. The expression obtained for (p, can be simplified by using the
product rule of Redlich and Teller, assuming that this law is applicable
with sufficient precision to the uncorrected (for anhar~.ronicity) fre-
quencies observed and to moments of inertia at a zero vibration level.
As a result, expressions were obtained for and Kp which permit the
analysis of the effect of every vibration on the value of the function
q)F a and Kp. The final expression for Kp makes it possible to arrive at
an approximate value for Kp even if, from the experiment, only the
molecular constants of one pair of isotopic molecules (e. g., A. and B)
are known. Such methods of estimation are discussed briefly at the end
of the artLcle."
CPYRGHT
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Inorganic Chemistry
21. An Improved Method for the Preparation of Perchloric Acid Anhydride
"Systems Consisting of Perchloric Anhydride and Water;
Part 10," by A. A. Zinov'yev and V. Ya. Rosolovskiy,
Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry imeni N.
S. Kurne,kov, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal
Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 3, No 10, Oct 58, pp 23 2-
2389'
The melting points in the system C1207 - H2O were determined in the
concentration range of 25-100 mol % of C1207. It was established that a
line of the crystallization of perchloric acid is absent in the melting
point-composition diagram. It was furthermore established that minus
1000 rather than minus 112? must be regarded as the melting point of
anhydrous perchloric acid, contrary to data published in the literature.
It was found with the aid of dilatometric measurements that the temper-
ature of the polymorphic transformation of oxonium perchlorate equals
minus 24.90. The densities of the lo-temperature and high-temperature
modifications of oxonium perchlorate were determined and found to be
2.040 and 2.095 at minus 250, respectively. Indications were obtained
that there is a region of the separation of liquid phases in the con-
centration range of 55-100 mol % of Cl207. An improved method for the
preparation of perchloric acid anhydride is proposed.
22. Thermographic Investigation of Bromoplatinie Acid
"Thermographic Investigation of Bromoplatinie Acid", by
L. G. Berg, K. N. Mochalov, P. A. Kurenkova, and N. P.
Anoshina, Izv. Kazansk. Fil. AN SSSa Ser. Khim. N., No
4, 1957, pp 127-132 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal --
KhimiNo 17, 10 Sep 58, Abstract No 56117o by Ye.
Banashek)
"The process of dehydration of H2 [PtBr6] 9 H2O (1) by suffi-
ciently rapid heating proceeds in two stages without any evident de-
composition of the complex. The thermal decomposition of the complex
with the evolution of Br2 does not occur at a sharply defined temper-
ature. One may therefore conclude that (1) belongs to the categcry of
unstable compounds which decompose at different temperatures depending
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on the rate of heatjng. The endothermic effects (at 45 and 1000) cor-
respond to incongruent melting of the substances. Data published in the
literature on the evolution of H20, Br2 and HBr during melting were not
confirmed. The relation of the dissociation pressure of (1) to the
temperature represented as a dependence between lgP and 1/T is linear.
From these data, with the aid of the approximate equation of Nernst, the
authors calculated the heats of dehydration at 760 mm (Hg). For the
first and second stages of dehydraticn, these values are 14.4 and 15.0
KCal/mol, respectively."
CPYRGHT
[For additional information on inorganic chemistry, see Item No 37.]
Miscellaneous
23. New Chemical Institutions for the City of. Yaroslavl' RSFSR
"Reliable Raw Material Bases Are Needed for Chemical
Expansion," by L. Oreshkov, deputy chairman, Yaro-
slavskiy Sovnarkhoz; Moscow, Sovetskaya Rossiya,
25 Sep 58, p 2
The expansion of the chemical industry in the Yaroslavl' Economic
Administrative Region has made it necessary to establish the following
chemical institutions in Yaroslavl': the Scientific Research Institute
of Monomers for Synthetic Caoutchouc (Nauchno-Issledovatel'skiy Institut
Monomerov dlya Sinteticheskogo Kauchuka); the Design Technological
Institute of Equipment for Processing Plactics, Caoutchouc, and Rubber
(Konstruktorsko-Tekhno-logicheskiy Institut Oborudovaniya dlya Pererabotki
Plastmass, Kauchuka i Reziny); Scientific Laboratory (Nauchnaya Labor-
atoriya) to be under the Yaroslavl' Technical Institute for the Synthesis
of Monomers and Polymers of Rubber; and a major branch of the Institute
for Planning Establishments of the Paint and Varnish Industry (Institut
po Proyektir-ovaniyu Predpriyatiy Lakokrasochnoy Promyshlennosti).
Already established is the All-Union Scientific Research and Design-
Technoi,gical Institute of Asbestos Technical Products (Vsesoyuznyy
Nauchno-Isaledovatel'skly i Konstruktorsko-Tekhnologicheskiy Institut
Asbestovykh Tekhnicheskikh Izdeliy). This institute was formed on the
base of the Central Scientific Research Laboratory of Asbestos-Technical
Products (Tsentral'naya Nauchno-Issledovatel'akaya Laboratoriya Asbotek-
nicheskikh Izdeliy) located in Yaroslavl'.
[For information on organic chemistry, see Item No 13; for in-
formation on luminophores, see Item No 36.]
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III. ELECTRONICS
Communications
24. New Method of facsimile Transmission
"Facsimile Radio Communication With a Transmitter Frequency-
Modulated Carrier, by I. A. Dorrer, E. S. Soberayskiy, V. F.
Lugovoy, and G. A. Aleksandrov; Moscow, Vestnik Svyazi, No 8,
Aug 58, pp 5-8
In 1953 at the Chair of Radio Receiving Equipment, Moscow Electrical
Engineering Institute of Communications, a theoretical investigation was
conducted on application of various niethods.of modulation for facsimile
transmission. On the findings of this research a facsimile system was
developed which was installed on one of the longest facsimile transmission
lines in the USSR.
The specific feature of the new system is the frequency modulation
of the carrier wave at both transmitting and receiving ends. The advan-
tages of the new system of facsimile transmission are greater speed of
transmission of facsimile image, narrower frequency band required, and
greatly improved equipment performance.
25. Pulse-Phase Modulation in Multiplex Radio-Relay Lines
"Problem of Threshold Signal Power in Multichannel Radio-Relay
Lines Using Pulse-Phase Modulation," by G. V. Dlugach; Moscow,
Radiotekhnika, No 10, Oct 58, pp 18-28
The article discusses the probability of false firing of a demodulator
in pulse-phase modulated radio-relay lines, when the power in the pulse
is reduced below a certain threshold value. The optimum position of the
limiting line a independent of the pulse shape. However, dependence of
the mean number of demodulator false firings on power in the pulse at the
output of the receiver was established. Formulas were derived for cal-
culation of the threshold value of power in the pulse for various values
of frequency response of the i-f amplifier, shape of pulse, or for the
pulse spacing factor (from 5 to 20).
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The article analyzes the specific case of a radio-relay line when
the bandpass of an i-r' amplifier is selected such as to ensure the lowest
power for the threshold pulse; in such a case the mode of detection had
no effect on noise immunity. In actual practice, however, other consider-
ations, such as freedom from frequent adjustment, should enter the problem
of selecting the optimum i-f for amplifiers operating in pulse-phase modu-
lated radio-relay lines.
26. Pulse Storage Reception Method
"Problems of Reception of Pulse Signals by the Storage Method,"
by M. K. Belkin and N. G. Gatkin; Moscow, Radiotekhnika, No 10,
Oct 58, pp 14-17
The article discusses the advantages of reception of pulse signals
by the method of storage in single-channel and two-channel receivers.
The theoretical analysis of this problem has indicated that certain im-
munity to interference can be obtained when the pulse storage method is
applied to a two-channel receiver.
To check these theoretical findings, a circuit was designed to prove
the validity of such a condition. An audio-frequency pulse generator (IZG)
was incorporated into this circuit: the generator frequency was varied
from 5 to 30 kc and the pulse duration from 10 to 120 microsec. The sig-
nals from the pulse and noise generator were fed to two mixers. The sig-
nal thus mixed with the noise was. amplified,. then. demodulated., averaged,
subtracted in a difference device, and viewed on oscilloscope.
The results of numerous observations have shown that two-channel
reception utilizing the pulse storage method is superior to conventional
single-channel reception.
Instruments and Equipment
27. Integral Time Relay
"Integral Time Relay," by V. G. Madison, S. T. Nikiforov, and
M. V. Shavel'zon; Moscow, Priborostroyeniye, No 10., -Oct 58,,
pp 26-27
This integral time relay was designed primarily for the control of
open-hearth furnace valves. Reversal of the valves takes place at certain
time intervals depending on the absolute value and the rate of increase
of temperature of the air preheating chambers.
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In 1956 the Uralmetallurgavtomatika Eaterprise produced its first
series of IRV instruments and in 1957 it began their regular manufacture.
The IRV instrument consists of two units: time relay unit and switch-
ing unit, the latter being controlled by an automatic potentiometer which
responds to the temperature in the air heating chamber. The automatic
potentiometer (EP-120-1s) is connected to two radiation pyrometers (RP)
installed in the regenerating chambers. The IRV integral time relay will
maintain a linear relationship between the heating chamber temperature
and the operating time of the relay.
Prolonged operation of the IRV relay systems on some of the open-
hearth furnaces has proved their reliability and efficiency.
28. Zavoyekiy Method Applied to Study of Photoconductivity
"Application of Zavoyskiy Methodto the Study of Kinetics of
Photoconductivity," by K. V. Andreyko and 0. 0. Galkin; Kiev,
Dorovidi Akademii Nauk UkSSR, No 3, 1958, pp 247-250
To study the photoconductivity kinetics of semiconductors, the Zavoy-
skiy grid current method based on sensitivity of grid current to the'watt
current of the oscillator was applied. In this experiment the investigated
semiconductor specimen was placed between the capacitor plates and was
illuminated by modulated light. The changes in photoconductivity of the
specimen caused by modulated illumination produced a proportional change
in the grid current of the oscillator. This grid current was then ampli-
fied and recorded with an oscillograph.
From the shape of oscillograph curves cuprous oxide photo-conductivity
was studied with respect to temperature variations.
29. Accurate Time Determination of Flat Shaped Signals
"Accuracy of Time Determination of Flat Shaped Signals," by
V. I. Nikitenko, Leningrad Electrical Engineering Institute
imeni V. I. Ulyanov; Moscow, Radiotekhnika i Elektronika,
No 10, Oct 58, pp 1280-1286
Time determination of widely spaced signals can be achieved with the
aid of a singular narrow reference pulse or a series of such pulses. The
leading edge of the first reference pulse coincides with the beginning of
the oscillatory process in the circuit and it determines the time-position
of a point of constant relative level, the latter being independent of the
magnitude of measured signal. For precise measurement it is necessary to
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estimate the inaccuracy in position of the reference pulse in relation to
the time scale. Such an error depends on the duration of the reference
pulse, but the reduction of the reference pulse width is limited by the
value of parasitic parameters of the circuit.
This method assures great accuracy of time. determination of nonperiodic
and singular pulses, as well as periodic signals of any shape and repetition
rate. The accuracy of determination depends but slightly on the magnitude
of the signal.
Components
30. Theory of Molecular Oscillator
"Theory of the Molecular Oscillator and Fluctuation of Its
Oscillations," by V. S. Troitskiy, Radiophysics Institute,
State University imeni N. I. Lobachevskiy, Gbr'kiy; Moscow,
Radiotekhnika i Elekt'ronika, No 10, Oct 58, pp 1298-1313
The article analyzes the operation of a molecular oscillator as a
nonlinear self-oscillating system with one degree of freedom. Equations
for steady state oscillations of a molecular oscillator, as derived by
Basov and Prokhorov, were used in the analysis. Spectrum of frequency
and amplitude fluctuation of oscillations in a molecular oscillator caused
by the action of thermal noises in the oscillator circuit and the shot
effect of the molecular stream were examined.
It was established that the spectral width of the line was determined
primarily by the thermal effect. For the ammonia oscillator at room temper-
ature the calculated width of the line was 10- cycles, whic1t is much
narrower than the line produced by the thermal noises in an equivalent
tube oscillator. The narrowness of frequency land of the molecular oscillator
is explained by tie existence of the process of frequency self-regulation.
The research conducted has revealed that for the analysis of perform-
ance of a molecular oscillator it is useful to measure the dielectric
constant of the excited gas, which will assist in studying the nonlinear
oscillations in a molecular oscillator.
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31. New Electromagnetic Oscillographs
"Electromagnetic Oscillographs With Loop Type Galvanometers,"
by L. A. Biber and Yu. M. El'kind, All-Union Scientific Re-
search Institute of Electric Power, Ministry of Electric Sta-
tions; Moscow, Elektrichestvo, No 10, Oct 58, pp 70-72
Electromagnetic oscillographs with loop galvanometers are widely
used in various fields of scientific and engineering endeavor. Recently,
electromagnetic oscillographs with loop galvanometers were developed hav-
ing natural frequencies from 1.25 t~) 10,000 cycles and current constants
from 8.10-9 to 9.10-3 a.m per mm. The low frequency oscillographs (up to
600 cycles) have electromagnetic damping, while those of higher frequencies
are equipped with fluid damping. Small dimensions of loop galvanometers
have permitted construction of multichannel oscillographs: 9- and 12-channel
units designated POB-9 and POB-12 (Institute of Physics of the E.wth,
Academy of Sciences USSR) and a 24-channel OT-24 type oscillograph ("Geofi-
zika" Plant). These oscillographs have simple and reliable optical systemo
and a convenient time graduation in the form of thin :straight transverse
lines spaced at 0.005 or 0.,01 sec.
These multichannel oscillographs permit simultaneous recording of a
large number of electrical and nonelectrical magnitudes. Utilizing the
integrating properties of an overdamped loop galvanometer, the All-Union
Scientific Research Institute of Electric Power, in cooperation with the
Institute of Physics of the Earth, has developed the "vibrograph" VDTs for
recording vibrations in the frequency range from one to 200 cycles having
an amplification factor of 500. Such a device can be used in studying
transient processes in steam and hydraulic turbines.
32. Device for Recording of Infrasonic Waves
"We Can See Ultrasound," by Ya. Petrov; Moscow, Ogonek. No 43,
Oct 58, p 29
Soviet Academician V. V. Shuleykin has studied the vortex air flow
behind the sea waves which creates an infrasonic wave called "sea voice."
He suggested that detection of such an infrasonic wave could serve as fore-
warning of an approaching storm..
The greater part of work in building instruments for studying the
in- frasonic wave was carried out at the Lvov Polytechnic Institute; an in-
frasonic wave measuring amplifier, frequency analyzer, and cathode-ray
oscillograph were built here. Of great interest among these instruments
is the magnetic sound recorder for recording and reproducing subaudio sound
waves. Previous efforts of other scientists in this particular field have
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failed consistently. In the new magnetic sound recorder the picked-up
low-frequency sonic wave is converted into higher frequency. These higher
frequencies are fed to an oscillograph on the screen of which are observed
the infrasonic waves of-various pitch.
33. Acoustical Method of Gas Analysis
"Method of Acoustical Gas Analysis," by 0. I. Kuchmin, Yaros-
laVl' Technological Institute; Moscow, Akusticheskiy Zhurnal,
No 3, Jul-SeP 58,.PP 263-266
Gas analyzers based on measurement of sound velocity are divided into
resonance and pb^ae-difference types. In both cases the gas sample is en-
closed in a tube connected to a sound generator and a sound pickup.
The resonance method is based on measurement of natural frequency of
the tube filled with examined gas. The phase-difference method is based
on measurement of the phase difference between the source sound wave and
the sound wave at the pickup.
Zhe experiment was-conducted under aetua.1 industrial condi-tr#ons and
was applied primarily-to the analysis of an oxygen-nitrogen system. The
sound-frequency range used for the ,gas analysis iwas varied from 4,460 to
4,550 cycles. he accuracy of the acoustical method of gas analysis was
found to be better than 0.3%, which is acceptable in industrial applioa
tione.
The author thanks L. A. Chernov, L. V. Krasheninnikova, L. A. Sokolova,
and S. M. Paupu for their assistance in this work.
Computers
34. China Builds Universal Digital Computer
"C '.naIs First General-Purpose Digital Computer Complete.,"
(unsigned article); Peiping, K'o-hsueh Hua-pao (Science Pic-
torial), No 9, Sep 58, pp 323
"A small-scale, general-purpose digital computer, China's very first,
was recently built by the Institute of Computation Techniques, Academia
Sinic;L, in collaboration with the Peiping Wire Communications Plant () L ,I.,
) and related units. This achievement, made possi-
f "A
W, AV,
ble throughoviet technical assistance, is evidence that China has begun
to build up research on.computation techniques.
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CPYRGHT
"The computer ii named the Pa-i (1 August) Model. It consists of
tens of thousands of components, including nearly 4,000 diodes and 800
electron tubes. Its manufacture and idjustm.nt are much more difficult
than for the analog computer and its range of applicability is much wider.
"Currently housed in the Institute of Computation Techniques, this
general-purpose digital computer is ready to perform data processing and
complex computations in many subjects, including short-range numerical
forecasting, geodetic adjustments, stress analysis for dikes, unstable
flow of river beds, aerodynamics, and engineering design."
35. Irradiation of Dielectric Materials
Photograph caption; Moscow; Promyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya
Gazeta, 10 Oct 58
Associates of the Scientific Research Physicochemical Institute imeni
L. Ya. Karpov have developed a method to. increase the heat resistance of
polyethylene by means of irradiation with a cobalt isotope. This method
of irradiation of polyethylene insulation increases its heat resistance
from 80-100?C to about 150-180?C. Yu. Malinskiy, senior scientific associ-
ate and Candidate of Chemical Sciences, was one of the participants in
the project.
36. Progress in Work on Scintillators
"A Conference on Scintillator Research," by V. I. Startsev
and G. V. Chuchkin; Moscow, Khimicheskaya Nauka i Promysh-
lennost, Vol 3, No 4, Sep-Oct 19561 p 52
A new subdivision of science has been developed in the USSR, i. e.,
dosimetry of radiation emitted by radioactive substances on the basis of
procedures employing the scintillation effect. As a result of research
done in this field, an independent branch of the chemical industry has
been created, i. e., that of the production of scintillating materials
and scintillators (single crystals and liquid and plastic scintillators).
To produce materials of this type, initial chemical products are used
which must be very pure.
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At the end of 1957, the Second Scientific Conference on the Synthesis,
Production, and Application of Scintillators was held at Kharkov. This
conference was organized by the Institute of Crystallography, Academy of
Sciences USSR; the Institute of Chemical Reagents; and the AU-Union Insti-
tute of Mineral Raw Materials. More than 230 specialists, including phys-
icists, chemists, and representatives of 62 scientific institutes and in-
dustrial enterprises, participated in the work of the conference. Fifty-
niue reports and communications on scientific research and experimental
work dealing with the synthesis and application of scintillators as well
as developmental work pertaining to photomultipliers were presented at
the conference.
Subsequently to the first conference on the subject, which was held
in October 1956, research on the synthesis of initial chemical products
of high purity, the methods for growing crystals, the production of differ-
ent scintillators, and the investigation of properties of scintillators
as well as the development of equipment to be used in the recording of
nuclear radiation by the scintillation method progressed further.
At present work in this field is conducted at a number of enterprises
of the chemical industry and scientific research institutes active within
the scope of this industry, the Academy of Sciences USSR, the Ministry of
Geology and Conservation of Mineral Resources, higher educational insti-
tutions, and other organizations.
Research in the following fields elicited the greatest interest at
the conference:
1. The effect of the temperature gradient on the distribution of
impurities during the growth of single crystals. It was shown in work
of this type under what conditions a uniform distribution of impurities
can be expected (Institute of Crystallography).
2. Growing of single crystals of naphthalene to which anthranilic
acid has been added. The scintillation characteristics of such crystals
were investigated; it was shown that scintillators of this type may be
used as substitutes for scintillators containing thallium or consisting
of naphthalene combined with anthracene (Institute of Crystallography).
3. The phenomenon of light concentration in connection with the
luminescence of solid and liquid scintillators. The results of work in
this field made it possible to establish the most advantageous form of
crystals and the optimum distribution of impurities in them (Khar'kov
Affiliate of the Institute of Chemical Reagents).
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Furthermore, information was given on a number of new alkali metal
halide phosphors which are of great importance (All-Union Institute of
Mineral Raw Materials); on new boron-containing luminophores for slow
neutrons developed at the Institute of Organic Chemistry, Academy of
Sciences USSR, and the Engineering-Physical Institute; on the properties
of scintillators of a new type; on scintillating glasses; etc.
Also, the results of many investigations pertaining to the synthesis
of a number of new organic luuminophores and the investigation of plastic,
film, and other scintillators were reported.
The conference noted that, notwithstanding the considerable progress
achieved by scientific research organizations and industrial enterprises
in this field, the production of scintillators does not satisfy the demand
for them.
To expedite further work in the field of scintillators, the conference
proposed that scientific research organizations and industrial organizations
concentrate on the development of production methods for the growing of
large crystals to be used as phosphors, organization of the industrial
production of plastic scintillators, improvements in the packing of
scintillator crystals, and expansion of research on the physical properties
of scintillators.
A new scientific technical council has been organised at the Khax'kov
Affiliate of the Institute of Chemical Reagents. This council will make
recommendations concerning the coordination of plans pertaining to scien-
tific research and experimental work on the synthesis, production, and
application of scintillators.
