SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000100220001-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 83
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 4, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: January 9, 1959
• Content Type: REPORT

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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
SCIENTIFIC
INFORMATION REPORT
9 January 1959
Distributed Only By
U.S. DEPARTMENT Or COMMERCE
OFFICE OF TECHNICAL SERVICES
WASHINGTON 25, D.C.
I i~Oft/~ ( t r
Issued Semi-monthly. Price: Per year $28.00; Single issue $2.73.x"
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Use of funds for printing this publication approved
by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget July 31, 1958.
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PLEASE NOTE
This report presents unevaluated information extracted, from
recently received publications of the USSR, Eastern' Europe, and
China.' The information selected is intended to indicate curtest
scientific developments and activities in the USSR,,in the Sim.
Soviet Orbit countries, and in Yugoslavia, end,is- disseminated
as an aid to the United States Government research.
SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT
Table of Contents
Page
I. Behavioral Science
1
II. Chemistry
4
III. Electronics
24
IV. Engineering
34
V. Mathematics
38
VI. Medicine
44
VII. Metallurgy
60
VIII., Physics
61
IX.
Miscellaneous
77
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1. Goals of Soviet Education Realigned
"The Principal Aim of School Is Preparation for Life and for
Useful Labor" (unsigned editorial); Moscow, Sovetskaya Peda-
gogika, No 6, Jun 58, pp 3-11
Salient points derived from this editorial in the organ of the Acad-
emy of Pedagogical Sciences RSFSR are presented below.
The editorial states that a plan for reorganization of the system of
primary and secondary education is being formulated in the USSR. This
reorganization is expected to lead the way for a transition to a new sys-
tem of education in the USSR which aims to teach children greater respect
for physical labor and to prepare them for productive work in industrial
and agricultural establishments and on construction projects.
"Since the Communist Party gained control of the government, the
Soviet Union's preoccupation with mass education has been exceeded only
by its drive for industrial expansion. The country has made tremendous
strides in the education of scientists and technicians, but has made
little progress in spreading political literacy among the Soviet people."
The Soviet leaders claim that education has been and should remain CPYRGHT
the natural outgrowth of free association of children and teachers, with
each other, and with everything surrounding them. a general a o CPYRGHT
Soviet education always was and still is e development o a new man:
a healthy, strong, active, independently thinking man who would con-
tribute all his knowledge, energy, talents, and abilities toward the
building of Communism and toward progress, peace, and friendship among
nations. Technology is to be used to create a Communist state; the
function of educational system in the Soviet Union is to ensure per-
petuation of the Communist state."
The present system of education in the secondary schools is to a CPYRGHT
degree, creating definite differences between physical labor and men-
tal work. This is irreconcilable with the Communist philosophy, be-
cause as the country moves closer to Communism such differences become
obliterated primarily as physical work becomes enriched with intellec-
tual content.
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The basic features of the present system of education were formed
more than 20 years ago. The resolutions of the Central Committee of
the Communist Party of the country played the decisive role in its for-
m;.-lation and subsequent development. Socialist construction was in full
swing at that time and survival itself' made it imperative that schools
in the Soviet Union prepare people for technical schools and universi-
ties. The Soviet Union needed people with a good foundation in basic
sciences: physics, chemistry, mathematics, geography, history, etc.
The Soviet school has done well in that respect.
However, geared mainly for training its graduates for college en-
trance, the Soviet schools of primary and secondary education shoved poly-
technical education and preparation for productive work in various in-
dustries into the background. All. this led to one-sidedness in educa-
tion and gave rise to a .situation. where the school became detached
from life. This select had already beer., felt on the eve of the war and
became particularly manifest during the postwar period when a large num-
ber of graduates became members of the labor force. Education has had
to adjust itself to meet new responsibilities presented by increasing
mechanization of industry and agriculture.
At the 13th Congress of the All-Union Lenin Young Communist League
CPYRGHT
Vu M N. S. F(hrushchev stated that
e 10-year sc oo must oiler
well-rounded education. The 10--year J~chool must prepare youth in basic
sciences who are able and willing to Lively participate in building
Communism and who will net be satisfi to remain on the sidelines as
In its message to the 13th Congress of the VLKSM, the Central Com- PYRG HT
mittee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union said: e ovie
ttninn places high value on the achievements o Soviet you The Cen-
tral Committee expressed c cnfirJ.enee that in the future Soviet youth will
remain faithful to the spirit of Communism.
The 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, in
criticizing the Academy of Pedagogical sciences for its intolerable slow-
ness in reorganizing education in primary and secondary schools, proposed
Soviet Union also expressed the opinion that
ttitude toward work.' The 20th. Congress of the
as follows: 'Polytechnical education is to be eve ope , s u en s m usT
ecome acqua~ to wi the most important branches of modern industrial
stablishment ?+- be indoctrinated with the Communist
Communist Party of the CPYRGHT
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spectators and well-wishers of Commun m."
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and secondary education will also help to improve the existing system
of higher education, bringing it closer to life and linking it with in-
dustry in a more realistic mariner."
Until lately the domin=ant theory of education in Soviet educational
circles was that the secondary school, by offering general education and
instruction in many technical and applied sciences, cannot arm the stu-
dents with knowledge and skill in a definite specialty and still remain
school. of general education. Proponen-cs of that view claimed that
schools of general education, education devoted to instruction in many
technical or applied sciences, and professional schools of technology
and applied sciences are all different. They forget that all schools in
the Soviet Union are elements of a single system for training the coming
generation for life and for participation in Communist construction.
"Progress is impossible without improvement in the organization and
administration of industry and agriculture, without improvement in train
ing of qualified cadres, without further progress in methods of teaching
and indoctrination of the coming generation for the changing conditions
of life."
CPYRGHT
In presenting his plan for successful fulfillment of the Communist
construction program for the next 15 years to the anniversary session
of the Supreme Soviet USSR, held on 6 November 1957 N. S. Khrushchev
stressed e nee or continued effort toward the solution of complex
scientific and technical problems connected with the revolutionary changes
in the following fields!' electric power transmission, automation in in-
dustry, utilization of atomic energy for peaceful purposes, more rapid
development of the chemical industry, and advancement in the science and
Production of computing machines."
CPYRGHT
"Marxism-Leninism teaches that socialism is not stagnant and that
socialism is not something that is final: Socialism must gradually be-
come transformed into Communism. This transformation is expected to be
the result of the conscientious effort of the entire Soviet population
who, under the guidance of the Communist Party, will promote economic
growth of the country and thereby help in the improvement of their own
material well-being, which in turn will produce individuals more pro-
foundly indoctrinated in Communism."
The leaders of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union maintain,
therefore, that transition from a socialist principle
from each ac-
principle (from each according to his ability, to each according to his
needs) presupposes not only a gigantic growth in socialist production
based on high technological knowledge, but also a colossal spiritual
growth of the Soviet people,, a rise in their cultural level, their Com-
munist consciousness, and their attitude toward physical labor."
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Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Propellants
2. High-Temperature Conversion of Hydrocarbon Gases by Reacting Them
With Oxygen
'High-Temperature Conversion of Hydrocarbon Gases," by Ya. S.
Kazarnovskiy and N. V. Karkhov; Moscow, Byulleten' Tekhniko-
Ekonomicheskoy Informatsii, No 8, Aug 58, pp 12-1
Natural gas, petroleum well gas, coke gas, and other hydrocarbon
gases are the most readily available and cheapest raw material for the
production of technological gas to be used in the synthesis of ammonia,
al.oWls, and motor fuel. One of the newest methods for the conversion
of gaseous hydrocarbons is high-temperature noncatalytic oxidation with
oxygen. The reaction involved is expressed by the equation:
C H4 -- 0.502 = CO -- 2 H2 -f- 8.5 Kcal.
The noncatalytic oxidation of natural gas, petroleum gas, the meth-
ane fraction, and coke gas was investigated at the State Institute of the
Nitrogen Industry (GIAP) and at experimental installations of the Dnepro-
dzerzhinsk Nitrogen Fertilizer Plant (DATZ) in 1951-1957.
Thermodynamic analysis shows that, when the process is conducted ad-
iabatically at a -temperature of 1,400-1,430? and a pressure of 30-35 at-
mospheres, there is quantitative oxidation of methane and of other hydro-
carbons so that substantially only carbon monoxide and hydrogen are formed
and no free carbon appears in the reaction products. Detailed investiga-
tion of the process at pressures from 0 to 35 atmospheres gauge has shown
that, independently of the pressure within the system and the nature of
the gaseous hydrocarbon converted, a practically quantitative noncatalytic
oxidation of the gas is achieved at a temperature of about 1,450?.
The ratio of oxygen to methane in the initial mixture is actually
somewhat higher than that corresponding to the stoichiometric coefficient
of 0.5 which follows from the equation given above. The final reaction
mixture contains a small quantity of carbon dioxide, water vapor, and meth-
ane (0-33-0-5% of methane). The high reaction temperature (1,450?) results
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in a very high velocity of the reaction: the diffusion stage of the proc-
ess, consequently, determines the rate of the conversion. Under the cir-
cumstances, preliminary mixing of the initial products is of importance.
The investigations that have been conducted demonstrate that the fol-
lowing can be achieved by the high-temperature conversion of hydrocarbons:
The process can be carried out under a pressure of 30-35 atmospheres,
co that a considerable amount of electric power is saved which would other-
wise be necessary for compressin; the gas in the following stages of the
syrnthesis, which is usually conducted at a higher pressure. There is no
necessity to purify the hydrocarbon gas from organic sulfur compounds, be-
cause all organic sulfur is converted into hydrogen sulfide. The high
pressure used and the high velocity of the conversion make it possible to
conduct the process in equipment of small size. A simplified flow sheet
of the conversion of 35 atmospheres gauge as applied to natural gas is
shown (cf figure on p 13 [of source]). The natural gas is heated to
500-6000 in a preheater under a pressure of 35-40 atmospheres gauge.
The oxygen, after leaving the compressor or evaporator for liquid oxygen,
is heated to approximately 3500 in another preheater. The oxygen also
has a pressure of 35-40 atmospheres gauge.
The natural gas and the oxygen enter into the reactor through the
mixing device of the burner. The reactor is a cylindrical vessel lined
with a special refractory material. The formation of some carbon black
may occur during the reaction. On leaving the reactor, the converted
gas is cooled to 400? by means of injected condensate and then washed with
hot water in a tower to remove the carbon black. During the process of
washing, the gas becomes saturated with water vapor. The ratio of water
vapor to the gas slightly exceeds 1/1. This quantity of water is entirely
adequate for the subsequent conversion of carbon monoxide.
When the conversion of methane is conducted under a pressure up to
35 atmospheres gauge and at the temperatures of preheating of natural gas
and oxygen indicated above, the ratio of oxygen to methane in the initial
mixture comprises 0.64-0.65. When a good preliminary mixing of the gas
with oxygen has tak n place, the heat potential in the reaction zone
amounts to 107---106 kilocalories/ m3 . hr, which makes it possible to
construct highly productive reactors of small dimensions. Thus, at an
ammonia plait with an output of 300 tons of ammonia per day the volume
of the reaction zone will not exceed one cubic meter.
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Conducting the conversion of methane and the conversion of carbon
monoxide at a pressure of 35 atmospheres gauge and subsequent purifica-
tion of the as from carbon dioxide at the same pressure make it possible
to reduce the power needed for compressing the synthesis gas by 50-60%.
By converting methane and carbon monoxide under pressure,, a more ef-
ficient utilization of the reaction heat is achieved, because a large frac-
tion of the heat of condensation of the water vapor is utilized.
Ili gh -temperature noncatalytic conversion of hydrocarbon gases under
atmospheric pressure is being carried out on an industrial scale at the
Rustavsk Nitrogen Fertilizer Plant. Coke gas is used as a raw material
there.
The process conducted under a pressure of 35 atmospheres gauge has
been brought up to the pilot-plant stage and is being introduced into in-
dustrial application for the conversion of natural gas and of the by-
product gases of crude petroleum production.
3. New Equation Describing the Kinetics of the Decomposition of Explo-
sives
"Formal Kinetic Laws of the Thermal Decomposition of Explosives
in the Liquid Phase," by F. I. Dubovitskiy,, G. B. Manelis, and.
A. G. Merzhanov; Moscow,, Doklady Akademii Nault SSSR, Vol 121,,
No 4, Aug 58,, pp 668-670
The classical equation of autocatalysis does not accurately describe
the thermal decomposition of explosives in the liquid phase except in the
special case of autocatalysis by gaseous products in a closed system.
By taking into account changes of volume during the process of decomposi-
tion,, a formal equation has been derived which corresponds much more
closely to experimental data. A. J. B. Robertson's experimental results
on the decomposition of ethylenediamine nitrate (cf. Journal of the Amer-
ican Chemical Society, Vol 67, 1948, p 221) were used to check this equa?-?
Lion. Robertson's data in regard to the dependence of the specific veloc-?
ity of the reaction on the degree of decomposition were found to corres-
pond to points on a curve plotted on the basis of the equation.
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Chemistry and Technology of Nuclear Fuels and
Reactor Construction Materials
The Relation of Characteristics of Metallic Uranium to the Behavior
of This Metal Under Irradiation
"The Relation of the Structure and Properties of Uranium to
Its Behavior Under Irradiation," by A. S. Zaymovskiy, G.
Ye. Sergeyev, V. V. Titova, B. M. Levitskiy, and Yu. N. So-
kurskiy; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 5, No 4,, Oct 58,
pp 412-420
Data are given on changes in the dimensions and shape of uranium
smaples as a result of irradiation. It is shown that by controlling the
composition of the uranium and the conditions of its treatment (specif-
ically, the degree of deformation in the alpha region and the conditions
of heat-treatment), the magnitude of the radiation distortion of the sur-
face and the value of G3 (the coefficient of radiation growth) may be
changed within wide limits as a result of changes in the grain dimen-
sions and'urdentation.
The dependence of changes in the grain size of hardened uranium as
well as of the hardness, tensile strength, and yield strength of this me-
tal on the contents of iron, silicon, and aluminum in it has been inves-
tigated. It was found that the rate of cooling and the content of the
impurities mentioned exert an effect on the position of the critical
point of the beta aJ.pha transformation in hardening. For instance,, at
a rate of cooling amounting to 4000 C per second and a content of 0.05
percent of silicon by weight,, this critical point is lowered to 5305 C.
Experimental data ipdicate that there is acceleration of creep under
irradiation (nv = 6 X 1012 neutrons/^m2. seconds) by a factor of 50-100
(in other words, by 1.5-2 orders) for both pi?eferentially oriented and
randomly oriented uranium. The rate of creep of randomly oriented uran-
ium depends on the rate of burn-out.
Data are reported that were obtained. in an investsgation :fix: which
the mechanical iroperties of uranium produced by extension without re-,
moving the metal from the reactor were studied. It was found that even
after a short period of exposure to the action of a neutron field (up
to one hour) the relative elongation is reduced to a certain extent and
the tensile strength of the uranium increased.
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5 The Use of Uranium-Molybdenum Alloys as Material for I1.iel Elements
"Uranium-Molybdenum Alloys in the Construction of Reactors,"
by V. V. Kalashnikov, V. V. Titova, G. Ya. Sergeyev, and A.
G. Samoylov; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 5, No 4, Oct 58,
pp 421-431
The principal properties of uranium-molybdenum alloys and work on
the use of uranium-molybdenum alloys as material for fuel elements of
nuclear reactors are reviewed on the basis of non-USSR and USSR pub-
lications. A bibliography consisting of 4 USSR references and 14 non-
USSR references is appended to the article.
The following conclusions are made. (1) alloying of uranium with
molybdenum makes it possible to obtain alloys which have better mechani-
cal characteristics and superior resistance to corrosion at elevated tem-
peratures as well as a high dimensional stability under conditions involy-
.~ng irradiation and cyclic temperature changes; (2) uranium-molybdenum
alloys are suitable from the technological standpoint for the production
of fuel elements; (3) although the use of uranium-molybdenum alloys in
reactors operating on thermal neutrons necessitates a greater enrichment
of the fuel because of the relatively high cross section of neutron cap-
ture by molybdenum., the high dimensional stability under irradiation and
the good corrosion resistance of uranium-molybdenum alloys in water at
high temperatures and pressures may in a number of cases be decisive fac-
tors in the selection of uranium-molybdenum alloys as material for fuel
elements of nuclear reactors; and (4) one may assume that it is presuma-
bly of advantage to use uranium-molybdenum alloys as material for fuel
elements of fast-neutron. reactors.
