SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000100260001-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 93
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 4, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: March 6, 1959
• Content Type: REPORT

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PB 131891 T-17
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
SCIENTIFIC
INFORMATION REPORT
6 March 1959
Distributed Only By
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
.C, ..f.r
OFFICE OF TECHNICAL SERVICES
WASHINGTON 25, D.C.
Issued semi-monthly. Annual subscription $28.00 ($4 additional for 7l
foreign mailing). Single copy $2.75.
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Use of funds for printing this publication approved
by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget July 31, 1958.
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PLIASE NOTE
This report presents unevaluated information extracted from
recently received publications of the USSR, Eastern Europe, and
China. The information selected is intended to indicate current
scientific developments and activities in the USSR, in the Sino-
Soviet Orbit countries, and in Yugoslavia, and is disseminated
as an aid to United States Government research.
SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT
Table of Contents
Page
I.
Astronomy
1
II.
Biology
3
III.
Chemistry
4
Analytical Chemistry
4
Fuels and Propellants
4
Industrial Chemistry
11
Nuclear. Fuels and Reactor Construction
Materials
20
Organic Chemistry
27
Pesticides
32
Radiation Chemistry
35
h
di
i
t
R
36
em
oc
a
s
ry
38
Communications
38
Components
39
Computers and. Automation
40
Instruments and Equipment
42
Radar
45
V.
Engineering
46
VI.
Mathematics
47
Approximation Theory
47
Differential Equations
50
Information Theory
51
Linear Difference Equations
51
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Antibiotics
Aviation Medicine
Contagious Diseases
Immunology and Therapy
Pharmacology and Toxicology
Physiology
Radiology
Surgery
Veterinary Medicine
VIII. Metallurgy
IX. Physics
Nuclear Physics
Page
54
54
55
56
56
6o
62
64
69
72
75
77
77
81
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1. Cold Int,erstcl.lar Grits
"Cold Interstellar G'xs an~W Light Abuorption," by V. I. KKasov-
skiy, Institute of Physics of the Atmosphc:re, Aead.emy of Sci?-
en.ces USSR; Moscow, Astron_omichesk1.y Zhurna1, Vol 35, No 6,
'_..
Nov/Dec 58, pp 825-82b
It is shown that in a cold interstellar gas F nvelope,s of neutral mole-
cules form around. the ions. On these envelopes an intense process of re-
combination of atoms into molecules and the formation of negative ions take
place. It is sho.P,n that the con::en.t:ration of negative ions, especially of
moles:ular oXygan.. can be high enough for explaining the observed light ab-
sorption. Various properties of screened ions are discussed, and the pos-
c?ibility of c::+plai.ni.ng inte:rate1iar polarization of stellar radiation by
negative ions is indicated. A footnote by the author expresses the opinion
that the phenomenon of ball lightning may be due to the formation of
bundles of screened positive and negative ions.
2. Fine S-I.x?uc:tu:'e of Solar Lmis icon:
"The Nature of t h..: Fine Stru::tux-s of Emission of Active Regions
on the Sun,," by I. S. Shkicrv;kiy, State Ast::?r!nomical Institute
imer.i Sternberg; Mosccror, Astr.onomicheski.y Zhurra,l, Vol 35, No 6,
No?v/t c 58, pp 838..811.7 --------___ _... r
The exc;it;ation me::hanism of -th r;o??c:a,? 1^d "emission mustaches" is dis-
cussed. It is ;,hntnn, that during tihE? 1.f.fetima of m:(,..ztax:hea ( 200 sec )
?~ I.e rt~, i; l.ss s . than sev .ra,.~ ?~ r. x..,,fix 'e
ma.t , .?.,.,t`r' mu ;Z ?titnF.s.
radiating
S'pp..ra.tc "knc .s" of gas :!f small, size, moving in the a,,,,?; ive ,,egion with a
velocity of 108cm/se(:, inte::?ac't with the photoz-~phe:ric plasma. This inter,.
ar.:tion is a r asult of i orelastic ^ollision , be:twe;:n hyl_rogex atoms and of
phen mvena on '.;he front of shock waves which are foimed. it of the
knots. During this px?cicess the of the- atoms :,c-.'?u:i: v-x'y
strongly. The tuunber ;:X emitted. Balmer ;.lpanta pe.:? eir y hyd '. gen atom
moving rapi.:;.ly thx-ouR,h the photosphere is about Zrq important of such
a mechanism of cheats;ivat:ion of tb ay'ait',e;i =ctom- a,,s -f h- t.:,ram fer of excit-
ation is emphasized.
The tota. mass ;.f gas in the_- knots 3.u761.ng ih whom 14_fetime of the
active region is about 1.,013 gx?san ;, which i.s &b-out 3^1.0"'4 of the mass of
the gas of the active . egiori. The F :-: gy of the knots- 0?8 ergs
evidently is derive?i frcin the ene:~?gy of the ma.g' is fie::t.,i. in, the active
region. The phen?_cmenurt of knot: is, analagen.s. to that of
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Similar phenomena (the formation of rapidly moving knots-plasmoids in
nonstable magnetic fields) take place in the chromosphere (in flare regions)
a - d prominences (explosive prominences). In this case favorable conditions
for accelerating charged particles can arise.
In conclusion it is shown that the so-called "continuous emissions"
of active photospheric regions cannot be of synchronic type and therefore
thermal emission.
3-4. Solar Radio Emission
"Strong Surge of Radio Emission From the Sun on 3 March 1958,
by N. L. Kaydanovskiy, V. N. Ikhsanova, N. S. Soboleva, G. M.
Timofeyeva, and G. B. Gel'freykh, Solnechn e 11s.nn re) 1958,
No 3, pp 72-75 (from Referativn Zhurnal --? Fizika, No 12, Dec
58, Abstract No 28303
Observation results of a radio emission surge on a 3.2-cm wave at the
Pulkovo Observatory are described. Observations were carried out simultan-
eously on the polarizing radiometer and on the Great Pulkovo Radio Tele-
scope. The surge could be related to an optical flare of power 3 and radio
surges on frequencies of 208.60 and 178 megacycles. The maximum flow ex-
ceeds the flow from a quiet Sun by tenfold. The degree of circular polar-
ization equal to 7% remained unchanged during the surge. The angular size
of the active zone provoking the surge is about 1.5. The effective temper-
ature was 108 OK. The difference in coordinates between the surge and the
optical flare permitted determining the altitude of the surge over the
photosphere equal to 0.1 of the solar radius.
"Some Observational Results of Solar Radio Emission or. the large
Radio Telescope GAO," by V. N. Ikhsanova.,, State Astronomical
Ob-
servatory, Pulkovo, Solnechnyye Dannyye, 195:7 (1958), No 6,
pp 120-
122 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal ?--- Fizika No 12, Dec 58, Abstract
No 28301)
The first observation of solar radio emission on, the radio telescope
with strong resolving power (about 1' on 3.2 cm wave) is reported. The
active region of radio emission is reliably related to a group of solar
? spots. In some cases the sizes of active regions are 'below 1`. By means
of comparison of the solar spots' motion together with the motion of radio
emission sources, their altitude was established. similar for. 3.2- and 10-
cm waves and equal to 1.07 of solar radius. It was concluded that the
radio emission sources are coronal condensations connected to spots.