37. Single Crystals of Cadmium Sulfide and Cadmium Selenide
"A Method for the Preparation of Single Crystals of Cd S and
Cd Se and Mixed Single Crystals of CdS + CdSe," by I. B.
Mizetskaya, A. P. Trifimenko, and F. E. Fursenko, Physics
Institute, Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR; Moscow, Zhurnal
Neorganicheskiy Khimii, Vol 3, No 10, Oct 58, pp 2236-2239
On the basis of the experimental results described, a method for the
preparation of single crystals is proposed which makes it possible to pre-
pare in a reproducible manner and in sufficient quantities single crystals
of cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, and mixed single crystals of cadmium
sulfide and cadmium selenide exhibiting satisfactory photoelectric character-
istics. In addition to well-formed single crystals, a considerable quantity
of powder is formed and also small crystals which cannot be used as photo-
resistances. The fact that the products obtained are not homogeneous has
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been confirmed by the results of physical and chemical investigations of
the properties o-)f the products and represents a shortcoming of the method
described. To achieve further improvement of the method, subsequent work
must aim chiefly at the synthesis of more homogeneous single crystals.
[For additional information on electronics materials, see Item No 9.]
38. Gold Medal Prize imeni A. S. Popov
"Competition for Gold Medal imeni A. S. Popov" (unsigned arti-
cle); Moscow, Radiotekhnika, No 10, Oct 58, p 2
"The Department of Technical Sciences, Academy of Sciences USSR,
announces that in 1959 a competition will be conducted for the Gold Medal
imeni A. Popov which will be awarded for outstanding scientific work
or invention in the field of radio.
"The right to competition for the Gold Medal imeni A. S. Popov will
be open to Soviet as well as foreign scientists. The competition is open
only to individuals.
"Works can be submitted to scientific institutions, design bureaus,
higher educational institutions, scientific and engineering-technical
societies) honorary members, and active members and corresponding members
of the Academy of Sciences USSR.
"Only the published works can be submitted for the competition. The
works trill be submitted in triplicate in any language. It is also neces-
sary to submit materials concerning the review of these works by scientific
societies, an abstract of not more than one fourth of an author's sheet,
and a concise biography of the candidate for the medal, with a list of his
main works and inventions.
"The work, with the inscription 'For Competition for Gold Medal imeni
A. S. Popov,' should be directed to the All-Union Scientific Council on
Radio-physics and Radio Engineering of the Academy of Sciences USSR, Mos-
cow, K-9, Mokhovaya, d. U.
"Thy final date for submitting works is 1 February 1959.
"Information by telephone B 9-70-88. -- Department of Technical Sci-
ences, Academy of Sciences USSR."
CPYRGHT
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39. Recent Soviet Patents in the Field of Electronics
"Class 21. Electrical Engineering" (unsigned article);
Byulleten' Izobreteniy, No 5, 1958, pp 1+7-78
Class 21a, 3240. No 112778 -- B. V. Krusser and G. A. Morozov; Trans-
mitting Television Tube
Class 21a1, 1302? No 113135 -- B. N. Petrovskiy and Ye. M. Martynov;
Circuit of Multistage Electron Storage Unit for Telegraph Pulses
Class 21al, 3350? No 113083 -- D. G. Kats and L. Ye. Yampol'skiy;
Pulse System of Television Receiver Automatic Gain control
Class 21a1, 34x_. No 113215 -- I. P. Zhukov; Method of Brightness
Control in Oscillograph Cathode-Ray Tubes
Class 21a2, 506. No 112962 -- A. D. Tkachenko; Noise-Free Microphone
Class 21a2, 6. No 112992 -- A. N. Radchenko; Binary Relay Scaler
Device
Class 21a2, 370. No 112996 -- V. A. Nyurenberg; Compression Method
of Speech Frequency spectrum
Class 21a4, 801. No 113100 -- S. I. Tetel'baum; Method of Generating
SHb' Oscillations and Oscillators to Generate Them
Class 21a4, 1401. No 112733 -- N. F. Vollerner; Device for Stabiliz-
ing Modulation Characteristics of Frequency-Modulated Tube Oscillator
Class 21a4, 4606. No 113222 -- V. D. Kuznetsov; Cophasal Multiple
Horizontal Wide-Ban Antenna
Class 21a4, 6605. No 112601 -- B. Ye. Kinber and I. K. Berkovskiy;
Movable Periscopic Antenna Array
40. Activities of Institute of Terrestial Magneism Ionosphere, and Radio
Wave Propagation
"At the Institute of Terrestial Magnetism, Ionosphere, and
Radio Wave Propagation," by A. V. Gorokhovskiy; Moscow
Vestnik Svyazi, No 10, Oct 58, pp 13-15
In the vicinity of Krasnaya Pakhra, not far from Moscow, located on
a large plot of ground, is the Scientific Research Institute of Terrestial
Magnetism, Ionosphere, and Radio Wave Propagation (NIZMIR) of the Ministry
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of Communications. Many geophysical problems of great practical signifi-
cance are being studied here. The institute has two branches, in Lenin-
grad and Murmansk, and a number of ionosphere, magnetic, and cosmic stations.
The institute is concerned with problems of the study of the ionosphere
and its forecasting, atmospheric disturbances, propagation properties of
long and medium radio waves, terrestical magnetic fields, ground conduct-
ivity to radio waves, etc.
Among the prominent members of the institute are N. V. Pushkov (di-
rector), Yu.D. Kalinin, N. P. Bel'kova, Ya. L. Alpert, E. I. Mogilevskiy,
V. P. Orlov, S. Sh. Dolginov, Ya. I. Likhter, V. Ye. Kashprovskiy, and
V. F. Shel'ting.
41. New Czechoslovak Electronics Research Institute Opened
"Additional Expansion of Our Electronic Research" (}.)risigned
article); Prague, Obrana Lidu, 18 Sep 58, p 5
On 20 September 1958, the new A. S. Popov Research Institute for Com-
munications Engineering (Vyzkumny Ustav Sdelovaci Techniky A. S. Popova)
was opened in Prague-Branik. The institute will be one of the largest
electronics research establishments in Czechoslovakia. New electronic
products, which will be developed at the institute, will be produced by
Czechoslovak industry, and emphasis will be placed on the solution of
problems involving special materials and parts used in electronics and
allied fields.
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IV. ENGINEERING
42. Turbine Testing at the Kuybyshev Hydroelectric Station
"Testa at the Kuybyshev Hydroelectric Station," by Yu. Ye. Gar--
kavi; Leningrad, Energo-Mashinostroyeniye, No 8, Aug 58, p 44
The Leningrad Metals Plant conducted during January-March 1958 a series
of tests with the hydraulic turbine governor at the Kuybyshev Hydroelectric
Station.
Other tests consisted in checking the possibility for further increase
in turbine rating through changes in the combinatory curves, determination
of moment of force acting on each guide vane, determination of behavior
of guide vanes after alteration of their shape, and determination of number
of complete turns required to bring the turbine to its full operating speed.
The results of these tests are now processed and will be published
later.
It was established that the response of the governor to the speed con-
43. Increased Industrial Consumption of Natural Gas in USSR
"Utilization of Natural Gas as Industrial Fuel," by K. F.
Roddatis; Moscow, Teploenergetika, No 11, Nov 58, Pp 3-9
CPYRGHT
"As a result of geological prospecting conducted during the past 10-15
years more than 160 natural gas fields were discovered in our country,
which places the USSR now among the leading nations with respect to natural
gas reserves.
"DurinEr 1957, in various parts of our country there were discovered
14 new fields and 20 locations in previously discovered natural gas fields.
According to preliminary estimates, our country has reserves of several
tens of trillions of cubic meters of natural gas. During the past 10 years
the commercial reserve of natural gas has grown to approximately ten times
the previous level.
"Utilization of gas in various industries will not only increase the
thermal efficiency, reduce operating expenses of industrial processes,
and permit more accurate control and full automation, but will also in-
crease the output of existing installations and improve working conditions.
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"Thus, for instance, according to Ginromez calculations, a change in
the existing open-hearth furnaces to natural gas firing will increase an-
nual steel production by 2.5 million tons; a change to natural gas firing
in cement rotary kilns would increase production by about 10%.
"Notwithstanding an increase in consumption of natural gas by thermal
electric stations to many times the 1940 level, or to about five times the
1955 level, the ratio of natural gas consumption to total fuel consumption
remains comparatively small, not exceeding 10%. Only by the end of the
current Seven-Rear Plan is it intended to increase specific gas consumption,
as compared with total fuel consumption by electric stations, to 15%."
44. New Dynamic Test for Metals
"New Method of Dynamic Testing of Metals," by Ye. G. Konovalov
and V. I. Yefremov; Minsk, Doklady Akademii Nauk BSSR, No 7,
Aug 58, pp 283-287
Results are given for tests to determine the effect of acceleration
of applied loads on the mechanical strength of metals. Ultrasonic vibra-
tions of 40.5 kc with an amplitude in the 0.025-0.03 mm range provided an
acceleration of loading of approximately 4,000 m/sect in tests with one-
mm-diameter wires of brass L-59 (58.9% Cu; 40% Zn; 0.9% Pb). Wire lengths
were in multiples of one fourth the ultrasonic wavelength in brass at a
frequency of 40.5 ke.
Brass specimens subjected to accelerated loading showed a 50% drop
in all mechanical strength characteristics as compared with those in static
loading. It was noted that rupture could occur due to internal stresses
developing from critical acceleration of the specimen mass itself without
supplementary outer loading. The authors feel that acceleration of applied
loads may be an important criterion in dynamic strength of metals. This
work is considered as but the beginning of studies in this field.
45. Performance of Steels at Superhigh Temperatures and Pressure
"Experience in the Use of Steam Pipes and Steam Superheaters
Made of Steel E1257 at the Cherepet'skaya State Regional
Electric Power Station," by L. P. Trusov, Candidate of Tech-
nical Sciences; Leningrad, Energomashinostroyeniye, No 8,
Aug 58, pp 20-25
Certain results are given as to the performance of high-temperature
materials, particularly steel E1257, in the first 3 years of operation at
the Cherepet'skaya State Regional Electric Power Station (GRES No 19 of
the Moscow Power System).
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Design of basic equipment for GRES No 19 was completed in 1948-1950.
Austenitic steels were to be incorporated in all basic components, since
industry did not possess perlitic steels of sufficient quality. Problems
associated with the search for and testing and development of high-temperature
materials for GRES No 19 were assigned to and developed by -the Division
of Welding, the Division of Strength, the divisions OZhS, OMiT, OKiP, OPS,
and OMS (designations not given) and other divisions of the Central Scien-
tific Research Institute of Technology and Machine Building (TsNIITMash).
The following recommendations were made by TsNIITMash: austenitic steel
LA-1 for large cast components, perlitic steel 16GNM for boiler drums, aus-
tenitic steel E1257 for steam pipes and steam superheaters, and electrodes
TsT-7 for arc welding of austenitic steels. Processes were also developed
at TsNIITMash for contact welding of tubing made of steel E1257 and com-
posite tubing (E1257 -15KhM).
The first unit of GRES No 19 (consisting of boiler TP-50 and turbine
SVK-150-1) with superhigh steam parameters (170 atm and 550?C) was activated
in December 1953. Use of steel EI257 in the convection superheater of this
and subsequent units was based on successful operation of an experimental
boiler (300 atm and 600?C) at the All-Union Heat Engineering Institute
imeni Dzerzh3.nskiy. Tests with this experimental boiler were completed
in 1948.
Analysis of performance data by TsNIITMash proved steel EI257'to be
generally satisfactory. Tubing rupture was due mainly to fatigue failure
in work hardened portions. Heat-treatment of stressed areas removed the
major cause of failure.
The necessity of stabilization of the structure of austenitic steels
with either titanium or niobium was proved in the substitution of steel
1Kh18N12T for steel EI257 in steam pipes and superheaters in one of the
units of GRES No 19.
46. Hot Machining of High-Manganese Steel
"Machining of Manganese Steel G12 in a Heated State," by V. G.
Lyubimov; Moscow, Stanki i Instrument, No 7, Jul 58, pp 27-29
Results given on investigations in machining of the high-manganese
steel G12 (1.27% C, 12.63% Mn, 0.41% Si, 0.052% P, 0.016% S, 0.045% Cr,
and 0.15% Ni) in a heated state with temperatures up to 700?C indicate
that highest efficiency is attained when steel temperature is 500?C.
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Cutting speeds ranged from 58 to 75 m/min with cutting depths of 1-5
mm and tool feed rate of 0.1-0.5 nun/rev. Cutting tools (made of plates
of the hard alloy T15K6) were serviceable for 30 minutes (compared with
the one-minute life period with steel at room temperature). Tests with
cutting speeds of 86 m/min showed only 1.8 mm of tool wear (1.5-2.0 mm
established as maximum wear) and a similar 30-minute life period indicat-
ing the possibility of increasing given machining values 30-35%. Machin-
ing time was less by a factor of 10 when feed was increased to one mm/rev.
Further increase of feed proved unsatisfactory due to poor machined sur-
face quality.
Tool feed can be increased up to 5-8 mm/rev with a cutting tool of
a design by V. A. Kolesov and machining time correspondingly decreased
by a factor of 150-250. Even higher cutting speeds are possible with
powder ceramic tools TsM322 at feed rates of 0.1-0.7 mm/rev, cutting depths
of 1-5 mm, and tool pressure of 200-250 kg with no chipping or breaking
of the tool.
47. Electrospindle With High-Speed Aerodynamic Bearings
"Aerodynamic Bearings for High-Speed Motors and Turbines," by
S. A. Sheyberg, Doctor of Technical Sciences, and A. M. Khari-
tonov, Candidate of Technical Sciences; Moscow, Vestnik Mash
inostroyeniya, No 9, Sep 58, pp 14-17
A description is given of the design and operation of the aerodyaamic
bearings in the electrospindle ESh-119. The device is designated for
polishing inner surfaces with diameters up to 25 mm. Technical specifica-
tions are as follows: power, one kw; voltage, 220 v; current, 3.9 amp;
power factor, 0.85; efficiency, 80%; speed of rotation, 40,000 rpm (uni-
form); rotor diameter, 49.5 mm; and journal diameter, 32 mm. At constant
rotation the speed at the surface of the rotor is 124 m/sec and 80 m/sec
at the journal surfaces. The product Dn (D = diameter of journal in mm,
n = rpm) is three, times greater than that for ball bearings.
Compressed air or gas forced into the bearing clearances acts as a
cushion on which the journals ride. At a pressure of 3 atm and with a
minimum clearance of 4 microns the carrying capacity of the bearing (dia-
meter of 32 mm and length of 55 mm) is 85 kg and 30 kg at one atm pressure.
Bearings are made of the special graphite material Ye which is manufactured
at the Moscow Electrode Plant for aerodynamic bearings.
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Initial work on electric motors with aerodynamic bearings was begun
at the Experimental Scientific Research Institute of Metal-Cutting Lathes.
The ESh-119 electrospindle was developed by the authors in 1957 and in-
corporates corrections to earlier design deficiencies.
A description is also given of a balancing machine which permits
balancing accuracy within limits of 0.02 gem.
48. New Commission on Industrial Heating
"At State Scientific Technical Committee of the Council of
Ministers USSR," by M. P. Chuvilkin; Moscow, Teploenergetika,
No 11, Nov 58, p 94
At the State Scientific Technical Committee there was organized a
Commission on Industrial heating, whose function it will be to work out
suggestions and recommendations to assist the development of industrial
and centralized heating, design of new types of turbines,, boilers, aux-
iliary equipment, and heating systems.
The new commission will be headed by Dr S. F. Kop'yev. Other members
of the Commission will be N. K. Grmmov, V. K. Dyuskin, A. N. Kuranov, L. A.
Melent'yev, A. A. Nikolayev, V. B. Pakshver, Ye. Ya. Sokolov, M. P. Chuvilkin
(scientific secretary.), Ye. 0. Shteyngauz Ye. P. Shubin (deputy director),
and L. K. Yakimov.
One of the main aims of the commission will be the settlement of dis-
putable problems in heating and the formulation of unified recommendations.
The work of the commission will be presented in the periodical press.
[For additional information (water problems at atomic electric power
plants), see Item No 10.]
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4?. Fourier Series
"On Series According to a Rearranged Trigonometric System," by
P. L. U1'yanov; Moscow, Izvesti AkademiiNauk SSSR Seriya
Matematicheskaya, Vol 22, No , Jul Aug 58, pp 515-542
It is proved that several properties of trigonometric series (Fourier
series) are not transferred to series formed by rearrangement of a trigo-
nometric system.
The work consists of four parts.
In the first part two sufficient conditions are given for the aJaost
everywhere absolute convergence of Fourier series.
In the second.part the summability of series (Fourier, series) having
the form
ao/2 1- (awcos kx+ ysin kyx)
is considered where the natural numbers k e all different. It is proved
that-the Fourier series-according to the rearranged system (caos_JELx, sin k x
cannot in fact be summed by the powerful methods of Tyoplits. Two theorems
and a number of remarks and corollaries are devpted to this question.
An analogous result for complex power series is also proved.
In Part 3 the rearranged trigonometric system 4os k,x sin kyx is
considered from the aspect of convergence of Fourier eries formed accord-
ing to this system from the functions f(x)C LP (0, 2?~), where l 4 p 2.
In addition, the question concerning convergence on the interval (0,2 *I
according to the metric LI (q ~*, 2) of Fourier series according to the
system (cos kyx, sin kx from continuous functions is considered.
Toward the end of Part 3 the complex analog is given.
In Part 4 a number of corollaries of the theorem proved in Part 3 is
derived which may command independent interest. For example, it is proved
that a rearranged trigonometric system, generally speaking, is not a base
in the space Lp (0) 2!r) for p e [1, 2) ? (2)oo).
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50. Elliptic Equations and Systems
"A Priori Estimates in, and Generalized Solutions for Elliptic-
Equations and Systems, 1y A. I. Koshelev; Moscow, Us ekhi
Matematicheskikh Nauk, Vol 13, No 4 (82), Jul/Aug 5 p8 p 29-88
The first boundary value problem with homogeneous boundary conditions
for elliptic equations or systems is considered. The existence of a gen-
eral solution and its differential properties are obtained with the help
of a priori estimates and the method of continuation according to the para-
meter, based on the applied system of the Newton method.
The paper consists of three parts.
Tie first part has a subsidiary character and contains a series of
reductions from the analysis of functions, Fourier transforms, etc.
The second part is devoted to the obtaining of an a priori estimate
in Lp indicated above for linear equations or systems. This estimate is
first obtained for equations having constant coefficients and then it is
extended for the case of variable coefficients sufficiently smooth. Para-
graph 4 of the second part is devoted to eauations of the second order.
This paragraph contains a short survey of the results obtained by various
authors, and the idea of the proof of the indicated estimate. The proofs
conducted for one equation, the author says, are easily extended for a
random case. The. reader unfamiliar with elliptical systems is advised
that he may omit the paragraph during reading.
The third part is devoted to the fundamental theorem concerning the
existence of the general solution for elliptic equations (systems). Here
is given the method of continuation according to the parameter with
utilization of the system of the Newton method. In Paragraph 12 e of this
part a theorem concerning the existence of the general solution for a
particular class of nonlinear equations (systems) is obtained.
For understanding of,the paper the reader must be familiar with the
scone of the first chapters of the monographs by L. A. Lyusterru.k and
V. I. Sobolev, Elementy Funktsional'nogo Analiza (Elements of Functional
Analysis), Moscow-Leningrad, Gostekhizdat, 1951, and of the first chapter
of the monograph by S. L. Sobolev, Nekotoryye Primeneniya Funktsional'nogo
Ana3izav'Matematicheskoy Fizike (Several Applications of Functional Analy-
sis in Mathematical Physics), Leningrad State University, 1950.
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51. Best Approximation for Differential Functions
"Theorems Concerning the Uniqueness of the Best Approximation
for Differential Functions," by A. L. Garkavi; Moscow, Uspekhi
Matematicheskikh Nauk, Vol 13, No 4 (82), Jul/Aug 58, ppC225-226
The following is the text of the article.
We denote by Cs the class of functions having a continuous deriva-
tive of the s-th order on the interval [a,b]. Let -Sn _ . ., T n(x)}
be a system of linearly independent functions belonging ~J(X)jj.
the class Cs,
and Ln : L (Sn) the space of polynomials according to that system.
The question concerning the dimensionality of the polyhedrons of the
elements of the best uniform approximation for functions of the class C8
is considered in the space Ln.
We will denote the Tchebycheff rank of the space L. by R (L.). i.e.,
the maximum dimensionality of the polyhedrons of the best approximation
for continuous functions, and the Tchebycheff rank of L. relative to the
class Cs by R (L , C ), i.e., the maximum dimensionality of the indicated
polyhedrons for unc ions from the class Cs.
Theorem I. In order to satisfy the inequality
R (Ln, Cs) -t!!S r (sal)
it is necessary and sufficient that the mean of the general zeros of
every k linearly independent polynomials from In (k=r+ 1,...,n) contains
not more than n-k points, appearing as general double or boundary zeros
of the r +.l-th of the indicated polynomials.
This theorem for r= 0 gives the necessary and st:ffficient conditions
that for any f (x) ECs in the space Ln there exists a unique polynomial
of the best approximation.
Corollary I. For any s 1 R(L, C1) WR(Ln, CS).
Corollary II. The inequality
R (Ln, C 1) 2R (Ln) - n - 1 holds.