6. Procedures for the Colcrimetric Determination of Uranium and Thorium
With Potassium Iodate
"Calorimetric Determination of Thorium and Uranium by Means of
Potassium Iodate,," I , Ye. S. Przheval'skiy (deceased), A. P.
Golovina, and Ye. R. Nikolayeva, Chair of Analytical Chemistry
Moscow State University; Moscow., Vestnik Moskovskogo Universi-
teta; Seriya Matematiki. Nekb.aniJr.i, Astronimii, Piziki, Khimii,
Vol 30, No 1, Sep 5 pp 171-175
The iodate method is applied rather extensively for the determina-
tion of tetravalent elements. Yu. A. Chernikhov and T. A. Uspenskaya
have developed procedures for the determination of thorium, zirconium,
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and tetravalent cerium by gravimetric and. volumetric methods. The high
sensitivity of the Jodate method makes it suitable for microdetermina-
tions. Colorimetric procedures developed by the authors of this arti-
cle in 1950?-1953 can be applied for the determination of quantities as
low as 0.04 milligram in the case of thorium and 0.1 milligram in the
case of uranium. These limits are set by the minimum concentrations at
which the metals in question can. still be precipitated with potassium
iodate.
The iodate method should not be applied for determining tetravalent
uranium in the filtrate after separation of thorium from it by the same
method, because the separation of the two elements in this manner would
be too cumbersome.
To determine thorium and tetravalent uranium colorimetrically, these
metals are precipitated in the form of their iodates, which are then dis-
solved and reduced by potassium iodide to free iodine. The iodine that
has formed as a result of the redaction is extracted with chloroform or
carbon tetrachloride. The colored solutions of iodine are subjected to
colori.metric examination.
Procedures for the colorimetric determination of thorium and tetra-
valent uranium by means of potassium iodate are proposed; these procedures
are described in detail...
On the basis of the data obtained in work on the colorimetric deter-
mination of thorium with potassilam iodate, one may assume that the for-
mula of the thorium salt which is formed corresponds to that of a normal
iodate.
7. I. V. Tananayev?s Work on the I.norania and Analytical Chemistry of
Rare Elements and Actinides
"Election of Academicians and Corresponding Members of the Acad-
emy of Sciences USSR" (unsigned. article); Moscow, Izvestiya Akad-
emii Nauk SSSR, Otd.eleniye I{l~i_micheskilrh Nauls; No Sep 50 1
PP 1135-115 ~
I. V. Tananayev is one of the most important scientists active in the
field of inorganic and analytical chemistry. He had done fundamental re-
search on the chemistry of fiourine and the application of physicochemical
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analycis in the analytical chemistry of rare elements. Together with
his collaborators, Tananayev carried out investigations on the chemistry
,)f more than 20 elements, Including lithium, rubidium, cesium, cerium,
praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, niobium,
tantalum, thorium, germanium, selenium, tellurium, and uranium. Particu-
lar attention was paid by Tananayev to the investigation of the composi-
tion, properties, and reactivity of flourides, oxalates, ferrocyanides,
and hydroxides. The results obtained in the work in question made it pos-
sible to citablish a number of relationships and to make valuable pro-
posals concerning methods applied in the industry of rare metals and ac-
tinides. For instance, Tananayev and his collaborators proposed tech-
nological flow sheets for the extraction of rubidium and cesium from raw
materials consisting of salts (usi.ng the ferrocyanide method) and for the
production of beryllium, art nide,s, and. other metals (using fiouride meth-
ods).
At present Tananayev is engaged in work pertaining to the chemistry
of solutions of inorganic compcounds. Simultaneous application. in this re-
search of different physi coc:hemicel methods would enable more complete
characterization from the standpoint of composition and stability of the
state in which dissolved substances are present in solutions. The excep-
ticnal stability of incompletely substituted ions that contain fluorine,
which has been discovered by Tananayev and which determines the character-
istics of processes of solution and precipitation of f.Lnorid.es, is widely
used in analytical chemistry and in connection with the application of a
number of industrial procedures. Tananayev together with his collaborators
proposed new analytical methods for the determination of a great number of
elements and of impurities contained in pure materials that are of great
importance in present-day techr..ol.ogy. He published more than 170 scien-,
tific articles. Tananayev's achievements in scientific work were recog-
nized on two occasions by the award of Stalin PrIzes.
At a general meeting of the Academy of Sciences USSR held on 20 June
1958, T. V. Tananayev was elected Academician in the Department of Chem-
ical Sciences within the special:i.zed branch of incrganic chemistry.
8. Work b V. M. Wovenko on Radicchemi.stry and the Extraction and Part-
fication of Nuclear Fuels
"Election of Academicians and C? rrespond;ng Members of the Acad-
emy of Sciences USSR" (unsigned article); Moscow, :EzvestiyaAlr _
emii Nalak SSSR. Otdelenive l4him3..heskIkh ' Naua)1' No 9, Sep 58,
Pp 1135-1.154
V. M. Vdovenko is a prominent rad..c.chemist. He has published more
than 90 scientific works, principally In the fields of radtoche.mi.stry and
inorganic chemistry. His first investigations dealt with the behavior of
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:, LandpoJ,nt r ,f the theory of ion exchange,
vdevcnkc lairest.l.t;af',ed the effeet of ion absorption by solid electrolytes on
the cl.err.roencmr.,,~z.l. prr.?pertie', of the latter. At the same time he completed
a uiunr,er cal,' i.nvestt,:,jra-tLons in the fi.eld of' hydrochem.isL-ry and subsequently
(lid work ,an the rrlr ;rI?l 'i - az a:i radiur> on
Toe principal. N : i.er~ti l'1.:. .i.nve ~,t i,gat.iora by Vdoventc:o were carried out
after World War. ,t,I. Trae;;e l.rrrest3,gat.i.c.ns are of great Importance for the
national economy of the USSR. A--4 head of a large group of scientific work-
ers , he expanded. L,venkc, i.ss c:,ne of the greatest a t..horitles in the field of sol-
vent extract i on c..hemi stry.
At a general. meeting of the. Academy of Sciences JSSR held on 20 June
195h:, the election ,:,t IT. M. Vd:eve:,.lc:c~ as Corresponding Member of the Acad.-
emy of Sc:.ience , USSR (.n. the special.a..zed branch of radiochemistry) by the
Department. (Jr C::t).erti,c:J. Sciences was confirmed.
9. The Wc,::!s: :a ;r._ ' Szii.tsyn.n the Fields of Inorgam:i,c chemistry the
and th
C?n m~rx: aad I'ecJb-n(lc ;y r, l' lyre and Rad.. c_acti,v'e Elements - ~- -
"E.Lec??r..i.or; Of A!::ad.-Ai].Zl k,a s -' nd Co.rre spc-,n.d:i.ng Members of the Acari-
em,y et Sci.en.:es rSSSR" t unsigned article).; Mr,scow, I:z,vesti.ya Al &_
em~,i Na,rih SSSF, Otdeleniye I himieheskik:h Na kt .; rro 9, Sep5
V. I. Spit?3yn :i,. a prom .ner.~t invest.?gatc,r in the fields of inorganic
chemist-,-y and th.c -:hrxm?st.r. y and te;.bncdc,rry of rare and radioactive elements .
His early wor :?. wras ren the chemistry of mc.l,ybdenum and t*r:rngsten and was con-
cerned 'wi.tb invetit.tgat .r..ns of the. composition of i,scpc7..ytungstates and of
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reactions of their reduction as well as the preparation of chemically pure
ammonium molybdate and other compoundds;. The rei-:lults of this work were uti-
lized as early as the 1920s in connection with the organization of the pro-
duction of tungsten and molybdenum in the USSR. ?dark done by him in 1928-1934
on the 'mechanisms of the reactions of chlorin& ion of oxides of bery-
llium, aluminum, niobium, tantalum, and other elements played an important
role in connection with the organization of the production of metallic
beryllium and other metals.
Spitsyn investigated problems pertaini.n.g to the volatility and thermal
stability of different inorganic substances including chlorides, sulfates,
and other compounds. With the application of present-day physicochemical
methods, specifically methods of isotope exchange, he and his collaborators
investigated in detail the struct,.ire, properties, and conditions of forma-
tion of the most important complex compounds of molybdenum and tungsten.
As a result of this research; using the concept of the hydrogen bond, he
proposed in 1957 a new theoretical treatment of the structures of aqua-
polycompounds and heteropolycompouands, i.e., substances. which comprise an
important class of inorganic complex comp,,!1an.,ds .
For a number of years Spitsyn and members of his group have conducted
extensive investigation on the chemistry of uranium. He investigated the
uranates of different elements, their composition and properties, the con-
ditions of their formation, their crystal structure, and their thermal
stability. The research in g2:zestlon gave information on the theroetical
aspects of a number of production processes.
In recent years., research on different radi.cactive isotopes and meth-
ods for their separation and concentration was conducted under the direc-
tion of Spitsyn. Spitsyn has also carried out a number of investigations
on the isotope exchange of hydrogen and oxygen in different oxygen com-
pounds . The work in question was conducted with the use of deuterium and
oxygen-18. In 1955: Spitsyn and his ccd.lahcaators Dubllshed a manual en-
titled Metody Rabot s Prime:n?en,iye~n RaciIca t. vnykh Indikatorov ([ethods of
Work With the Application c' Racb.oaetive Tracers).
On 20 June 1958 at a general, meeting of the Academy of Sciences USSR,
V. I. Spitsyn was elected Acad.ean! clan in the specialized branch of inor-
ganic chemistry at the Department of Chemical Sciences.
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10. Adsorption of Radioactive Strontium on Montmorillonite
"A Study of the Adsorption of Radioactive Strontium on Mont-
morillonite and of Its Fixation by Calcination," by V. I.
Spitsyn and V. V. Gromov; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 5,
No 4, Oct 58, pp 446-452
Montmorillonite clays are the best natural adsorbents for radioactive
isotopes of strontium and other splinter elements.
The conditions under which Sr 89 and Sr90 are adsorbed by montmoril-
lonite have been investigated in detail. It was established that differ-
ent cations can be arranged in the following order as far as their capacity
to lower the adsorption of radioactive strontium is concerned.
3$ 3+ 2+ 2+ 244 + 4 + +
Al Fe BP, si Ca Mg H NH K Na
It was found that the adsorption of radioactive strontium by montmoril-
lonite is of the ion-exchange type and is subject to the mass law. The
2 2- 2-
presence in the solution of CO. , S0. , and 2 04 anions, with which
strontium forms diff culty soluble salts,, does not alter the mechanism
of adsorption. However, the.presenceof these ions lowers the quantity
of aids pxbed .radioactive'strontiiun, apparently by reason of the formation
of radioactive colloids.
The process of fixation of radioactive strontium on montmorillonite
clays bX calcination was investigated. Calcination at a temperature about
850-900 and an increase of the time of calcination above 1-2 hours have
no effect on the degree of fixation of radioactive strontium. After treat-
ment of this type, the amount of activity removed by washing with river
water or sea water comprises approximately 2%.
It is assumed that before the changes in the crystalline lattice at
T = 8000 C fixation is caused by the formation of difficulty soluble chem-
ical compounds of strontium with the adsorbent. Above 8000 C the course
of the process is determined by changes in the crystalline lattice and
gradual vitrification of the mineral.
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11. Work on High-Molecular Compounds at Moscow State University
"At the Chair of High-Molecular Compounds.," by G. Goldenberg
and G. Skvortsova; Moscow, Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta;
Seri, a Matematiki., Mekhanik Ast;ronomii, Fi.zilki, Khimii
Vol 30, No 1, Sep, PP 237-239
The work done at the Chair of High-Molecular Compounds, Chemical Fac-
ulty of Moscow State University., is of particular importance in connection
with the current emphasis on an expansion of the production of polymers.
The Chair of Bi,gh-Molecular Compounds is the newest in the faculty, it,
was organized 2 years ago. This chair is headed by Academician V. A. Kar-
gin. New methods for the synthesis of polymers are being developed at
the chair and the results cobtained transferred to institutes engaged in
work of this type.
`^ wo principal lines of research pursued in work done at the Chair
of Eigh-Molecular Compounds are (.i) synthesis of new polymers and investi-
gation of their properties and (2) investigation. of the structure of polymers.
The first line of.research comprises the synthesis and investigation of
polymers with a.n isotactic structure as well as work on block and graft
po.lyiaers. Catalytic methods by means of which one can accomplish stereo-
specific polymerization have been discovered quite recentl~. With the
use of these methods, it became possible to synthesize polymers which ex-
hibit an. isotactic structure and crystallize readily.
Academician V. A. Kargin, V. A. Kabanov9 junior scientific associate;
and I. Yu. Marchenko., candidate for a diploma, have developed a catalytic
method for the stereospecific synthesis of polystyrene. It was found that
crystalline polystyrene has a higher heat resistance, but lower mechani-
cal strength than ordinary polystyrene. To improve the strength of isot-
actic crystalline polystyrene, this polymer must be oriented. Experiments
which have been conducted established that the orientation must be carried
out at as low a temperature as possible. However, this temperature must
be above the vitrification point. After orientation, the film is heated
in the oriented state.
Frcf P. V. Kozlov; 'V. A.. Kabanov, junior scientific associate., and
A. A. Frolcva, candidate for a diploma, investigated the deformation of
crystalline polyethylene ter phthalate films . It, was found that, after
a film of this type has been stretched, destruction of crystals takes
place and that this destru.,:tion is follgwed by recrystallization. When
the crystalline film was heated and then stretched at some temperature
above the vitrification point, recrystallizat;ion with the formation of
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spheroli1es took place and the film became opaque, The result obtained
demonstrated that, in order to obtain crystals which are rigidly oriented
with respect to the field of mechanical forc:e9 one must stretch the amor-
phous film at a low temperature and then heat it above the temperature
of vitrification? By this method, films with advantageous mechanical
characteristics are produced which are devoid of spherolites.
Work is being done at the chair on the mechanism of the formation
of polymers with a regular structure. Methods for obtaining new catalysts
which will make it possible to synthesize such polymers are being developed.
A major part of the work done at the chair is concerned with the
investigation of .the properties of block and graft polymers and comparision
of these properties with those of the individual polymer components. The
purpose of this research is to establish in what manner the properties
of the components are transferred to copolymers prepared by different
methods and how the length of chains affects'the properties of copolymers:
Investigation of the mechanical characteristics of copolymers and'-of'
t.hei..r, properties in solution is of great interest. Different methods
are used. for, the preparation of copolymers. The meehanochemical method;
applied for the synthesis of block copolymers involves subjecting the
polymer to mechanical destruction in the absence of oxygen. As a re-
sult of the' action of the mechanical force. which is applied, the macro-
molecules are torn and mac..roradicals are formed from.them0 When radicals
of different species combine, block copolymers are formed.
Another method for the synthesis of block copolymers involves mechani-
cal destruction of polymers swollen in vinyl monomers. The macroradicals
that are formed initiate polymerization of the monomers with the result
that graft and block c:opolymers are formed. This method is convenient
for industrial applications, but, requires careful fractionation.
The synthesis of copolymers can also be accomplished by applying
purely chemical method.s? Active groups (peroxide or hydroperoxide groups)
are formed that are bound to the polymers by strong covalent bonds. These
groups are capable of initiating polymerization of monomers with the re-
sult that copolymers are formed.