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5. X-Ray and EDTA Effects on Chromosome Fra
"The Effect of Roentgen Irradiation and of Ethylenediamine-
tetraacetic Acid on Chromosome Fragments in Microspores of
Tradescantia Paludosa," by N. L. Delone, Institute of Biolog-
ical Physics of the Academy of Sciences USSR, Moscow; Moscow,
Biofizika, Vol 3, No 6, 1958, pp 717-7211.
The combined effects of X-ray irradiation and treatment with ethy-
lenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were studied on the chromosomes of the
Tradescantia paludosa plant.
Results indicated that certain concentrations of EDTA (0.05-0.001M)
cause chromosome reconstruction, and EDTA extends the state in which chrom-
osome fragments are able to recombine.
Comparison of the combined effects of X-ray irradiation and EDTA with
the effect of X-ray irradiation alone indicates that the new types of chro-
mosomes arising due to chromosome reconstructions have different spectra of
mutations.
6. Chinese Cite Achievements in Cultivation of Green Algae
"Unicellular Green Algae -- New Source of Human Food.," by Inst-
itute of HydrobioloRr, Academia Sinica; Peiping, K'o-hsueh T'ung-
pao (Scientia), No 21, 1958, p 665
This item reports the achievements of the Institute of Hydrobiology,
Academia Sinica, in the accelerated cultivation of unicellular green algae
during the great leap forward movement. In the 3 months preceding National
Day (1 October), the institute reportedly cultivated unicellular green
algae by the outdoor method at an annual rate of 12,000 chin per mou dry
weight. This surpasses Japan's world record of 6,000 chin per mou annually.
Preliminary analysis of the institute's product showed that the palisade
type of unicellular green alga contained 48 percent protein and. 13.4 per-
cent fat; the spherical-type [Chlorella?], 48.3 percent protein and 11.3
percent fat.
The article also notes that the institute has developed strains of
green algae adapted to temperatures ranging from 15 degrees to 35 and 40
degrees centigrade. Smples of green algae biscuits and candy, trial-
manufactured by the Wuhan Food Products Plant, were recently taken to the
USSR by Soviet scientists, it is stated.
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III. C.IIIEMISTRY
Analytical Chemistry
7. Chinese Method for the Colorimetric Analysis of Ni,:kel
"A New Method for Colorimetric Analysis of Nickel," by Cheng
Ic'ang..yuan (i l' //~ ), Institute of Geophysical Prospect-
ing, Ministry of Geology; Peiping, Ti-ch'iu Wu-li Klan-Van
(Geophysical Prospecting), No 5, 195, p 25
This item reports that a rapid colorimetric method for the determina-
tion of traces of nickel has been developed. The "new" method uses alpha
furyl dioxime and is simpler than the old method with dimethylglyoxime,
since it requires no preliminary separation. It avoids interference from
Fe, Co, Cu, and Zn. Its high sensitivity eliminates interference from
basic salts and hydroxides that form in alkaline solutions.
A substitute calorimetric method to be used in cases when alpha furyl
dioxime is unavailable is also proposed. It calls for the colorimetry of
the yellow Ni(II) dimethylglyoxime complex in chloroform.
Fuels and Propellants
8. The Effect of Ozone on the Rate of Combustion of dccarbons
"The Influence of Ozone on the Rate of Combustion of Hydro-
carbonc: -" by V. M. Cherednicherxko, I. N. Pospelova, and. S.
Ya. Pshezhetskiy, Physicochemical ir.stituta imeni L. Ya. Kar-
pov; Moscow, Zhurnal Fizicreskoy I himii, Vol 32, No 12, Dee
58, pp 2673-267$
The problem concerning the role played by chemical kinetics in com-
bustion cannot be regarded as clarified to a sufficient extent. The cor-
relation between the kinetics of chemical reactions in the flame front
and factors which are characteristic for the propagation of flames has not
been investigated suzffic ientiy. Furtherncre, the problem concerning the
relation between the kinetics and. mechanism of the praflwae reaction and
the kinetics of processes taking place in the flame has not been clarified.
from this standpoint the effect on the rate of canbustion of substances
which change the rate of the chemical reation after being introduced in
small quantities is of interest. One of these substances is ozone. When
a small quantity of ozone has been a.d.ded to a mixture of hydrocarbon vapors
with oxygen or air, the chemical composition of the mixture has not been
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changed noticeably, the temperature of combustion has also not been changed,
and such characteristics of the mixture as density, heat capacity, and heat
a onductivity remain the -same. Under the circumstances one may conveniently
of serve effects of changes in the characteristics of the reaction on pro-
cesses which take place.
The effect of ozone on the ignition of hydrocarbons was subjected to
study in research done by S. A. Kamenetskaya, N. A. Slavinskaya, and S. Ya.
Pshezhetskiy. In the work described at present, the effect of additions
of ozone in quantities up to 27.3% by volume on the rate of combustion of
mixtures of n??butane, n-heptane, iso-octane, and cyclohexane with oxygen
and also of n-butane with air was investigated.
It was established that introduction of ozone into the mixture in-
-reases the rate of combustion. This effect is greater at low tempera-
tuxes of combustion. It was established that the accelerating effect of
ozone cannot be regarded as being a result of changes in the physical
conditions of the process, including temperature changes, but is due to
the influence of the ozone on the kinetics of the chemical reaction.
Data concerning the effect produced by ozone on combustion are com-
pared with data on the effect exerted by ozone on ignition. A possible
mechanism for the action of ozone in both cases is proposed.
9. Systems Containing Concentrated Hydrogen Peroxide
"Investigation of Systems Containing Concentrated Hydrogen Per-
oxide; Part 15 -- The Solubility Isotherm at 100 of the Ternary
System Ca (OH)2 - H202 - H2O and Supplementary Characterization
of the Solid Phases," by S. Z. Markarov and N, 1C. Grigor`yeva,
Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry imeni N. S. Kurnakov,
Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Izvest ya Akademii Nauk SSSR
Ot. eleniye IQt.imicheskikh Nauk, No 11, Nov 58, pp 12 9-l295
On the basis of the solubility isotherms from minus 210 to plus 100
a polytherinic diagram of the ternary system Ca (011)2 " Ilpt)2 ?? H2O with the
solid phases Ca02.8H2O; Ca 0. 2H( 0; and Ca 02.22H2 02 was constructed.
The crystals of the hydrates and. perhydrates of calcium peroxide and also
of anhydrous calcium peroxide were found to belong to a syngony lower than
the cubic.
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X-:eay diffraction analysis of Ca 02 and C;a 0. 8 H.,O powders confirmed
the data given in the literature in regard to the-fact that the crystals of
the::e substances belong to the tet:^agor,-i.l syngony (system). Penetration of
2 molecules of water into the crystal lattice of Ca 02 produces only insign-
ificant deformation of the principal lattice. The water molecules appar-
ently enter into the voids between atoms. The X-ray diffraction picture of
Co. 02 . 2 H2 02 powder differs considerably from the X-ray diffraction pic-
tures of all other compounds of calcium, which indicates that this compound
represents a separate entity.
"Investigation of Systems Containing Concentrated Hydrogen
Peroxide; Part 16 -- Solubility Isotherms of the Ternary
System Sr(OIi)2 - II2O 2 - H2O", by S. Z. Makarov and T. I.