CPYRGHT
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Corollary III. Let m be the greatest number of zeros (considering
their multiplicity), which may have a nontrivial polynomial from Ln; then
R (Ln, C1) -;0 for R (Ln) (2n-m-l)/?_],
R (Ln, C1) G m +.l - 2[ n-R(Ln)] for R (Ln) , [ (.2n'-m-1)/2].
The criterion, mentioned in Theorem 1, is simplified for the follow-
ing case.
Let Lp have an n-dimensional hyperplane (in particular a subspace)
of the space Ln~.l L (Tn+l), where TW-1 has a Tchebycheff differential
system on the- interval [a,b] such that for any interior point of [a,b]
there exists a polyhedron having a simple zero. (The approximating
systems of Tchebycheff generally encountered satisfy this condition.)
Under these assumptions the following theorem holds:
Theorem. II. For the inequality R (i, Cl) r to be satisfied it is
necessary and sufficient that for any j of the boundary points (j? 0, 1,'2)
and Pj _ [i(n-r-j)/2] of the interior points of the interval [a,b] there
exists a polynomial from In assuming at those points values of any signs
given in advance.
Theorem II indicates, in particular, the sufficient conditions for
uniqueness of the dlynomial, least differing from zero, among the poly-
nomials of L (Tn 1, the coefficients of which are linked by certain linear
relations.
CPYRGHT
52. Approximation of Functions by Ordinary Polynomials
"Concerning the Approximation of Functions by Ordinary Poly-
ihomials of a Finite Segment of the Real Axis,".,by.V. K. Dzyadyk;
Izvesti a Akademii Nauk SSSR Seri a Matematicheskaya, Vol 22,
No 3, May Jun 5 8., pp 337-357-
Several kernals are brought into consideration in the paper, with
the help of which a?method is indicated for which continuous functions
given on the segment [a? b] by sequences of polynomials permit one to
realize further investigation along the directions first indicated by
S. M. Nikol'sky and subsequently by A. F, Timan and the author.
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53. Spectrum Discreteness of a Differential Operator of the Second Order
"Concerning the Spectrum Discreteness of a Differential Oper&r
for of the Second Order," by F. G. Makaudov, Pbtysicomathematical
x
Institute; Baku Doklad Akademii Nauk Azerba ddzhanakoy. SSR,
Vol 14, No 9, 1958 Pp 657 71
The-operator L, generated by the differential exprcraaion
l (Y) = (-1)n n po x 'n ) + (-1)n-1(p1 ddn7l o-' ) '+
'...+PAY,
in the Hilbert space L2 (-00, + 00) is considered.
The functions y(x)C L2 (-00, + 00) absolutely continuous in every
finite interval [-a,,a] (a > 0) together with their quasi derivatives up to
the 2n-1 order and those 1 (y)E'L2, (-G0, + 00) are contained in the region
of definition DL of the operator L.
The criteria for pure discreteness of 'the spectrum of the operator L
were established using the method of A. M. Molchanov.
The following theorem was proved:
Let 1/Po , Pl..., PA be real, positivey -locally sunuable f etions
such that
1. for N sufficiently large the functions Po,..., Pn-1 are continu-
ous in the intervals (-00, N) and (P+100),
2. the. ~.i t; 1ia? 1 (x) = m ..., 11in. P t3 exist where a 0.
n-l n-1 0 ?
(x)900 ? ?, Ioo
3. Pn-1 2 1, and Pn is bounded on the entire real axis and Pn 1.
Then the spectrum of the operator L is purely discrete then and only
then, when for any fixed number x
(xJ oo Pb (x) dx = oo.
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51+
Nilpotent Groups
"Generalized Solvable and Nilpotent Groups," by B. I. Plotkin;
Moscow, Uspekhi Matematicheskikh Nauk, Vol 13, No 4 (82)
Jul/Aug 58, pp-89-172
The table of contents accompanying the article follows.
Part I. General concepts
Section 1. Normal and invariant series and systems
2. Abstract theoretical group properties
3. Radicals in groups
4. Conditions of finiteness
Part II. Groups of automorphisms
Section 5. Fundamental relations
6. Several types of automorphisms
7. Groups of automorphisms for several
classes of groups
Part III. Generalized nilpotent groups
Section 8. Several classes of generalized nilpotent
groups
9. Locally nilpotent groups
10. Locally nilpotent groups without torsion
11. Imposition of the conditions for finite-
ness
12. Nilgroups
13. Groups possessing a decreasing central
series
14. Hypercenters in groups
Part IV. Generalized solvable groups
Section 15. Radical groups
16. Imposition of the conditions for finite,-
ness
17. Solvable Ai-groups
18. LMi-radical groups
19. Periodic radical groups
20. Radical groups without torsion
Appendix
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Part V. The strubture of subgroups of generalized solvable and
nilpotent groups
Section 21. Structural properties
22. Structure of the subgroups of a locally
nilpotent group
23. Structure of the subgroups of a radical.
group
A bibliography is given of 207 entries.
CPYRGHT
55. The Problem of Homeomorphism and the Theory of Algorithms
"Insolubility of the Problem of Homeommorphism," by A. A. Markov;
Moscow, Uspekht Matematicheskikh Nauk, Vol 13,, No It (82) Jul/Aug 58,
pp 213-216
The following are the opening paragraphs.
"l. We will call the problem of research of algorithms, distinguish-
ing whether any two given polyhedrons are homeomorphic or not, a general
problem of homeomorphism. Herein polyhedrons are given as combinations
of their triangulations, which gives the possibility here of understanding
the term 'algorithm' in its exact sense, i.e., for example as 'normalized
algorithm.' (See "Theory of Algorithms," A. A. Markov, Trudy NI AN SSSR,
42) 1954.)
"Along with the general problem of homeomorphism naturally arise
various particular problems of homeomorphism pertaining to polyhedrons of
this or another class. It is possible, for example, by fixing the natural
number n, to present the problem of homeomorphism for polyhedrons of solva-
bility not greater than n. It is also possible to present the problem of
homeomorphism for n-dimensional manifolds if the term 'manifold' is placed
in the definition of the concept.
"Another natural restriction assumed during the comparison of poly-
hedrons is the fixation of one of them. Herein, the problem of homeo-
morphism rises for the given polyhedron A consisting, in the search, of
the algorithm discriminated for any polyhedron whether the polyhedron A
is homeomorphic or not.
"Several of these problems have long been solved.; for example, the
problem concerning the homeomorphism of two-dimensional manifolds or the
problem concerning the homeomorphism of a given two-dimensional manifold.
However, the following statements hold:
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"Theorem 1. For any natural number n greater than three, it is pos-
sible to indicate such an n-dimes ional manifold Mn, such that the problem
of homeomorphism of the manifold or the manifold Mn is insolvable.
"We understund the term "manifold" in the sense of H. Poincare, (Com-
plement a l'analysis situs, Rend. Circolo Mat. Palermo, 13, 1899, 2857373),
and 0. Veblen Analysis Situs, New York, 1931)-
"Corollary 1. The problem of homeomorphism for n-dimensional manifolds
is insolvable for n greater than three.
"Corollary 2. The problem of homeomorphism for polyhedrons of dimen-
sionality not greater than n is insolvable for n greater than three.
"Corollary 3. The general problem of homeomorphism is insolvable.
"In 2. theorem 1 is proved.
"3. The problems of homotopic equivalence may be presented analogously
for the problems of homeomorphism. Their formulations are obtained from
the formulations for the problem of homeomorphism by means replacing the
words 'are homeomorphic,' 'is homeomorphic,' by the words 'are homeomorphic
equivalent,' 'is homeomorphic equivalent.' ~ut such a replacement, natu-
rally, is possible in two lemmas proved in 2 which gives the follo,!ing
results:
"Theorem 2. For every natural number n, greater than three, the prob-
lem of homotopic equivalence of manifolds for the manifold Mn is insolvable.
"Corollary I. The problem of homotopic equivalence for n-dimensional
manifolds is insolvable for n greater than three.
"Corollary 2. The problem of homotopic equivalence for polyhedrons
of din--nsionality not greater than n is insolvable for n greater than three.
"Corollary 3. The general problem of homotopic equivalence is insoly-
able."
CPYRGHT
56. Algorithms Shown Related to Partially Recurrent Functions
"On the Determination of Algorithms," by A. N. Kolmogorov and
V. A. Uspenskiy; Moscow, Us ekhi Matematicheskikh Nauk, Vol 13,
No 4 (82), Jul/Aug 58, pp 3-2
The above work had in view the possibility for a wider approach to the
subject of algorithms and at the same time to indicate more clearly that
the most general accessible notion for the contemporary state of the science
of algorithms is completely connected in a natural manner with the notion
of partially recurrent functions.
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57. Sixth Degree Complex of Straight Lines
"A Sixth-Degree Complex of Straight Lines Generated by a Tetra-
hedral Complex," by V. A. Manevich, Moscow Aviation Institute
imeni Sergo Orzhonikidze; Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR,
Vol 122, No 2, Sep 58, pp 183-185
Construction of a sixth-degree complex of straight lines.- 6,, gen-
erated by a tetrahedral quadratic complex = 2 is considered and several
properties of that complex are obtained.
58. Nonll.near Equations in a Banach S ace
"Ramification of the Solutions of Nonlinear Equations in a Banach
Space," by V. A. Trenogin; Moscow, Uspekhi Matematicheskikh Nauk,
Vol 13, No 4 (82), Jul/Aug 58, pp 197-203
The equation
F (x, y) _ 0,
(1)
where x, y, and F (x,
y), respectively, belong to the Banach spaces El,
E,
and E is considered.
parameter x _ xo, ie,
Let the equation (1) have the solution y - y for
-
F (xo, Yo) = 0.
(2)
The finding of solutions o't' the equation (1) close to yo, becoming y for
x = x0 is of great interest, otherwise, the continuation(
ontinuation of the solUion
yo according to the parameter x is of great interest. If the operator
[ x 0'-1'01 ]
aY
exists and the function is continuously differentiable according to y in
the Fresh sense in a certain neighborhood of the point (xo, y0), then the
problem is worked out by theory of implicit functions. Serious difficulties
arise if the existence conditions for
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are violated. Such a problem is encountered in the theory of nonlinear
integral equations. The condition that
[a F (x,,, ] -1
ay
exists is replaced by the condition that the Fredholm theorem holds for
the operator )F x^, yam).
6y
Classical results were obtained in this region by A. M. Lyapunov
("Sur les figures d'equilibre peu differentes des ellipsoides dune masse
liquide homogene douee d'un mouvement de rotation, Premiere partie, Etude
generale du probleme," Zap. AN (1906), 1-225) and E. Schmidt ("Zur theorie
der ltnearen and nichtlinearen Integralgleichungen, III Teil," Math. Ann,
65 (1908), 370-399), which gave the theory of ramification for nonlinear
integral equations, expanded in integral-power series. (See also R. G.
Bartl, "Singular Points of Functional Equations" Tran. Amer. Math. Soc.
75, No 2, 1953; M. A. Krasnosel'skiy, Topologicheskiye metody, [Topological
Methods] M1_ Gostelchlzclat, 1956; and L. Lichtenstein, Vorlesungen ueber einige
Klassen'nichtlinearen Inte ral leichun en and Integrodifferential gleichungen
nebst Anwendungen, Berlin, 1931.)
59. Linear Functionals
"On the Representation of Linear Functionals in a Class of Discon-
tinuous Functions," by A. N. Tikhonov and A. A. Samarskiy, Moscow,
Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 122, No 2, Sep 58, pp 188-191
As is known, every linear functional A[f], defined in the class Co of
discontinuous functions, given in the interval (a,b) is represented with the
help of a Stieltjes integral
A[f] =1 f (x) dV(x),
a
where o( (x) is a function with a bounded variation (theorem of Ries). It
is also known that this functional may be pursued on the class Qo of piece-
wise continuous functions. This continuation, however, is not single-valued.
The purpose of the above work is to give a representation for an arbi-
trary linear functional defined in Qo.
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60. Polyharmonic Functions
"Properties of Polyharmonic Functions," by Ya. S. Bugrov; Moscow,
Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Matematicheskuya, Vol 22,
NoNoJul/Aug 58, 491-514
The differential properties of functions polyharmonic in a circle are
clarified and shown dependent on the differential properties of the bounds
of the functions.
61. Theory of Optimal Frocesses
"Theory of Optimal High-Speed Processes in Linear Systems," by
R. V. Gamkrelidze, Mathematics Institute imeni V. A. Steklov,
Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR,
Seriya Matematicheskaya, Vol 22, Nom,, Jul Aug 58, pp 449-474
Optimum processes in linear systems are studied. The existence of
optimum processes in such systems is proved and equations for the optimum
controls and trajectories are found. The problem of synthesis for such
systems with one controlling parameter is considered.
62. Computation Stations To Be Established in Numerous Soviet Institutes
"On the Improvement of Mathematical Training of Engineers Gradu-
ating From Vuzes," by V. Yelyutin; Moscow, B~ulleten' Minis-
terstva Vysshego Obrazovaniya SSSR, No 9, Sep 58, pp 7-9
Decree No 779, 24+ July 1958, of the Ministry of Higher Education USSR
directs that a plan be developed by 1 January 1959 for the organization
and establishment of computation laboratories in all vtuzes (higher techni-
cal educational establishments) and universities of the USSR. The decree
further directs that computation stations for the improvement of mathemati-
cal training be established in the following institutes: Moscow Power
Engineering Institute, Moscow Higher Technical School imeni Bauman, Moscow
Aviation Institute, Moscow Chemicotechnological Institute imeni Mende-
leyev, Leningrad Polytechnic Institute imeni M: I. Kalinin, Leningrad
Electrical Engineering Institute imeni V. I. Ulyanov (Lenin), Leningrad
Opticomechanical Institute, Leningrad Chemicotechnological Institute imeni
Lensovet, Belorussian Polytechnic Institute, Azerbaydzhan Polytechnic
Institute, Yerevan Polytechnic Institute, Odessa Polytechnic Institute,
Ural Polytechnic Institute, Central Asian Polytechnic Institute, Georgian
Polytechnic Institute, and Tomsk Polytechnic Institute.
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Aviation Medicine
63. G-Stresses on Man in Flight
"Mari in Flight and Overload Factors," by Lt Col Med Serv V. Usa-
chev, Candidate of Medical Sciences; Moscow, Sovetskaya Avi-
atsiy?, 22 Aug 58, p 3
(This article was written in reply to the question of Engr-Lt Sh. Bay-
shev; "What are the possible maximum gravitational stress limits on an
aviator in flight?")
"An increase in the speed or a change in the direction of an airplane
is called acceleration. Negative accelerations, in which the force acting
on the body of the occupant of an airplane is from foot to head, are par,
ticularly unfavorable. Such accelerations take place, for example, when
a 'reverse loop' is executed. When this is executed the flow of
blood to the head increases; this leads to hyperemia of vessels of the
brain and the retina of the eyes. R-_,sults of research showed that a force
of 3 Gs, acting in the direction of foot to head, creates disturbance in
vision within 5-6 seconds.
"Scientists have been studying this type of acceleration and its
effect on the human organism for many years. However, nothing has been
published until now concerning the possibility of increasing human toler-
ance by means of conditioning. Little can be done about it if we do not
consider the 'prone' position in which tolerance to acceleration is
enhanced.
"Accelerations in which G forces act in the direction of head to
foot are encountered most frequently. These accelerations produce varied
physiological changes in the organism depending mainly on the effects of
centrifugal forces on the cardiovascular system. Results of experiments
conducted with the aid of centrifuges show that vision becomes poor.
"When acceleration of L Gs lasts 3-5 seconds, contraction in peri-
pheral vision usually results, and after 1-2 seconds, only central vision
remains unimpaired. Acceleration of 5 Gs lasting 5-6 seconds causes the
central vision to become hazy and then disappear altogether. This symptom
usually precedes loss of consciousness, and for that reason, the aviator
piloting a plane at a great rate of speed thereby receives a momentary
signal of approaching loss of consciousness.
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"Consequently, acceleration of 5 lasting 10-20 seconds, is the
limit of tolerance for the majority of :iualthy people who have not been
put through a period of conditioning.
"On the other hand, the human organism is capable of enduring gravi-
tational force of great magnitude for a brief period of time. For example,
when a man is catapulted from his plane there follows a brief period (last-
ing 0.1-0.15 second) of acceleration of 18-20 Gs which is well tolerated.
This brief period of exposure to G force of great magnitude results in no
ill effects.
"However, if execution of acrobatic maneuvers or catapulting preceded
a protracted flight (within 5-6 hours), the organism will be more sensi-
tive to G forces. The danger of emergence of significant G forces decreases
at high altitude, because the thinness of the atmosphere excludes violent
maneuvering. Acceleration therefore will not exceed 2.5-3 Gs.
"The extent of functional resistance to centripetal accelerations can
be changed, depending on an individual's physical condition. Any breach
in the preflight regimen, fatigue, use of alcohol, smoking, lack of physi-
cal training, and various illnesses can reduce a flyer's resistance to
G forces.
"Systematic flight training, pursuit of sports, proper diet and sleep
regimen, training on a centrifuge, and the use of the anti-G suit can
contribute to better tolerance of G forces. Flyers who have gone through
a period of training are able to endure acceleration of 6-7 Gs for many
seconds without any impairment to their efficiency.
"Tolerance of gravitational stress can be increased by assuming an
inclined position. However, such a posture has not been used very much,
because it reduces visibility and is not a very convenient position for
steering. The effective way to increase tolerance to centripetal accelera-
tions is the anti-G suit. Its use while in flight increases tolerance to
G forces by about 2 Gs. This permits flyers to make full use of the
maneuverable capacities of modern fighter planes.
"Thus, in answer to the direct question concerning the limits of
human functional tolerance of gravitational forces, it is possible to
offer a rough estimate, especially if in addition we take into considera-
tion the wide range of individual resistance. It is important to remem-
ber that the main symptoms which must aleft the airplane pilot are visual
disturbances: they serve to warn the flyer that acceleration must be
reduced."
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64." The Psychology of Instrument Flying
"A Few Questions on the Psychology of Instrument Flying," by
Lt Col Med Serv B. Yakubov and MaJ Med Serv Yu. Petrov, Candi-
date of Medical Sciences; Moscow, Sovetskaya Aviatsiya, 5 Sep58
"Flying demands of every member of an aircrew precise coordinated
movements, constant attentiveness, and a good and well-trained memory.
Possession of such qualities assures flight safety under complicated
meteorological conditions.
"The guidance and navigational equipment found on all modern airplanes
provides an aviator with the necessary information which :hakes up for lack
of opportunity to observe natural horizon and landmarks directly.
"It can be seen, therefore, how decisive is the role of indicators
on the guidance and navigational instruments. Successful execution of
flights in clouds and overcoming complications involved in spatial orienta-
tion are afforded to a very great extent by an aviator's ability to think;
the authentic perception of space in flight by means of instruments is not
only a complicated neuropsychic process, but also a clear index of emotional
saturation of activity.
"Consider for example the flight of Military Flyer First Class
Zakharov. He executed a flight course under complicated meteorological
conditions at an altitude of 3,000 meters. On his return to the airport,
the fighter plane entered a region of intensive storm. Experiencing com-
plications involving spatial orientation, the flyer decided to maintain
continuous radio contact with the flight officer.
"The flight officer calmly and confidently informed the flyer what the
meteorological conditions were in the area of the airport c'ered advice on how
to pierce the clouds underneath, and told him to contact the control radio
station, spe~.ifying the position of the airplane. All this helped the
aviator to carry out his flight mission successfully, to emerge exactly
in the area of the airport, and to bring the airplane in under extremely
complicated meteorological conditions.
"When some flyers find themselves in a difficult situation, they con-
sider it 'awkward' to communicate with someone on the ground or to ask the
flight officer for advice. Besides, communication by radio with a flight
officer is very helpful to a flyer at high altitude, particularly when
piercing the clouds underneath and attempting to make a landing at a time
when visibility is limited.
CPYRGHT
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"Agitation, worry, and at times a state of confusion hinder a flyer's
movements or may lead to wrong decisions. For that reason, a flyer may
briefly lose his ability to evaluate his actions while aloft in guiding
his plane to its destination.
"There are actgally case when flyers do not react in time to devia-
tions from a given flight schedule. When this happens the flyer may show
symptoms of varied illusory perceptions of the spatial position of the plane.
"It must be considered that situations such as convective currents,
varying density of the air, temperature fluctuations, and other natural
phenomena always exist in the atmosphere and are encountered by planes in
flight. These phenomena produce extensive changes in the physiological
activity of the organs of sensation, particularly in the organ of vision,
the vestibular apparatus, and the muscular system.
"The airplane of pilot Nikolayev was in an inverted position while
flying through clouds. For a while the pilot was unable to evaluate the
spatial position of his plane. This happened because he disregarded the
readings of instruments in his airplane and depended entirely on his own
'flight perception.'
"Varied density and illumination of clouds, their uneven distribution
at different altitudes, and the presence of gaps in the clouds distracted
Nikolayev. The pilot chose this imaginary 'supr.ort' in preference to
information appearing on the artificial horizon and other flight naviga-
tion instruments.