N. A. Plate, junior scientific associate,, and I. I. K:ono.reva, candid-
ate for a diploma,, synthesized a graft copolymer by ozonizing an. aqueous
suspension of starch and polymerizing styrene on the starch activated in
this manner. The graft copolymer which was obtained in this manner proved
to be good emulsifying agent. It forms emulsions stable toward both water
and oil. At, temperatures higher than 800, the pol.ym3r, softens, not-with-
standing a, content of starch in it ~an~.ounting to 60%; it undergoes deforma-
tion of a highly elastic type and does not flow at temperatures lower
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than that of chemical decomposition be(?,ause of the effect exerted by the
rigid starch molecules. Investigation of the properties of this copolymer
c~)nfi.rrned that the characteristics of graft polymers are as a rule addi-
tive and represent a sum of the properties of the components from which
they are formed.
A block copolymer of epoxy resin with nitrile rubber, which was pre-
pared by A. Dobrynina, was found to exhibit an elasticity typical for,
rubber. At the same time it was harder and had a higher mechanical
strength than rubber. This c:opc.lymer exhibited a high stability to oil
and a high degree of adhesion.
This investigation also proved that the principal characteristics
of block and graft polymers are derived additively from the properties
of the components.. By virtue of this rule., unlimited possibilities are
open to the polymer industry as far as development of products with pre-
determrined properties is concerned. At present work is being conducted
on the use of new monomers for the production of graft polymers. Further-
more., attempts are being made to graft organic polymers onto inorganic
residues such as salts and carbon black.
N. A. Plate and L. Dudnik synthesized a new polymer, namely, poly-
bicycloheptadi.ene., which exhibits a high thermal stability.- it does not
yet melt at temperatures higher -than 3500. The monomer Kok the synthesis
of polybicycl.oheptadiene was obtained from petroleum at the Institute of
Organic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences USSR.
X-ray diffraction analysis, electron microscopy, and electrochemical
methods are used in the investigation of the structure of polymers. The
shape and structure of polymer molecules, specifically molecules of electro-
lyte polymers ((e.g., polyacrylic acid and its salts, copolymers of metha-.
cryli.c acid with methybnethac,rylate?, polyvinyl alcohol.,, and polyacrylamide)
are being invest igat:,ed. The formation of molecular structures is also
subjected to study. Of great importance is the investigation of synthetic
polymers representing models of biological polymers and of the structural
changes which take place in them under the effect of various fac:.tors
With the aid of electron microscopy, N. F. Bakeyev and Kho Vergin
established a, theoretically impor'tant relationship concerning the forma-
tion of secondary struc;?tu:res. According to a concept advanced by V. A.
Kargin, A. I. Ki?taygor. odsk:iy, and O. V. Sloni.mskiy, polymers' have a..
bundle structure. V?ergin ? s experimental work confirmed the accuracy of
this ideas By using an electron microscope, it ccould be established thet
bundles of molecules are present in dilute solutions of polymers. It
wa-s-shown that high..-'polymer electrolytes may give rise to two types of
/structure, a globular and a fibrillar. For instance, salvarsan gives r9.s._
to a geometrically regular structure when present in the amorphous state.
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The structure of amorphous polymers can be regarded as formed by a system
of regularly arranged molecular bundles. S. Y'a. Mirlina, senior scientific
associate, and Yu. Nagcrnaya, candidate for a diploma, investigated changes
in the electrical conductivity of high-.polymer electrolytes as affected
by their orientation. Important relationships were established in regard
to these changes, which depend on the shape of the macromolecules and the
deg zity of their packing.
The work of the Chair of High???Molecular Compounds is closely co-
ordinated with that of other chairs of Moscow State University. Its
activities involve c.oll.abcration with the Chair of Physics of the Solid
State at the Physics Faculty, the Chair of Biophysics and Biochemistry,
etc.
Some of the work, being done is carried out jointly with the institutes
of the Academy of Sciences USSR and institutes under the ministries, e.g.,
the Physicochemical. Institute imeni L. "Ia. Ka.rpov, the Institute of Syn-
thetic Fibers, the Petroleum Institute, the Cinephoto Institute, the
Chemicopharmar_,euticai Institute, etc.
12. Work on Polyester Urethane Films at the Moscow Chemicotechnological
Institute ~_~ _`-'
"Polyester Urethane Fi.1ms" by I. P. Losev and L. A. Datskevich;
Moscow, Byulle'ten' Tekhniko?-?Ekonomicheskoy I.nformatsii, No 8,
Aug 58n pp
At the Chair of Technology of High-Molecular Compounds, Moscow Order
of Lenin C'hemicotechnol.ogical Institute imeni. D. I. Mendeleyev, polyester
urethanes have been synthesized by interacting diisocyanates with high-
molecular polyesters derived from dicarboxylic acids and glycols. A dis-
tinguishing c:haracterjsti,rc: of the polyester urethanes is the presence of
free hydroxyl groups in the polyester molecules.
Polyester urethanes can be synthesized with the use of a solvent or
without a solvent. Polyester urethanes produced in the manner described
are stable up to temperatures of plus 900 and down to minus 50-650. The
stability at high temperatures can be increased by using aromatic compounds
as initial materials. However, the elasticity of the films is consider-
ably reduced thereby. 'ire films have a tensile strength of 150-350 kg
per sq.are r.:enfAmeter. The tensile strength can. be increased to 800-850
kg per square centimeter if the film have been oriented by applying a
load of 5 kg. The polyester urethane films are suitable as a material
for gaskets stable to the action of organic: solvents and as a substitute
for special rubber resistant to the action of organic solvents.
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Polyester urethanes have a lower specific weight than solvent-resistant
types of synthetic rubber. A polyester urethane adhesive has been devel-
oped which is suitable for gluing together polyurethane films, so that
different articles can be produced from them. and these films used as a
leather substitute. Polymers of this type can be rolled similarly to
polyvinyl. chloride; except that no plasticizer should be used.
Isotopes
13. Selective Effect in Reaction of Hydrogen and Tritium With Some
Metal Oxides
"The Kinetic Isotopic; Effect in the Reaction of Hydrogen and
Tritium With Some Metal Oxides," by 0 A. Shushunov and B.Ya.
Andreyev, Chemistry Scientific: Research ' Institute., Gbr ?kiy
State University i.meni N. I. Lobachevskiy; Moscow, Doklady
Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 121, No 4; Aug 589 pp 689-692
Among the metal oxides investigated in the work reported in this in-
stance., those of one group (Group I: Ag20, Cu2O., CuO, HgO, Pb02, MnO2,
anal. Fe20 -- ferric oxide in the high-temperature range) react with hydro-
gen fast~_rthan with tritium whereas those of another group (Group II:
Mn O1}, Mn203, NiO, rot:, Fe q04, and Fe203 - - ferric oxide in low~?~temperat ur.e
r ge) show a faster rat d of reaction with tritium than with hydrogen.
The kinetic isotopic effect d- = kl/k2a is greater than unity for oxides
of Group I and smaIler than unity for oxides o l.' Group II.
The reaction. HT+H;20 BTO t B:2 may take place because of the cata-
lytic effect produced by the oxides or the metals formed. from them and
affect the results obtained in. regard to the kinetic isotopic effect in
the reduction. It was established that the reaction formulated above is
catalyzed rather weakly by oxides of the first group and the metals cor-
responding to them. On the other hand,, the oxides of the second group
and the metals formed from them were found to exert a pronounced catalytic
effect in accelerating this reaction. However., the effect of the inter-
fering reaction could. ba eliminated by removing rapidly from the reaction
sphere the water that had formed. The fact that the reaction of tritium
exchange with water did not play a significant role under the experimental
conditions applied was confirmed by the results obtained in an investi-
gation of the reduction, of the metal oxides with hydrogen and deuterium.
It was found that reduction of oxides of the first group proceeds 1.4-1.8
times faster with hydrogen than with deuterium, and reduction of oxides
of the second group 1.4?-1.6 times faster with deuterium than with hydrogen.
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On the basis of the temperature coefficients of N , the energies
of activation of the reduction with hydrogen (El) and of the reduction
with tritium (E2) were calculated.
It was found that the nature of the oxide has a rather strong effect
on E1 E2 In the first group and an insignificant effect in the second groups
From oxides of the first -,group, El< E2 and drops with increasing tempera-
tures. For oxides of the second group, E2 El and a- rises as the tempera-
ture goes up. An anoma.,tus dependence of on the temperature was observed
in the cases of silver oxide and iron oxides.
.14. Distribution of Deuterium in Isotopic Exchange Between Water and
Mio1s .~ _-------- -- - - -
"Coefficients of the Equilibrium Distribution of Deuterium in
Isotopic Exchange Between Water and Some Thiols, " - by K, I.
Sakodynskiy,y S. I. Babkov, and N. M. Zhavoronkov, Correspond-
ing Member, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Doklady Akademii
Nauk SSSR, vol 121,, No 4, Aug 58o pp 681..-684
The coefficients of equilibrium distribution of deuterium at 20-800
between water,and n-butylthiol,, water and sec.o.butylthiol, water and iso-.
amylthiol, water and n-hexylthiol, and water and thiophenol were deter-mined. They were found to lie in the range of 1,80-2.46. The temperature
dependence of the coefficients of equilibrium distribution (d, ) was de-
termined from data plotted in the lg ah _l/'T system of coordinates. Using
the relationship between O' and the pquil.ibrium constant of the reaction
K formulated by A. I. Brodskiy, the heats of the reactions of deuterium
exchange between water and the thiols (-'.n LT) were calculated and found
to be equal to 600-1 ..200 calories per mold On the basis of the data
that were available, no correlation between the value of and the size
and structure of the hydrocarbons radicals could be found.
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Organic Chemistry
15. OrganoboronrCompounds
"Organoboron Compounds. Report No 24, The Action of Acetic
Acid and Acetic Anhydride on Phenylboron Dichloride and
Diphenylboron Chloride," by B. M. Mikhaylov and N. S. Fedo-
tov, Institute of Organic Chemistry imeni N. D. Zelinskiy,
Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow,, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk
SSSR, Otdeleniye_Khimicheskikh Nauk, No 7, Jul 5b., pp 657
859
As a result of the investigation which has been carried out, the
following conclusions were derived;
"l.. Phenylpyroboric acetic anhydride is obtained by the action of
acetic acid or acetic anhydride on phenylboron dichloride.
"2. Diphenylboron chloride reacts with acetic anhydride, forming
diphenylboric acetic anhydride.
"3. As a result of the action of acetic acid on diphenylboron chloride,
diphenylboric acetic acid is formed initially. Later, it is converted
by the action of acetic acid, to phenylpyroboric acetic anhydride.
"4. Para-chl.orphenylboron aichloride reacts with acetic acid,*form-
ing pars-chlorophenyl pyroacetic aiL"vdride. "
Organoboron Compounds.. Report No 25, Concerning the Action
of Organic Acids on the n-Butyl Ester of n-Propylehloroboric
Acid," by B. M. Mikhaylov and T. A. Shchegoleva, Institute of
Organic. Chemistry imeni N. D. Zelinskiy, Academy of Sciences
USSR; Moscow, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR Otdeleniye Khimi-
cheskikh Nauk.9 No 73, Jh1 58; pp 60-865
On the basis of the investigation reported., the :Iollowing conclusions
we .;,e derived-
"1. The n-,butyl ester of n-propylboric acid, n-propylpyroboric
acetic anhydride,, butyl chloride, and the butyl ester of acetic acid are
formed by the action of acetic acid on the n-butyl ester of n-propylchloro-,
boric acid.
"2. The n-butyl ester of n-propyl.chloroboric acid, n-propylpyroboric
propiondc anhydride, butyl chloride, and the butyl ester of propionic acid
are formed by the action of propionic acid on the n-butyl ester of n-
propylehloroboric acid.
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"3. The mechanism of the reaction between organic acids and the
ester of n-propylchloroboric acid alas clarified.
"h?. The n-butyl ester of n-propylboric acid reacts with acetic
anhydride in the presence of hydxoGen chloride, forming n-propylpyroboric
acetic anhydride,, the butyl ester of acetic acid, butyl chloride, and
acetyl chloride."
"Preparation of the Bromides of Organoboron Compounds '.From :the
Esters of Organoboric Acids and Organoboron Chlorides," by B. M.
Mikhaylov, A. N. Blokhina, and N. S. Fedotov, Institute of.:Or-
-ganic Chemistry imeni N. D. Ze~inskiy, Academy of Sciences USSR;
Moscow, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR '.'?Otdeleni a Khimicheskikh.
Nauk, No 7, Jul 5 ., pp 79-1-M
The following conclusions were derived on the basis of the work 'de-
scribed:
"l. Diphenylboron:bromide and the isobutyl eater of phenylbromoboric
acid are formed by the action of~ phosphorus pentabromid.e on the isobuty],
ester of Biphenyl boric acid.
"2. The isobutyl ester of phenylbromoboric acid is prepared by the
action phosphorus pentabromide on the diisobutyl ester of phenylboriel
acid.
"3. Diphenylboronbromide and phenylborondibromide are formed, re-
spectively, by the action of hydrogen bromide on diphe4ylboron chloride
or phenylboron dichloride."
1.6. Some Phosphinic Acid Polyesters
"Investiga?k.ccns in the Field of Organophosphorus Polymers.
Report No 4, On Polyesters of Certain Phosphinic Acids and
Eydroquinone, " By V. V. Korshak, I.' A. Griboya, and M. A.
Andreyeva, Institute of Organoelemetal Compounds, 'Academy
of Sciences USS; Moscow, Izvestiya- ' AkAdeiiii" Naauk SSSR,
Obdeleniye Kh:bnicheskikh Nauk, No 7, Jul 58., pp bdO-db5
The polyesters of methylphosphinic, phenylphosphinic, phenoxyphosphinic,
para?-?nitrophenoxyphosphinic, para-me?thoxyphenoxy~phosphinie acids and
hydroquinone were synthesized. It was shown that the nature of the sub-
stitutent at the phosphorus atom. has a noticeable effect, on the properties
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of the polyeoters. The introduction of an aromatic group into the polymer
chain leads to the formation of products that are solid, as distinguished
from analogous polymers obtained from aliphatic glycols. Investigation
of the binary systems over the entire range of compositions indicated that
a copolymer with a definite composition has the minimum melting point.'
17. The Structure of the Products of Some Reactions Leading to Organo-
phosphorus Compounds
"Concerning the Structure of the Products of the Reaction of
Certain Alpha-Halogen-Ketones of the,.Carbocyclic Series With
Triethylphosphite and Sodium :Diethylphosphite," by Academ-
ician B. A. Arbuzov, V. S. Vinogradova, and I. A. Polezhayeva,
Scientific Research Chemical Institute imeni A. M., Butlerov'
at Kazan' State University imeni V. I. Ulyanov-Lenin; Moscow,
Dokiady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 121, No 1+, Aug 58, pp 641-643
The authors present data concerning the structure of the prpducts
of the reaction of triethylphosphite or sodium diethylphosphite with
alpha- chlorocyclohexanone,alpha -chloro-a-methylcyclohexanone, alpha-
chlorocyclopentanone and bromopyruvic acid ester. The complex reactions`
which are presented in the text led to the formation of unsaturated
esters of phosphoric acid, esters of epoxyphosphinic acids, and, in
some instances, esters of beta-ketophosphinic acids -- depending on the
nature ofithe halogen, the conditions of the reaction, and the sub-
stituted alkyl radicals.
18. The Synthesis of Di-beta, beta'-chloroethyl Ester of Vinylphosphinic
Acid -`- ----r
"The Problem of the Synthesis of the Di-beta ,beta'-chlorethyl
Ester of Vinylphosphinic Acid," by Ye. L. Defter, Scientific
Research Institute of Plastics; Moscow, Zhurnal Obshchey Khi-
!nii, Vol 28, No 9, Sep 58, pp 2500-2502 -
hie.of the lesser-studied compounds of the ester series of vinyl-
phosphinic acid 'i`s the di-be.,bata?-chlorethyl ester, a compound first"
synthesized by M. I. Kabachnik.which at present has good prospects for-
industrial applications. However, the Kabachnik method has several short-
comings which prompted the author to suggest the following method) a
mixture of the di-beta,bet,a'-chloroethyl ester of beta-chloroethylphosphinic
acid and triethylamine (in a molecular ratio of 1:1.02) is slowly heated
while being agitated. in benzene. The triethyl.amine hydrochloride pre-
cipitate is easily removed and, the di-beta,beta'-chO.oroethylvinylphosphinate
obtained (after the benzene has been distilled off) by fractionation
in vacuum. The yield is approximately 70% of the theoretical. The di-
beta,beta'-chlorethyl ester of beta-chlorethylphosphinic acid was prepared
by a method described earlier by the author.