Arnol'd. Institute of Gener.,l and Inorganic Chemistry imeni
N. S. Kurnakov, Academy of Sciences USSR; Mosccna', Izvestiya
Akademii Nauk SSSR, Otdeleniye Khim.icheskikh Na,.z No 12,
Dec 5$, pp 1407-1412
The interaction of Sr(OH)2 with H-,,()2 of different concentrations has
been investigated by the solubility method in the system Sr(OH)2 - IL202 -
H20 at the temperatures of minus 100, 00, plus 200, plus 300, and plus 500.
By using the residue method, the existence of the following compounds has
been established with certainty: the octohydrate of strontium peroxide
Sr02. 8 IL20 and the diperhydrate of strontium peroxide Sr02. 2 H2O2. It
was furthermore established that the hitherto unknown monoperhydrate of
strontium peroxide S-= %. Ii202 exists and that it is stable at, X02 con-
centrations from 2.9 to 9.0% at plus 500. Data in the literature con-
erning the existence of a hemihydrate and a hexahydra,te could not be con-
firmed: the only hydrate that could be found was SriD2. 8 H2O.
10. Corv=--lion of Natural Gas
Perer.ab,Aka, Prirodrykh Gazov (Conversion of Natural Gases): Trudy
Vs s. rzno-o Nauchno-Issledovatel'sko o Institu.ta Prirodn kh Gazov
JNI?Gaz,, No 6 (,14), Gostoptekhizda.t, Moscow, 1959, 15 standard
printed sheets, 3,000 copies, price 12 r (announo.ement in Temati-
he.;ki i'.1 ..r_ 'tlypuska, Izc1aniy NNa19`9 God, G etopteitii.zda.t Moscow.
No 2 , Aug 5 , p 1, , Item No 71)
This book will serve the needs of plant F~ngin(-.-ers and engineers ac-
tive at planning and design "'project") orga.ni.zations, a;, well as of scien-
tific 'workers of the gas; petrochemical, anal. chemical industries who are
engaged in work on the separation of natural. gas, pr.odur.tior, of intermed-
iate products for chemical synthesis. and manufactus.?e of synthetic pro-
ducts.
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CPYRGH
"It contains a number of articles dealing with the isolation of hydro-
carbons from natural gases and their conversion with the purpose of the
manufacture of synthetic products.
"The articles discuss results obtained in work done at VNIIGaz (All-
Union Scientific Research Institute of Natural Gas) on the production of
hydrogen, acetylene, carbon black., and synthesis gas, the production of
formaldehyde by the direct oxidation of methane, propane, and their mix-
tures, etc. A number of articles deals with the separation of hydrocar-
bons by adsorption and the purification of hydrogen from admixtures."
11. Review of Work on the Evaporation and. Growth of Droplets in a Gaseous
Medium
Is arena i Rost Ka eV v Gasoobraznoy Srede (evaporation and
Growth of Droplets in Gaseous Media), by N. A. I`aksr Itogi Nauki,
No 1; Series published by the All-Union Institute of Scientific-
Technical Information, Academy of Sciences USSR, Moscow, 1.958,
pp 92
According to an editorial note on the back of the title page, the re-
sults of theoretical and experimental work and on the evaporation and
growth of droplets in gaseous media are discussed and subjected to critical
review in this book. Particular attention is paid to establishing whether
or not there is agreement between theoretical results and experimental data.
The significance of the subject is commented on and the scope of the
CPYRGHT review outlined in the introduction as follows :
"The evaporation of droplets of a liquid in. a gaseous medium and the
reverse process of the Lp?c-wth of droplets in a medium containing supersat-
urated vapor of a liquid play an important role in nature and in human
activities. It is sufficient to recall that the cyclic:: movement of water
in nature passes through the stage of the condensation of water vapor on
hygroscopic particles (condensation nuclei) contained. in the atmosphere
with the result that cloud droplets are .formed. A considerable propor-
tion of these nuclei is formed as a result of the evaporation of sea-?Z-rater
spray,; furthermore, ra.indr. opr; evaporate after they have formed and often
do not reach the ground for this reason. In technology there is evapora-
tion of fuel droplets in internal-combustion engines, in the spray drying
of viscous solutions, and during the cooling of ii.ot gases with sprayed
water. Fogs are forged by condensation when gaseous products of combus..
tion are cooled after these products have been e: jected from chimneys and.
plane engines and in the process, of' the condensation of atmospheric mois-
ture on droplets of sulfuric acid at sulfuric-acid plants or on droplets
of phosphoric acid when screening smokes are produced by burning phosphorus
The majority of particles in clouds produced after the explosion of a
nuclear bomb are formed by condensation. Condensation of vapors a gas
ions has been applied for a long, time as an important method of investiga-
tion in nuclear physics.
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"ne may mention in connection with this that the processes of absorp-
tion of gases on solid and liquid aerosol particles are in many cases sim-
Llar? to the process of condensation of vapors on droplets : the relation-
ships under-lying both are described by the same equations.
"Although the number of papers being published on the subject of evap-
oration and growth of droplets is rather large, no review of the present
status of work in this field has appeared either in the USSR or outside the
USSR hitherto. The purpose of the survey which has been compiled in this
instance is to satisfy to some extent the need for such a review. The re-
view which follows will be limited to the subject of the evaporation of
droplets of pure liquids; in other words, the evaporation of droplets of
solutions will not be discussed. The thermodynamic aspects of the process
i.e., the problem in regard to the vapor tension of the droplets will also
not be considered. The reason for this is that the validity of Kelvin's
formula cannot be doubted as far as droplets of the dimensions which must
be considered in practical work are concerned. Thus, the review deals only
with the kinetics of evaporation and of the growth of droplets of pure
liquid.
"The phenomenon being considered is very complex under actual condi-
tions, because a great number of droplets evaporate; the process is of a
nonstationary type and takes place in a medium having a temperature and
vapor concentration which are not constant; the droplets move with rela-
tion to the medium in a mariner which is not uniform and are deformed to a
greater or lesser extent, while circulation originates within them; the
heat exchange between the droplets and the medium proceeds by three dif-
ferent mechanisms (heat conductivity, convection, and radiation). For the
reason stated, the theory of the phenomenon is very complex, and a number
of simplifications have to be made. One must begin with a highly idealized
model of the process and then introduce into the equations which have been
derived corrections that take into account the effect of different factors
which have been excluded from the treatment. One proceeds analogously in
the experimental study of the problem: measurements are carried out under
conditions which make it possible to exclude the effect of some of the
complicating factors.
"Proceeding along this line, we devoted the major part of the review
to the quasi-stationary regime of the evaporation of droplets (and of heat
transfer to droplets) in which the velocity of the process at any given
moment is equal to the velocity of a stationary process proceeding under
the limiting conditions existing at this moment. As shown in Chapter III,
nonstationary processes of evaporation and heat transfer may in many cases
be regarded as quasi-stationary with a very close degree of approximation.
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"Chapter I discusses the simplest case of the evaporation of droplets
which are motionless with reference to the medium, i.e.; when the effect
of the hydrodynamic factor is not considered. Although this case is never
realized under actual conditions, the motion of sufficiently small droplets
has no effect on the rate of evaporation, so that everything that has been
said in Chapter I applies to droplets of this size. Chapter II deals with
the quasi-stationary evaporation. of droplets in a gas stream, i.e., the
evaporation of droplets which are displaced with reference to the medium.
Chapter III considers a number of cases of nonstationary evaporation of
droplets.