"Among many factors that contribute to the advent of illusions in
flyers are pre-existent diseases which occurred in the not-too-distant
past. ?t happened in one of the flight units: pilot N, who had recently
recovered from a bad cold at which time he had had a high temperature,
was allowed to take part in night flying exercises under complicated
meteorological conditions. The pilot was not in good enough physical
condition to be able to 'form complicated tasks. However, the flight
officer in charge and ti _init physician did not seem to be high-principled
enough and 'felt timid' about refusing a comrade who was senior to them
in rank and position. Finding himself within a solid mass of clouds,
pilot N temporarily lost all spatial orientation: he made awkward errors
and was able to land only because of his extensive experience.
"This case should attract the attention of commanding officers and
aviation medical officers. Flyers who have not completely recovered
from illness should not be permitted to fly. Health and individual
peculiarities of each flyer must be taken into consideration.
CPY
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"Flight officers in command are obliged to see that their flight
personnel are well trained in handling the guidance and navigation systems
in their planes. In ordinary flights in which visual orientation is suf-
ficient, the flyers must watch the instrument readings carefully during
various maneuvers: gaining altitude, descent, horizontal turning maneuver,
and spirals. This will pay valuable dividends to flyers when they are
forced to guide their planes through a solid mass of clouds and will permit
them to orient themselves rapidly and freely while flying through space.
"It is quite useful to have a flyer being tested in a training plane
make a running report of the position of the airplane while it is going
through various maneuvers (with the second cabin covered at the time by a
curtain).
"Publicizing the experiences that a flyer may have while aloft can
contribute much toward increasing the efficiency of those who have already
mastered flying by instruments. It?is'necessary to take into considera-
tion that every experienced flyer acquired his skill the hard way -- by
doing. Arrangements must be made to have unit flying technique and
theoretical-practical conferences at which the best flyers of the unit may
share their experiences.
"Aviation medical officers, together with commanding flight officers,
must make provisions for safety while in flight, must tell their flight
personnel about the established psychological and physiological mechanisms
of spatial orientation, point out the great significance of a rational
regimen of rest and nutrition, and recommend continual training of self-
control, dynamic attentiveness, and memory. An atmosphere of calmness
must exist during take-off. It is necessary to avoid abrupt relationships
with flyers. It must be kept in mind that emotional overexertion and
nervousness among flyers may result in accidents while in the air.
"In conclusion, it should be stated that in an effort to improve
the quality of combat training it is necessary to. observe in a strict
manner the aptitude, interests, and shortcomings of each aviator. In con-
nection with this, it is necessary to observe constantly the individual
psychological peculiarities of each soldier and to supply concrete and
intimately personal guidance dealing with the entire process of combat
and political trainipg of flight personnel."
CPYRGHT
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65. Soviet Oxygen Breathing Equipment Mentioned in Czechoslovak Press
"High Altitude Flights and Oxygen," by Jan Hospodar, MD, Prague,
Kridla Vlasti, 30 Sep 58, pp 16-18
This article describes and illustrates various oxygen breathing equip-
ment and pressure suits. The majority of the equipment appears to be Ameri-
can. Two specific references to Soviet equipment, however, are made.
The article states that the Soviet high-altitude oxygen mask "KP-14"
is currently used for flights up to 10,000 meters and may be used for
short periods of time up to 12,000 meters.
The article also states that the more modern oxygen masks, such as
the Soviet "KP-18," are better. These prevent the sucking in of "false
air" (thin air) which causes altitude sickness by building up pressure
within the mask. With these masks a pilot may fly with safety at 12,000
meters.
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Hematology
66. 30-Year Study Confirms Advantages of Transfusing Cadaver Blood
Into Living Organ sms
"The Origin of the Idea of Transfusing Blood From Cadavers, and
the Future Prospects of Using Fibrinolyzed Blood," by V. N.
Shamov; Moscow, Eksperimental'rnaya Khirurgiya, No 5, Sep/Oct 58,
pp 8-14
The author reviews the history of the idea of using cadaver blood for
transfusion into living organisms. This includes bacteriological studies
of the tissues and organs after various periods of death, the development
of "cadaver toxins," and the duration of the viability of cadaver blood.
The author refers to a report presented by him at the Third Ukranian
Convention of Surgeons in 1928. In this report he established through his
research the advantages of transfusing cadaver blood taken 6-10 hours after
death. His continuous research in this field confirm the following:
1. Cadaver blood retains its full value for about 10 hours after
death and may be used with the same success as blood taken from live donors.
2. Strict aseptic rules must be followed in taking blood from a
cadaver to prevent the tran&fer of any diseases, toxins, or infectious
agents to the recipients.
3. Cadaver blood has the advantage of not requiring anticoagulants
to preserve it.
4. The morphological and biochemical composition of preserved cadaver
blood differs very little from preserved donor blood, except that in people
who die suddenly the sugar content is 5-6 times as high as the normal level.
5. The fact that up to !;. liters of blood may be drawn from one cadaver,
which is equivalent to blood drawn from 5-8 live donors, is significant
in those cases requiring massive and repeated transfusions.
6. Cadaver blood is easier and safer to collect than donor blood.
The chief argument against using cadaver blood is labeling it as
"cadaver blood." To. solve this, the author suggests that such blood be
labeled as "Blood B," or "Fibrinolyzed Blood."
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67. Ultrahigh-Frequency Electric Fields Increase Activity of Hemostatic
Blood Preparations
"Changes in the Activity of Hemostatic 3lood Preparations Under
the Effect of Ultrahigh-Frequency Electric Field," by V. P.
Shtol'tser, Leningrad Institute of Blood Transfucion (director,
Docent A. D. Belyakov; and scientific director, Prof A. N.
Fi.latov, Corresponding Member, Academy of Medical Sciences
USSR); Moscow, Problemy Gematologii i Perelivanii Krovi, Vol 3,
No 3, May/Jun 5d, pp JO-42
At present, a number of biological preparations derived from blood
are used for hemostatic purposes, for example, a hemostatic sponge, biologi-
cal tampon, and fibrin powder. The Leningrad Institute for Blood Trans-
fusion conducted tests to increase the activity of these hemostatic sub
stances by a;.posing them to ultrahigh-frequency electric current. Experi-
mental details are presented. Tables illustrate changes in the activity
of hemostatic preparations under the effect of ultrahigh-frequency electric
current, both in vitro and in vivo experiments.
Results indicate the following:
"1. The activity of hemostatic preparations made from blood (hemostatic
sponge, biological tampon, and fibrin powder), after being exposed to an
ultrahigh-frequency electric field, is increased both in vitro and also
in stopping hemorrhage in the parynchymatous organs of dogs. This increased
activity is retained for about 3 months.
"2. The increased activity of the preparations is not dependent on
temperature and on changes in residual humidity after the preparations have
been treated by ultrahigh-frequency electric field.
"3. The increase in the activity of the preparations after their ex-
posure to ultrahigh-frequency electric field depends chiefly on the activa-
tion of thromboplastin extract of the brain, occurring in the composition
of the hemostatic preparations."
The author concludes as a result of these preliminary tests that the
mechanism for the activation of these preparations in an ultrahigh-frequency
electric field is linked with the hydrolysis of thromboplastin extract of
the brain by water.
CPYRGH-
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68. Blood Processing Extends Usefulness From 7 to 30 Days
"A Study of Certain Biochemical and Physiochemical Changes in
the Blood Prepared Without Stabilizers During the Process of
Its Preservation," by Ye. V. Antonova and L. S. Rotfel'd,
Leningrad Institute of Blood Transfusion (director, Docent
A. D. Belyakov; scientific director, Prof A. N. Filatov, Cor-
responding Member, Academy of Medical Sciences USSR); Moscow,
Problemy Gematologii i Perelivaniya Krovi, Vol 3, No 3, May/
Jun S, pp 43-46
aim of this research was to study certain biochemical, physio-
chemical, and morphological changes in blood treated of ion exchange resin
during its processing for storage.
Results indicate the following:
"l. The calcium content is decreased by half and the sodium content
rises when the blood is treated by a cation exchange resin. There are no
changes in the content of potassium, phosphorus, glucose, and lactic acid;
the minimum osmotic resistance of erythrocytes; or free hemoglobin in the
plasma. Blood alkalinity is slightly increased (pH 8.4).
"2. Changes arise significantly sooner in cationic blood than in
citrated preserved blood. The biological efficacy of cationic blood is
not changed after being preserved at 4-50 C for 7 to 8 days. Blood pre-
served without stabilizers retains its blood coagulation components well.
"3. The addition of glucose-saccharose solution together with syntho-
mycin significantly prolongs the period of preservation for cationic blood,
and a 1:1 dilution with the above-mentioned solution prolongs the period
of storage to 28-30 days."
69. Skeletal Muscles Proved Chief Site for Pooling of Blood During Shock
"On the Distribution of Blood During Traumatic Shock," by R. M.
Mel'nikov, Tr. Vses. Konferentsii po Med. Radiol. Eksperim. Med.
Radiol., Moscow, Medgiz, 1957, 270-272; from, Referativny_v
Zhurnal ----Biologiya, No 10, 25 May 58, P 434)
CPYRGH
"Erythrocytes tagged with radioactive phosphorus were administered
intravenously to rabbits, and in 20-30 minutes shock was prodkced by pulling
on a mesentery. The animals were sacrificed during the fourth stage of
shock. The activity of the liver and kidney tissue was unchanged. The
activity of the spleenic tissue consisted of 0.2% of the administered dose
of P32 per gram of tissue as compared with 0.32% in the controls; the
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activity of skeletal muscles was 0.025% against 0.007% in the controls,
and the activity of brain tissue was 0.009% against 0.016% in the con-
tro7.,s. Considering that tissue activity is determined by the degree of
hyperemia of an organ, it is possible to assume that during shock in
rabbits, blood is pooled chiefly in the skeletal muscles."
70. Blood Platelets Elaboration Proved a Normal Physiological Process of
Megakaryocytes
"Magekaryocytes in Tissue Cultures and Their Role in Blood
Platelet Production," by A. M. Yeroshkina, Institute of Ex-
perimental Pathology and Cancer Therapy (director, Prof
N. N. Blokhin, Corresponding Member, Academy of Medical
Sciences USSR), Academy of Medical Sciences USSR; Moscow,
Problemy Gematologii i Perelivaniya Krovi, Vol 3, No 5,
Sep Oct 5b, pp 21-25 -
The author made in vitro studies of megakaryocytes from the bone
marrow of white mats, rabbits, cats, etc. in an effort to investigate
the various theories connected with the origin of blood platelets from
megakaryocytes. Photomicrographs illustrate the process in tissue cul-
tures of megakaryocytes of rats after a 2-hour period, 10-hour period,
and megakaryocytes of cats showing mass production of blood platelets.
Another series of four photomicrographs shows the. process of blood
platelet production in rat megakaryocytes.
The author concludes that the process of elaborating blood platelets
from megakaryocytes is a normal physiological process of megakaryocytes,
and does not result in the degeneration or death of the cells. It follows
from this that blood platelets are not the products of degeneration or
decomposition of the megakaryocytes, but particles of the body of these
cells which are capable of surviving for a certain period of time.
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Immunology and Therapeutics
71. Antibiotic Therapy of Brucellosis
"Levomycetirt Therapy of Experimental Brucellosis," by V. S.
Uralyeva, Tr. Rostovsk.-na-Donu Gos. N.-I. Protivochumn. In-ta
(Works of the Rostov-na-Donu State Scientific Research
Antiplague Institute), No 11, 1956;, pp 27-37 (from Referati-
vnyy Zhurnal---Biologi a, No 9, 10 May 58, Abstract No
2 0, by 0. A. Chaykina
CPYRGHT
"Experiments were performed on 425 guinea pigs. The animals were
infected subcutaneously with virulent strains of Brucella melitensis in
a dose of 500 microbial cells. Therapy of the pigs was begun at differ-
ent periods after infection and was carried out for 5-30 days. Levomycetin
was introduced perorally every 6-8 or 12 hours in a daily dose of 60 mg.
It was demonstrated that upon prolonged therapy (at least 20 days) levomy-
cetin has a positive effect on the course of brucellosis in pigs. This
is manifested by a decrease in the number of culturable Brucella and a
transition of generalized infection into localized. Complete elimination
of Brucella from the animal organisms rarely occurred. Combined therapy
with levomycetin and vaccine administered simultaneously or in short al-
ternate courses afforded the same results as therapy with the antibiotic
alone; however, the long-term results of combined therapy were more ef-
fective. The introduction of levomycetin into pigs infected with Brucella
had no effect on the development of immunity to super- and reinfection.
Treatment of humans suffering from brucellosis with levomycetin and synthomy-
cin led to cessation of bacteremia in a significant number of cases. Hemo-
cultures of Brucella isolated after therapy were often found to be weakly
virulent and radically altered with respect to other characteristics."
72. The Mechanism of Synthomycin and Levomycin in Brucellosis
"The Problem Concerning the Mechanism of the Therapeutic Action
of Synthomycin and Levomycin in Brucellosis," by G. A. Balandin
and N. P. Prostetova, Tr. Rostovsk.-n.-D. N.-I. Protivochumn.
In-ta (Works of the Rostov-na-Donu Scientific Research Anti-
plague Institute), No 10, 1956, pp 384-391; (from Referativnyy
Zhurnal - - Biologiya, No 8, 28 Apr 58, Abstract No 37680, by
L. A. Strugach)
"Information in the literature indicates that during the treatment of
brucellosis patients with synthomycin and levomycin the symptoms of the
disease are quickly dissipated; however, neither preparation has an etio-
tropic action. The administration of synthomycin and levomycin does not
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impede the generalization of the infection in mice affected by brucellosis.
It is believed that the therapeutic action of synthomycin and levomycin
against brucellosis is dependent on the development of areactivity of the
microorganism. A relapse is dependent on the restoration of the reactivity
of the patient infected by the brucellosis organism after the adminis.tr--
tion of these antibiotics has been stopped."
CPYRGHT
73. Effect of X-Ray Irradiation on Immunity To Paratyphoid in Monkeys
"Concerning the Question of the Effect of General Roentgen
Irradiation on the Course of Paratyphoid B in Monkeys," by
L. A. Yakovleva, B. A. Lapin, S. M. Pekerman, and M. I.
Novikova, Trudy Vsesoyuznoy Konferentsii po Meditsinskoy
Radiologii (Works of the All-Union Conference on Medical
Radiology T, 1957, pp 185-187; (From Meditsinskiy Referativ-
nyy Zhurnal, Supplement, Section 4, 195d, p 75)
"Experiments were conducted on 34 one-year-old monkeys (young macaque
rhesus and Chinese macaques) infected by a standard strain of paratyphoid
B. Observations showed that the sufficiently stable immunity which was
produced by undergoing paratyphoid was not disturbed by irradiation with
a 250 r dose, but in a number of cases was disturbed after irradiation by
a 400 r dose. The dynamics of the elaboration of antibodies, when a
correlation is made between the development of paratyphoid infection and
the radiation process, do not sufficiently characterize a state of im-
munity."
CPYRGHT
74. Use of the Biological Antiseptic Tampon as a Hemostatic and To Prolong
Local Penicillin Effect
"Biological Antiseptic Tampon- A Blood Preparation Ensures
Long Penicillin Effect," by N. M. Aleksandrova, Laboratory
of Dry Preparations From Blood (leader, Prof L. G. Bogomo-
lova), Leningrad Scientific Research Institute of Blood
Transfusion (director, Docent A. D. Belyakov; and scien-
tific leader, Prof A. N. Filatov, Corresponding Member,
Academy of Medical Sciences USSR); Moscow, Problemy Gema-
tologii I Perelivaniya Krovi, Vol 3, No 3, May Jun 5b, pp
-52
In an effort to discover substances that would prolong penicillin ef-
fect, it was determined that blood, due to its therapeutic effect, when
introduced intramuscularly or subcutaneously prolonged the effect of anti-
biotics administered with it. A new preparation made from blood, the bio-
logical antiseptic tampon, was developed and tested to determine its capacity
for prolonging the effect of penicillin.
Details on amounts of penicillin and duration of effectiveness of the
tampon are presented.
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'J.'he author concludes that blood and blood preparations (erythrocyte
mass, various serums, etc.) can be successfully used to prolong penicillin
effect. The administration of penicillin with blood and blood preparations
effects an additional nonspecific therapeutic effect by increasing the de-
fensive power of the patient. The new preparation, the biological anti-
septic tampon, in addition to its hemos,rttic properties, ensures a long
period of therapeutic concentration of the antibiotic both in the wound
and in the blood of the patient.
75. Use of Tetraethylmonothiopyrophosphate in Experimental Therapy
"The Treatment of Experimental Paralysis With Tetraethylmono-
thiopyrophosphate," by M. M. Lenkevich, Khimiya i Primyen-
yeniye Fosfororgan Sovedineniy (The Chemistry and Utilization
of Organophosphorus Compounds); Moscow, Academy of Sciences
USSR, 1957, pp 344-353, discussion, pp 353-355 (from Refera-
tivnyy Zhurnal --- Biologiya, No 8, 28 Apr 58, Abstract No
37539) by R. Yu. I1'yuchenok)
"The therapeutic action of tetraethylmonothiopyrophosphate was investi-
gated in peripheral and central paralysis in mice. In peripheral paralysis,
obtained as a result of traumatic injury to the sciatic nerve, recovery
after the subcutaneous administration of a dose of 0.06 mg/kg of the phos-
phate began 2.3 times faster than the recovery of the controls. Increas-
ing the dosage to 0.18 mg/kg together with earlier administration results
in a swifter therapeutic effect. The prophylactic administration of 0.18
mg/kg also reduces the recovery time. With?intra-abdominal administration,
the rate of the onset of the therapeutic effect, in comparison with sub-
cutaneous administration, is relatively unchanged. With central paralysib,
having a neurovirological etiology, the administration of the phosphate
as a prophylactic or after the injury produces a marked therapeutic effect.
The degree of protection offered is not the same against various viruses.
Apparently the protective action of the phosphate is dependent on iuhitition
of the true cholinesterase which forms in excessive quantities in the
central nervous system due to the action of the neuro--virus, which obstructs
the manifest action of acetylcholine. The prospects for utilizing this
hosphate against polio were mentioned."
CPYRGHT
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Pharmacology and Toxicology
76. Organophosphorus Compounds and Their Effects
"The Effect of Organophosphorus Compounds on Salivary- and
Intestinal Gniretion," by T. Yu. Il'yuchenok, Khimiya i Pri-
menyeniye Fosfororgan. Soyedineniy (The Chemistry and Appli-
cation of Organophosphorus Compounds), Moscow, Academy of
Sciences USSR, 1957, PP 318-322, discussion, p 323; (from
Referativnyy Zhurnal--- Biologiya) No 8, 25 Apr 58, Abstract
No 3753 6) by R. Yu. Il'yuchenok
"The quantity and solid residue of saliva was determined in dogs with
drain tubes in the parotid and submaxillary glands after they had been fed
2 g of powdered sugar. The cholinesterase activity was determined by the
Borisov-Rozengart method. Intestinal secretion was determined by the Tiri-
Vell method after the dogs' intestinal wall had been subjected to mechanical
irritation and a calomel test. The preparations were administered subcu-
taneously in doses of 1-10% of a LD100. All the organophosphorus compounds
investigated, after single administration of small doses, intensify salivary
secretion for a long period of time. The increase in salivary gland re-
activity persists for 3-9 days, and for three of the compounds, 30 days.
The single administration of preparation No 14,
OC2H5
I OC2H5
in a dose of 0.0135 mg/kg increases the secretion of the intestinal glands
within 72-144 hours for 15 days. The amylase content in the gastric juice
was unchanged after the administration of preparations No 14 and 75."
CPYRGHT
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77.. Anticholinesterase Substances and Their Effect on Higher Nervous
Activity
"The Effect of Anticholinesterase (Organophosphorus and
Others), Cholinomimetic, and rholinolytic Substances on
the Higher Nervous Activity of Humans and Animals," by
M. Ya. Mikhel'son, N. V. Savateyev, N. Ye. Lukomskaya,
Ye. K. Rozhkova, and L. M. Grigor'yeva, Khimiya i Pri-
meneniye Fosfororgan Soyedinenniy, (The Chemistry and
Application of" Organophosphorus Compounds ; Moscow
Academy of Sciences USSR, 1957, PP 324-334, discussion,
pp 334-335; (from Referativnyy Zhurnal --- Biologi a, No
10, 25 May 58, Abstract No 47190, by R. Yu. Il'yuchenok)
"The subcutaneous administration of 3-4 mg/kg of pentaphene to healthy
humans produces expressed disruption in higher nervous activity after 2-3
hours, while with the administration of 5 and 10 mg/kg consciousness is
completely disrupted in 2-5 hours. With the simultaneous administration
of pentaphene (3.0-3.5 mg/kg) with proserin (0.02 mg/kg), disruption in
psychic activity is sharply decreased. The administration of atropine
(0.17 kg/mg) to dogs produced a disruption in conditioned reflex activity;
simultaneous administration of proserin (0.03 mg/kg) decreased and some-
times completely eliminated these effects. In experiments on dogs and
rats, it was determined that proserin (0.01-0.05 mg/kg) and phosphacol
(0.02-0.03 mg/kg) prevent or decrease the disruption of the central
nervous system which was caused by atropine (1.25-10.0 mg/kg), scopolamine
(1.25-5.0 mg/kg), gangleron (10 mg/kg), pentaphene (20 mg/kg), arpenal
(20 mg/kg), and diphazine (10 mg/kg). Antagonism, in the action of cor-
responding doses of cholinolytic and anticholinesterase substances was
noted, particularly while studying their effect on the processes of active,
internal inhibition: cholinolytics had a decreased effect while anti-
cholinesterases increased their activity."