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19. ;:tonic Lieu Organophosphoru:, Insecticides
"New Results in the Field of Phosphate Ester Insecticides," by
Gyor,ry Matolcsy, Plant Protection Research Institute; Budapest,
Mn :,yar KeniifU Folyoirat (Hungarian Journal of Chemistry), No 7-
5, Jul/Aug 58, pp 30 305
"Several new types of phosphate ester insecticides were synthesized.
The esters synthesized belonged to the following groups: 0,0-dialkyl-S-
thiocarbamyl-thiophosphate; 0,0-dialkyl-S-xanthogenyl-thiophosphates; 0,0-
dialkyl-0-(S-thiocarbannylniercaptoethyl)-thiophosphates; 0,0-dialkyl-O-(S-
dialkylthiophosphoryl-niercaptoethyl)- thiophosphates; 0,0-dialkyl-O-(S-
xanthogenyl-mercaptoethyl)-tliophosphates; 0,0-dialkyl-0-(S-dialkylthi-
ophophoryl-mereaptomethyl -thiophosphates; 0,O-dialkyl-S-(alpha-furyl-
beta-carbethoxy-ethyl)-dithiophosphates; and 0,0-dialkyl-S~(alpha-furyl-
betcracetyl-ethyl)-dithiophosphates. The method of synthesis is illustrated
by the equations accompanying the text."
Radiochemistry
20. The Effect of Radiation on the Rate of Isotope Exchange
"Concerning the Effect of Radiation Emitted by Radioactive
Substances on the Rate of Isotope Exchange," by V. I. Spit-
syn and I. Ye. Mikhaylenko; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol
5, No 4, Oct 58, pp 11.63-11.64
The effect of beta-radiation emitted by S35 on the rate of isotopic
exchange of sulfur in the system K2 S* 01E -- S03 at high temperatures was
investigated. Two samples of potassium sulfate containing different
.quantities of the radioactive isotope s35 were used. The results ob-
tained, which are discussed in detail, indicate that the effect brought
about by radiation is not ordinary radiation-chemical decomposition, of
potassium sulfate. It is to be assumed that the beta-particles emitted
by s35 produce excitation and additional ionization of sulfate anions
in the potassium sulfate lattice. The sulfate ion, on being brought to
the excited state, enters more actively into isotope exchange -- with
sulfuric acid anhydride. It is also possible that the beta-particles
'bring about ionization of sulfuric acid anhydride molecules in the gas
phase. Partial decomposition of the sulfuric acid anhydride results;
the .p oducts of this decomposition then enter more readily into isotope
c.,xchange with potassium sulfate.
[For additional information on radiochemistry, see Item No 8.1
Physical Chemistry
[['ox, infoi ni .tion on physical chemistry, see Item No 3.1
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III. ELECTRONICS
Communications
21. Self-Activity Amateur Radio Clubs
"Every Possible Help to Self-Activity Clubs" (unsigned article);
Moscow, Radio, No 10, Oct 58, pp 2-3
The article contains the following passages:
"At the All-Union Volunteer Society for Cooperation with the Army,
Air Force, and Navy (Dosaaf) there is growing and expanding a newly in-
itiated movement for establishing self-activity Dosaaf clubs. Now, that
the Dosaaf organizations are struggling to realize the resolutions of its
Fourth Conference, i.e., a decided improvement in training of radio experts,
widening the network of radio-amateur stations and raising the experience
of amateurs, the self-activity radio clubs are acquiring outstanding sig-
nificance.
"Each large primary Dosaaf organization must establish its own self-
activity radio club.... Responding to numerous suggestions from active
members of the society, the Central Committee Secretariat of Dosaaf has
ratified the "Charter of Self-Activity Sports Clubs of Dosaaf" which was
based on the experience of the best self-activity collectives. This
document can and should play a prominent role in large-scale organization
of the defense society.
"The charter of self-activity clubs specifically stresses that all
the work within the clubs should be based on the principle of broad in-
itiative among its members. And this is quite obvious. All activities
of the club collectives, its sections, design groups, and sports teams
are carried out by the society members without staff workers; the success
of the undertaking. will rest solely on their activity."
22. Frequency Modulation and Pulse-Tune Modulation
"The Influence on Pulse-Time Modulation by a Frequency Modula-
tion of the High-Frequency Carrier," by R. Ebermann, Institute
for High-Frequency Engineering and Electron Tubes,, Dresden Tech-
nische Hochschule; Leipzig, Hochfrequenztechnik and Ele_ktroakustik,
Vol 67, No 2, Sep 58, pp 48-59
A study is made of the shift, with respect to time, of the leading
and of the trailing edges of high-frequency pulses., the carrier of which
is frequency-modulated. The shift is a result of the dependence of the
value of the build-up and decay process on the detuning of the carrier
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from the mean frequency of the transm:lasion quadrupole, This shift of the
pulse flank is responsible for the cross-talk attenuation, if the pulse is
subjected to a pulse-time modulation in addition to the frequency modula-
tion. This cross-talk attenuation can be kept within admissible limits
through a proper choice of the frequency deviation. Diagrams are given for
single-circuit, two-circuit, and three-circuit filters (Tschebyscheff
filter and filters with circuits of equal attenuation) with regard to the
influence of the leading edges of the pulses.
21. Radiation of Open Waveguides
"Investigation of the Radiation Behavior of Open Waveguides,"
by K. E. Mueller, Institute for High-Frequency Engineering
and Elektron Tubes, Dresden Technische Hochschule; Leipzig,,
Hochfrequenztechnik and Elektroakustik, Vol 67, No 2, Sep 58,
pp 35-42
Any radiation field, according to the Huygen principle, can be rep-
resented by a superpositioning of the partial field strengths produced
by elementary radiators. This article discusses an orientation of ele-
mentary dipoles to the field strength prevailing in the aperture, this
field strength being considered, for the sake of simplicity, a super-
positioning of the wave which arrives from the generator and is re-
flected at the open end, in such a way as to be used to determine the
radiation field of the waveguide. A general formula is derived for
the computation of the remote field and is applied especially for a
rectangular and circular '??aveguide. The computed radiation diagrams
are compared with measureient ralues for the rectangular waveguide
excited by the H10 and H30 wave. The comparison shows satisfactory
agreement.
24. Automatic Range Scope
"Transient and Steady-State Processes in Automatic Range Scopes,,"
by F. M. Kilin; Moscow, Avtomatika i Telemekhanika, No 10, Oct 58,
pp 901-916
Modern radar and navigation aid systems generally incorporate
automatic range scopes, which are often called "autorange finders."
Automatic-range-scope equations with stepwise-changing variable para-
meters can be converted ger ,-ally into a system of discrete equations
with a constant coefficient. The solution and analysis of such equations
present no difficulty. Conditions were found for which the analysis of
automatic-range-scope performance can be reduced to the analysis of an
equivalent continuous system.
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The article discusses the transient and steady-state processes in an
automatic range scope with due consideration of specific peculiarities of its
performance, such as discontinuous processes in individual components of the
system, variation of circuit parameters, and pulse conversion in the coin-
cidence amplifiers.
Instruments and Equipment
25. Ultraviolet Radiation Meter
"Experiment in Measuring Natural Ultraviolet Radiation,"
by 0. P. Shelkova-Dorf, D. A. Shklover (All-Union Illumina-
tion Engineering Institute), and I. F. Yakovleva (Yevpatoriya
Bioclimatic Station); Moscow, Svetotekhnika, No 11, Nov 58,
pp 20-23
In the summer of 1957 the All-Union Illumination Engineering In-
stitute (VNISI), in conjunction with the Yevpatoriya Bioclimatic Station,
conducted the measurement of total and scattered ultraviolet radiation
with the aid of a photoelectric registering device developed at VNISI.
An antimony-cesium vacuum phototube having a violet ray transmitting
window STsV-6 and a set of filters ( 7A =290 to 340 millimicrons and 7.
=340 to 400 millimicrons) was used as an ultraviolet radiation pickup.
The power supply to the phototube was taken from two small batteries
(GB-80) connected in series. Photocurrent reading was taken-with elec-
tronic potentiometer EP-100.
In 1958 VNISI and the Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences
USSR, were engaged in developing a more precise instrument for measuring
ultraviolet radiation which will incorporate photoelectric multipliers.
Such an instrument will permit radiation measurement in separate, narrow
sections of the ultraviolet spectrum.
26. Semiconductor Bolometers Designed by the Institute of Physics,
Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR
"Semiconductor Bolometers" by I. T.D. :({onozenko; Moscow
Byulleten' Tekhniko-Ekonomicheskoy Informatsii, No 8,
Aug 58, pp 40-41
Semiconductor bolometers have been designed at the "Institute of
Physics, Academy of Sciences Ukrainian. SSR. Semiconductor bolometersc,
just like metal bolometers, are devices sensitive to infrared radiation.
It was established in work done at the institute mentioned that semi-
conductor bolometers can be used in various fields of science and
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technology. In spectroscopic investigations, the 4.22 and 4.28 carbon
dioxide bands can be resolved in a reliable manner with their aid. The
width of the spectral interval isolated by the monochromator in this
work amounts to 0.03-0.04 micron. In addition to their application in
spectroscopy, these bolometers can be used for the investigation of
radiation emitted by heated objects and measurement of the temperature
of heated objects at a distance. They can be used in dosimeters
measuring radiation emitted by the Sun, for the control of the tempera-
Lure of rotating machine parts, etc.
When used for absolute measurements of the total intensity of
radiation energy, semiconductor bolometers can be applied in an extensive
range of electromagnetic radiation beginning with wave lengths of
visible light and ending with a wave length of 25 microns in the infrared
region. An appliance has been designed for investigating the radiation
characteristics of heated bodies. This appliance consists of an oxide
bolometer of the nonvacuum type located in the focus of a spherical
mirror and a bridge circuit. This circuit is coupled with a galvano-
meter. In the case that modulated infrared radiation is used, the input
end of an amplif:-.er replaces the galvanometer.
Practical experience showed that the production and use of, semi-
conductor bolometers are much simpler than those of metal bolometers.
Because semiconductor bolometers have a high sensitivity and a large
resistance, they do not require complex amplifiers or an input trans-
former.
To satisfy the large demand for semiconductor bolometers on the
part of various USSR organizations, the Experimental Production Division
of the Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR, has
organized a series production of these devices on a small scale.
27. The von Ardenne Molecular Mass Spectrograph
"The Dresden Molecular Mass Spectrograph," by G. Kukavadze;
Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 5, No 4, Oct 58, p 476
"At a meeting of the German Physical Society held at Dresden on
27 April 1958, Prof Manfred von Ardenne described a molecular mass
spectrograph which he had developed. The principal new part of this
spectrograph is an ion source of original design with electron capture.
"In ordinary ion sources applied in mass spectrometry, the ioniza-
tion of the molecules being analyzed is achieved by electron impacts and
is generally accompanied by decomposition of the molecules. The decompo-
sition of complex molecules at the ion source interferes with the molecular
analysis.
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"Von Ardenne succeeded in eliminating the decomposition of complex
molecules into less complex molecules and atoms by designing a novel ion
source. He achieved the desired object by compressing the plasma formed
tinder the effect of a low-voltage discharge through the gas 'being in-
vestigated or the vapors of the substance being investigated. The com-
pression is brought about by means of an inhomogeneous magnetic field.
Generated by a nonsymmetric magnetic lens.
"As a result of work which took 10 years, it was possible to
eliminate by means of this arrangement the decomposition of molecules
and to obtain a sufficient intensity of the ion bundle, notwithstand-
ing the low cross section of electron capture by molecules and the
short half-life of the negative ions.
"In consequence of the improvement of the ion source, a precise
molecular mass spectrograph was developed which has a high resolving
capacity and can be used for the investigation of molecules with mass
numbers from 20 to 1,000 without decomposition of these molecules.
"A multilinear spectrum of paraffin was ta,.--n in which an un-
expected fine structure became apparent.
"The new method apparently makes it possible to investigate
organic molecules and macromolecules. It will play a considerable role
in chemical research pertaining to petroleum, fuels, and polymers and
in work in the field of analytical chemistry."
28. Mass Spectrometers Designed and Produced in the USSR
"USSR Mass Spectrometers," by L. P.; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya,
Vol 5, No 4, Oct 58, pp 474-476
Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, No 3, 1958, contains an article
by workers at the State Union Design Bureau of Analytical Instrument
Building in which information on mass spectrometers developed in the USSR
and produced by the USSR industry is reviewed. A table on pp 474-475 of
Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 5, No 4, October 1958, lists the principal tech-
nical characteristics of USSR mass spectrometers. The characteristics
of the following mass spectrometers are given in the table:
MI 1301 for the analysis of the isotope composition of gases and
easily evaporating substances (supplied by the State Union Design
Bureau of Analytical Instrument, Building); MI 1303 for the analysis of
the isotope composition of gases and vapors of liquids and solid sub-
stances (supplied by the State Union Design Bureau of Analytical In-
strument Building); MI 1305 for the analysis of the isotope composi-
tion of gases and vapors of liquids and solid substances (replaces MI
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1301 and 141 1303 --? supplied by the State Union Design Bureau of Analytical
Instrument Building); MKh 1302 for the analysis of the isotope and molecular
composition of gases and easily evaporating substances (supplied by the
State Union Design Bureau of Analytical Instrument Building); M. 1303 for
the analysis of the molecular and isotope composition of gaseous, liquid,
and solid mixtures of substances with a vapor pressure higher than 0.,5
millimeter of mercury at temperatures no higher than 300?C (developed 'by
the Institute of Chemical Physics, Academy of Sciences USSR, and the State
Union Design Bureau of Analytical. Instrument Building); MV 2301 for the
analysis of the isotope and molecular composition of gases and easily
evaporating substances (supplied by the State Union Design Bureau of
Analytical Instrument Building); MI 1101 for the rapid analysis of the
isotope composition of alkali metals (developed by the Physicotechnical
Institute, Academy of Sciences USSR, and the State Union Design Bureau
of Analytical Instrument Building).
Also, MI 1306 for the analysis of the isotope composition of
microquantities of solid substances and solid substances present in
microconcentrations (developed by the State Union Design Bureau of
Analytical Instrument Building); MI 5201 for the continuous analysis
and indication of different components of complex mixtures of gases
under conditions encountered at industrial enterprises (developed 'by
the Academy of Sciences USSR and the State Union Design Bureau of
Analytical Instrument Building); MKh 61+01 for the analysis of the
molecular composition of gases in the mass range of 2-60 (developed by
the Western Siberian Affiliate, Academy of Sciences USSR, and the State
Union Design Bureau of Analytical Instrument Bu-.LLu::ing); a magnetodynamic
mass spectrometer for the analysis of the isotope and molecular com-
position of gases (developed by the Physicotecrn.ical Institute, Academy
of Sciences USSR, and the State Union Design Bureau of Analytical In-
strument Building).
29. Distortion in Electron Lens Computed
"Isotropic and Anisotropic Distortion of Weak Magnetic Xlectrcea
Lenses," by R. Gobrecht, Heinrich Hertz Institute fbr0sc llation
Research, German Academy of Sciences, Berlin-Adlershof; Ber:Un,
Experimentelle Technik der Physik, No 3, 1958, pp 97-109
The distortion of weak magnetic electron lenses is determined by
means of a pointwise plotting of an eccentrically oriented anode dia-
phragm used as an object point which can be rotated out of the optical
axis. The -total distortion error is divided into isotropic and an.iso-
tropic portions and each portion is determined separately. To describe
the distortion properties, a distortion factor V is defined, which
relates the magnification /3 to the magnification , o within the Gauss
dioptic, when abaxial beams are used. The value of the aberration,, or
Seidel coefficient, is computed from the measurements.