"One must note that the experimental investigation of evaporation of
droplets lags to some extent behind the theoretical treatment of the sub-
ject; specifically, experimental measurements in the nonstationary region
have not been condu..ted at all. On the other hand, many formulas for the
nonstationary process have been derived with the aid of various simplifica-
tions and cannot be regarded as reliable without being checked experiment-
ally. For these reasons, we have attempted to cover completely in our re-
view all published experimental work on the evaporation of droplets, while,
as far as theoretical work is concerned, only those investigations are dis-
cussed the results of which can be compared with experimental data."
(pp 5-7)
The book's table of contents follows. A bibliography consisting of
S8 references, of which 23 are USSR, follows the text of the book.
CPYRGHT
Table of Contents
The Most important Symbols
Chapter I. Quasi-Stationary Evaporation and. Growth of Droplets
Motionless With Respect to the Medium 9
2. The Effect of Stefan Flow on the Rate of Evaporation 13
3. Evaporation of Droplets in a Vessel With Abscc.rben.t
Walls 14
4. Evaporation of Nonspheric Droplets 15
5. The Effect of the Concentration Differential. at the
Surface of Droplets on the Rate of Evaporation 17
- 9 -?
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CPYRGHT
6. Lowering of the Temperature of Free Evaporating
Droplets
21
7. Lowering of the Temperature of Suspended Evaporating
Droplets
26
8. Experimental Data on the Evaporation of Moti.onleeg
Droplets. Experiments With Fixed Droplets at r > 1
[r=radius of the droplets; 1= mean length of the free
path of vapor molecules]
29
9. Experiments With Fixed Droplets at r Z 1
42
10. Experiments With Free Droplets
45
Chapter II. Quasi-Stationary Evaporation and Growth of Droplets
Moving With Reference to the Medium
53
11.
Theory
53
12.
Experiment`s With Fixed Droplets in a Stream
62
13.
Experiments With Freely Falling Droplets
'74
Cha
pter
III. Nonstationary Evaporation and Growth of Droplets
79
14.
Nonstationary evaporation of Droplets Motionless With
Respect to the Medium
79
15.
Nonstationary Evaporation of Moving Droplets
85
Bib
liogr
aphy
88
12.
Roc
ket P
ropellants
"Rocket Propellants" (unsigned article); Bucharest, Revista de Chimie,
No 12, Dec 58, pp 690-693
This is a theoretical article based. chiefly on data published in
Western periodicals. The article states that it is believed that the USSR
used liquid fuels in launching its sputniks. The USSR is also studying
photonic propulsion of rockets.
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Industrial ChemistrL
13. Current Tasks of USSR Chemical Research
"The Principal Tasks of Chemical Science" (unsigned article);
Moscow, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Otdelez,.iye HIZimicheskikh
Nauk, No 11, Nov 5, pp 1285-128b
The expansion of chemical production in 1959-1965 that has been fore-
seen will result in an increase in the output of chemical products by a
factor of no less than 2-3 and an increase in the production of synthetic
fibers and plastics by a factor of +.5-8. To accomplish the tasks which
must be accomplished in connection with this, it will be necessary to ex-
pand research on polymers to a considerable extent. Although chemistry
is at a generally high level in the USSR, there is a considerable lag in
some fields, particularly as far as work on recovered and synthetic fibers
and on plastics is concerned. The reason for this is dispersion of effort
and insufficient coordination between scient,..iic research and industrial
development. There is an urgent necessity of expanding theoretical work
and research in the field of polymers and initial materials used for the
production of polymers, so that the USSR will occupy the foremost place
in the world in this particular field within a few years.
As has been brought out by Academician A. N. Nesmeyanov, president
of the Academy of Sciences USSR, research on polymers involves more than
purely chemical work: a considerable amount of physical research is in-
volved. One of the most important problems in connection with the produc-
tion of fibers of high quality and anisotropic, fflnLs is that of the orient-
ation of molecules. In view of the fact that solutions are an intermediate
stage in the production of polymers, research on solutions will play a con-
siderable role. Data must be obtained. on the distribution of molecules
according to molecular weight, shape, and dimensions. Problems must also
be solved pertaining to the theory of processes involved in the working and
molding of polymers so that mechanochemical phenomena. can be utilized for
safeguarding the quality of polymers and improving it in processes involved
in manufacturing.
With the purpose of considerably expanding the volume of scientific
research work in this field and reducing the time during which this work
is accomplished, an expansion of the network of scientific institutions
is planned for 1958-1960. At the same time, some higher educational inst-
itutions will be expanded and new educational institutions created which
will prepare specialists for work in the industry of polymers. A number
of institutes of the Academy of Sc1 n:?es USSR will be expanded. New inst-
itutes will be opened. At the Institute of. Organ.:;elemental Compounds,
Academy of Sciences USSR, a new division will be organized which will be
engaged principally in work on the utilization of o:rga.noelemental monomers
(of the organosilicon, organophosphcrus, and other types) and.inorganic
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monomers for the synthesis of polymers? At the same institute, work will
be done on the theoretical aspects of the chemistry of high polymers, and
syntheses of new types of fiber-forming polymers will be developed.
New divisions being created at the Institute of High-Polymer Compounds
will do research on the synthesis of new polymers, copolymers, and block
polymers and also study problems pertaining to the investigation of physico-
chemical properties of polymers, the kinetics of catalytic polymerization,
and the deterioration and stabilization of polymers. Laboratories being
created at the Institute of Chemical Physics will furnish facilities for
advancing work on the kinetics of polymerization and the kinetics of oxida-
tion processes for the conversion of hydrocarbons, as well as expediting
the development of a theoretical basis for the production. of block and
graft polymers. Work will. also be done there on the physics and physical
chemistry of laminated [reinforced] p clyme.rs .
At the Institute of Physical Chemistry problems will be tackled that
have a bearing on the scientific aspects of the application of polymers in
building, agriculture (to give the desired structure to soils), and other
fields. New laboratories are being opened for this purpose. Furthermore,
this institute will have to expand work on the catalytic synthesis of mon-
omers, the macrokinetics of catalytic processes, the utilization of radia-
tion as an aid to polymerization, [radiation] vulcanization, and other
problems which fit into its range of activity. Syntheses of monomers with
the utilization of catalytic processes and of radiation will be investigated
at the Institute of Organic Chemistry. Problems pertaining ':,o the conver=?
sion of petroleum, natural gases, and by-product gases into intermediate
products for the production of polymers will be investigated at the new
Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis which will be opened in Moscow on the
basis of the Petroleum Institute of the Academy of Scier_,es USSR. At the
periphery the following organizations will be opened: institute of Organic
Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences USSR at .Kazan', which will function
as a scientific center of petrochemistry for the petroleum-bearing regions
of the Second Baku, and the Institutes of Organic ihemistry at Novosibirsk
and Irkutsk (within the Novcsibirsk Department of the Academy of Sciences
USSR), which will function as scientific centers and centers of theoretical
work for the eastern regions of the country as far as problems of petro-
chemical synthesis and of the chemistry of polymers are ~2onccerned. The
Institute of Catalysis being created at Novosibirsk will work in close con-
tact with these institutes.