78. Chemical Structure and Anticholinesterase Activity
"The Dependence of Toxicity and Anticholinesterase Activity
on the Chemical Structure of a Series of Alkyl-amides of Di-
dialkylphosphoric Acids," by I. A. Frankov, Khimiya i
meneniye Fosfororgan. Coyedineniy (The Chemistry and Appli-
cation of Organophosphorus Compounds), Moscow, Academy of
Sciences USSR, 1957, PP 366-371; discussion, p 371 (from Re-
ferativnyy Zhurnal - - Biologiya, No 18, 25 Apr 58, Abstract
No 37535, by R. Yu. Il'yuchenko)
"The toxicity to mice after subcutaneous administration and the anti-
cholinesterase properties (in experimental tests conducted according to
the Borisov-Rozengart method) of the following type of organophosphorus
compounds were investigated:
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CPYRGHT
CPYRGHT
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RO OR
-- N -- P
RI' I r\
0 OR
where R are alkyl radicals and R' a methyl or ethyl group. The toxicity
and anticholinesterase properties of the compounds in the series of alkyl-
amides of di-dialkylphophoric acid are dependent on the structure of the
alkyl radicals connected to the phosphorus and nitrogen. Substituting
propyl radicals, connected to the phosphorus, for isopropyl radicals in
the series of monoethylamides reduces the toxicity by a factor of 56.3;
there is also a marked lowering of anticholinesterase properties (78.9%
blockage with a 1;1,000 dilution as opposed to 100% blockage with a
1:1,000 dilution). In the monoethylamide series, substituting the un-
branched chains for isopropyl groups in the radicals connected to the
phosphorus, or increasing the number of carbon atoms lowers toxicity;
however, it has little effect on the a nticholinesterase properties. A
decrease in toxicity and anticholinesterase properties is accomplished
by increasing the number of carbon atoms In the radicals connected with
the nitrogen in the compounds where the radicals connected to the phos-
phorus have unbranched chains. In cases where iso-groupings are present,
there is an increase in toxicity and anti c;holinesterase properties."
79.
Properties of Thiophosphoric Compounds
"The Pharmacological and Toxicological Properties of Thio-
phosphoric Compounds," by A. V. Reut, Khimiya i Primyen-
yeniye Fosforor3an. S oyedineniy (The Chemistry and Appli-
cation of Organophosphorus Compounds); Moscow, Academy of
Science USSR, 1957, PP 313-317, discussion, p 317; (from
Referativnyy Zhurnal --Biologiya, No 8, 28 Apr 58, Abstract
No 37537, by R Yu. I1'yuchenok
CPYRGHT
"Eight alkyls and alkyl amides of thiophosphoric acid were investi-
gated. After subcutaneous administration to mice, the 'DMT,' LD50 and
LDl~ can be expressed for the majority of the compounds in thousandths
of ml/kg. Their toxicity is lowered 2.4-3.8 times when administered
intra-abdominally. Intoxication in mice is accompanied by an increase
in respiration, convulsive twitching of the extremities and the entire
body, copious salivation, and finally death resulting from respiratory
failure. In acute experiments on dogs, some increase in blood pressure
was noted followed by a disruption of cardiac activity and a decrease in
respiration. The administration of atropine (0.5 mg/kg) increases the
resistance of the dogs by 4-10 times. An EKO discloses that toxic doses
of thiophosphoric compounds produces a decrease in the activity of the
sinal node and disrupts conductivity and excitability in the auricles and
and ventricles with a consequent transition to an arterioventricular block.
Strong myotic and hypotensive action on the eyes was noted with all the
preparations investigated."
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80. Atropine and Its Effects on the Cardiovascular System
"The Effect of Atropine on the Cardiovacular System of Horses,"
by V. S. Dolgov and V. I. Tarakanov. Nauchn.Rabot Stud. Mosk.-
Vet. Akad (Scientific Works of the Students of the Moscow Vet-
erinary Academy), No 3, 1956, pp 22-31 (from Referativnyy Zhur-
nal ---- Biologi aa, No 8, 28 Apr 58, Abstract No 37556, by F. G.
Sivashinskaya)
"The experiments were conducted on horses. A 1% solution of atropine
sulfate in doses of 0.5-10 ml was administered subcutaneously. With the
administration of 0.5 ml, maximum blood pressure increased by 7-17 mm
(Hg), and the minimum by 5-7 mm (Hg), the P-Q section of the EKG was de-
creased by 0.05 sec, the QR increased by 0.03 sec and the pulse rate in-
creased from 32 to 40 beats. With the administration of one ml the maxi-
mum blood pressure increased by 8-12 mm (Hg), the minimum decreased by
9-17 mm (Hg), the PQ section of the EKG decreased by 0.08 see, the QR by
0.02 sec, and the pulse rate was unchanged. With the administration of
3 ml, the maximum blood pressure increased by 13-31 mm (He), the minimal,
by 20-50 mm (Hg), the P-Q of the EKG increased by 0.18 sec; the RS, by
0.12 see, and the pulse rate increased from 30 to 73 beats. It was noted
that the action of atropine sulfate was more expressed in animals with a
predominance of the sympathetic nervous system."
81. Phytoncidal Properties of 56 Medicinal Plants
"The Phytoncidal Properties of Certain Medicinal Plants Among
Flora of Stavropol," by M. L. Parfenova, Uch. Zap. Stavropol'sk.
Med. In-t. (Scientific Notes of the Stavropol Medical Institute),
No 1, 1957, pp 61-75 (from Referativn Zhurnal -- Biologiya, No
8, 28 Apr 58, Abstract No 34b37, by T.. L. Braytseva
CPYRGHT
"The phytoncidal properties of 56 species of medicinal plants, growing
in the Northern Caucasus, sere investigated. The leaves, flowers, seeds,
bark, and roots of the p1.,,ats were investigated both in the fresh and dry
state, and after a year of storage. The effect of the volatile and liquid
fractions of the phytoncidas on Paramecium caudatum, E. coli, typhoid
bacillus, dysentery bacillus, and Staphylococcus albus and aureus was in-
vestigated. All of the 56 species investigated possessed phytoncidal prop-
erties. Different parts of the plants do not possess the same quantities
of phytoncides. A greater portion is contained in the leaves and seeds;
however, some plants contain a greater portion in the roots. and seeds.
The morphological changes in the paramecium were not identical, depending
on the type of phytoncide being Jnvestigated. Some of the plants investi-
gated retained their phytoncidal properties even after being stored for
a year. The following plants possessed the greatest phytoncidal action:
Peganum harmala, the bark and fruit of Viburnum opulus, the roots of
Valeriana, the tricolor Viola, Hypericum, and Erythrea cantaurium in the
preserved and dry state."
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82. Pharmacological Activity of ssopus angustifolius
"The Pharmacological Properties of the Total Alkaloids of
Hyssopus angustifolius," by G. L. Vepkhvadze, Tbilissk.
n.-i. Khim.-Fermatsevt. in-ta. (Tbilisi Scientific Re-
search Chemical Pharmaceutical Institute), 1956, pp 101-
ill (from Referativn Zhurnal---Biolo i a No 11) 10 Jinn
58, Abstract No 51 , by V. V. Berezhinskaya)
"In experiments on frogs, dogs, rabbits, and cats, the action of the
total alkaloids of the Hyssopus angustifolius was studied in comparison
with atropine. It was determined that Hyssopus angustifolius possesses
cholinolytic properties: removes the effects of the vague nerve on the
heart, has an inhibitory effect on the secretion of saliva, dilates the
pupils, depresses the peristaltic movement of an isolated section of the
intestines, relaxes the smooth musculature of the bronchi. It possesses
markedly lower biological activity than atropine."
83. Pharmacological Properties of the Alakaloid From Vinca herbacea
"The Pharmacological Properties of the Alakaloid From Vinca
herbacea," by Ts. P. Tkabladze, Tbilissk. n.-i. Khim.-Farmat-
sev. in-ta., (Tbilisi Scientific Research Chemical Pharmaceu-
tical. Institute), 1956, pp 91-100 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal-
Biologiya, No 11, 10 Jun 58, Abstract No 51967, by V. V.
Berezhinskaya)
CPYRGHT
"The pharmacological properties of the alkaloid sulfate of Vinca
herbacea were investigated on frogs, rabbits, and dogs in comparison with
atropine. With subcutaneous administration and administration of pre-
determined quantities, through the superior vena cava to frogs subjected
to lumbar pithing, the alkaloid completely eliminated the effect of the
vague nerve on the heart. In addition, it disrupts the rhythm of the
heart, dilates the pupils, and reduces the secretion of saliva produced
by pilocarpine. Therefore, the specific pharmacological action of the
alkaloid is similar to atropine; however, it is markedly weaker. Hypotensive
action was also detected."
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Physiology
84. Prophylaxis and Treatment of Motion Sickness
"Pharmacological Prophylaxis and Therapy of Motion Sickness,"
byy B. A. Okunev, Klinicheskaya Meditsina, No 9, Sep 58, pp 72-
The author describes the results of experiments conducted to test the
effectiveness of newer drugs used to prevent and treat motion sickness.
The drugs that proved most effective were pentaphene hydrochloride, diphasin
hydrochloride, and aminazine. Diphasin proved effective in preventing
motion sickness in 81% of the people tested; aminazine, in 74%; and penta-
phene, in 73%. Diphasin proved effective in treating motion sickness in
61% of the people experimented with; aminazine, in 54%; and pentaphene,
in 48%. In contrast to pentaphene and aminazine, diphasin caused practically
no secondary effects; only 15%-20% of people experimented with experienced
secondary effects consisting of vertigo and a mild form of somnolence.
These secondary effects passed away within 20-40 minutes and they did not
in any way affect the efficiency of people under observation. This con-
firms the conclusions reached by A. I. Vozhzhkova (1948) that pentaphene,
diphasin, and aminazine are 1.5-2.0 times more effective in preventing
motion sickness than in curing it.
Effectiveness and duration of action of preparations experimented
with depended on many factors: the level of vestibulo-vegetative sensitive-
ness of persons experimented with, seagoing experience,-the swell of the
sea, character and duration of the ship's tossing, manifestation of any
kind of symptoms of motion sickness, etc. On an average, when used to
prevent motion sickness, the duration of effect of the above-mentioned
drugs was 6-12 hours; when they were used to treat motion sickness, the
duration of their ej'fect was 4-8 hours. It was evident that diphasin
produced excellent to good results in 89% of persons exposed to mild motion
sickness (first degree motion sickness). But in persons exposed to third
degree motion sickness, diphasin was half as effective: good to excellent
results were observed in 48% of persons experimented with. It must be
noted that condition of the sea, on which the force of ship's tossing de-
pends, plays an important part in producing motion sickness in the people
aboard.
Besides diphasin, medinal and a mixture of Syabo (platyphylline,
bromine, caffeine) can also be recommended for prevention and treatment
of motion sickness.
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Although a combination of pentaphene and aminazine with dimedrol and
caffeine produced adequate effect in 63%-72% of the people experimented
with, their use by naval personnel cannot be recommended because they
caused a secondary effect which consisted of drop in efficiency in 34%-42%
of the people. Nonetheless these preparations can be administered to air-
plane passengers and passengers aboard ships. Anestheein, aero (vasano),
dimedrol, and urotropin did not prove very effective.
A total of 1,635 experiments were conducted with 675 people. Since
it was difficult to observe the natural rolling of a ship and the effect
of this rolling on the human organism and since the percentage of cases
of motion sickness during natural (at sea) conditions and artificial
(turning in Barany chair) conditions was found to be the same (76.8),
the Barany chair was used during the early stages of investigation. All
experiments were conducted with the aid of the vestibulometric method of
Voyachek.
85. New Method of Local Pupi.llography Aids in Diagnosing Diseases of
the Central Nervous System
"Local Pupillography" (unsigned article); Moscow, Meditsin-
ski r Rabotnik, No 83, 17 Oct 58, p 3
"Since until now there have been no objective methods to register
pupillary reactions to light and convergence reactions, Soviet physicians
doing research in this field have used subjective methods.
"Now, a method of local pupillography is used at the neuro-ophthalmo
logical department of the Institute of Neurosurgery imeni N. N. Burdenko,
Academy of Medical Sciences USSR. The method consists of a movie camera
which takes pictures of the pupil at a rate of 6-10 frames per second,
after the local stimulation of the pupil by light of various intensities
and durations. Then, this film is passed through a special apparatus
with a diaphragm which registers only the cross sectional diameter of
the pupil. Curves obtained from this data make it possible to judge ob-
jectively the diameter of the pupil, the speed (amplitude) of its con-
striction due to light, and the latent period of pupillary reaction to
light, etc.
"Such an objective method of studying pupillary reactions used in
neuro-ophthalmological practice aids in detecting defects in the visual
field and establishes the level of injury to the optic paths.
"This method of pupillography has an additional importance in es-
tablishing the (topica) [topography] of the level of various diseases of
the brain stem. Therefore, local pupillography means essential aid to
neurosurgeons and neuro-ophthalmologists in diagnosing diseases of the
central nervous system."
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CPYRGHT
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Radiology
86. Chemical and Physicochemical Changes in Hi 1 Pol erized DNA Due
to Radiation Sickness Caused by Polonium
"The Properties of Highly Polymerized Desoxyribonucleic Acid of
Liver During Polonium Injuries," by M. S. Uspenskaya, Moscow,
Meditsinskaya Radiologiya, Vol 3, No 5, Sep/Oct 58, pp 30-37
The purpose of this research was to study the structural viscosity
and chemical composition of DNA of rat liver during various stages of
radiation sickness caused by polonium injuries.
Research was conducted on 32 rats, 10 of which served as controls.
A solution of polonium nitrate was administered subcutaneously to the
experimental animals at the rate of 0.1 millicurie per kg body weight.
The animals were sacrificed at various periods of radiation sickness.
A table illustrates the yield of highly polymerized desoxyribonucleic
acid (in the form of its sodium salt) obtained from the liver of the irra-
diated rats, and also simultaneously from the control animals, at various
periods of radiation sickness. Another table presents the results.of the
content of nitrogen and phosphorus in DNA preparations extracted from the
liver of healthy rats and from exrimental rats at 1, 3, 9, and 13-16
days after the administration of 0.1 millicurie of polonium per kg body
weight. Four diagrams illustrate the relative structural viscosity of
the highly polymerized desoxyribonucleic acid of rat liver at 1, 3, 9,
and 16 days after the administration of polonium.
Experimental data indicate the following:
"l. The structural viscosity of DNA of rat hepatic tissue is de-
creased on the first and third days after the introduction of polonium,
but by the 9th day the degree of its polymerization exceeds the normal
value. However, during the terminal stage of radiation sickness DNA is
depolymerized again.
"2. One day after the administration of polonium, the nitrogen con-
tent of DNA is decreased. The nitrogen level of DNA, extracted from sam-
ples of hepatic tissue at later periods during the development of radiation
sickness, shows a gradual increase; and toward the terminal period of radi-
ation sickness, the nitrogen level returns to normal values
"3. On the third day after exposure to polonium and also during the
terminal period of radiation sickness, there is a slight decrease in the
phosphorus content of the highly polymerized preparations of DNA."
CPYRGHT
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The author concludes that the chemical and physicochemical changes
occurring in hepatic DNA during radiation sickness caused by the incor-
poration of polonium serve as an index for the changes in the specific
structure of the naturally occurring molecule of DNA and, no doubt, repre-
sents an important factor in the disturbance of the normal cell activity
of a living cell.
87. Hematological Shifts During Acute Radiation Sickness due to Betatron
Irradiation
"Hematological Shifts in Animals Suffering Acute Radiation
Sickness Caused by Betatron Irradiation," by G. P. Garganeyev,
Chair of Pathophysiology (head, Prof D. I. Gol'dberg), Tomsk
Medical Institute; Moscow, Problemy Gematologii i Perelivaniya
Krovi, Vol 3, No 5, Sep/Oct 58,. pp 3-9
The aim of this research was to study hematological shifts in animals
showing radiation injuries caused. by betatron irradiation. Tests were
conducted on four groups of guinea pigs subjected to a single general ir-
radiation using no filters by 7,300, 3,600, 1,824, and 480 r.
Three diagrams illustrate the reaction of peripheral blood to irradi-
ation by 1,824, 3,600, and 7,300 r respectively. A table shows changes
in leukocyte count after irradiation by 1,824 r. Three additional diagrams
illustrate the dynamics of the number of reticulocytes after irradiation
by 1,824, 3,600, and 7,300 r.
Results indicate that all the animals of the first group died within
7-11 hours in an epileptic state which commenced immediately after irradi-
ation. The animals of the second group died in 7-9 days with the exception
of one animal that died in about 20 hours. The animals of the third group
irradiated with 1,824 r died within 6-11 days, but only one guinea pig
showed signs of epilepsy and died in about 9 hours. All animals except
one of the fourth group lived for more than 100 days.
All the animals, except those that died within the first few hours,
lost an average of 50% of their original weight. All the animals of the
first group died in a state of pronounced leukopenia, although, in general,
the curves for leukocyte, lymphocyte, and. neutrophile counts undulated.
During the period of leukopenia, the number of neutrophiles decreased
? more sharply than that of lymphocytes. Morphological changes in neutro-
philes appeared in 1-3 hours, while changes in lymphocytes, monocytes,
eosinophilus, and basophiles became evident after several hours or up to
one day. Earliest changes observed in neutrophiles consisted of nuclear
fragnentatinn, then chromatinolysis, and pyknosis. Changes in erythrocyte
count and hemoglobin percentage were not significant.
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A single dose or 1480 r from betatron caused a small transitory de-
crea,,;e in reticul.ocyte count during the first few hours after irradiation.
No ratio was observed between the value of the dose and the degree
of leukocyto, i.,_,, al.thou , l.eukocytosis was evident during the first few
hours in many cases.
Reticul.ocyte count decreased sharply following irradiation by 1,82.,
3,600, and 7,300 r gamma rays. The reticulocytes disappeared from the
peripheral blood during the first 2 hours after irradiation, and were
absent from circulation Just before death.
The erythocyte sedimentation rate was accelerated only during the
last days of life of animals irradiated by 480 r
88. Changes in External Respiration Dut to General Irradiation by X Rays
and Gamma Rays, and Due to Preferential Irradiation of the Head Alone
"Changes in External Respiration Due to General X-Ray and Gamma-
Irradiation (Experimental Roentgenokymographic Research)," by
R. M. Rabinovich, Central. Scientific Research Roentgeno-
Radiological. Institute, Ministry of Health USSR; Moscow, Medit-
sinskaya Radiologiya, Vol 3, No 5, Sep/Oct 58, pp 7-11
This research was based on a method using roentgenokymograpi,ic appa-
ratus to study the external respiration of 12 rabbits. Nine of these rab-
bits were subjected to a general irradiation (three to X-ray irradiation,
and six to gamma-irradiation from radioactive Co-60), and three rabbits
were subjected to irradiation of the head by the contact method of laying
a preparation of radioactive cobalt directly on the head.
Results are illustrated by four pairs of roentgenokymographs showing
changes in external respiration due to irradiation.
Experimental results are summarized as follows:
"1. General irradiation by ionizing radiation retards the rate of
external respiration and changes the relationships of the various phases
of respiration. The changed respiration returns to normal 21 hours after
irradiation is discontinued.
"2 The retardation of respiration due to general irradiation may
be accompanied by increased amplitule of individual respiratory periods.
"3. The preferential irradiation of the head alone causes changes
in respiration which are analogous to those observed due to general irra-
diation except that they are more stable."
CPYRGHT
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89. Changes in Physicochemical Properties of Desoxyribonucleic Acid in
Tissues of Irradiated Animals Studied
"Changes in Physicochemical Properties of Desoxyribonucleic
Acid in Tissue, of Irradiated Animals," b G. P. Toropova and
N. V. Yermolayeva; Moscow, Meditsinskaya, Radiologiya, Vol 3,
No 5, Ser/Oct 58, pp 24-29 06
The aim of this research was to study the chemical composition and
certain of the physical properties of highly polymerized preparations of
desoxyribonucleic acid extracted from nuclei isolated from hepatic cells
and from nuclei of the cells of the mucous membrane of small intestines
of rabbits after various periods of their irradiation by minimal absolute
lethal doses of 1,000 r X rays.
Tests were conducted on 30 rabbits. The animals were sacrificed at
3, 6, and 24 hours and 3 and 6 days after their irradiation. Details of
the method of extraction, purification, absorption, and determination ui
DNA are included. Four diagrams illustrate structural viscosity and ab-
sorption spectra of preparations of desoxyribonucleic acid extracted from,
the nuclei of hepatic cells and from cells of the mucous membrane of in-
testinal walls.
Resultc indicate that 3 hours after irradiation the nitrogen level
in DNA protein (DNAP) in intestinal cells drops by 16%, while its phos-
phorus level drops by 6%, and the pentose level drops by 7%. During this
same period, the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus drops from the normal
1.67 to 1.47. After a 6-hour interval, the drop in N, P, and Pentose
(compared with normal nonirradiated tissue) was 16%, 4.2%, and 5.5%,
respectively. After 24 hours, there is a rise in the nitrogen value,
and the previous drop is decreased to 9%. The nitrogen to phosphorus
ratio rises to 1.58. On the 6th day after irradiation, there was further
normalization of chemical composition of desoxyribonucl.eic acid, and. the
ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus and nitrogen to pentr.:se returned to normal.