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Components
30. Cathode-Grid Vacuum Tubes
"New Tubes for Wide-Band Amplification," by B. Govorov and
V. Rachenko; Moscow, Radio, No 10, Oct 58, pp 5+-57
The 6Zh,20P, 6&21P, and 6Zh22P pentodes with supplementary cathode grid
and possessing superior characteristics were recently developed in the
USSR. These new pentode tubes have an additional grid placed between
the cathode and control grid, to which a positive potential with respect
to the cathode is applied. This sixth electrode is called the cathode
grid.
Electrons emitted from the cathode, while traveling in the accelerat-
ing field of the cathode grid, will be in part attracted to the cathode
grid and others will enter the space between cathode grid and control grid.
The electrons thus entering into the retarding field of the control grid
begin to lose some of their velocity and form an electron cloud at the
surface of the control grid. This electron cloud, being a source of
electrons for the plate circuit and screen grid, is called the virtual
cathode. Small spacing between the virtual cathode and control grid and
a greater spacing between the control grid and cathode grid result in a
high value of trans conductance and low input capacitance, i.e.., high Q-
factor.
The cathode-grid tubes can be used in video amplifiers, "traveling
wave" amplifiers, and wide-band resonance amplifiers. These tubes can
be used also single-grid frequency converters.
Computers and Automation
31. Soviet Computers in Science and Engineering
"Mathematical Machines and Their Significance to Science and.thh.e
National Economy," by V. I. Loskutov, Moscow, Priborostroyeniye,
No 11, Nov 58, pp 8-12
"In the Soviet Union unique differential analyzer, was built, -- the
most powerful in the world, incorporating 24 integrators and characterized
by a high degree of automation of all of its units."
CPYRGHT
This machine was installed at Kiev University and has since been
successfully solving problems related to investigations in the field of
science and engineering. At present, Soviet industry has mastered series
production of specialized analog computers, linear and nonlinear models
designated IPT-4, IPT-5, MPT-9 MPT-11, MN-5, MN-8, and others, capable of
investigating dynamic systems and other processes described by differential
equations of the order 6 to 32.
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"An illustration of the effectiveness of such type machines is the
matrix-type electrointegrator EI-l, which is capable of solving problems
connected with efficient exploitation of oil fields. This machine has a
matrix of electric resistors and capacitors placed at 20,000 points, and
is thus a unique machine of this class.
"The development of universal digital computers is at present
directed toward increased calculating speed, expansion of storage capacity,
improvement of logical capabilities of the machine, incorporation of more
stable elements, and reduction of their size and power consumption. All
these tendencies are vividly reflected in two new machines, the proto-
types of which will soon be completed.
"One of these will be universal digital computer intended, for
installation at large computing centers and will be used for investigation
and calculation of complex scientific and engineering problems. Its
calculating speed will be 20,000 operations per second. The circuit of
the machine will incorporate a series of storage units: internal storage
with ferrite capacity for 2,047 numbers, intermediate storage with three
magnetic drums each having a capacity for 4,096 numbers, and external
strage with four magnetic tapes having total storage capacity for 100,000
numbers.
"Simultaneously, work is being conducted on a second universal
digital computer intended for investigation and calculation of complex
problems at scientific research institutes and design establishments.
The control unit and arithmetic unit of this machine will be built with
circuits incorporating transistors and semiconductor diodes. The capacity
of internal ferrite storage will be 2,048 forty-column binary digits or
4,096 commands. The external storage will consist of two magnetic tape
units each holding 70,000 forty-column digits.
"The new machine will operate with a speed of 2,000-2,500 single-
address operations per second and will be one of the first models of a
small size universal digital computer built with circuits incorpor .ling
transistors, ferrites, and miniature radio tubes."
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Materials
32. Ferromagnetic Resonance at Low Temperature
"Ferromagnetic Resonance in Certain Ferrites at Low Tempera-
ture," by N. I. Krivko, Leningrad Physicotechnical Institute,
Academy of Sciences USSR, Moscow, Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoy Fiziki,
No 8, Aug 58, pp 1703-1710
This article presents basic findings on ferromagnetic resonance
behavior at low temperature and frequency range of about 9.4 x 109 cycles.
The investigation of ferromagnetic resonance has acquired gz'eat practi-
cal significance in the light of the recent development of gh-frequency
and superhigh-frequency radio engineering.
Polycrystalline ferrites NiO ? ZnO ' Fe203 and Li20 ZnO ' Fe203
with variable molar ratio of their components were examined. The basic
resonance parameters according to Pil'shchikov'a formula and the extremt.ms
of the absorption and dispersion curves were determined. A considerable
reduction of the spectroscopic desintegration factor for certain ferrites
during the transition from 290?K to the temperature of liquid helium
(4-20K) was observed. The relaxation time had but a slight temperature
dependence throughout the whole range itp to the temperature of liquid
helium.
Theoretical explanation of some of these phenomena can be based on
the fact that pronounced disturbances of spin dipole interaction can
exist in the actual ferrite lattice. An interesting phenomenon observed
was decrease of g-factor with decrease in temperature for the following:
16.7$ NiO, 37.3% ZnO, 46% Fe203; 18% NiO, 42% ZnO, 40% Fe203 and 20%
Li201 80% Fe203.
The author thanks A. P. Komar, N. M. Reynov, and L. E. Gurevich
for assistance given in this research.
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Acoustics and Audio Frequencies
33. Pulse-Operated Hydroacoustic Transducerw
"The Determination of the Directional Characteristic and
Efficiency of Pulse-Operated Hydroacoustic Transducers,"
by H. Markgraf and G. Spengler, German Office for Measure-
ment and Weight, Berlin; Leipzig, Hochfre uenztechnik and
Elektroakustik, Vol 67, No 2, Sep 558, pp 64-67
This article describes research directed toward finding the deter-
minative electroacoustic properties of hydroacoustic transducers which
operate as pulsed transmitters. These properties are derived from the
directional characteristic and efficiency of a transducer The direc-
tional characteristic was recorded with the aid of a special underwater
microphone; a new type of calorimetric measuring device was used to
determine the efficiency. The measurement accuracy was less than plus-
minus 4. percent. The tests were conduction at the Laboratory for
Acoustics, Fhysicotechnical Central Institute, German Office for Measure-
ments and Weight.
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IV. ENGINEERING
34. New Power Presses
"Conformity," by S. Sinel'nikov Moscow, Izobretatel' i
Ratsionalizator, No 10, Oct 58, pp 16-18
This article contains the following passages:
"Recently, we decided to make another step forward by building a
75,000-ton press which will have no equal. The design of such a press
was undertaken by the Central Scientific Research Institute of Tech-
nology and Machine Building (TsNIITMash). The institute's Laboratory
of Press-Forging Equipment under the direction of Rozanov has success-
fully accomplished the undertaking. The construction of these unique
giants has begun. It is clear that when they are put into operation
the Soviet Union will take first place in the world in regard to the
power capacity of presses, although the Americans have also begun the
erection of a giant of almost 70,000 tons."
"In the meantime, modern technology has set forth new demands.
TsNIITMash has accepted the challenge and has again entrusted Rozanov
with the problem of design. In the winter of 1956 the Scientific
Council of the institute was already in a position to examine the sketch
drawings of a 150,000-ton supergiant. It was originally expected that
the discussion would be confined to the details, since it was assumed
that the basic design could not raise any doubts because all the recent,
profitable experience was fully taken into consideration. However, it
turned out to be otherwise. Certain experts have criticized the design
in its principle."
35. Superlong-Distance Electric Power Transmission Lines
"Economy of Long-Distance and Superlong-Distance Electric Trans-
mission Lines Operating on DC and AC," by N. N. Krachkovskiy,
Moscow; Elektricheskiye Stantsii, No 10, Oct 58, pp 64-70
The article contains the following passages:
"In the Soviet Union, at present, 500,000-v tension is introduced
as a rated voltage for long-distance electric power transmission; such
a voltage is well suited to the requirements of the Unified Power System
(YeES), which is now being created in the European part of the USSR.
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"In conjunction with the existence of tremendous resources of very
cheap hydraulic power in Eastern Siberia, as well as great resourre,: of
low-cost coal mined in open pits, the problem of transmitting large amounts
of electric power from Siberia to the European USSR, in particular to the
Urals, a distance of 2,000-2,500 km, is now being given full considera-?
tion."
"In a series of recently conducted works, the technical feasibility
of transmitting electric power to such great distances with 500- to 600-kv,
three-phase AC was conclusively proved; however, the cost of transmission
becomes high and a question arises as to the expediency, on the whole,
of the construction of such superlong-distance electric transmission lines.
The use of 800- to 1,200-kv direct current might substantially lower the
cost of power transmission."
"Technical-economical comparison of electric power transmission by
means of direct or alternating current for any predetermined capacity
and distance can give only a limited answer and will not permit any general
conclusion as to the advantage of any method."
The author proceeds with the discussion of several specific cases
of predetermined power capacity and distance of a power line.
36. New Method of Testing High-Voltage Circuit Breakers
"Simulation Method of Testing High-Voltage Circuit Breakers," by
V. V. Kaplan, V. M. Nashatyr', and V. L. Ivanov, Moscow, Elekt -
richestvo, No 11, Nov 58, pp 29-35
In 195( the Laboratory of High-Voltage Engineering imeni Gorev of
the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute designed and built a circuit which
can test the performance of a fast-operating automatic reclosing switch
using the simulation method. The testing installation consists of two
oscillatory circuits tuned to the industrial frequency. Actual testing
of automatic reclosing switches with the aid of this simulation circuit
was carried out at the laboratory.
Oscillograms of the performance of automatic reclosing switches
were taken with a moving-coil oscillograph and cathode-ray tube oscillo-
scope. The oscillograms have shown that the developed synchronizing
device permits very precise adjustment of the testing installation.
new testing installation can solve the most complex problems by applying
the simulation method. Conditions equivalent to actual conditions were
set up to check the commutation capability of automatic reclosing circuit,
breakers. The testing circuit is capable of reproducing conditions for
any ratio of reclosing and recovery voltages.
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37. Solutions of Second Order Ordinary Differential Equations Expressed
in Terms of an Asymptotic Expansion in Banach Spaces
"Asymptotic Expansion of Solutions of Second Order Ordinary
Differential Equations in Banach Spaces," by L. A. Groza,
Novosibirsk Institute of Engineers of Geodesy, Aerial,
Surveying and Cartography; Moscow, Doklad Akademii Nauk
SSSR, Vol 121, No 6, Aug 58, pp 963-966
This work concerns an investigation of the behavior of the solutions
of differential equations of the second order as ( approaches zero, C ,
greater than zero, being a small parameter multiplier of the highest
derivative v '' .
The article's introduction reads as follows:
"Let Y be a Banach space with the elements multiplied by real
numbers. Let the function f( C) e Y ( ( real) be given in a particular
neighborhood of the point E = 0. Let the series
Co+ Cl c.t 02c2 n~
+. . + Cnt. . . , (1)
where Cn E Y. be such that for any fixed n
lim (C 3C .+C2 62+ . . . CnLll : 0. (2)
EP0 n
Then we will say that (1) serves as an asymptotic expansion of f(C) and
describe that by:
f (E )-_. 0
55 C n
J (3)
By an arbitrary choice of the elements C , Cl, . . . , Cn, . E Y
it is possible to construct a function r(C ) e Y. for which (3) is satisfied.
"Next the equation y' '+ y'+Ay = 0 is considered where')O is a (4)
small parameter; y (x, )e Y; A is any linear, bounced operator mapping
the space Y into Y. ie, A cS .>YI . We will consider the solution of
equation (4) on an arbitrary fixed segment jxo, x7 (xo a ?where a , another constant, is greater. than zero and n de-
pendent on f, then we will say that the process of summing ^f is saturated.
The set of continuous periodic functions of period 2 Tr , different from a
constant and such that
I P~ (x) mf(x) = 0 1 ) we will
n )
call the saturation class pertaining to the process T .it
The results of the work are in the form of four theorems which are
stated below.
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 "Theorem I. Let -^ , a process of summing, be given defined by the
sequence of constants T It (k : 1, . . . , n; n a 1, 2, and let
there exist a nonnegative function of the natural argument l~l(n) ouch
that lim (n) = o, and lot
ri -w
l K' `' Ck Y (n),
It
for every fixed k, where C1, greater than or equal to zero, is a constant
depending on k. Then the process 'T is saturated with an approximate
saturation of order y (n).
"Theorem 2. In order that the best approximation 6n, (f) of the
periodic function f(x) of period 2- by trigonometric polynomials of
order not greater than n (n ; 2, 3, . . . ) satisfy the condition
Cvn(f) = 0(lnr-ln ),
n
it is necessary and sufficient that a constant A. greater than zero,
exists, and is such that for all real values of x and the values of h
from the interval 0 h 1/2 the following condition
f(x+h) ?)? f(x-h) -2f(x) Ah In I r-1 is satisfied.
ln n
"Theorem 3. In order that IH2 (x) - f(x) 0 n
n I
it is necessary and sufficient that the integral
1/2 in t f 74t) i? f (x-t) - 2f (x) dt
(1-ln ff ) t2
be uniformly bounded relative to x and 0.
2
"Theorem !i?. In order that `Hn (x) f(x) 0 (?1"A i ),
it is necessary and sufficient that the integral
1/4pLt) In t 2 2 ( C?+1n2) In tk + C' ] dt
f -t2- [ (1- In e ) 4 ln2 e
be uniformly bounded relative to x ande ) 0. Here lQ (t) is determined
by the formula
(2(t) _ f(x?h2t) ?f f(x-2t) - 2f(x), which was developed in the
paper, and C and C' are absolute constants."
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40. Extremum Functions in Approximation Theory
"On the question Concerning Extremum Functions in Certain
Problems of Approximation Theory," by S, I. Rabinovich,
Dnepropetiovsk, Metallurgical Institute; Moscow, Doklady
Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 121, No 6, Aug 58, pp 977-979
The following is the text of the author's statement of the problem.
"Let W(r) H(a) be the class of periodic functions of period 2 7r, hav-
ir a derivative of the rth_order satisfying. the Lipschitz condition of
order a with ~n) the constant 1, and let ` kn) (k z 0, 1, n+l;
n /~
X0 ntl ? 0) be a triangular matrix of numbers, satisfying the
0,
lt2
"For each function f(x) E,` W(r) H(a) we make up a sequence of trigo-
nometric polynomials of the n-th order
n (n)
Un (f ; x; ') ao/2 4
k1 k
a fl /-r 2
where alt and bk are the Fourier coefficients of the function f(x), and
invesitgate the question concerning the behavior of the absolute value
of the deviation f(x) - U. (f; x; X).
"A. F. Timan (Izv. AN SSSR, Ser. Matem.,
the asymptotic inequality
f(x) - Un (f; x; X) G 2
(n) In n
n M k - r
InT+'1 n
na
(ak cos kx + bk sin kx), (1)
10, 393, 1946) proved that
7r/2
0 to sin t dt.
+ 0( 1 )
nr4a
40
G (n)
' 62 rA (n)
k4l k
1 - \ (n)
I`It
(2)
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holds for any function f(x) E W(r) H(a), where r ? 0 is any whole number
and 0 a - 1, for n approaching infinity (in the case a = 0 the right
side mus lie increased twofold), since for each n there exists a func-
tion ~pri x) for which the inequality (2) is converted to an asymptotic
equality.
"However, the following question still remains open: oe there
exist a function f(x)) not dependent on n, in the class W(r) Hza)
for which the inequality (2) would become an asymptotic equality along
a particular sequence of the values of n? Such a problem was first
considered by S. M. Nikol'skiy, where it was applied to the polynomial
of best approximation (see Izv. AN SSSR, Ser. Matem.) 17, No 2, 1958).
"The purpose of this work is the solution of this problem for
linear methods of approximation."
41. Generalized Solution for Systems of uasilinear Equations Examined
"On the Uniqueness of the Generalized Solution of the Cauchy
Problem for Systems of Quasilinear Equations of the Hyperbolic
Type," by B. L. Rozhdestvenskiy; Moscow, Doklady Akademii
Nauk SSSR, Vol 122, No 5, Oct 58, pp 762-765
The uniqueness of the generalized solution of the Cauchy problem
for systems of quasilinear equations of the form
C~ui/Co t + (u,: t, x) /a x a 0
1 = 1, 22 ..., n; u [ ui, u2,..., un
are considered. The generalized solution is that system of functions
ui(t, x) which takes on assigned values at the line t = 0 and satisfies
the integral relationships
j ui(t, x) dx - (Pi (u(t, x), t, x) dt : 0
i a i, 2, ..., n,
where C is any sectionally smooth closed curve lying entirely within the
half -plane t 0.