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Of great ifor the c1evel~?pm-ant of -hemiWal science will be
expansion of reaeaY?3h. on. riatural.Ly o^.r;urrin.gr.:.,anpound;3, particularly as
far as the chemistry of piot.ein:; Is eeon.,.-.erned. In connection with this,
the Institute of Naturally Occurring Compounds is being created within the
Academy of Sci.mn.c:e . USSR. The prir.;c1pal activities of this institute rill
be in research on the stru;tu~c: of pr-oteins, polysaccharides, and cellulose.
Work do:one at. the.; institute will also b--: concerned. with the synthesis of
biciogically active ,;ursi;at:tices. A Ccrurcil on, the Chemistry of Naturally Oc-
curring 0ompiunc?.+ is being -reeats'! at the N!partment of Chemical Sciences,
A~::-idemy of USSR, i.n order., tfa coordinate work in this field.
11~. Current Ikv,:l,opmerj.ta in the Field of t anosilicon Compounds
CPYRGHT
"The Chemictrry? an,:l Priactical Appl.i rations of rxrganosilicoia Com-
p-:,und; +,An A.11???UD.ioll Conference at Leningrad):" by M. G. Voronkov,
(':and i.rlita of c:hemita1 S_ien+::y,s, and V. L. Losev; Moscow, Vestnik
Ak.a 7?mii. NauJ.c. SSSR, Vol 28. No 12, ..tc 58, pp 97-100
"(rgar;.osili' cn. campoun'is.. above all polyorganosiloxanes, which have
many aivantageous chara;:ter. in5t: c,s from the standpoint of technical applica-
tions, are being applied extensively in various branches of the national
e:c ??r. lly. The requirements put by present-day technology induced rapid de-
velopment in the .f.':i.elLi of the c.hemi ~jtry of orgar..osilicon compounds. Exten-
sive work in. this field is. 'hp;ir.g dctn? in the USSR.
"Z 'he Se ond. A1,1. Uni :,n Confer. ence on the Chemistry and Practical Appli-
esa.t io:t: of Cyr gar; os 1.'Lic an Compound: was held at Leningrad, 25?-27 September
1958. 'T_tie eonfe:ren e was orgauiz d by the Ik partment of Chemical Sciences,
The Institute of Silicate themistry of the Academy of Sciences USSR, the
A11- :ir i.cn therm.-:al S.), iGty meni 11. 1. Mendel yev, the State Committee on
L hemi.st:r y at the .:.f Ministers USSR, and the Leningrad Sovnarkhoz.
More than 650 p rs;~xr~ from diff'ererT . iti.es of the: USSR and also from for-
eign. ..?:,un.trie o pa.:rtiuipat.d. in the ::o fe.rence. Not only se.tientists but
also persons a..:t-i,r in the in lu.stry prezent~~-: reports and pa:^ticipated in
the d...i us: is;n-: .
}~ry-as, "A of t.he: ..?ep?~ ^ts given. at thr? : onf. err n,:e (more than 100)
Y a. i. G.; 1. b the ? a ?:,re J 1 ie"Y. 1 .'1 ^, v e
p~ is h..
rr.,r,~ =.lri. T}-~ c,ll~,ction of ar.{.. ,>icles
C:;,ntA,ir:.it.g thr. -' r~.`po't. r in2'uved. a Lyste.r?, of r,omenclatur of organo?ilicon
by tr:F the Nanen.r; at ze. c;f Chemical Com-
p:~ura:. at; t? rv_:ps,:: frr: nt : ~..he-mi.;'a1 Se.i :r,c: s, Aria,:Ierey :.f Sciences USSR.
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"The conference was opened by a plenary session at which two reports
were given, one by K. A. Andrianov and one by V. Bazant.
"Andrianov discussed the characteristic traits and prospects of the
development of the chemistry of organosilicon compounds in the USSR. He
emphasized that the principal method for obtaining new high-molecular or-
ganosilicon compounds is the synthesis of polymers which contain, in addi-
tion to silicon, atoms of titanium, aluminum, and other elements. Such
polymers can be used for the production of fibers, elastomers, lubricants,
and plastics which exhibit a high resistance to heat. Another important
line of work is the development of polymers with partly organic and partly
inorganic molecular chains consisting of both hydrocarbon and siloxane
groups. Polymers containing functional groups in organic radicals forming
side chains should also by synthesized. One may expect that by using these
methods many polymers capable of forming fibers will be developed. Of in-
terest also is the development of organosilicon polymers with organic
chains. One must find active catalysts which assure the transformation of
unsaturated silicon hydrocarbons into polymers with high molecular weights.
The development of new heat-resistant organosilicon polymers which are
suitable for use at temperatures in the range of 200-5000 is imposed by the
requirements of present-day technology and should form the principal object
of work done in the near future.
"V. Bazant reviewed work done on organosilicon compounds at the Inst-
itute of Chemistry of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences.
"The conference was subdivided into four principal sections: those
of monomers, polymers, practical applications, and analysis and physico-
chemical methods of investigation.
"At meetings of the section of monomers, in addition to a great number
of reports on direct synthesis, methods for the production of halogenated
organosilanes were discussed. Compounds of this class are initial materials
for the production of organosilicon polymers.
"Of great practical interest was the information given on the phenyla-
tion of trichlorosilane. Data have been reported which demonstrate that
it is possible to apply a new technological process for the production of
phenyltri chloros i lane which resembles the process of direct synthesis by
the fluidized solids method (N. N. Tishina, K, A. Andr?ianov, S. A. Golub-
tsoy,and others). New information was given on the synthesis of trichloro-
silane by the interaction of hydrogen chloride with silicon in a procedure
applying the fluidized solids method. In this procedure powdered silicon
is acted on by a stream of hydrogen chloride. The method in question makes
it possible to increase the output by a factor of 10 and to control more
efficiently the composition of the reaction products by regulating the tem-
perature (I. V. Trofimova, K. A. Andrianov, and S. A. Go'lubtsov).. P.
Rosciszewski reported on work done by Polish scientists on the direct syn-
thesis of methyl-, ethyl, and phenylchlorosilanes.
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"Very promising from the standpoint of the development of the chemistry
of organosilicon compounds are reactions based on the use of compounds which
contain Si-H bonds. Methods were discussed for the synthesis of aromatic
organosilicon monomers by the interaction of hydrosilanes'With aromatic hy-
drocarbons in the presence of catalysts, so that Si-C bonds are formed after
elimination of hydrogen, and also reactions of hydrosilanes with aryl hal-
ides at elevated temperatures leading to the formation of Si-C bonds as a
result of the elimination of hydrogen chloride (M. Ye. Dolgaya, Ye. A. Cher-
nyshov, and Li Kuang-liang).
"Interest was aroused by the results of investigations of novel methods
for the synthesis of triorganosiloxy derivatives of elements of the Ilird,
Nth, and Vth groups of the periodic system. Syntheses of this type are
accomplished by reacting triorganosilanols with alkyl derivatives and hal-
ides of titanium and vanadium, with orthoboric and phosphoric acids, and
with the oxides of boron, phosphorus, vanadium, and antimony (N. F. Orlov,
B. N. Dolgov, and M. G. Voronkov).
"Reports were also given dealing with the behavior under the conditions
of direct synthesis of different dichloroalkanes and dichloroalkenes con-
taining chlorine atoms bound to one carbon atom or several carbon atoms
(G. I. Nikishin, A. D. Petrov, and S. I. Sadykh-zade), the catalytic addi-
tion of hydrosilanes to unsaturated compounds (V. A. Ponomarenko, A. D.