Changes in structural viscosity also were studied. Maximum absorption
spectra of solutions of desoxyribonucleic acid of irradiated animals were
determined in the range of 260-263 millimicrons, and essentially did not
differ from the controls.
Similar studies were conducted on the chemical structure and physical
properties of desoxyribonucleic acid with regard to the nitrogen to IY!v-
phorus ratio and nitrogen to pentose ratio in desoxyribonucleic acid mole-
cule in the proteins of the nucleus of hepatic cells.
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In genera.]., the changes had a phasic nature. Restoration to normal
occurred soorier ir. the intr,rtina.t tissue than in the hepatin tissue, i.ndi-
criti.ng thftt. cleroxyribonuc7eic acid extracted from hepatic cells with re-
spect. t- :it chernicc..l composition and viscosity is more radiosensitive
than desoxyribonuc.1eic acid extracted from cells of intestinal walls.
The ratio between phosphozvs and pentose remained within normal limits
throughout the experimental period, indicating that the ester bond between
pho,,phonic and desoxypentose in desoxyribonucleic acid molecule remains
essr'ntially undisturbed all. through radiation sicknesp..
90. Disturbances in Protein Metabolims i wring, Acute Radiation Sickness
Indicate Profound Cytc' ogicai Injuries
"Protein Metabolism in the Nuclei of Hepatic Cells and in the
Cells of Small. Intestines During Experimental Acute Radiation
Sickness," by L. I. I1'ina; Moscow, Meditsinskaya Radiologiya,
Vol 3, No 5, Sep/Oct 58, pp 20-24
The aim of this research was to study the content and the rate of
synthesis of the proteins of cell. nuclei, i.e., desoxyribonucleo-proteins
(DNAP), and also to study the acid and "residual" proteins in the nuclei
of hepatic cells and in the cells of the mucous membrane of small intes-
tines during acute radiation. sickness.
Tests were conducted on white rats subjected to total irradiation
by 800 r from X rays. One series was sacrificed 3 days after their irra.
diation, and a second series was sacrificed 3 1/2 hours after the admini8-
tration of S35-methionine in 0.5 ml quantities calculated on the basis of
0.03 microgram per g body weight. Details on the methods of determination
and protein fractionation of various protein components of the nuclei are
included..
Experimental data illustrate that X-ray irradiation causes sharp
changes in the relative level of all proteins in the cell nuclei. The
level of DNAP in hepatic cells of irradiated rats is diminished by 50%.
The level of acid proteins is increased by 68%. The content of "residua]."
protein is increased by a factor of 5. Similar changes occur in the nuclei
of the cells of the mucous membrane of small intestines. The DNAP level
drops by 35%, acid protein content is increased by 40%, and "residual" pro-
tein is increased by a factor of 10.. All figures are compared with normal
unirradiated rats.
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Data on the second series of animals, involving the inclusions of s35
methionine into }hepatic cells and into cells of the mucous membrane of
small i.nterstines in irradiated and normal rats, indicate that X-ray irra-
diation leads to the increased inclusion of the sulfur-containing amino
acid in all the proteins of hepatic cell nuclei. In the cells of the
mucous membrane of the small intestine there is a distinct rise in the
inclusion of the tracer elements in the acid proteins of the nuclei, while
the inclusion of S3- methionine in }?NAP and "residual." protein is within
normal limits.
The author concludes that ionizing radiation disturbs those mecha-.
n:t.mswhich regulate the equilibrium between the rate of protein synthesis
and decomposition. This disturbance is serious 'because the content of'
the basic protein of cell nuclei, i.e., DNAP, is reduced by 50% [in
hepatic cells]. This diminution of DNAP points to profound disturbances
in the metabolism of cellular nuceei and cell division and leads to the
usual cytological. picture of injured cells.
91. Treatment and Changes in Vascular Supply of Wounds at Various Periods
in Radiation Sickness-
"The Dyna::iics of Changes of the Vascular System of Wounds at
Various Periods of Acute Radiation Sickness," by V. S. Dmitri-
yeva, Chair of Maxillary-Face Surgery (head) Prof N. M. Mikhel'-
son), Central Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics (direc-
tor, Prof N. N. Priorov, Active Member) Academy of Sciences
USSR), Ministry of Health USSR, and Chairs of Operative Surgery
and Clinical Anatomy (head, Prof B. V. Ognev, Corresponding
Member, Academy of Medical Sciences USSR), Central Institute
for Advanced Training of Physicians; Moscow, Eksperimental'-
naya Hhirurgiya, No 5, Sep/Oct 53, pp 41-45
The aim of this research was to study the changes in the vascular
system at various periods of acute radiation sickness following the surgi-
cal. treatment of wounds by various types of surgical intervention depend-
ing on the degree of acute radiation injuries. The maxillary region was
selected for these studies because it is very rich in its vascular supply.
Results indicate the following:
1. Definite pathological changes take place in the vascular system
surrounding the wound at various periods of acute radiation sickness,
depending on the dose of irradiation.
2. Daring the period of initial reactions (3-6 hours) the vessels
are dilated and atypical, and following large doses they are partially
destroyed.
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3. During the latent period (214-Ji8 hour!.,) changes appearing in the
v,u;ru I ti r .y: 1.em of-ry; .?14 hour., after irradiation the vessels are constricted,
n.1;yp,i. r1., and int,r!ct; 118 ho,.irs after irradiation, the vessels are sharply
di.; n teri, utypic,l., t nd partially destroyed.
4. [hari.nr,; the peak ref radiation sickness (12-15 days) the vessels
ure di l;ttcd and .typical . P; specially sharp changes are noted following
),age (Inr?- -)f rta.di?,.tion (000 r), cell. int.. ctnesr; is disturbed, and there
is nr' swet.l ings at the ends of branching ver e1. , . In the area of the
w-1_ind and the surrounding ti.:-.sues there are few blood vessels.
5. During the period of' recovery (25-30 day;~) the vascular system
.Iurr()unding the wound i., restored. The number of vessels is increased
and rttypicrtl ;-,tructnre is less apparent, b'.it the d1latd-tion of vessels
persists especially following large doses of radiation.
6. The dynamics of changes in the vascular system confirm that the
best time for surgical intervention afte. any dose of radiation is 24
hours, i.e., during the latent period and during recovery (25-30 days).
7. After small doses of irradiation (200-1400 r) all types of surgi-
cal intervention may be performed during the period of initial reactions
(3-6 hours), after 148 hours (latent period), and during the pericd of peak
radiation sickness. After large doses (600 r) only primary, delayed Fri-
mary, and secondary sutures may be put in during these periods.
92. Increased Rauloresistance Linked to Rise in Properdin Level Following
Blood Loss
"The Effect of Blood Loss on Properdin Level in Dogs" (Prelimi-
nary report), by I. L. Chertkov, L. S. Rogacheva, and L. L.
Shepshelevich, Central Institute of Hematology and Blood Trans-
fusion (director, Prof A. A. Bagdasarov, Active Meriber, Academy
of Medical Sciences USSR), Ministry of Health USSR; Moscow,
Problemy Gematologii i Perelivani Krovi, Vol 3, No 5, Sep/-
Oct 56, pp 14-16
Since a recently discovered protein, properdin, has been discovered
in the blood and seems to be an important factor in natural immunity, the
authors studied the effect of blood loss on properdin level.
Two dogs were subjected to a single massive blood loss of 25 ml/kg
body weight. Results determined immediately after blood loss showed de-
creased level of blood properdin, but determinations run 21 days later
showed a rise in the blood properdin level.
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liepeuted blood letting experiments on two other dogs proved that
blood loss inhibited the decrease of blood properdin level and often had
a stimulating effect on it.
Extracts of plasma from the blood of a dog made anemic by daily (for
a 10-day period) blood letting of 3 ml;kg r>.dministered to a second dog
Increased the properdin level in the latter and in 24 hours the level
rose from the normal of 3 units per ml, to 24 units per ml.
According to Bagdasarov and his colleagues, the activation of hemo-
poiesis caused by blood loss increases the resistance of animals to the
effect of ionizing radiation.
The authors conclude that stimulation of the hemopoiet-ic apparatus
is accompanied by the stimulation of the properdin system of an organism.
Furthermore, one may postulate that the increased activity of the proper-
din system plays a definite role in the mechanism of radioresistance aris-
ing after blood loss. In addition, the link between hemopoiesis and the
properdin system opens additional pathways for research on the physiologi-
cal mechanisms of properdin formation.
93. Desensitization Effect of X Rays Attributed to Their Anelectrotonus
"The Effect of Ionizing Radiation on the Functional Condition
of the Respiratory Center of Rabbits," by L. G. Terekhova,
Institute of Experimental Medicine (director, Prof D. A. Bir-
yukov), Academy of Medical Sciences USSR, and Chair of Normal
Physiology (head, Prof D. A. Biryukov), First Leningrad Medical
Institute; Moscow, Meditsinskaya. Radiologiya, Vol 3, No 5,
Sep/Oct 58, pp 11-1+4
Several authors have demonstrated that general X-ray irradiation al-
leviates the symptoms of anaphylactic shock and retards the development
of the phenomenon of Arthus; however, the mechanism of the desensitization
effect of ionizing radiation is still unknown. Therefore, the author
studied the effect of X-ray irradiation on the functional condition of
the respiratory center and on the course of sensitization of nerve cells
of the respiratory center.
Tests were conducted on 21 rabbits, classified into four groups:
Group (1), three rabbits, sensitized by a double dose of 1.0-1.4 m.l
horse serum.
Group (2), six rabbits, irradiated by 600, 900, or 1,000 r and served
as controls.
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Group (3), six rabbits, irradiated and then sensitized.
Group (4), e;ix rabbits, sensitized and then irradiated.
Results prove the Coll.owing:
"I. General X-ray irradiation produces an effect on the functional
condition of the respiratory center, which is expressed by changes in the
nature of the respiration of animals. The respiratory movements lose
uniformity or amplitude and regularity of rhythm.
"2. Initial irradiation of sensitized animals significantly allevi-
ates the seriousness of the symptoms of both local and general anaphylaxis
and prevents the onset of lethal out-come.
"3. Subsequent irradiation of sensitized animals does not decrease
severity of the acute symptoms of either local or general anaphylaxis,
but only prevents the onset of lethal outcome due to the effect of the
specific horse serum.
"4. General X-ray irradiation may be considered as one means of de-
sensitizing animals, and its mechanism evidently is connected with the
presence of an anelectrotonic effect of roentgen rays."
CPYRGHT
94. Vitamin B> Ineffective in Stimulating Hemopoiesis in Normal and
Irradiated Organisms
"The Effect of Vitamin B12 on the Blood of Normal and Irradi-
ated Organisms," by G. D. Berdyshev, Chair of Biology (head,
Prof V. V. Reverdatto) and Chair of Pathophysiology (head, Prof
D. I. Gol'dberg), Tomsk Medical Institute; Moscow, Problem
Gematologii i Perelivaniya Krovi, Vol 3, No 5, Sep Oct 58,
pp 9-14
Due to she great controversy over the effectiveness of vitamin B12
in eliminating the symptoms of radiation sickness, increasing the survival
rate of animals, stimulating hemopoiesis in irradiated animals, in-
creasing the erythrocyte count, and decreasing the thrombo-plastic activ-
ity of the blood, the author conducted this research on the effect of
excess amounts of vitamin B12 on the stimulation of hemopoiesis.
Vitamin B12 was administered to two healthy men in the form of a
single intramuscular injection of 30 gamma. The results showed a tempo-
rary decreased erythrocyte counts, by 920,000 and 2 million, respectively,
within 2 days; a slight decrease in hemoglobin percent; a slight increase
in reticulocytes; and no change in the leukocyte count or in the he;.ogram.
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`jingle intramuscular injections of '10 gamma of vitamin B12 were ad-
ministered to six rabbits, and the results were :imila.r to the preceding
one!., . Repeated subcutaneous daily injections of 7.5 gamma of vitamin B12
were ndminiRtered to 1?_ white rats with oimi.lar results.
The author, therefore, concludes that vitamin B12 adr.inir?tered paren-
ternlly produces no stable changes In the blood picture of healthy men,
rabbits, or mice, and that these results confirm that vitamin B12 admin-
istered to normal organisms does not stimulate hemopoiesis.
In c3 second series- of tests, vitamin B12 was administered to 18 guinea
pigs, and 96 white mice subjected to mild X-ray irradiation by 250 r.
Both species if animals were classified into groups that received daily
:-ubcutaneous injections of vitamin B12 before irradiation, after irradia-
tion, and both before and after irradiation. Results indicate that the
degree and duration of leukopenia in the experimental and control animals
were analogous. Rate of survival during a 41.-day period after irradiation
showed no significant differences in the four groups of animals. Data on
changes in hemoglobin, erythrocytes, and leukocytes in mice and guinea
pigs and on reticulocyte content in mice were also negative.
The author concludes that these results do not prove a favorable ef-
fect of vitamin Bl0 on hemopoiesis in mice and guinea pigs *,Lrradiated by
moderate doses of k-rays.
Surgery
95. Reparative Processes of Muscles Accelerated if Defects Due to Gaps
Are Filled With Minced Muscle Tissue
"Protein Synthesis and the Function of a Muscle When a Defect
in It Is Filled With Minced Muscle Tissue," by K. I. Gavrilova
(deceased), L. S. Romanova, and A. S. Gurvich, Institute of
Surgery imeni A. V. Vishnevskiy (director, Prof A. A. Vishnev-
skiy, Active Member, Academy of Medical Sciences USSR), Academy
of Medical Sciences USSR, and Laboratory of Neurohistology
imeni B. I. Lavrenttyeva, Institute of Normal and Pathological
Physiology, Academy of Medical Sciences USSR; Moscow, Eksperi-
mental'naya Khirurgiya, Vol 4, Jul/Aug 58, pp 14-20
The aim of this research was to study the restoration of function
and the parallel processes of protein synthesis in various parts of in-
jured muscle at various Teriods after the infliction of an injury, and
then the effect of filling of the gaps with minced muscle tissue. Tests
were conducted on rabbits, and both auto- and homografts of minced muscle
tissue were used. Re.,ults prove the following:
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"1. After removal of part of a muscle and filling the defect with
minced muscle tissue, the intensity of protein synthesis at the site of
the graft and in the parts of muscle adjacent to the graft was several'
times the level of protein synthesis in control. uninjured muscles, during
the whole period of the experiments, i.e., 6 days to 4 months.
"2. The activation of protein synthesis in all enumerated parts of
the injured muscle tissue is most evident during the first month, but de-
creases noticeably during the 2d to the 4th months.
"3. Toward the end of the 4th month after the operation, the restora-
tion of function, as judged by thethreshold of stlmuj ation and the amplitude
of contraction, in the muscles whose defects had been filled with minced
muscle tissue differed little from that of the uninjured muscles.
"4. The threshold of stimulation was significantly higher. than that
of uninjured muscles in muscles in which the defect was not filled with
minced muscle tissue at all times after the operation, and there was only
a slight contraction amplitude even 4 months after the operation.
"5. These investigations confirm the fact that reparative processes
in rabbits proceed significantly better in muscles in which the gaps
created by removal of part of a muscle are filled with minced muscle tis-
sue than if the gaps are not filled."
CPYRGHT
Veterinary Medicine
96. Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Calves
"Pathological-Anatomical Changes in the Calf Heart in Foot-and-
Mouth Disease," by F. V. Khomitskiy, Tr. Turkm. S.-Kh. In-ta
(works of the Turkmen Agricultural Institute), No 8, 195 , pp
137-140 (from Referativn Zhurnal?-- Biolo i , No 9, 10 May
58, Abstract N-74-0722, by I. B. Barabash)
"Aphthae on the skin and mucous membranes were not observed in calves
from 2 weeks to one year ol.d. Pronounced changes in the heart were found
.In varying degrees in ten calves, frequently in the wall of the left ven-
tricle and the cardiac septum in the form of focal productive myocarditis.
As a result of the comparatively rapid deaths of the calves, scar tissue
was not observed."
CPYRGHT
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97. Management o' Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Calves
"Prophylaxis and Therapy of Foot-and?-Mouth Disease in Calves,"
by Dzhmukhaclze, _ayul._ Nai.chno-Techn. Inform. Grua. TT.-I. In-ta
7 iv ottiovod.:;tvT1 1. Vet. (Bulletin of Scientific and Technical
Information, Georgian Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veteri-
nary M icine), No 2, 1957, pp 42-43 (from Referativn Zhurnal
-- Bioio i a, No 9, 10 May 58, Abstract No 40623, by L. S.
Kirichenko
"The author successPl~1ly used nitrated convalescent blood preserved
with a 0.5% solution of carbolic acid for therapeutic and prophylactic
purposes (on 2,350 animals, 42 of which were sick). Three of the animals
died, .and the rest recovered. Disease was not noted for 10 days in ani-
mals treated for prophylactic purpose; although they were in contact with
sack animals. Preserved, citrated convalescent blood retained its immuno-
genic characteristics for 5-7 days."
98. Vaccination Against Hog Cholera
"Intracutaneous Vaccination of Swine Against Plague With Gly-
cerinized Vaccine," by I. V. Okuntsov, Byul. Nauchno-Tekhn.
Inform. Sibirsk. N.-I. Vet. In-ta (Bulletin of Scientific and
Technical Information, Siberian Institute of Veterinary Medi-
cine), No 2, 1957, pp 21-22 (from Referativn Zhurnal -- Bio-
lo giya, No 9, 10 May 58, Abstract No 40633)
CPYRGHT
"The effectiveness of the intracutaneous method of adm?L.nistering
vaccine was demonstrated on 23,187 swine including pregnant and recently
delivered, sows and piglets from 2 months of age). The vaccine was intro-
duced into the middle third of the ear in two doses of 0.5-1.0 ml at 7-
day intervals."
Miscellaneous
CPYRGHT
99. Medical. Science in China
"Science in New China Serves the People," by Prof I. Kochergin,
Corresponding Member, Academy of Medical Science USSR; Moscow,
Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, 30 Sep 58, p 4
During the celebration of the anniversary of the People's Republic
of China, the Chinese are taking note of their tremendous progress in all
fields of cultural. activity and in every segment of the national economy.
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Medical ;science has contributed greatly toward improved health serv-
ices to the Chinese population. The national Twelve-Year Plan calls for
solution of some 50 scientific problems, among which the study of regional
pathology has a very high priority. The Twelve-Year Plan emphasizes closer
ties between theory and practice and. a scientific research effort directed
toward solving the most important problems which concern the health of the
people.
A huge network of scientific research institutes, stations, and labora-
tories'is in operation in China. There are institutes of parasitology. eride-
miblogy and microbiology, vaccines and serums, tuberculosis, hid-mtrlal hygiene
and occupational diseases, medical preparations and scientific meuicine,
and the Central Research Institute of Traditional Medicine with its large
division of acupuncture and moxibustion. In addition to these, many large
hospitals maintain their own scientific research laboratories.
The Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences was established in 1957 when
the large, all-embracing scientific research establishment, the former
medical institute SEKhE [Central Institute of Health] became part of the
academy. The mission of the academy is to provide leadership for the
country's research effort in the medical sciences.
Medical universities give considerable attention to scientific work.
With the aid of state research laboratories, they organize research groups
in comprehensive med.i.cine and in the specialties. Comprehensive research
teams are made up of scientists who are specialists in their fields. Ex-
perience has demonstrated that such planning and organization contribute
considerably toward efficient research.
The First and Second Medical Colleges of Shanghai have acquired con-
siderable experience in medical research. More than a dozen chairs there
carry on comprehensive research and experiments. Practicing physicians
from various district and provincial medical establishments have been
doing research at those colleges.
Medical scientists at the Wuhan Medical College are doing research
in industrial hygiene and occupational diseases. A total of 50 people,
representing nine different chairs, 'are carrying on scientific research
in the laboratories of this college and of one of the largest industrial
establishments. The college reportedly has made concrete proposals for
better working conditions and proper nutrition and rest.
The people at Sian Medical College are investigating the epidemiology,
clinical picture, and treatment of Kashin-Beck's disease. The chairs of
hygiene, surgery, faculty therapy, microbiology, pathologic anatomy, bio-
chemistry, and roentgenology cooperate with the sanitary-epidemiological
stations nearby.
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Scientists of five chairs of Szechwan Medical College have completed
work on medicinal. plants. Various regions are surveyed during studies in
plant morphology, pharmacodynwnics of some alkaloids, and quantitative
methods of identification of active substances.
The Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and the central
government have placed before health agencies the task of eradicating as
soon as possible one of the most wider: ead diseases -- schistosmoiasis.
Medical scientists, biologists, and other specialists have been
working in close cooperation with practical workers of medical and. agri-
cultural establishments. Direct leadership has been provided by party
and government agencies. As a result, the principal epidemiological
characteristics, clinical course, and consequences of schistosomiasis
have been pinpointed. Scientific data indicate the possibility of ex-
terminating the interstitial schistososa and rendering its eggs harmless.
Effective means ofproctecting 1ndtviduals from this parasite are in the
process of being developed.
Progress has also been made toward developing mass treatment methods
for this disease. The original plan called for complete eradication by
1959, but it seems now that the cure of all schistosomiasis patients will
not be completed until 1960-1961.
Much work has been done -uo determine the natur _L reservoirs of some
particularly dreaded diseases. The Ministry of Health of the Chinese
People's Republic sent expeditions to certain areas to study the problem.