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42. Solution of Differential Equations in Banach -S ace Treated
"Application of the Theory of Semigroups to an Investigation
of Differential Equations in Banach Spaces," by M. Z. Solomyak,
Leningrad Shipbuilding Institute; Moscow, Doklady Akademii
Nauk SSSR, Vol 122, No 5, Oct 58, pp 766-769
The solution of the equation
du/dt f Au = f(t)
with the initial condition
u/ t=O = uO
is considered, where u _ u(t) and f(t) are elements of a complex Banach
space X and depend on the parameter t 6 [O,T] and A is a closed unre-
stricted operator with a dense region of definition D(A) in X.
A more general form
du/dt + Au + B(t)u = f(t)
is also considered, where B(t) is an operator, which is in some sense
subordinate to A.
43. Uniqueness of Solution of Quasilinear Differential Equation Considered
"On the Cauchy Problem for Quasilinear Equations, " by B. L.
Rozhdestvenskiy; Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 122,
No 4, Oct 58, PP 551-554
The discontinuous solutions of a conservative system of equations
ul 5Q1 (ul, u2, .. , un t, x = 0, (i - 1, 2, ... , n)
6t (S x
are considered. A generalized solution of the Cauchy problem for the
above system of equations is defined as those functions ui(t, x) that
take on certain values at the line of origin t = 0 and satisfy the integral
expression
ui(t, x) dx - (Pi (u, t, x) dt = 0, (i = 1, 2, ..., n)
where u = ul (t, x); u2(t, x); ...; u,l(t, x) and C is any sectionally
smooth closed curve lying entirely within the region t .. 0.
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The paper outlines a method by which the question of the uniqueness
of the.generalized solution of the Cauchy problem for the above system
of equations may be reduced to the question of the uniqueness of a con-
tinuous solution of the Cauchy problem for a certain system of quasilinear
equations. The method is illustrated in an example of the proof of the
uniqueness of the generalized solution of the Cauchy problem for a par-
ticular quasilinear equation.
44. Solution of an Elliptical System of Equations Described
"General Representation of the Solutions of an Elliptical
System of 2n Equations in a Plane," by B. V. Boyarskiy;
Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 122, No 4, Oct 58,
pp 543-5
An elliptical system of first-order equations
ux a Auy + Bu # f
is considered, where u is an unknown 2n-component real vector, A and B
are square matrices of order 2n, and f is a real vector defined in a
certain plane T of the variable z ^ x + iy. Certain necessary and suf-
ficient conditions that a solution must satisfy are given as theorems.
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VI. MEDICINE
Aviation Medicine
45. Effect of Para--Aminobenzoic Acid on Altitude Tolerance
"The Effect of Novocain on the Tolerance of White Rats to
High Altitudes," Report TT, "The Effect of Para -Aminobenz oic
Acid," by Yu. F. Udalov (Moscow) (Received by the editorial
office 1 Nov 57; Presented by Active Member of Academy of
Medical Sciences USSR V. V. Parin), B ulleten' Eksperimen-
tal'noy Biologii i Meditsiny, No 8, Aug 58, pp 71-72
"Para-aminobenzoic acid increases the resistance of the body to
oxygen starvation encountered at high altitudes. This conclusion was
reached as the result of experiments with l14 adult white rats. Of these
114 white rats, 56 served as a control group and 58 were given food con-
taining para-aminobenzoic acid (200 mg per 100 of body weight). The
experimental rats were raised (in an altitude chamber) to an 'altitude'
of 11,000 m at a speed of 30 m/sec,:remaining at that altitude for 10
minutes. The mortality rate among rats which received para-aminobenzoiG
acid was half as great as in the control group.
"In the previous report it was shown that novocain increases the
resistance of an organism to oxygen deficiency. It was hypothesized
that since ovccain produces a local-effect on nerve endings of inter--
oceptors, it also causes a general effect on the central nervous system.
Use of para--.aminobenzeic acid was decided on. because it, has been shown
that i t causes p.'h;ys iolog' ea 1 of f e pct on the central nervous system
similar to that of novocain."
46. Neuxophy i_ologicr l Research on Radial Acceleration
"The Effect of. Radial Accelerations on the Secretion of
Salivary and Gastric Glands and on Periodic Stomach Con-
tractions," by P. M. Suvorovcvv, Central Institute for
Advanced Training of Physicians (head., V. P. Lebedeva),
Moscow; (rk;cef.vea by the editorial office on 4 March 1958;
presented by Active Member of Academ;;? of Medical Sciences
V. N. C?:ie -n.ig.. s.kiy), ;3;iulleten' 1 sperim ental'noy Biologii
i Medits ira y, No 9, Sep3, pp 2t -34
"Results of 310 experiments on six dogs revealed that radial ac-.
celerations in cranio-.caudal and caudo-cranial directions cause inhibi-
tion of reflex salivary secretion as well as of periodic stomach con-
tractions. A spontaneous secretion of gastric juice was noted, in
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response to great acceleration, in dogs with a Basov stomach fistula.
However, no spontaneous secretion of gastric juice was noted in a dog
with an isolated Heidenhain stomach pouch, i.e.', only a prolonged period
of inhibition of gastric secretion was noted. It can be assumed that
the above-mentioned changes are connected with changes that take place
in the nervous system, particularly in the parasympathetic and. sympathetic
branches.
"Radial accelerations in all experiments were created by rotating
the animals in a centrifuge with a radius of 3.6 m."
47. Air Sickness Discussed in Czechoslovak Periodical
"Air Sickness," by Maj Vladimir Malcik, MD, Air Force In-
stitute of Health; Prague, Vojenske Zdravotnicke Listy,
Oct 57, PP 459 -467
US, British, Czechoslovak, German, Russian, and French sources con-
cerning physiological and psychological causes, symptoms, cures, and
exceptional cases of air sickness are surveyed in the article.
)i.8. Czechoslovak Aeromedical Research on Word Audiometry
"Air Force Word Audiometry," by Maj Vladimir Malcik, MD, :ta-
stitute of Air Force Health, Alois Pospisil, MD, and Engr
Frantisek Zatocil, ND, clinical "ORL" laboratory, Czechoslovak
Academy of Sciences, Charles' University; Prague, Vo enske
Zdravotnicke Listy, special 18-page supplement to Jan 58
issue , pri 1-1d,
The article first narrates the history of Czechoslovak audiometrical
research and explains the use of word, rathcr than mechanical, audiometry.
The rest of the s rt_?.cle is devoted t~~ efforts to draw up an effective
word list for testing the hearing of airmen..
The ai-bicle states that the first list of words drawn up consisted
of terms used in Air Force communications. This list was divided phoneti-
cally into ten groups of -ten words each. These ten groups were to be in-
terchangeable. By testing the hearing of a large number of airmen, a
curve was drawn showing the average hearing ability of the airmen. The
results obtained with different groups of words were so diverse, however,
that the word groups could not be considered interchangeable.
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According to the article, a second list of words was drawn up in which
less common words and new methods were employed. The average curve re-
sulting from -tests with this word list confirmed the advisab:tlity of
using special word lists for Air Force personnel and the word group,_,, ca'
this second list proved to be interchangeable. This concluded the first
step of the research program.
Immunology and Therapy
49. Combined Live Vaccine Against Plague, Tularemia, Brucellosis, and
Anthrax
"The Effectiveness of Combined Vaccination With ?Ave Vaccines
Against Plague, Tularemia, Brucellosis, and Anthrax;" Report
I: Compatibility of Live Vaccines (Plague, Tularemia, Brucel-
losis, and Anthrax) in Experiments on Guinea Pigs," by N. K.
Vereninova, Ye. 1. Smirnova, N. F. Kalacheva, N. 1. Kuznetsova,
and Z. N. Karaseva, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology
of Southeastern USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemio-
logii i Immunobiologii, Vol 29, No 1.1, Nov 5d, pp 45-52
This article is introduced with the following statements concerning
the use of live vaccines: "The diversity of prophylactic inoculations
and the difficulty of carrying them out suggested to investigators the
idea of using combined vaccines consisting chiefly of killed microorgan-
isms, anatoxins, and complete antigens. Practical experience has shown
that the problem of using associated. preparations manufactured from
killed vaccinnes, anatoxins, and complete antigens is close to being
resolved, and several- assoociated preparations have always been introduced
into Soviet public health practice. This cannot be said about live
vaccines. Until recently, the possibility of simultaneous inoculation
against several infections with live vaccines was almost unstudied.
Meanwhile, under certain epidemic conditions the necessity arises for
vaccinating the population stimzLtaneously against several infections the specific prophylaxis of which is accomplished with live vaccines in
our country
"The possibility of concerning jrwunity to several infections with
combined vaccines of live and killed [microorganisms] Is ind.icated by
investigations devoted to the problem of antigen compatibility in as-
sociated preparations (Kompaneyets, Dmitriyev, and Nikollskaya, 1932;
Ruchkovskiy and Mach, 1933; Neshcha&m(.,.nko a_Md Golub, 193+; Akimenko,
1949; Korobkova and associates, 1950; Kalacheva, 1954; PLLipenko and
Polyakova, 1955; Gubina., 1957, etc.). One data obtained led to the
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conclusion that the use of combined vaccination with live vaccines for
the prophylaxis of a number of infections is completely feasible. It
is necessary to take into account the fact that competition of antigens
in the organism is decreased or altogether absent when they are selected
correctly."
CPYRGHT
The object of the research discussed in this article was to study
the effectiveness of combined vaccination of guinea pigs simultaneously
against plague, tularemia, brucellosis, and anthrax to evaluate the
compatibility of these components. The immunogenic characteristics of
monovaccines against the four infections were the main criteria employed
in selecting doses for the experiments performed. The experiments are
described in detail in the texts and results are summarized in tabular
form.
The following conclusions are presented on the basis of the results
obtained over a period of 2 1/2 years (1955?-1957):
"l. Following combined vaccination with four kinds of live vaccines
(plague, tularemia, brucellosis, and anthrax), sufficiently intense im-
munity against plague (500 Dcl), tularemia (1,000 Dcl); and brucellosis
(2 infecting units) was produced in guinea pigs; the immunity was almost
the same as immunity which developed after immunization with the corre??
sponding monovaccines.
"2. The anthrax antigen as a weaker stimulant of the physiologicat
mechanisms of the vaccinal process was suppressed by the other three
antigens in the combination; as a result, immunity against anthrax was
not developed to a sufficient extent. Survival in these animals follow-
ing infection with the anthrax pathogen was extremel,T low in comparison
with su.rviva], in guinea pigs vaccinated with the anthrax monovaceine.
"3. Weak resistance to infection with F. anthracsis was observed. in
guinea pigs vaccinated. with the combi Dd. vaccine both subcutaneously and
cutaneously.
")+. In view of the insuff:Lcient resistance to anthrax infection
after combined inoculation of guinea pig,.., weals immli ity was observed
with respect to mi ed. infection.
"5. The method of introducing anthrax vaccine in advance,, up to
10 days before inoculation of the tri:vuccine, guaranteed a pronounced
effect following both separate and sJiiv .taneous infection with pathogens
of the four infections.
"6. The suggested method was harmless in experiments on guinea
pigs. "
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50. Simultaneous Immunization With Live Brucellosis Vaccine and Tetanus
Anatoxin
"The Effectiveness of Simultaneous Immunization With Live Dry
Brucellosis Vaccine and Tetanus Anatoxin," by Tzyan Shun '-tsyu,
Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology imeni Gamaleya;
Moscow, Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii i Immunobiologii,
Vol 29, No 10, Oct 58, pp 83-93
After introductory remarks concerning principles of and previous
research on combined immunization, the author of this article presents
results of his studies on the effectiveness of simultaneous immunization
of guinea pigs with live brucellosis vaccine (Br. abortus 19-BA) and na-
tural tetanus anatoxin. The experiments are described in detail; results
are discussed and summarized in the following three tabies: Titers of
Tetanus Anatoxin in Guinea Pigs Immunized With Live Brucellosis Vaccine
and Tetanus Anatoxin and With Tetanus Anatoxin Alone; Wright, Opsono-
Phagocytic, and Burnet React:Luns in Guinea Pigs TxmnunIzed With Live
Brucellosis Vaccine Alone and Combined With Tetanus Anatoxin; and Results
of Testing Immunity Against Brucellosis.
Conclusions offered on the basis of these results are as follows:
"1. Upon simultaneous action of live brucellosis vaccine 19-BA and
tetanus anatoxin on the guinea pig organism, immunological re c. oils tructior.
of the organ.1sm with respect to brucellosis was the sense as it was in
pigs immuniz(:d with brucellosis vaccine 19-BA alone, i.e., tetanus anatoxin
combined with brucellosis vaccine action does not affect the dynamics of
the development and extinct-.Lon of the immunological process against bru-
cellosis. Titers of tetanus anatoxins in pigs immunized simultaneously
with two antigens were considerably higher than in pigs immunized with
only tetanus anato:in.
"2. Guinea pigs were found to be uniformly resistant to a virulent
Br. melitensis strain and tetanus toxin both after simultaneous iumuniza?.
tion. with both antigens and after their separate administration.
"3. Subcutaneous inoculation. with live brucellosis vaccine 19..BA
can be employed succ:_ssfully in combination with active immunization
agains t tetanus . "
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51. Double Vaccination Against Q Fever
"Experimental Double Vaccination Against Q Fever," by
S. M. Kulagin, A. D. Fukts, R. 1. Zubkova, and L. D.
Popova, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology imeni
Gama.1eya and Krasnodar Kray Sanitary-Epidemiological
Station; Moscow, Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii i
Immunobiologii, Vol 29, No 11, Nov 58, pp 25-29
This report concerns research on specific prophylaxis of Q fever.
After some introductory discussion on previous experimental work with the
Q fever vaccine, the authors present evidence to support their recommenda-
tion that the vaccine be administered in two doses instead of three.
Vaccinations were performed in Krasnodarskiy Kray from July 1956 to
January 1957; 643 workers from meat combines and milk factories where
high indexes had been obtained in 1955 investigations for Q fever were
inoculated. One group was vaccinated. once; and the other, twice. Results
are discussed in the text and tabulated.
Conclusions presented on the basis of these observations are as
follows :
"1. Experimental vaccination of 643 persons against Q fever with a
vaccine having a'prolonged period o preservation (15 months) demonstrated
that it was entirely adequate to guarantee specific prophylaxis In inocu-
lated persons.
"2. Complete tolerance to the vaccine, which produced reactions in.
8.2% of the persons inoculated, was noted. Three severe reactions and 11
infiltrates were observed out of 1,105 persons inoculated. No abscesses
occurred.
"3. The immunological effectiveness of two-time vaccination in doses
of 0.5 and one ml at 2.-week intervals during a 5-month period completely
corresponded. to that of three-time vaccination. The immunological effect
was lower at a remote period (8 months) than in persons inoculated three
times.
"4. Although 15% of the persons in collectives where the vaccination
were performed reacted positively to Rickettsia burneti antigen, allergic
reactions following inoculation were not observed. This indicates the
possibility of specific vaccination of threatened groups without prelimi-
nary serological testing.
"5. Two-time vaccination in doses of 0.5 and one ml at 2-week in-
ervals can be recommended to simplify mass vaccination against Q fever."
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Pharmacology and Toxicology
52. Hungarians Develop Psychosis-Producing Drug
"The Effect of Dimethyl-Tryptamine (DMT) on Normal Individuals,"
by Dr Ferenc Kajtor, Neuropsychiatric Clinic of Debrecen Med-
ical Sciences University (director, Dr Pal Juhasz) Ideggyogyas-
zati Szemle, Budapest, Vol XI, No 42 Oct 58, pp 122-126
Dimethyl-tryptamine is a new psychoticum produced and used in Hungary.