Petrov, and others), a comparison between the properties of organic com-
pounds of silicon, germanium, and tin (V. F. Mironov, V. A. Ponomarenko)
A. D. Petrov, and others), and new methods for the synthesis of organ-
osilicon vinyl ethers (S. I. Sadykh-zade, A. D. Petrov, B. N. Dolgov, and
N. P. Kharitonov). A. N. Nesmeyanov, R. Kh. i`reydlina, and their collabor-
ators reported on the thermal and catalytic telomerization of hydrosilanes
with olefins. In their report, new possibilities of applying reactions of
this type were shown.
"Yu. K. Yur'yev proposed a catalytic method for the synthesis of sil-
acyclopentane from furanidine and silane. in his paper he reported the
results of an investigation of some transformations of the compound that
had been synthesized.
"A number of reports dealt with the synthesis and the results of the
investigation of the reactivity of organosilicon monomers containing dif-
ferent functional groups or double bonds in the hydrocarbon radicals. Spec-
ifically, the chloromethylation of organosilicon compounds was investigated
for the first time (N. S. Nametkin, A. V. Topchiyev, and others).
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"It was found in an investigation reported that organosiloxanes readily
enter into heteroiytic scission reactions under the effect of nucleophilic
and electrophilic reagents (M. G. Voronkov and others).
"In reports presented in the section of organosilicon polymers new
data were reported on the combined hydrolysis of equi:nolecular mixtures
of diethyldichlorosilane with phenyltrichlorosilane. This is the princi-
pal reaction for synthesizing polyorganosiloxane resins (A. G. Kuznetsova,
K. A. Andrianov, and D. Ya. Zhinkin). The results of a physicochemical
Investigation of the mechanism of the hydrolysis and condensation of mix-
tures of methyl chlorosilanes were also reported (B. Lengyel, T. Szekely,
and A. Szuppon of Hungary). Results were reported of an investigation
dealing with the catalytic polymerization cCproductsof the hydrolysis of
di- and tri-functional compounds with the purpose of obtaining soluble
polymers with an increased viscosity (S. N. Dzhenchel?skaya, K. A. And-
rianov, and Yu. K. Petrashko) and of research on the polymerization of
octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane under the effect of alkalis (M. Kucera,
Czechoslovakia).
"The synthesis and properties of polysiloxane elastomers were discussed
in a separate session. Specifically; a report was given on the syn-
thesis of the chlorine-containing siloxane rubber SKT-Kh 5, which adheres
better to metals and exhibits a better stability at low temperatures and
a higher heat resistance than the dimethylsiloxane rubber SKT (K, A. Rzh-
endzinskaya and I. K. Stavitskiy). A method has been developed for the
vulcanization of liquid and rubber-like polydimethylsiloxanes at room
temperature which is based on the interaction between the end hydroxyl
groups of the polymer in the presence of esters of orthotitanic acid and
of a complex catalyst (a solution of an organotin compound in tetraethoxy-
silane). Compositions for hermetic sealing have been proposed which are
based on liquid polydimethylsiloxanes which harden at ordinary temperatur%.es;
within a few hours they change fram. the vi s cous-liquid. state to that of a
rubber-like material which exhibits superior dielectric properties (B. B.
Baranovskaya, A. A. Berlin, and others). A heat-,resistant rubber-like
polymer could be obtained by utilizing the capacity of polydimethylsiloxane
and teflon to undergo decomposition under the effect of mechanical and
thermal treatment. The material in question has a high tensile strength
(100-180 kg per square centimeter as compared, with 30-40 kg per square
centimeter for the polydimethyls iloxa,ne rubbers 5 R-12A, NM-2, etc.). It
retains these characteristics from minus 750 to plus 3500 (A. I. Glukhova,
K. A. Andrianov, and others).
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CPYRGHT
"The complex catalyst triethylaluminum-titanium tetrachloride was ap-
plied for the first time in the polymerizatiou of unsaturated silicohydro-
carbons, with a result that polymers derived from dialkyldiallylsilanes
could be obtained at relatively low temperatures and ordinary pressure
(A. V. Topchiyev, N. S. Nametkin, and collaborators).
"An important achievement in the chemistry of organosilicon high-
polymer compounds is the synthesis of polymers with organic principal
chains. In connection with this, interest was aroused by the descrip-
tion of a method for the synthesis of polyorganometalsiloxanes the mole-
cular chains of which consist of alternating Si, 0, and metal atoms and
of polyorganosiloxymetaloxanes with chains consisting, to give an ex-
ample, of alternating 0 and Al atoms surrounded by R3 Si 0 groups (A. A.
Zhdanov and K. A. Andrianov). It was reported that polyamides synthesized
from dicarboxylic acids containing silicon have a higher recoverable elast-
icity than analagous polymers (not containing silicon] (V. V. Korshak,
G. M. Frunze, N. V. Kukharskaya, and D. N. Sndreyev).
"The organosilicon polymers that are applied industrially have a low
tensile strength because of the small magnitude of the forces acting be-
tween molecules. One of the methods of eliminating this shortcoming is
introduction of polar groups into the organic radical at the Si atom. As
a result of this, the polarity of individual links of the polymer chain Is
changed and the forces of interaction between the molecules are increased
(L. M. Volkova, K. A. Andrianov,, and collaborators).
"Combining of organosilicon polymers with other high-molecular organic
substances makes it possible to improve the technical characteristics of
materials. Thus, I. Ya. Guretskiy, A. P. Kreshkov, and P. A. Andreyev in-
vestigated the chemical aspects of the interaction of a number of organo-
silicon compounds with cellulose nitrates under different conditions. The
products that were obtained proved to be good film-forming materials.
"In the section of practical applicat:.ons, the greatest deal of at-
tention was paid to electrical insulators and materials for protective
water-repellant coatings. New insulating materials were proposed which
protect articles coated with them at temperatures of 300-3500.
"Because of their high stability to abrupt temperature changes in the
range from minus 700 to plus 3500, high resistance to moisture, and good
dielectric properties, these materials can replace to advantage coatings
made from enamel or glass enamel. They exhibit a high resistance to the
chemical action of oxidants and corrosive substances, and to the action
of solvents (N. P. Kharitonov and. B. N. Dolgov).
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"Ilythophobic material of, the glass-fiber reinforced textolite type was
obtained by using polyester binding materials containing organosilicon com-
pounds which have unsaturated groups (methaorylic, allyl, or vinyl) at the
Si atoms and also groups capable of undergoing hydrolysis as a result of
the action of moisture present at the surface of the glass fibers (V. A.
Kiselev, Z. A. Zinov'yev, and others). By combining organosilicon polymers
with phenolformaldehydes, epoxy resins, and nitrile rubbers, heat-resistant
and mechanically strong materials for the production of foam plastics were
obtained (M. Ya. Borodin, Z. I. Kazakova, and others). A number of papers
gave information on the application of organosilicon compositions as water-
proofing impregnating agents for cotton fabrics, leather and its substi-
tutes, paper, building materials, and glass and on the use of organosilicon
compounds for increasing the resistance of concrete to freezing.
"In the section of analysis and physL ochemicai. methods of investiga-
tion, reports were iven on progress in the field of the analysis of organ-
osilicon compounds (A. P. Kreshkov) and of methods for the control of the
production of organosilicon monomers and polymers (S. V. Syavtsillo, A. P.