Soviet scientists took part in a few of such expeditions. On the basis
of material collected, it is now more or less possible to chart these res-
ervoirs of infections and plan preventive measures.
A number of scientific establishments, particularly the laboratories
of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, have been conducting research
on virus diseases. Special attention has been given to epidemic encepha-
litis. New vaccine against encephalitis has been developed from local
strains. Preliminary tests showed that this vaccine confers greater spe - -
dific immiity with milder reactions. Results of studies lend credence to
cne possibility that the virus is carried in the ovaries of mosquitoes and
passed on from one generation to another through ova. It was also found
that encephalitis B virus can live in subcutaneous tissue. Preliminary
data indicate that subcutaneous injection of encephalitis B virus consid-
erably increases immunogenicity and reduces its pathogenic property. It
is supposed that strains can be obtained for preparation of living encepha-
litis vaccine by this process.
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Much work has been done in the study of medicinal preparations (anti-
malziriail.s ,intihelminthics, analgesic, and hypotensive drugs) . This is im-
portant ato about 80; of all drugs used in China are derived from medicinal
plants.
Studies have yielded preliminary knowledge of the mechanisms of acu-
puncture and moxibustion. It was found that the bases of these Chinese
methods of treatment are reflex actions.
Much attention is given to such problems in clinical medicine as ex-
perimental atherosclerosis, and protein chemistry. A number of scientific
establishments are studying experimental atherosclerosis.
Research in protein chemistry is important. Scientists have developed
methods of separating bovine blood plasma fractions and have succeeded in
obtaining albumin, gamma globulin, prothrombin, and fibrinogen in pure
form.
Profitable work has been done in the Chinese Academy of Medical Sci-
ences on the chemical composition of staple foods, particularly those of
plant origin. A good substitute for cow's milk har been found. Its main
ingredients are rice, soya, and egg yolk powder. It has been shown that
its composition and food value differs little from that of natural milk.
Au ter a study of the protein content of [certain staple] foods of
plant origin, it was concluded that those foods contain adequate amounts
of the essential amino acids and methionine.
Many scientific research establishments and chairs of medical univer-
sities have been carrying on extensive research in physiology, pathologic
physiology, morphology, pathologic anatomy, etc. Interesting work has
been done in the study of cirrhosis of the liver and pathogenesis of in-
cipient cancer of the liver.
Worthy of note is China's progress in thortcic surgery. Intensive
practicaL work and experiments have been conducted in that field by sci-
entific establishments and chairs of the universities of Shanghai, Peiping,
I'Iangchow, and others.
Chinese scientists and medical practitioners maintain constant con-
tact with Soviet medic-i.1 men. Such scientific cooperation and aid is
mutually advantageous. It is not surprising that it grows and becomes
stronger from year to year.
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100. New Medical Institute Established in Grodno, Belorussian SSR
"Still Another Vuz is opened" (unsigned article); Moscow,
Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, 31 Oct 58, p J+
Recently opened was the Grodno Medical Institute (Grodnenskiy Medit-
sin:ekiy Institut) located in Grodno, Grodnenskaya Oblast, Belorussian SSR.
The institute has eight science buildings and dormitories. The institute
is staffed by well-qualified instructors and specialists. Over 90 percent
of all students in Grodr.o who are attending the three vuzes (higher educa-
tional institutions) in the city are to be enrolled in the first year
course of the Grodno Medical Institute.
101. Nev Institute of Roentgenology, Radiology, and Oncology Opened in
Tashkent
"New Scientific Center in Uzbekistan" (unsigned article); Mos-
cow, Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, 29 Aug 58, p 2
A new Scientific Research Institute of Roentgenology, Radiology, and
Oncology (Nauchno-Issled.ovatel'skiy Institute Rentgenologii, Radiologii i
Onkologii) has been opened in Tashkent. This makes the ninth scientific
research medical institute to be established in the Uzbek SSR. The direc-
tor of the institute is Prof D. Abdurasudov. The new institute will be
responsible for all research in the field of roentgenology, radiology, and
oncology within the republic.
The institute has the following divisions* Experimental Pathology,
X-Ray Diagnosis, X-Ray Therapy and Telegram Therapy, and Clinical, Onco-
logi.cal, Scientific-Technical, and Organization.. al.-Methodological..
102. New Institute of Physi.olog nd Pathology of Women Established in
Tbilisi
"Institute of Physiology and. Pathology of Women" (unsigned
article); Moscow, Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, 2!. Oct 56, p 3
An Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Women (Institut Fiziologii
i P:tologii Zhenshchiny), Ministry of Health Georgian SSR, has been estab-
lished i n Tbilisi. Prof I. F. Zhordania, director of the institute, state;.
that his institute is the first of its kind in the USSR. The basic L'm of
the institute is to increase the birth rate by decreasing the inci.dei.^.e of
abortions and to find the solution to the problem of infertility.
'.T1 - institute will have a 56-bed clinic, corresponding i:_boratories
,nd divisions, and a marriage consult:l.tion bureau.
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103. 3emiprof eosiona1. ?.ledicu.1 Workers Get Specialized Training
"Courses for Semiprofessional L.fedical Workers" (unsigned arti-
cle); Mo3cow, Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, No 83, 17 Oct 58, p 3
In 46 oblasts, regions, and autonomous republics of the Russian Fed-
eration, courses, partly on an uninterrupted basis, ,;.r. e being offered to
increase the qualification and specialization of semiprofessional. medical
workers. These courses are taught to full-time students at local medical
institutes and therapeuto-prophylactic establishments. The period of in-
struction varies between 1 1/2 and 4 months.
"Specialization courses prepare medical nurses in plaster techniques,
blood transfusion, radium therapy, dietetic feeding, climatotherapy, bal-
neotherapy, hearing prosthetics, anesthetics, roentgeno-lu.boratory [methods],
etc.
104. Congress of Therapists of RbFSR To Be Held in December 1958
"Congress of Therapists of the RSFSR" (unsigned article); Mos-
cow, Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, 24 Oct 58, p 4
The First All-Russian Congress of Therapists, which was scheduled to
open in October 1958, has been postponed until 8 December 1958. The con-
gress will last 6 days. Registration of delegates will be held from 6 to
7 December in the Ministry of Health RSFSR (Vadkovskiy, per., D. 18/20).
105. Second Congress of Surgeons To Be Held in May 1959
"From the Administration of the Republican Scientific Society
of Surgeons," Zdravookhraneniye Kazakhstana, No 6, 1958, p 70
"A Second congress of surgeons of Kazakhstan is expected to be held
during the second half of May 1959.
"The following questions are to be discussed:
"1. Some questions of organization of surgical and traumatological
service in the republic.
"2 Goiter.
3. Cancer of the esophagus and of the stomach.
"4. Questions dealing with surgical treatment of tuberculosis of
the lungs and tuberculosis in the bones and lymphatic glands.
CPYRGHT
CPYRGHT
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"5? Cholecystitis.
"The administration of the society is requesting that all those desir-
ing to react a report at the second congress submit the title and theme of
his report on or before 1 November 1958.
1959.
"Complete texts of all reports must be in on or before 1 February
"All material connected with the congress must be sent to the follow-
ing address: City of Alma-Ata, Ul. Panfilova 112; Ministry of Health
Ka,;akh. SSR; Organizational Committee (Orgkomitet) of the Second Congress
of Surgeons.
CPYRGH'
106. Conference on Biophysics of ]ast German Physics Society
Berlin, National-Zeiturig, 15 Oct 58
The fourth working conference on biophysics of the East German Phy-
sics Society will be concluded at Oberhof on 15 October 1958. Well-known
scientists from Hungary, Bulgaria, and West Germany are participating in
the conference. More than 4+0 lectures are on the agenda. Some of the
lectures are to deal with problems of protection against radiation and of
the effects of radiation on biological tissues. Prof Dr Herbst of Frei-
burg/Breisgau examined the problems of radioactive contamination.
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vII. METALLURGY
107. Modification of High-Pressure Boiler Steel Composition
"Concerning a Steel for High-Pressure Vessels," by Engr A.
S. Zhuravlev; Leningrad, Energomashinostroyenl ye, No 7, Jul
58, pp 45-47
Change in chemical composition of steel 22K is recommended by the
Barnaul Boiler Plant as the result of statistical analysis of given data
on chemical composition and mechanical properties of sheets prepared
from 250 melts of this steel. from the Izhorsk Plant and 130 from the
Yuzhnyy Plant.
Steel 22K as applied in co'istruction of welded high-pressure vessels
(100-320 atm' has the following chemical composition: 0.19-0.26% C; 0:7 -L0%
Ma; 0.2-0 ,8 ?% 0.4,t'x Cr; /( u.3% Ni; /,/- 0.31 Cu. Yield strength is 24
kg/mm2 and tensile strength is 44 kg/mm2. Melts of this steel from the
Yuzhnyy Plant had higher content of Cr and Si and higher strength char-
acteristics than those of the Tzhorsk Plant although the content of C
and Mn were about equal. Steel 22K from the Izhorsk Plant was considered
unsatisfactory for high-pressure vessels due to high divergence of char-
acteristics. Tests on heat-treated vessels with 70-155 mm thick walls
and weighin 20-5O tons showed a 2-3 kg/mm2 drop in.yield strength and
a 1-2 kg/mm' drop in tensile strength of the vessel material as com-
pared with the basic sheet material.
Re:ommendation is wade that the chemical composition of steel 22K
be changed to 0.20-0.-26% t, 0.4%,Cr, 0.3% 19, and
0.1~ Cu and that the steel be redesignated as steel 23K. Yield
strength of this steel is 27 kg/mm2 and tensile strength is 46 kg/mm2.
Thinrr_r wall-d vessels and better material economy are expected with this
steel.
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 c I. A rAAP 1~118 91,~ l .4 'Appr ved For Rel ~ t-1 ^CIP-R~82 0 0020~'-s IN I F I C I ~~F- O R M A T I O N
REPORT
5 ' `DEC~EMBER~~~ 195$
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1031. Chinese Report on High-Temperature Alloys
"Scientific Conference on Hent Stability Convened by
Northeast People's University 1tnd Institute of Nechc'nical
and !electrical Engineering, Academic Sinica," by Metal
Physics Research Group, Department of Physics, Northeast
People's University; Peiping, K'o-hsueh Tung-pao (Scienti=i),
No 15, 1958, pp 507-508
"A scientific conference on heat stability was held. in Chang-ch'un
on 9 July 1958 by Northeast People's University in collaboration with the
Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering [Electromechanics]
of the Academia Sinica. The conference, organized with the help of Maly-
shev, a Soviet specialist, was attended by representatives from research
establishments, industrial plants, and higher schools all over the country.
The purpose of the meeting was to exchange views on heat stability,
particularly as related to research on the Fe-W-Si alloy system, and to
promote better cooperation.
"When Malyshev came to China in 1956 to help train graduate students
and develop Chinese research, he proposed the Fe-W-Si alloy system for
our consideration. It was best suited to the needs of national construc-
tion and to our national resources situation. For that system could pro-
vide heat-stable steels needed for every application from steam boilers
to gas turbines, and could change China's state of dependency on other
countries for high-temperature nickel and cobat steels. Furthermore,
materials which could withstand temperatures above 1,000 degrees centi-
grade are urgently needed for the development of jet planes, rockets, and
artificial satellites. We are of the opinion that research on the Fe-W-Si
alloy system holds promise for building China's own system of high-temper-
ature alloys and must be pursued.
'Forty reports were presented during the 3 days which immediately
preceded the conference. On the first day, there were papers dealing
with the basic problems of strength and heat stability of materials.
Strength and the electron theory of metals; investigation of the strength-
ening action of alloying elements, problems on alloy structure and K-state
[sic], the Rebinder effect, and surface lubrication physics, were some
of the topics.
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 "Papers presented on the second day pertained to research on the
heat stable alloys and included studies on the influence of grain size
and properties of grain boundary on creep, the mechanism of creep, low-
chrome and chromeless high-speed steels, solid state lubrication, high-
temperature abrasion, fatigue and strength at elevated temperatures,
and internal friction. Much of the work reported concerned the Fe-W-Si
system. New views concerning the mechanism of creep and the influence
of grain size brought forth much discussion.
"Reports on research on the Fe-W-Si system were presented on the
third day. Although research was initiated as late as April 1958, some
noteworthy achievements have been made by the teaching staff and the
nearly 70 senior students of the Department of Metal Physics of Forth-
east People's University and by scientists at the Institute of Mechanical
and Electrical Engineering. In the beginning of our research program,
we investigated the equilibrium diagram for the Fe-W-Si system, hoping
to clarify the location of alpha-solid solution. For although it was
the accepted notion in other countries that only austenitic steels are
suitable for high-temperature alloys, we believed that any alloy alpha-
solid solutiot which -hfls z alpha garmaa transition can serve as the
basis of a high-temperature alloy and that it probably would not be
inferior to austenitie.
"Next we investigated the influence of alloying elements on the
strength of the chemical bonds of iron. For the strength of chemical
bonds plays an important part in the degree of heat stability. It was
found that tungsten greatly increases the strength of those bonds.
This was reflected in studies on creep and microcreep when it was found
that the rate of creep was very low for tungsten alloys. Because the
heat stability of solid solutions was not high enough to satisfy our
needs, we investigated factors which may enhance heat stability at
elevated temperatures. These studies included the effect of work-
hardening on high-temperature strength, the dynamics and action of age
hardening, ?etc .
"We also investigated the influence of alloying elements on the
oxidation process of iron and the effect of surface protection [against
oxidation]. It is generally known that oxidation of tungsten and moly'6
bdenum alloys presents a serious problem. However, this can be over-
come, particularly in the case of tungsten alloys. We also studied the
wear resistance and heat endurance limit of some alloys. Preliminary
results indicated that (1) tungsten strengthens the chemical bonds of
solid solutions and enhances their respective high-temperature strengths;
at present we have alloys of certain composition which are comparable to
austenitic Ni or Co steels in creep strength; (2) dispersion hardening
can further raise the coefficients of utilization for the strengthened
chemical bonds of certain alloys; (3) silicon and small amounts of
other elements will give alloys resistance to oxidation comparable to
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that of austenitic nickel and austenitic cobalt steels; (4) Fe-W-Si
alloys have 'very high heat endurance limits; and (5) alloys of this
system have higher wear resistance than austenitic steels and nickel
base alloys.
"The consensus expressed during the discussions was that the direc-
tion of our research is appropriate and promising. Experts such as Ch-
ien Lin-chao even pointed out that there is political
significanceih our work. In the first place, the Fe-W-Si system calls
for elements which are abundant in China end therefore provides a means
by which China can build up its own high-temperature alloys system.
Secondly, our work disproves the idea common in other countries that
tungsten cannot be used for high-temperature materials in the near
future. But we believe the difficulties can be overcome if tungsten
must be used for national construction. Another misconception prevalent
in other countries is that gamma iron is necessary for high-temperature
alloys and that large amounts of nickel, oobalt, and chrome must be used
to stabilize and strengthen the gamma form. But we believe that alpha
iron is also an excellent bafic material, and to stabilize it we can use
elements in which China is abundant, namely, tungsten, molybdenum, silicon,
and titanium...."
[SIR Note: In the past, the Chinese character combination tt
has been rendered "Institute of Electrpmbeh/Jan,bsJ
on the basis of the type of work reportedly,conducted at the institute.
However, the English version. offered in this-journal is "Institut,~ of
Mechanical and Electrical tagineering."1
109. Scientific Research Institute of Metallurgy Organized in Chelyabinsk
"Announcement of Competitions? (unsigned article); Moscow,
Promyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, 17 Sep 58, p 4
Recently established in Chelyabinsk was the Scientific Research
Institute of Metallurgy (Nauchno-Issledovatel'skiy Institut Metallurgic)
under the Chelyabinskiy Sovnarkhoz. The institute's address is Chelya-
binsk, 17, and its telephone number is 6-94-42.
The institute consists of the following two divisions: Nonferrous
Metallurgy and Ferroalloys Production, and the,~following 24 laboratories:
Ore P-ocessing, Blast-Furnaces, Steel Melting, Electric Steel Melting,
Steel Ingot, Pressure Working of Metals, Heat-Treatment, Heat-Resistant
Steel and Alloys, Furnace Heat Engineering, Refractories, Coke-Chemistry,
Pyrometallurgy, Hydrometallsrgy, Rare Metals, Production of Graphitized
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Parts, Furnace Ferroalloys, Pure Metals and Alloys, Furnace Power Engineer-
ing, Nonfurnace Ferroalloys, Economic Research, Automation, Metallography,
Mechanical Tests, and Chemical Analysis.
[For additional information on Metallurgy, see Item No l}5.)
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VIII. PHYSICS
Atomic and Molecular Physics
110. Separation in Inert Gas Discharges Studied
"Investigation of the Mechanism of the Separation of Inert
Gases in a Constant-Current Discharge," by S. E. Frish,
Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences USSR, and
N. A. Matveyeva, Scientific Research Physics Institute, Len-
ingrad State University imeni A. A. Zhdanov; Moscow, Doklady
Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 122, No 3, 21 Sep 58, pp 375-377
Results of a systematic investigation of the separation of gases
during a discharge in in'.~rt gases are discussed.
The following reila?;,ionships were observed: the degree of separa-
tion increases linearly with an increase in tube length; in the pressure
range 0.5-1.5 mm HG, the degree of separation increases considerably with
an increase in pressure, but changes only slightly in the range 1.5-4 xxra
Hg; with an increase in current strength, the degree of separation
initially increases linearly with current and then drops off; with an
increase in the concentration of an easily ionized admixture, the degree
of separation drops and its dependence on pressure and current strength
is less pronounced; with an increase in the concentration of a less
easily ionized gas, the degree of separation is small. The dependence
of separation on the ionization potential of the components of the mixture
was not clearly dibeerned.
It is claimed that the results can be explained qualitatively by
the hypothesis that the fundamental process causing gas separation is
the migration of positive ions toward the cathode.
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11.l. Polish Work on Atomic-Molecular Physics
Polish Atomic-Molecular Physics Since 1946, "by A. Jablonski,
Copernicus University in Torun; Warsaw, Nauka Polska, Year 6,
No 2 (22), Apr-Jun 58
'T'his article briefly describes people prominent in Poland in atomic
optics are their work, as follows.
J. Rzewuski: Multipole emissions in Lyman series.
J. Dabrowski: Interference of forced dipole emission and spontaneous
quadrupole emission.
M. Suffczynski: Ground state of meson.
A. Jablonski: The pressure broadening of spectral lines and magnetic
torsion of the polarization plane of the broadened resonance line.
Experimental work in atomic optics:
F. Les and H. Niewodniczanski: Effect of nuclear spin on the
possibility of forbidden transitions.
M. D. Kunisz: Intensity ratio in doublets
L. Liszka: Variation of intensity of night sky line 5577
Theoretical work in the domain of molecular optics:
W. Hanus: Torsion oscillator
W. Kolos: Structure of particles.
A. Jablonski: Principle of Condon-Franck; proof that it follows
from the general principle of quantum mechanics as a "sudden approxima-
tion." Various other work related to photoluminescence of solutions, as
attenuation of photoluminescence, depolarization of photoluminescence.by
migration of excitation energy, the effect of torsion oscillations on the
polarization of photoluminescence, extinction laws and work function of
luminescence.
Z. Malkowski and others: Studies of spectra of photoluminescence
of solutions at the Institute of Experimental Physics of Warsaw University
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K. Rosinski: Relation of internal quenching of fluorescence to the
temperature of the fluorescent solution, leading to the determination of
the activation energy of internal quenching.
Danuta Frackowiak and R. Drabent: Study of organic phosphors and
very viscous solutions at monochromatic excitation in the anti-Stokes
range showed that a sudden drop of work function does not follow a
general law, but depends on individual properties of the luminophors.
A. Baczynski and R. Bauer: The ratio of phosphorescence work function
to that of fluorescence depends on the wavelength of the exciting light.
M. Frackowiak: Studied for the first time the extinction of separate
components of phosphorescent light excited by polarized light. He obtained
the time behavior of phosphorescence intensity. The organophosphors
studied exhibited several groups of luminescence centers, each of which
has a different glowing time and different polarization.
M. Czajkowski and J. Grzywacz: Study of relation of the polarization
degree of fluorescence to the density of dyestuff in plexiglass phosphor
gave unexpected results showing that the polarization degree does not
decrease with the degree of concentration, but, on the contrary, increases.
It may be explained in that the dyestuff particles are excited not
directly by absorbing the exciting light, but also by means of the plexi-
glass which relays the absorbed energy to the luminescent particles.
Zuk, UMS, K. Guminski and Z. Ruziewicz, UBB: Studies of crystalline:
phosphors. An accurate method was devised to find the depth of electron
traps. Aging of phosphors was investigated.
Wardzynski: Study of absorption spectra of monocrystals in infrared.
A. Tramer, R. Mierzecki, B. Moszynska, K. L. Wierzchowski: Studies
of Raman spectra, particularly the effect of particle interaction on
Raman spectra intensities of Raman lines, effect of temperature on the
shape of Raman lines, Raman spectra of second order, etc.
A. Mtnc and S. Kurowski: Also involved in the study of Raman spectra
at the Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences
K. Antonowicz, A. Baczynski, W. Berdowski, S. Legowski: Construc-
tion of equipment for integrating the Schroedinger equation. The equip-
ment facilitated the determination of proper functions and proper values
of the oscillating energy of a Van der Waals particle HgA.