It produces model psychoses similar to those produced by lysergic acid
(ISD-25) and mescaline. In this experiment, electroencephalograms were
taken from five normal adults while they were in a model psychosis pro-
duced by DMT.
The DMT was administered intramuscularly and produced a two-phase
change in the EEG depending on the seriousness of tI psychic changes.
The change in the EEG due to the effect of DMT is very similar to that
which takes place due to ISD; however,, DMT has a quick effect and thus
probably acts directly, whereas ISD has a slow affect and thus acts more
likely in an indirect manner.'
The experimenter presumes that DMT produces two effects: it facil-
itates certain activating and sensitizing systems in low concentrations
but causes inhibition of differentiation in higher concentrations.
53. Study of the Effect of Diethyl-4-Nitrophenylthiophosph,ate on Warm-
Blooded Animals
"Study of the Permeability of Diethyl-4-Nitrophenylthiophos
nhate `Fagged With Radioactive Isotopic Phosphorus (P32) in
the Bodies of Warm-Blooded Animals," by K. A. Gar, N. A. Sazo-
nova, and V. I. Chernetsova, Ti^. Tsentr, N. 1. Dezinfekts. In-
ta (Works of the Central Scientific Research Disinfection In-
stitute), 1957, No 10, 263-273 (from Refera?tivn Zhurnal--
Khimiya, No 18, 25 Sep 58, Abstract No 62025, by I. Mil?shteyn)
"Investigations were conducted on the permeability of diethylpara-
nitropnenylthiophosphate (1) tagged with isotopic P32 in the body of
warm-blooded animals (white rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, and cats). After
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poisoning the animal with (1) either orally or by application on the skin,
P32 appears in all. the organs of the investigated animals. The distribu-
tion of P32 in all types of animals investigated proceeds approximately
equally. The transmission of (1) in the organism of warm-blooded animals
is accomplished by the blood. (1) quickly decomposes in the organism; the
hydrolysis products of (1) are excreted in the urine. In animals receiv-
ing a lethal dosage, an increased amount of undecomposed (1) is observed
in the important vital centers."
54. Effects of Carbon Tetrachloride on Serum Protein
"The Effect of Carbon Tetrachloride on the Level of Buffer
Acids in the Serum Protein Picture of Dogs," by 1. D. Man-
surova, Tr. Stalinabadsk. Med. In-ta. (Works of the Stalina-
bad Medical Institute), 19570 No 27, pp 21-27 (from Referativnyy
Zhurnal--Khimiya-Biologicheskaya Khimiya, No 22, 25 Nov 58,
Abstract No 29993, by I. E l'man)
"The subcutaneous administration of CC 14 to dogs produced a marked
decrease in the quantity of buffered acids in the blood serum (up to the
administration of 58 moi. egv./l, following the administration of 39 mol.
egv/l) which is analogous to the decrease in buffer acids during cerosis
of the liver in humans. The effect produced by CC14 led to a marked de-
crease in the A/G coefficient and an initial increase in the quantity of
alpha2 globulins (from 5% to 16.4%), with a subsequent increase in the
content of the beta2-globulin fraction (to 25%). In the beginning, the
gamma-globulin content doubled during this type of liver affection,. Later,
it g": adually decreased."
55. Effect of Various Substances
or. Blocd Serum Phos hatase
"Concerning the Effect of Dichloroethane and Carbon Tetrachlo-
ride on the Phosphatase Activity of the Blood," by S. L. Dan-
ishevskiy, Tr. Lenirgr. San.-Gigiyen. Med. In--ta. (Works of the
Leningrad Sanitary Hygiene Medical Institute), 1958, No 44,
PP 155-163 (from Referativnyy Zhur.nal- -Taiimiya-'3io"logir,ries~lza a
Khimiya, No 22, 25 Nov 58, Abstract No 29992, by I.El'man) _
"Dichloroethane and CC14 in vitro produces a decrease in the activity
of alkaline blood phosphatase. After single or repeated inhalation
of dichloroethane or CC14 fumes by rabbits, as well as subcutaneous
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administration, the alkaline phosphatase content in the blood decreases.
Thiu decrease varies over a wide range (from 12 to 80% after the inlaa-
lation of dichloroethane fumes) and does not depend on the concentration
of the intoxicating substances."
Effect of Various Substances on the Toxicity of Dichlorcethane
"The Course of Dichloroethane Poisoning During Functional
Changes in the Thyroid Gland," by 00 I. Kharitonov, Sb. Tr.
Byuro r 10 Sudebnomed0 Ekspertisy i Kafedry Sudebn0 Med. Alma-
Atinsk. Med. In-ta. (Collected Works of the Bureau of the
Main Forensic Medicine Commission of Experts and the Chair
of Forensic Medicine of the Alma-Ata Medical Institute), 1957,
No 1, pp 42-45 (from Refer. ativnyy Zhixrnal--?Chimiya?-B3tacJ,rhesaya
Khimiya= No 22, 25 Nov 58, Abstract No 29990, by L. Goldberg)
516.
"It was determined that the preliminary administration of thyroidin
to rabbits produces a 50 decrease in the LD of dichloroethane. The in-
toxication proceeds rapidly with death occuring within 20-30 minutes. By
inhibiting the hormone function of the thyroid gland with methyithiouracil,
the LD of dichloroethane is unchanged, with death occuring in the animals
within 6-8 hours."
57. Magnoline, a New Alkaloid
"The Pharmoc ology of a New Alakaloid, Magnoline," by E. Ye.
Aleshinskaya, Tr. Krimsk Med. In-ta. (Works of the Crimean
Medical Institute), 57, No 18, pp 675-682; (from Referattivnyy.
Zhurnal--Khimiy , Biologicheskaya Khimiya, No 22, 25 Nov 58,
Abstract No 2997 by S. Dolina)
"In experiments on cats, magnoline, an alkaloid from Michelia fuacata,
possesses hypotensive action in doses of 0.5 mg/kg and higher when ad-
ministered intravenously. This action is connected with the inhibitory
effect of magnoline on the sympathetic ganglia and on the medulla oblongata,
and its adrenolytic properties. Magnoline possesses anticholinesterase
properties."
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Public IIealth, ILyiene, and Sanitation
58. IIelico ter Equipped With an Aerosol Generator
"Tests of a Helicopter With an Aerosol Generator," by V. F.
Dunskiy and A. F. Funikov, Candidates of Technical Sciences;
Moscow, Zashchita Rasteniy of Vrediteley i Bolezney, No 3,
May-Jun 58, pp 20-21
"Type AG-L6 aerosol generators are not adaptable to agricultural
aviation inasmuch as their performance at existing speeds of flight are
wholly inefficient and a better aerosol generator has not yet been de-
veloped. However, during the past few years, new possibilities for avia-
tion application of aerosols have appeared with the use of the helicopter
in agriculture.
"The helicopter can fly at slow speeds. Its rotor throws a great
mass of air downward and, as an ordinary blower, creates a strong current
directed to the ground. This current carries along the aerosol injected
into it and forces it onto the plantings to be sprayed (e.g., the tops
of trees) and ensures a uniform deposit of the finest droplets of in-
secticide liquid on the upper and lower surfaces of leaves in all parts
of the trees. A helicopter equipped with the aerosol generator can be
an extremely effective agent against pests in mountainous orchards where
the use of an airplane or ground vehicles is difficult or :impossible.
"The initial tests of this type were conducted in 1957 under airport-
operating conditions by the Mosstazra [Moscow Plant Protection Station]
and the State Scientific Research Institute of the Civil Air Fleet with a
Ka-15 helicopter equipped with an AG-?I6 generator. A supercharger was in-
stalled inside the fuselage and was driven in the engine at a rate of 3;000
rpm. Air from the supercharger enters the combustion chamber of the?gen-
erator and then passes into a Venturi tube. The gasoline is fed into the
combustion chamber from a tank situated inside the fuselage. The agent
enters the narrow section of the nozzle tbrotgh a measuring valve from a
bunker.
"Exhaust from the combustion chamber of a land-based aerosol gen-
erator is usually produced by decreasing the engine speed. But in heli-
copter flight it is not possible to reduce the engine rpm rate. Hence,
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the valve in the air duct is controlled by an electromagnetic governor.
AL the release point the pilot opens the valve and allows part of the air
from the supercharger to pass out. This is equivalent to decreasing the
revolutions of the supercharger.
"The gasoline enters the chamber from the fuel tank under 0.2 atm
pressure and flows through a carburetor jet which provides a supply of an
enriched fuel mixture in the chamber. After the release the electric gas-
oline valve is closed and the gasoline flows consecutively through running
and starting jets; by this process the mixture arriving in the chamber is
leaned down in accordance with the needs of the operating system. The
temperature of the exhaust gas is 5000.
"At the airport, measurements were made of agent deposits on the
ground and of the droplets which settled. The helicopter flew over a
transverse line of cuvettes and slides at a fixed height (5 or 10 meters)
at a speed of 13-45 kilometers per hour. At a distance of 100 meters
from the line of cuvettes release of the aerosol was begun and was dis-
continued 200 meters beyond this line.
"Twenty-five slides were placed 3-5 meters apart so that the de-
posits of the aerosol ,sere measured in a belt 75-125 meters wide. To
decrease oil spread the slides were coated with a special silicone sub-
stance.
"After the test the drops were counted and measured under a micro-
scope calculating the area of the examined portion of glass. The quantity
of liquid deposited on a unit area was determined by adding the volume of
all deposited droplets. In addition, a colorimetric method was used to
determine the quantity of dye deposited in the cuvettes. (This dye had
been dissolved in the employed liquid in the quantity of 0.1%. In an
aerosol formed by a thermomechanic process deposition of the dye is equiv-
alent to deposition of a nonvolatile type of toxicant, such as DDT.)
"The tests were conducted in the early morning when the wind speed
at a height of 1.5 meters was 0.25-3.9 meters per second. The character-
istics of the aerosol stream and its dispersion were as follows: at a
flight speed of 35 kilometers an hour the aerosol stream was directed at
the ground at an angle of nearly 300, at the slow speed of. 13 kilometers
an hour the aerosol stream was directed sharply downward and diffused.
It was wider in its transverse direction than in its longitu"mal direc-
tion. On both sides of the flight line the aerosol is carried along by
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the upward ajr eddies; at speeds greater than 45 kilometers an hour it is
diffused at n slight angle to the earth and the action of the strong down-
ward current from the rotor is sharply decreased. Therefore, the helicopter
speed for aerosol processing should not exceed 40-45 kilometers 'an hour;
the flight altitude over the surface to be treated, 5-10 meters; and the
lateral 3ispersion, 30 meters.
"The degree of deposition of the liquid during the different tests
amounted to 10-42% but up to 66% of the dye which had been substituted
for the poison deposited. The remaining portion of the liquid and dye was
carried by winds beyond the limits of the investigation zone.
"The increase in deposition in comparison with the characteristics
of a generator operating under ground-based conditions should be attrib-
uted to the action of the downward air current produc;;-d by the helicopter
rotor.
"During 1958, tests of a helicopter equipped with an aerosol genera-
tor under actual operating conditions are intended."
59. Czechoslovak Article on Membrane Filters
"The Possibilities of Using Membrane Filtration in Microbi-
ological Diagnoses," by Col Josef Chvapil and Jan Svejcar,
Central Military Hospital in Prague; Prague, Vojenski Zdra-
votnicke List, Jun 57, pp 274-281
Experiences using membrane filters in bacteriological and hygienic
practice are reviewed and their advantages listed. The use of membrane
filters is particularly valuable whenever the presence of inhibitory sub.?
stances and small quantities of the microorganism are an obstacle to the
successful outcome of cultivation.
The membrane filter method was introduced by the authors in the in-
vestigation of the most varied clinical materials (CSF, exudates, urine,
separtion of bacteriophages, etc.). Furthermore, a modification was
worked out for the detection of microorganisms in the blood which is more
advantageous than methods hitherto employed.
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According to the authors, the possibilities of utilizing membrane
falters under field conditions are clear. They recommend that labora-
tories acquaint themselves with the technique. In this respect, they
any, it will be necessary to catch up with other countries, such as the
Soviet Union, the'US and Germany.
60. Insect Control Research in Czechoslovakia
"The Fight With Insects in Open Terrain" by It Col Jan
Svoboda, MD, "Jan Ev. Purkyne" Military Medical Institute;
Prague, Vojenski Zdravotnicke Listy, Aug 57, pp 362-366
Insects which are injurious to human health and means of controlling
them in open terrain are discussed in an article based on insect control
research carried out in temporary bivouac, areas, field kitchens, and field
slaughterhouses in the Czechoslovak army.
The use of Nerafum insecticide preparation is proposed. For more
thorough extermination, an improvised fumigator which allows both the
choice of the desired insecticide mixture and the application of a con-
centration adequate to a given situation is recommended.
Radiology
61. Course of Thermal Burns of the Cornea During Radiation Sickness of
Varying Severity in Rabbits
"The Course of Thermal Burns of the Cornea During Radia-
tion Sickness in Rabbits," by P. I. Lebekhov (Leningrad);
Moscow, Vestnik Oftal'mologii, No 1, Jan/Feb 58, pp 3.10
The aim of this research was to study the anatomical-physiological
processes characterizing the organs of sight during thermal burns against
a background of radiation sickness.
Tests were conducted on 88 rabbits, of which 6o were irradiated by
700 r of X rays, or 700 or 1,000 r of gamma rays. The experimental animals
were also subjected to second3or third degree, or diffuse thermal burns,
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Detailu of the experimental metho,1., blood analysis, inflammatory
changes, and frequency of infectious complications are presented.
Results confirm that corneal thermal burns of medium severity against
third degree radiation sickness are frequently characterized by the pres-
ence of secondary infection which causes a significantly more severe course
of the burns than the course of burns uncomplicated by irradiation. In-
fection in the foci of corneal. burns of irradiated rabbits showing weak
symptoms of radiation sickness appears at the same rate as that in the
foci of burns of no:,irradiated rabbits. The only difference between the
course of corneal burns against mildly expressed symptoms of radiation
sickness (second degree), and that of corneal burns of nonirradiated rab-
bits is the greater frequency in the former case of erosion at the site
of the corneal burns. In animals showing weak symptoms. of radiation sick-
ness (first degree), remission of inflammatory charges and regeneration of
epithelium of the cornea proceed at a faster rate than in nonirradiated
control animals.
62. Conference oil Ionizing Radiation
"Scientific Conference on the Problems of the Action of
Ionizing Radiation on Animal Organisms," by Ya. L. Shekhman;
Moscow, Izvestiya Akademi.i Na,lk SSSR, Seri ra Biol.ogiceskaya,
No 6, Nov-Dec 58, PP 758-70
A conference organized by the biological section of the Institute of
Biology imeni A. A. Bogomol.'ets, Academy of Sciences Ub'ainian SSR (Di-
rector of the Biophysics Sectio:c, Corresponding Member of Academy of Sci-
ences Jk-rainian SSR, A. A. Gorodtskiy), was held 9-13 June 1958 in Kiev.
As the title indicates, the conference was dedicated to problems
connected with the mechanism of the action of radiation on the animal
organism. Corresponding to this,, the content of the reports were centered
around the following basic problems:
The general mechanism of the action of radiation on the biological
system in simpler organisms was reported by A~ A. Gorodetskiy (Kiev),
Ya, L. Shekhman and L. Kh. Eydus (Moscow), V. K. Tk(-h Kharkhov and
I. F. Kovalav (Odessa), and others; the dynamics of the pathomorphological
and biochemical changes cau: d by radiation sickness,, by A. I. Smirnova-.
Zamkova, 0. P. Chepinoga, S. A. Korol (Kiev), P. F. Minayev (Moscow);
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Nucleic and protein metabolism during radiation sickness, by I. F. Lipkan,
R. Ya. Marchuk, N. V. Zelenskiy (Kiev), and other's; dosimetry and the
action of small doses y by S. N. Ardashnikov (Moscow), 'Yea F. Morgan (Kiev),
B. I. Kirichinskiy (Kiev); and others; and the pathogenesis and therapy
of radiation sickness, by A. 0. Bogomolets, Yu. A. Spasokukotskiy, N. N.