Kreshkov, A. P. Terent'yev, and others). Results were discussed of the de-
termination by an X-ray diffraction method of the activity of silicon-copper
alloys used for the direct synthesis of methyichlorosilanes '(I. Cermak,
D. Snobs, and M. Dvorak, Czechoslovakia).
"Molecular spectroscopy is at present of considerable importance in
research on organosilicon compoundi`s and in the analysis of such compounds.
Correlations between spectra of organosilicon compounds and the nature of
chemical bonds in them and between the physi'.a?l characteristics and vibra-
tional spectra of organosilicon compounds and their structure were discussed
at the conference. . The charazteristi.cs and analytical applications
of infrared, Haman, and ultraviolet spectra. of methylphenylsiloxanes were
also discussed. A new additive statistinal method for the calculation of
physicochemical charaeteristi-s; pa:rticula:r.?ly thermodynamic values, was
considered. Only two reports were given on pr::blems of chemical analysis,
which testifies to the insufficient extent of work on this subject in the
USSR.
"At the concluding plenary session, D. P. Novikov reviewed the status
of and. plans for the development of the, production of organosilicon com-
pounds in the USSR.
"The resolution passed by the conference noted both achievement and
shortcomings in the field of the chemistry of organosilicon monomers and
polymers. It proposed a number of measxres which will ,expedite progress
in the field of science and technology under consideration. A commission
was elected for work on the nomenclat'are of organosilicon compounds.
"No reports on the theory of tec:h.nological processes and the calcu-
lation and design of chemical. equipment were presented at the conference."
1.8 .-.
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15. Possibilities of the Development of a Plastics and Synthetic Fiber
Industry Based on Products Derived From Wood
"Prospects of the Development of a Chemical Industry and of
Scientific Chemical Research in the Latvian SSR," by A. I.
Kalnins; Riga, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Latviyskoy SSR, No 10,
(135), Nov 58, pp 5-10
Vairious modifications of the process of hydrolyzing plant material
with concentrated acids are already being introduced into industrial
application. The so-called "Riga method" of hydrolysis developed in
work done under the direction of P. N. Odintsov, Corresponding Member
of the Academy of Sciences Latvian SSR, is preferable to the method of
hydrolysis with dilute sulfuric acid which is being applied at present.
Pure glucose produced from wood wastes by the "Riga method" is approxi-
mately 40% cheaper than that produced from maize grain (corn) by the
method applied at present. Consequently, glucose will become in the
near future one of the cheapest organic substances available as a raw
material for the production of plastics, synthetic fibers, insecticides,
detergents, etc. Experimental plants have already been built at which
glucose is hydrolyzed in 'the presence of ammonia to produce 2-methyl-
piperazine, a chemical from which one can produce a synthetic fiber
that exhibits characteristics between those of nylon and dacron. By
using 60% of glucose and 40% of fats: one can also produce detergents
of a very high quality. The world consumption of soap is in excess
of 6 million tons per year; in the opinion of a number of specialists,
half of this quantity can be replaced by detergents derived from glucose
("New Ways of Utilizing Sugar," by H. B. Hass, La Sucrerie Belge, Vol 75,
No 59 19569 pp 185-191).
Work carried out by Prof 10 P. Losev, president, of the All-Union
Chemical Society imeni Mendeleyev, and S. N. Ushakov, Corresponding Mem-
ber of the Academy of Sciences USSR, es?t;ablished that alkali lignin is
a good crude material for the production of plastics. Use of lignin
for this purpose makes it possible to save up to 70% of phenol and up
to 80% of formaldehyde in a number of cases.
Particularly promising is production from lignin of a polyester
fiber of the dacron type without the use of phenol. The pyrocatechol
necessary for the production of this fiber is obtained by the melting
of hydrolysis lignin or some other type of active lignin with caustic
in the medium of an inert heat, carrier. The other necessary reagent,
viz., epichiorohydrin, is produced from glycerin, which can be manu-
factured most cheaply by applying a biological method of production
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from sugar hydrol.ysa? eu with the use of a new process developed at the
institute of 'Forest "industry Prob"lems ' .:'.n, ' i.?t,u,t Lesckhozyaystvennykh
Problem), Academy of Sciences Latvi.an SS?, ;Iycerin is converted into
epichlorohydrin by sub jec -wing to I.:i-te action of gaseous hydrogen
chloride in glacial acetic ac- id,, .Dich;.orohydriii is formed, which is
converted into epichlorohydrin by ,:reatm?nt: a concenrated solu-
tion of sodium hydroxide? Polycondensat.ion of the two initial mate-
rials takes place to an alkaline tned. +.ni when the mixture is heated in
vacuum. Fibers of a very high s":rc:ng.h are produced by spinning from
the molten polymer,. These fibers are rig;hly resistant -to the effects
of moisture and can be dyed 'r:th fac.i .it:y
According -to ~entat?.ive calcu,au;i.ons, fiber derived from glucose
or lignin obtained from wood waste will ca: t. no more than 9,000 rubles
per ton, ?!ab.ile the cost, of puxe wool. is 90 ,,(,)00 rubles per ton. Fur-
t.hermore Y one must-, take into consideration that the synthetic fiber
will. have a tensi-Le st:rengt o. ?'~?en times "hig6er than that of wool.
Work on the subjec?t?.s mentioned above will be conducted at the
nsti?;ute of Forest 'industry Problems and of the Chemistry of Wood
(,specifically at the Division of the Chemistry of Lignin and of Wood
Polysaccharides to be organized in 1.959 at this institute, which has
been in existence since October 1.958 a_ a i-iubdiir sion of the Department
of Chemical and (eologi:;ai Sciences organized at -,hat, -time within the
Academy of Sciences La?ty: an SSR) ?
Work on monomers for the synthesis of plastics and synthetic fi-
bers derived from f;arfural ?w?ill be condu; -zed at the Institute of Organic
Syn`,.hesi,s , Depar -.men~; of Chemical and ;aeoiogical Sciences, Academy of
Sciences Latvian SSR.
An experimental installation will be bu!.1 - for the vapor-phase
oxidation of formaldehyde to glyoxai, a chemical needed for the pro-
duction of high-s?t?,reng-t?.h viscose fiber?
Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Const?ruc_ ;ion Materials
16 Devlopmen;s in the 'itilization and Treatment of Uranium Ores Con-
_aining Other Elements in Addition ? ,o Uranium
"Complete Utilization of Uranium Ores,," by Be V. Nevskiy; Mos-
co1w, At?omnana EnYergi. vol 6. No 1. an 59 9 pp 5-13
The sub j ec?t?, is reviewed on ?ti?e basis of r on -USSR publications and
papers presented a~:? the First International Conference on Peaceful Uses
of Nuclear Energy., Geneva, "955. i' is brought out that during recent
years uranium deposits consisting of rich ores have been almost- entirely
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der,leted, At the same time, the demand for uranium grows, For this
reason, poor uranium ores are being used.. OF great importance for a
profitable utilization of ores of this type is the use of other com-
ponents contained in them in addition to Y;,ranium. Gold-uranium and
uranium-vanadium ores are mined on a large scale and utilized in this
manner. Progress is being made in developing the technology of the
ex lrac:t.icn of uranium and other elements accompanying it, from phos-
phorites containing uranium, coals and combustible shales, uranium-
r:horium ores, uranium-copper, uranium pyri.';e, zirconi;am-uranium,
niobium-tantalum-uranium, and uranium-mo:i.ybdenim ores., The increased
emphasis on the many-sided and complete td..il.ization of uranium ores
will make it possible to produce and convert on an industrial basis
some new types of mineral crude materials?