T. Skalinski in A. Kastler Laboratory in Paris (France): Coupling
of optic method with magnetic resonance ("optic pumping").
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Nuclear Physics
112. Angular Distribution in Cascade Shower Computed
"On the Equilibrium Function of the Angular Distribution of
Particles in a Cascade Shower," by I. P. Ivanenko, Moscow
State University imeni M. V. Lomonosov; Moscow, Doklady
Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 122, No 3, 21 Sep 58, PP-3-67---370
The multiple-scattering approximation is used to obtain formulas for
the angular distribution of particles in the maximum of a cascade shower
from a primary particle of infinite and finite energy. Ionization. losses
were considered in the approximation of small and large angles.
113. Academician Artsimovich Explains Award-Winning Work of Soviet
Physicists
"International Recognition of Outstanding Discoveries of
Soviet Physicists," by Academician L. Artsimovich; Moscow,
Izvestiya, 31 Oct 58, p 4
It was with great satisfaction that scientists of our country received
the news of the awarding of the Nobel Prize to Soviet Physicists P. A.
Cherenkov, I. Ye. Tamm, and I. M. Frank for the discovery, investigation,
and explanation of a very interesting and important optical phenomenon
which occurs in the passage of charged particles through matter. This
phenomenon is named the Cherenkov effect and concerns the fact that
charged particles passing through matter with velocities exceeding the
velocity of the propagation of light in that substance emit light waves
along their path.
The effect was first observed by P. A. Cherenkov in 1934, when, at
the suggestion of Academician S. I. Vavilov, he studied the luminescence
of fluids under the action of gamma rays from radioactive substances.
When various liquids were subjected to a stream of gamma rays, it was
observed that a weak blue light was emitted, the intensity of which was
practically independent of the chemical composition of the liquid. This
radiation also occurred in opaque solids subjected to gamma rays.
The first experiments to study the properties of this radiation
showed that it is not connected with ordinary processes of luminescence,
which is caused by the excitation of atoms and molecules. It was also
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obvious that the observed radiation was caused not by the gamma rays
themselves but by fast electrons produced by these rays in the matter.
Further experiments were therefore conducted with beams of fast electrons.
In the passage of these electrons through various opaque media, the
Cherenkov effect appeared in a much more definite and clear form than
when matter was bombarded by gamma rays. The characteristic feature of
Cherenkov radiation is its special orientation. Light is emitted only
along a direction which is at a definite angle to the trajectory of the
fast particles in the material.
The phenomenon observed by Cherenkov remained for several years a
mystery and could not be successfully explained on the basis of ordinary
notions of the interaction of fast particles with matter. However, in
1937, I. Ye. Tamm and I. M. Frank gave an extremely remarkable, but
nevertheless simple, explanation. The Soviet physicists showed that if
the velocity of a charged particle exceeds the velocity of the propaga-
tion of light in the medium through which this particle is passing, the
particle in motion must emit light energy and that this light wave must
be propagated in a specified direction which was in complete agreement
with the experiment.
According to the theory of Tamm and Frank, an electron or other
charged particle mo?,.ing with "superlight" velocities, exhibits properties
somewhat analagous to those exhibited by a missile or jet plane flying
in air at supersonic velocities. It is well known that the flight of
such a missile is accompanied by a wave the front of which is propagated
along a direction which makes a definite angle with the trajectory of
the supersonic missile. The light waves emitted by the "superlight"
electron are analagous to this shock wave which occurs in air in the
supersonic motion of a missile. This may seem strange since it is well
known that the velocity of light is the absolute upper limit of the
velocity which can be obtained by any material object. However, this
limit is the value of the velocity of light in a vacuum. In opaque
media (water, glass, plastics, etc.) the velocity of light decreases as
the index of refraction of the given medium exceeds 1. Usually this
decrease in the velocity of light lies within the limits 1.3-1.8. The
particle need only overtake light in a given material in order for the
Cherenkov effect to occur under these conditions. This applies to elec-
trons which have been accelerated to 200,000-300,000 volts. Heavy
particles -- protons, deuterons, and alpha particles -- msut be raised
to higher energies. For protons, for example, this energy is measured
in the hundreds of millions of volts.
TI..e phenomenon observed 24 years ago by P. A. Cherenkov and explained
by I. Ye. Tamm and I. M. Frank has in recent years been frequently used
in many areas of experimental nuclear physics. It is the basis of one
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of the most widely used methods of observing and recording very fast
particles. if an individual fast particle passes through matter, a
light pulse arises, caused by the Cherenkov effect. This pulse can
be recorded with an apparatus which is extremely sensitive to very
small amounts of light energy. (Such instruments are called photo-
multii)liers.) In certain cases, the Cherenkov effect can be used not
only to observe a charged particle, but also to measure its velocity,
since the angle between the light radiation and the particle trajectory
is a function of velocity. The method of recording charged particles
through the Cherenkov effect is widely applied in nuclear physics and
is now used in many laboratories of the world where cosmic rays and
high-energy particles are studied. These high-energy particles are
obtained with gigantic accelerators. One can take as an example the
recent (1955) discovery of the antiproton, particles which have a
charge opposite to that of their counterpart, the proton. Cherenkov
counters have played an important role in following changes in the
short-lived particle and in,determining its nature.
The awarding of the Nobel Prize to P. A. Cherenkov, I. Ye. Tatum,
and I. M. Frank is a proper recognition of their great work in the dis-
covery and explanation of an extremely interesting physical phenomenon.
Its importance to modern science has only recently become clear. Soviet
physicists congratulate their comrades for having obtained this esteemed
sign of international recognition.
Mechanics
114. Role of Invariants in Hydrodynamics Discussed
"Invariants of Homogeneous and Isotropic Turbulence in a Com-
pressible Viscous Fluid," by K. A. Sitnikov; Moscow, Doklady
Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 122, No 1, 1 Sep 58, pp 29-32
Starting with the equations for the conservatidn of motion, mass,
and energy in hydrodynamics and considering the hydrodynamic flow elements
as chance variables satisfying the isotropic and homogeneous conditions,
it is shown that there are four different forms obtained by an averaging
process which are invariant with respect to time and not equal to zero.
An example is given of a flow with invariants different from zero
and the values of the invariants are calculated. A law expressed in
terms of the invariants is derived for the damping of homogeneous isotropic
turbulence in an ideal, viscous, heat-conducting gas.
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115. Bending of Round- Rod With Elliptical Hole Studied
"Local Stresses Arising on Bending a Round Prismatic Rod With
an Elliptical Noncoaxial Hole," by Yu. A. Amenzade; Moscow,
Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 122, No 3, 21 Sep 58, pp 355-359
The bending of a round prismatic rod which has been weakened by an
elliptical hole passing lengthwise through the rod is studied. The axis
of the hole is at a certain distance from the axis of the rod. Functions
satisfying the boundary conditions and describing the bending and stress
state in the rod are given.
116. Reflection of Waves Incident on Wedge at Brewster's Angle Studied
"Excitation, Reflection, arid Radiation of Surface Waves on a
Wedge With Given Edge Impedances," by G. D. Malyuzhinets,
Acoustics Institute, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Doklady
Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 121, No 3, 21 Jul 58, pp 436-439
It is assumed that a two-dimensional nave field p(r,tQ ), (p e-i w t )
in a wedge-shaped region r > 0, - ??; < < , is described by the
equation d p ?k2p = 0 and satisfies the following homogeneous third-
order boundary conditions at the edges
(gyp/r dCO ).-ik sine+p=0, 4-
where sine = zo/zt ; zo = Rc, the wavd resistance of the mgdium,z is
the normal impedance of the boundaries p ^ .-}- . The constant quan-
tities (9.t are Brewster's angles of incidence for which the reflection
coefficient of a plane wave approaching an infinite plane with impedances
z + reduces to zero. In the case of absorbing boundaries 0 < Re e+ < r/2.
The exact solution of the problem of diffraction of a plane wave -
po - exp[-ikr cos( = Q )J
on an absorbing wedge and for the case of oblique incidence on the edge,
when po - exp .L-ik[z cos e + r sin G cos( cp - p )J3 , was obtained
in an earlier work of the author ("Certain Generalizations of the Method of
Reflections in the Theory of Diffraction of Sinusoidal Waves," Author's
Abstract of Doctoral Dissertation, Physics Institute of the Academy of
Sciences, 1950.)
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An exact solution to the diffraction problem is derived for the
general case and given as
p(r,Q) e -ikr cos ( + ~~ -cos~~--~ (sinQa - o 1
sin '.- )-dX,
2 2
where W(p() is an auxiliary function.
The particular case of wave incidence at Brewster's angle is analyzed.
117. Dimensional Analysis Applied in the Solution of Magnetohydrodynamic
Equations
"One-Dimensional Automodeling Motion of a Conducting Gas in
a Magnetic Field," by V. P. Korobeynikov) Mathematics Institute
imeni V. A. Steklov, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Doklady
Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 121, No 4+, 1 Aug 58, pp 613-615
The one-dimensional nonstationary, adiabatic motion of an ideal,
infinitely conducting gas with cylindrical and plane waves is con-
sidered. A magnetic field is applied perpendicular to particle motion.
The equations of motion and their solutions are given. The theory of
dimensional analysis is applied in the solution.
The results are applied to the problem of the motion of a plane
or cylindrical piston in the gas and the problem of a powerful electric
discharge.
118. Criteria for Resonance and Critical Frequencies in Dynamical Systems
Given
"On Dynamical Stability of Elastic Systems," by V. A. Yakubo-
vich, Leningrad State University imeni A. A. Zhdanov; Moscow,
Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 121, No 4, 1 Aug 58, pp 602-605
Certain mathematical problems arising in the genera. theory of the
dynamical stability of elastic systems are considered. The particular
case discussed is that of an unperturbed system with the form
d2y/dt2 + P0y = 0
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and a perturbed system with the form
d2y/dt2 1- P(e t)y = 0
d2Y/dt` t [Pot E Q( G t) ] y = 0.
The notions of resonance and critical frequency are defined for a system
of this type and a theorem stating necessary and sufficient conditions
that a frequency r- resonant or critical is given.
The theorem is applied to problems taken from a book by V. V.
Bolotin, "the first systematic treatment of the general theory" (Dinamiche-
ska a Usto chivost' U ru ikh Sisterm [Dynamical Stability of Elastic
systems], 1956).
119. Shock Waves in Magnet ohydrodyami c s
"Zemplen'p Theorem in Magnetohydrodynamics," by S. V. lordan-
skiy; Moscow, Doklady Akademii NT*_??P) Vol 121, No 4, 1 Aug. 58,
pp 610-612
Shock waves in an infinitely conducting medium with negligible dissipa-
tion and subjected to a magnetic field are discussed, particularly shack
waves in which matter passes through the surface of the shock, causing a
change in the thermodynamic quantities.
It was shown in a book by L. D. Landau and Yo. M. Lifshits (F1ektro-
dinamika Sploshnykh Sred [Electrodynamics of Continuous Media], Moscciw,
1957) that only compression waves are possible when the magnitude of
such shocks, under the same conditions as for ordinary shock waves, is
small. The article shows that this statement is true for shocks of any
magnitude.
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120. Equations for Limiting Automodel.ing Motion of a Gas and Piston Given
"The Limiting One-Dimensional Automodcling Nonstationary
Motion of a Gas (The Cauchy Problem and the Problem of a
Piston)," by S. S. Grigoryan, Moscow; Moscow, Prikladnaya
Matematika i Mekhanika, Vol 22, No 3, May/Jun 5p 3O1-310
The limiting automodeling motion of an ideal non-hest-conducting
gas in cases of the Cauchy problem for the equations of one-dimensional,
nonstationary motion with plane waves and the problem of a symmetric
piston discharging a gas are discussed. A limiting automodeling problem
is defined as one which can be obtained from the corresponding automodel-
ing problem by a transition to the limit.
It is shown that the limiting automodeling problem does not always
have a solution and that under certain conditions a solution to the
problem is not unique. The limiting automodeling problem of a piston is
shown to have always a unique solution.
Only a qualitative analysis of the problem is made, but it is stated
that numerical results may be easily obtained from the solution given.
121. Propagation in Nonideal Media Treated as Linear Problem
"On One Method of Integrating Nonstationary Linear Boundary-
Value Problems Concerning the Propagation of Disturbances in
Nonideal Elastic Media," by Ye. I. Shemyakin, Leningrad;
Moscow, Prikladnaya Matematika i Mekhanika, Vol 22, No 3,
May/Jun 56, pp 2610-300
Problems in mathematical physics, which take into account the non-
ideal character of the actual media, can be solved without going outside
the framework of linear problems, it is claimed. The example given of
problems, which fall within the class of linear problems and which can
be solved with a high degree of accuracy, is the problem in theoretical
seismology concerning the propagation of vibrations from a source such
as an explosion.
To solve the nonstationary problem for a viscous-elastic halt-space
and for a half-space filled by a medium with elastic aftereffects, the
method of incomplete separation of variables was used.
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The equations of motion of a D-medium, a. medium with energy dissipa-
tion, are given as
M + 2M) grad div u - M curl curl u 2uJ 2
t,
where u = u(x) y, z, t) is the displacement vector, /~ and M are operator
substitutes for the elastic constants) and ? ,
A = >t rt- ' Kt, M = )k t N. ' Kt,
Kt, some linear operator.
The initial conditions are
I t 0'0 and 0J,_;) t I t 0
and the boundary conditions are
Ti = L1 (u) I S, T2 - L2 (u) S, T3 = L3 (u) S,
where L1, L2, end L3 are the ordinary linear operators in dooke's law and the
functions T1, T2, and T3 are of the form
Ti = fi(x, Y, Z) I S ai(t), (i = 1, 2, 3)
The functions ai(t) represent the dependence of the interactions Ti on
time.
The solution of the problem is given as
00
u(x, y, z, t) ' O $u0(x, Y) ' z, I-) R (t, T) d 2,
where u0(x, y, z,T) is the solution of the motion equations for Kt = 0
and t replaced by T; R(t, T) is the solution of the problem
(i+LJKt) a 2R(t?,-C) = 2R(t,..T)
are 2'I-
R It: 0 a t( t 0 0, (ltUJKt) R(t,r)Ir. 0= a(t).
By using the basic formula, further generalizations were obtained
for the above class of problems for D-media and for other nonstationary
boundary-value problems such as lathinated isotropic D-media with plane-
parallel separation boundaries and for regions filled by a
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D-medium and containing spherical or cylindrical boundaries. This genern.:l-
ization required only that certain restrictions be placed on the
operator Kt and that the results of previous work be used, to con-
struct u~)(x, y, r, T').
It is also noted that its is possible to construct the solutions of
these additi.onal problems by the method of incomplete separation of
variables, but that ft direct approach is difficult. For simple problems
such as a half-space fillod by a D-meditun, it is suggested that a general-
ization of the Efros transformation be applied and that the perturbation
fields be investigated by asymptotic methods.
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122. Division of Physics and Mathematics of Academy of Sciences Tadzhik
SSR Expands
"We Are Expanding Research on Physics and Mathematics," by
A. Babayev, scientific associate, Division of Physics and
Mathematics, Academy of Sciences Tadzhik SSR; Stalinabad,
Kommunist Tadshikistana, 21 Sep 58, p 2
The Division of Physics and Mathematics (Otdel Fiziki i Matematik3.)
of the Academy of Sciences Tadzhik SSR, formed in the: fall of 1957, con-
sists of the Sector of Physics and the Sector of Mathematics and four
laboratories which are being formed. These laboratories will be the
Laboratory of Physical Electronics (Laboratoriya po Fizicheskoy Elektrontld),
the Laboratory of the Physics of Solids (Laboratoriya Fiziki Tverdogo
Tela), the Laboratory of Spectral Analysis (Laboratoriya Spektral'nogo
Analiza), the Laboratory of Applied Nuclear Physics (Laboratoriya Prik-
ladnoy Yadernoy Fiziki). ALL four laboratories are to be equipped with
the latest precision instruments. The work of these laboratories will
be closely tied with the work of various plants, factories, and other
industrial establishments, as well as with other scientific research
institutions of neighboring repuolics.
Through the initiative of S. U. Umarov, president of the Academy
of Sciences Tadzhik'SSR, the new division has established close contact
with the Physicomathematical Institute, the Institute of Nuclear Physics,
and the Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics of the Academy of Sciences
Uzbek SSR. The division will also work closely with related institutes
of the Academy of Sciences USSR.
123. Over 170 Problem Laboratories Operate in Soviet Vuzes
"170 Problem Laboratories," by P. Polukhin, deputy chairman,
Scientific-Technical Council of the Ministry of Higher Educa-
tion USSR; Moscow, Promyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya Gaz!ta, 2 Nov
58, p 1
At present there are over 170.problem laboratories in operation within
vuzes (higher educational institutions) of the USSR. These laboratories
are conducting high-level research on such problems as nuclear physics,
radiochemistry, search for new semiconductor materials, utilization of
computer technology for technical and economic calculations, automation
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processes, new methods for transmitting electrical energy, and the synthesis
of new materials. These laboratories are established at present in such
institutes as the Moscow Higher Technical School imeni Bauman, the Leningrad
Electrical Engineering Institute imeni V. I. U1'yanov (Lenin), the Tallin
Polytechnic Institute, the Moscow Institute of Nonferrous Metals and Gold,
and Leningrad Institute of Precision Mechanics and Optics, and the Ural
Polytechnic Institute.
124. V. A. Ambartsumyan, President of Academy of Sciences Armenian SSR
"Outstanding Soviet Scholar," by A. 3haginyan, Academician,
Academy of Sciences Armenian SSR, and S. Ambartsumyan, Corres-
ponding Mem;ser, Academy of Sciences Armenian SSR; Yerevan,
Kommunlot, 19 Sep 58, p 2
Viktor Amazaspovich Ambartsumyan, president of the Academy of Sciences
Armenian SSR and director of the Byurakan Astrophysics Observatory, was
recently awarded the Order of Lenin by a ukase of the Presidium of the
Supreme Soviet USSR for his outstanding services in the field of the develop-
ment of astrophysics and in connection with his 50th birthday.
The scientific activities of V. A. Ambartsumyan began at the Lenin-
grad State University from which he graduated in 1928. In 1931 he completed
the "aspirantura," where he worked under the directorship of the outstand-
ing astrophysicist, Acadamician A. Velopol'skiy. After completing the
"aspirantura" Ambartsumyan began to work in the capacity of docent at
the Leningrad State University, and in 1934, after being promoted to pro-
fessor, became head of the Chair of Astrophysics, which he founded. From
11038 on, Ambartsumyan was also the director of the Astronomical Observatory
of the Leningrad State University.
In 1939, he was elected Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences
USSR and subsequently appointed as prorector for scientific affairs of the
Leningrad State University.
During World War II, Ambartsumyan directed the branch of scientific
research laboratories of the Leningrad State University, which had been
evacuated to the city of Yelabuga.
In 1943, after being elected Active Member and vice-president of the
newly organized Academy of Sciences Armenian SSR, V. A. Ambartsumyan
arrived in Armenia, where since 1947 he has continuously headed the Academy
of Sciences Armenian SSR; at the same time he has been the director of
the Byurakan Astrophysics Observatory.
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Ambartsumyan has been elected a Correponding Member of many foreign
academies of sciences and scientific societies, i.e.,, Austria, England,
Belgium, the US, and others. He has been awarded two Orders of Lenin,
two Orders of the Labor Red Banner, and medals. He has also received
two Stalin Prizes.
Ambartsumyan's fame lies in his development of the theory of stellar
associations which has led to the study of the physical nature of stellar
bodies included in the formation of stellar associations. He is currently
investigating the new field in astrophysics, the problem of radio galaxies.
125. New Polytechnical University Founded in China
"Chinese University of Science and Technology Opens" unsigned
article; Peiping, K'o-hsueh Tung-pao (Scientia), No 19, 1958
pp 601-605
This article reports the highlights of the inauguration of a new
polytechnical university in China, the Chinese University of Science and
!` I :t- , ~1 - p'-
Technology f 'L) on 20 September 1958. That date,
according to the article, marked the initiation of classes in the univer-
sity's 13 departments, including the Department of Nuclear Physics and
Nuclear Engineering, Department of Technical Physics, Department of Chem-
ical.. Physics, Department of Physical Heat Engineering, Department of
Radioelectronics, Department of Automation, Department of Mechanics,
Department of Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry, Department of
Geochemistry and Rare Elements, Department of High Molecular Chemistry
and Physics, Department of Applied Mathematics and Computation Techniques,
and Department of Biophysics and Applied Geophysics. (These total only
12.)
During the opening exercises, university president Kuo Mo-jo talked
about making the school a model new-type Communist university by follow-
ing party leadership, using science and technology in the interest of
national construction, and implementing the new Communist system of educa-
tion, which involves combining work with study and teaching activities
with research and productive labor. He said that the school year at the
Chinese University of Science and Technology will allow 8 months of study,
3 months of physical labor, and one month in holidays. Moreover, a small-
scale factory for each department and a larger, comprehensive one for the
whole school are to be established.
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Drawing a parallel between the new university and the Resist-Japan
University which existed during the "War Against Japanese Aggression,"
Kuo called on his students to inherit the "excellent spiritual tradition"
of the former university and train themselves quickly in socialist con-
struction so that China may rapidly become a Communist utopia..
[SIR Note: The article does not give the exact location of the new
university, but it is probably Peiping, where Kuo Mo-jo also holds office
as president of the Academia Sinica.]
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