Lebedev, and others. The distribution; accumulation, and excretion of
radioactive isotopes from an organism, and the course of infection during
radiation sickness were aJ.,_o disscufi;jera.
The conference, according to the author., was well organized on the
whole and the reports presented in the program were very timely. In ad-
dition; the conference afforded the individual members an opportunity for
personal contact - between biologists, physicists, and clinicists -- which
was very fruitful and facila.tated the development of work on the study of
the mechanisms of the radiobiological effect.
63, Czechoslovak Radiological Research
"Present Day Possibilities of Decontaminating an Organism
Internally Irradiated by U-235 Pissioi. Products," by Lt Col
Prof J. Nosek, MD,, "Jan Ev, Purkyne" Military Medical Acad-
emy; Prague., Vo jenske Zdravotn1cke Li.sty, Jan 58, pp 9~'l2
Studies made at the "Jan Ev, Purkyne" Military Medical Academy of the
possibilities of decontaminating organisms internally contaminated with
U??235 fission products are described. The objective of the studies was
to determine if the calcium salt of ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (Ca/-
EDTA) shortens the biologi -?.A.l half'i.,.fe of long-lived U-235 fission prod--
ucts. The article a section on methodology, a discussion., and
a summary.
The author believes that EDTA has not succeeded in satisfactorily
clearing contaminated bone of the fIssior products of U-235 but that it
?s a very valuable aid in ridding -the gastrointestinal tract,, liver, and
kidneys of heavy metals and rare earths. Ca/EDTA shortens the biological
half-life of U-235 fission prod;a;ts in the 'liver spleen., small and large
intestines, and kidneys,
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64. Hungarians Produce Medicines to Protect Against Radiation
"Hungarian Medicines Against Old Age and Radiation" (unsigned
article); Magyar Nemzet, 9 Nov 58, p 11.
The Hungarian pharmaceutical industry has prepared a 15-year develr---
ment plan and factories have already started to execute the plan with in-
novations costing several hundred million forints.
Next year, construction of a new headquarters for the Pharmaceutical
Industry Research Institute (Gyogyszeripari Kutato Intezet) will begin
in Budapest. The 500 researchers of the institute are developing new
antibiotics, medicines for virus diseases, and medicines for tumorous
ailments, heart and circulatory diseases, rheumatism and gastric ulcers;
they are also engaged in experimentation with and production of new vita-
min products. These new medicines [the vitamins] overcome mental and
nervous disorders and also delay aging of the organism.
In the Kobanya Medicine Factory (Kobanyai Gyogyszerarugyar) they are
producing [or will produce] isotope* preparations and medicines for pro-
tection against radioactive radiation as well as vitamin B-12, insulin,
and various hormone preparations.
[For additional information on radiology, see Item No 10.]
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65. Effect of Niobium on Tempe Brittleness of Chrome-Nickel Steel
"Effect of Niobium on Temper Brittleness of Chrome-Nickel
Steel," by M. P. Braun, Doctor of Technical Sciences, and
Engineers B. B. Vinokur and A. I. Kondrashev- Stalinsk,
Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy--Chernaya Metal-
lurgiya, No 8, Aug 58, pp 113-118
Specimens of chrome-nickel steel 30KhN with niobium content ranging
from zero to 0.90% were tested by the Academy of Agricultural. Sciences
Ukrainian SSR and the Novo-Kramatorskiy Machine Building Plant to deter-
mine the effect of niobium on temper brittleness and toughness. The
various heat-treating methods are described and results are given for
impact strength tests at temperatures from -200?C to 300?C.
The most effective content of niobium is in the 0.30-0.40% range.
Optimum heat-treatment for this type of steel consists of quenching at
850-900?C,and tempering at 58o-650?C. Long holding at 650?C results in
a sharp i..,,..jase in toughness. Increase of toughness is more rapid when
applying multiple cyclic tempering with alternating cooling (in water and
in a furnace). Final cooling speed has no effect on toughness.
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VIII. PHYSICS
Nuclear Physics
66. USSR Developments in the Field of Nuclear Energy
"Nuclear Energy in the National Economy," by Yu. Klimov;
Moscow,, Prooshlenno-Ekon)micheskayaGa zeta, Vol 3. No
137
In 1959??1965 a number of new nuclear power-generating plants will be
put into operation? These plants will be equipped with different types
of reactors,
The building of powerful nuclear energy electric power plants will
not only supply some parts of the country with electric power, but also
free a large quantity of coal and petroleum for use as raw material in
the chemical industry. A nuclear energy electric power plant has been
in operation in the USSR for more than 3 years without any difficulty or
interruption. Recently, the first section of a nuclear electric power
plant was started the nominal capacity of which is 600,000 kw.
However, the construction of power reactors in the USSR is still on
an experimental basis? The reason is that reactors of a great variety
of designs can be used for the generation of heat which is then trans-
formed into electric power. The type of reactor selected depends on the
nuclear fuel used, the disposition of the fuel within the reactor, the
energy of the neutrons which bring about nuclear fission, and the nature
of the substances used to bring about the physical processes which take
place in the reactor. The most careful calculations and detailed com-
parative analysis of the designs of nuclear power plants have not yet
given an answer to the question as to what type of reactor is most con-
venient and economical.
A nuclear reactor is a very ~omplex device, One cannot foretell in
advance all characteristics of its operation and all its advantages and
shortcomings, The answer can be given only on the basis of actual opera-
tion of power reactors of different types, so that all data can be com-
pared. However, one must already use discrimination at this stage in
deciding for what capacities the nuclear energy electric power plants will
be designed. Those power reactors which have been investigated most
thoroughly and the advantages of which are most apparent should be de-
signed for high capacities. On the other hand, reactors in regard to
which doubts and moot points exist, and the advantages of which are less
apparent, showd be designed for lower capacities.
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However,, the electric power capacity of the reactors must be suf-
ficiently high (1,e,,, of the order of tens or hundreds of thousands of
kilowatts) to carry out experimental operation under conditions as close
as possible to those encountered in connection with the industrial uti-
lization of nuclear energy?
The program for the building of power reactors in the USSR is often
referred to as a large-scale industrial experiment carried out by the
Soviet Union. Under this program, a number of nuclear energy electric
power plants of different capacities are being constructed in the USSR,
The capacities of these plants range from tens of thousands to several
hundreds of thousands of kilowatts.
The question is often asked whether one cannot select the most
thoroughly tested reactor design as a prototype and on the basis of this
design begin extensive construction of nuclear power plants. In connec-
tion with this, the example of the development of nuclear power in Great
Britain is mentioned,, where for all practical purposes only one type of
reactor (gas-cooled;, graphite-moderated, and employing natural uranium
as fuel) is used.
The development of nuclear power in England along the lines indicated
is due to the very rapid depletion of coal in that country and the in-
creasing expense of imported crude petroleum? Under the circumstances
Great Britain cannot wait until the most economical type of reactor has
been developed and selected- to prevent a shortage of power in the near
future, it is necessary to concentrate on the development of a single
type of reactor there, even if this reactor is not of the best possible
type. The situation is different in the USSR and the US9 because these
countries have a sufficient supply of conventional fuel for the next
few decades. Therefore, both in the USSR and the US reactors of dif-
ferent types rather than a single type are being constructed. Apparently,
a score or more years will elapse before it will be decided which re-
actor type is the most economical.
What types of reactors are used at USSR nuclear energy electric
power plants that are in operation: or are being built at presenta First
of all, one must mention the so-called water-water type of reactor, in
which water is used both as a ccoolant and a moderator, In reactors of
this type, the nuclear fuel, is cooled by water pumped through the reactor.
In order that the water assume the highest possible temperature; it is
kept under a pressure of 1.00 atmospheres, This water transmits heat
to steam generators forming a hart of a second circuit and then returns
to the reactor. Steam under a pressure of 20 atmospheres is formed in
the steam generators. This steam is fed into turbogenerators,
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A nuclear power plant with reactors of this type is being built in
Voronezhskaya Oblast, Another nuclear power plant of the same type will
be erected in Leningradskaya Oblast,
In Ul?yanovskaya Oblast a reactor of the water-water type is also
being constructed. However, this reactor will have a simpler system of
steam generation-, the water will boil in the reactor itself. The steam
generated in the reactor is fed directly into the turbine. Reactors of
this type are considered very promising? In them fuel elements of the
same type will. be used as those applied at the Voronezh and Leningrad
nuclear power plants.
The construction of reactors of this type was delayed because of the
high radioactivity of the steam that is fed into the turbines. It has
been demostrated, however,, that this radioactivity can be lowered to a
level which makes it possible for the personnel to stay in the vicinity
of the turbine for a definite length of time sufficient to complete the
necessary work. At the plant being built in the Urals reactors of another
type are used, .A prototype of these reactors is-that used at the first
USSR nuclear power electric energy plant that is in operation in the
vicinity of Moscow. In the graphite-,moderated reactor of the Ural Plant,
ordinary water under high pressure will be used as the heat-transfer
agents In the reactor of this design, the graphite acting as moderator
is perforated by many vertical ducts containing nuclear fuels. The heat-
transfer agent flows through these ducts. The steam will have a higher
pressure and temperature than those of the first nuclear energy electric
power plant (the pressure of the steam will amount to 90 atmospheres and
its temperature will be 480-5000). In an experiment carried out at the
first USSR nuclear energy electric power plant, the majority of the steam
ducts were operated at the boiling point. The experiment was successful.
At present, the reactor of this electric power plant operates under new,
more advantageous conditions. Superheating of the steam in the steam
ducts of the reactor itself will as so be applied at the Ural Plant.
In the reactor of the nuclear power,=generating plant which will be
constructed on the Volga, liquid sodium is used as the heat-transfer
agent and graphite as the moderator. Sodium is of advantage as a heat-
transfer a nt, because it can be heated to a very high temperature
without a substantial increase of pressure in the heat-transfer circuit.
Because of this, it will be possible to bring the temperature of the
steam generated in the boilers to 5000 at a pressure of the steam amount-
ing to 90 atmospheres.
A fhst breeder .rea .tor has been planned for construction on the Volga.
The start of the operation of the first section of a new and very power-
ful nuclear energy electric power plant was reported in a Tass dispatch
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recently, In the reactor of this power plant, graphite is used as the
moderator; water as the heat-transfer agent, and natural uranium as fuel.
A motion picture on the subject of this nuclear power plant was shown
recently at the Second International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of
Nuclear Energy (Geneva, September 1958).
Mobile power reactors and reactors for transportation purposes are
also being developed in the USSR,
The reactor for the icebreaker Lenin has operational characteristics
which cannot conceivably be achieved with the use of ordinary sources of
power. The icebreaker, which will soon be in operation is distinguished
by a high degree of self-sufficiency (it can stay at sea for one year),
high speed, and a high capacity for cutting through ice. As far as its
characteristics are concerned, this vessel is far superior to the most
powerful existing icebreakers both in the USSR and outside the USSR.
Soviet scientists are also making a large contribution to the study
of controlled thermonuclear reactions,
67. Construction of a Nuclear Reactor in Georgian SSR
"From Every End of the Country" (unsigned article); Moscow,
Pravda, 26 Nov 58
"The construction of a nuclear reactor in Georgia is drawing to an
end. Laboratories are being equipped in which scientists of the Soviet
republics of Transcaucasia will conduct scientific research."
68, New Soviet Book cm Nuclear Engineering
Yadern a Ener eti,heskiye Ustanovki (Nuclear Po!-7--r Instal-
lations, by P, A, Petrov, State Power-Engineering Publish-
ing House (Gosenergoizdat,) Moscow/Leningrad, 1958, 256 pp
The book is based on a course given by the author at Moscow Power
Engineering Institute? The principles of physical and thermal calcu-
lations for thermal reactors are presented and a sample calculation for
a power installation is given. The various fission materials and eco-
nomic problems are considered, All descriptions of actual reactors are
based on non-Soviet literature. The book is intended for nuclear en-
gineering students,
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69. Reasons Protective Shells Are Used in Reactors Outside USSR Examined
Zashchitn
iy-
e Obolochki Xadern kh Reaktorov (Protective Shells
for-Nuclear Reactors, by A. N. Komarovskiy, Publishing House
of the Main Administration for the Utilization of Atomic
Energy Under the Council of Ministers USSR (Atomizdat), Mos-
cow., 1958, 68 pp
The use of protective shells in reactors outside the USSR is the
subject of the book. The reasons given in the literature for the use
of these shells despite their high cost are examined. Protective shells
have not been used in the USSR nor are they included in reactors now
under construction or projected. Various aspects of the design, con-
struction, and testing of shells are covered.,
70. PMsical and Engineers:~g Problems in Reactor Design
"Physical and Engineering Problems in Small-Size Protective
Shield Design," by V. I. Kukhtevich and S. G. Tsypin; Mos-
cow Atomna a EnerBiya, Vol 5, No 4, Oct 58, pp 393-402
The designing of small protective shields of nuclear reactors is
reviewed for facilitating the construction of mobile units. Physical
problems arising in the design of a small shielding are discussed. The
radiation of the nuclear reactor, gamma rays and neutrons penetrating
the shielding layers, the formation and passage of capture gamma rays,
and sector shielding are treated. Engineering problems such as Compton
scattering of the shield, the choice of materials and the best arrange-
ment of shielding layers are also discussed. The design of such reactors
is considered so complex that thorough testing and experimental cor-
rections are suggested.
71. Automation of Reactors
"Complex Automation for Reactor Control," by P. Kovanits and
M. Kulka, Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Czechoslovak
Academy of Sciences, Prague; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol
5, No 4, Oct 58, pp 403-411
Two types of follow-uup systems suitable for automatic control of
nuclear reactors are analyzed. In the first system a detector follows
the deviation of a certain point, e..g., the specified constant neutron
flux. This system is suitable for combining the functions of measuring
and signaling the period, the power, and subcritical state of the re-
actor, and for emersency protection of the reactor. In the second
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system the power of the reactor follows the deviation of the detector.
Such a system can combine the operation of automatic control of the
subcritical state, the period, and the power of the reactor. The design of
follow-up systems of both types would give two different methods for the
complex automation of reactor control. The first version is easier to
introduce into the existing equipment. The second and improved version
will probably find application in new installations. The suggested
schemes have the advantage of consisting of standard parts, of providing
autocontrol, and of ensuring constant operating conditions of the detector
and the apparatus.
72. New measuring Instrument Developed
"Short Communications" (unsigned article); Moscow.9 Aton ay
Ener6a, Vol 5, No 4, Oct 58 p 187 ??
A magnetometer for accelerators -- The Physics Institute of the Acad-
emy of Sciences USSR devised a magnetometer with a permalloy dial for
measuring the static and dynamic magnetic fields in accelerators. The
measuring range of the apparatus is 0 to 60 oersted; its sensitivity is
(2-3)?10-'3 oersted. In measuring nonuniform magnetic fields variable
in time, the design of the equipment automatically eliminates the error
connected with the hysteresis of the permalloy and the relation of eddy
currents of the -ield to the velocity of field variation.
73. Nuclear Transitions
"Electromagnetic Transitions in Isomeric Nuclei," by L. I.
Rusinov and D. A. Varshalovich; Moscow;, Atomnaya Ener ly a.
,
Vol 5, No 4, Oct 58, pp 1+32-4 5 ?? a?`=??--~
Electromagnetic transitions in isomeric nuclei are analyzed. The
probabilities of gamma radiation of isomeric nuclei are compared with
theoretical evaluations. The comparison is carried out for permitted
as well as forbidden j- and 1-transitions in spherical nuclei and for
transitions between levels of one rotational band,, single-particle and
K-forbidden transitions in deformed nuclei. Experimental data on
electromagnetic emission and quantum characteristics of isomeric nuclei
concur with modern representations of the structure of the atomic nucleus.
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7 4 ,,
Pickup Reactions of Uranium
"Cross Section of the U-238 (n, 2n) U-237 Reaction for 15-Mev
Neutrons," by G. P. Antropov. Yu. A. Zysin, A. A. Kovizhnykh,
and A. A? Lbov; Moscow, Atomnaya EneaiYa, Vol 5, No 1t, Oct
58, pp