1.7. Changes in the Valency State of Plutonium Under the Action of
Radiation
"The Effect of Radiation on the Valency State of Plutonium
in Perchloric Acid Solutions," by N. 1. Popov; Moscow, Atom-
Eaya Energiya, Vol 6, No 1., Jan 59, pp 71?-73
A previous paper reported the results of an investigation of the
effect, produced by X-ray irradiation of the valency state of plutonium
in nitric acid solutions (cf. N. I. Popov and others, A`somnaya Energiya 9
Vol 4, No 2, 1958) p 154). The oxidation of tetravalent plutonium in
nitric acid solutions was explained by the action of hydroxyl radicals.
However, in view of the fact that the nitric acid anion is also affected
by radiation, the action on the plutonium of short-lived unstable ni-
trogen oxides derived from the anion could have affected the val.en.cy,
state of plutonium. To avoid the extraneous effect of products formed
from the anion, the perchloric acid an ions 'which is not sensitive to
radiation, was used in this case., The results of the experiments de-
scribed lead to the conclusion that changes in the valency state of
plu4oni,am in aqueous solutions subjected to the action of radiation
are due to the effects of the F. and O T radicals unless acceptors which
react with these radicals are present. This conclusion is in agree-
ment. with results obtained in previous work.
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18, Isolation of Radiochemica111. Pure Np239
"Preparation of Radiochemically Pure Np239 With the Use of
the Recoil of Fission Products," by ":'u., A. Zolotov and 'I. P.
Alimarin; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, 'U of 6, No 1.9 ,Jan 59,,
pp 70-71
Radiochemically pure Np239 was prepared using the fact that, when
the particles of the parent. subs';once have dimensions which are smaller
than the length of the free path of fission products., one can free the
substance from the activity of fission products by utilizing the recoil
effect, Uranium dioxide containing 0,4% of o235 was irradiated in a
nuclear reactor. Calcium carbonate was used as a carrier, The Np239
was separated from uranium, UX1, and 'OX2 by applying the extraction methuc',t
Af 'r the oxidized (hexavalent) neptunium and the uranium heel been extracted
with ether, the neptunium was separated from the ether extract by re-
ducing it with hydrazine. As a resua3.t? of being reduced, the neptunium
was' transferred into the pentavalent statue and became insoluble in ether.
The method described makes it possible ?,o separate Np239 in 1-2 hours,
Calcium carbonate or other carriers which can stand for a prolonged time
the high temperature of the reactor core may be used o Because of the
high temperature, it is not advisable to irradiate uranium oxides in
aqueous suspensions stabilized with gelatin.
19. The Status of the Industrial Production of Heavy Water
"The Industrial Production of Heavy Wainer.," by K. I. Sakodyn-
skiy; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya . Vol 6, No 1, an 59 pp 14+-20
The importance of heavy wa};er in nuclear ~yechnology increases. It.
can be used both as a moderator and a heat, .-transfer agent: in nuclear
reactors. As brought out in recent statements made by 1. V. K'urchatov,
deuterium is a promising fuel for thermonuclear rear_ lions.
The requirements of different countries for hea?vy water are re-
viewed on the basis of information given in non-ia'SSR putlica?tior's (no
data on the USSR are included). Installations for the production of
heavy water are described and information is given on the output and
productivity of installations that are in operation at present or have
been built, but are closed now. Plans for the development of the
industrial production of heavy water in different countries are dis-
cussed.
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20, A Method for the Determination of Critical Heat Loads for Water
F1owint, in Tubes "Critical Heat Loads for Water Flowing in Tubes," by 1. T.
Alad' yev, L. D. Dodonov, and 'V . S. '(rdalov; Moscow, Atomnayfa
Energies, 'Vol. 6, No 1, Jan 59, pp 74-78
On the basis of work done in 1956-1957 at the Laboratory of Beat
Transfer, Power Institute of the Academy of Sciences USSR, a method is
proposed for the determination of critical heat loads during the flow
of water below the temperature of saturation in tubes with a diameter
of 8 millimeters or higher or in tubes of the same clearance but wit.-.h
a cross section other than circular, within the pressure range of 20-200
atmospheres. The results obtained are compared with those reported in
previous publications by the authors and in papers published by US
workers.
21. Interactions of the Chlorides of :Hafnium, Niobium, and Tantalum
With Phosphorus Oxychloride
"On the Interaction of the Chlorides oflafnium, Niobium, and
Tantalum With Phosphorus Oxychloride," by B. A. Voy-tovich and
Ie A. Sheka, Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry,
Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR, Kiev., Dopovidi Akademii
Nauk Ukrains' koi RSR, No 8.9 Aug 58 , pp 849-852 The transformation in the systems i fC'12, - PCC] 3, NbC15 - PCCi.3, a.n.d.
TaCl5 - POC13 were investigated and also, with the use of the cryoscopic
method, the interactions of hafnium, niobitim, and tantalum chlorides with
phosphorus oxychloride in nitrobenzene and in benzene? On the basis of
the data obtained, the incorrectness of some data published in the litera-
ture concerning the composition of hafnium and zirconium chloride com-
pounds with phosphorus oxychloride is establisted,
23...
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22. A Method for the Determination of Rare-Earth Elements in Marine
Deposits
"A Method for the Determination of Rare-Earth Elements in
Marine Deposits," by E. A. Ostroumov, A. A. Astanina, and
T. G. Shokhor, Institute of Oceanology and All-Union Insti-
tute of Mineral Raw Materials; Moscow, Trudy Instituta Okean-
ologii, Vol 19, No 56, pp 297-303
It has been established that it is possible to separate quantita-
tively small amounts of rare-earth elements in the form of their oxa-
lates in the presence of interfering elements (iron and aluminum) by
applying a method developed by I. D. Borneman-Starynkevich and using
a calcium salt as a coprecipitant. It was furthermore established that
when the total quantity of rare-earth oxides in the material being in-
vestigated is of the order of 0.0005 gram, these elements can be deter-
mined precisely by a gravimetric method. Quantities of rare-earth ele-
ments that cannot be determined gravimetrically with the use of an
ordinary analytical balance can be determined by the X-ray spectrometry
method. The procedure developed was checked on a bauxite sample to
which a known quantity of rare earths had been added and on samples
of bottom deposits from the Black Sea.
23. Decomposition of the Formiates of Rare-Earth Elements of the Cerium
Group
"Thermographic Investigation of the Decomposition of Formiates
of Rare-Earth Elements of the Cerium Group," by M. N. Ambrozhiy
and Yu. A. Osipova, Saratov State University imeni N.G..Cherny-
shevskiy; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 3, No 12,
Dec 58, pp 2716-2720
The behavior of the formiates of lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium,
neodymium, and samarium was investigated the rmograph ic ally. It was es-
tablished that the thermal decomposition of the formiates of lanthanum
and cerium takes place in two stages with the formation of intermediate
products of an indeterminate composition. Clarification of the nature
of these products is referred to as a subject for a special investiga-
tion. The thermal decomposition of the formiates of praseodymium, neo-
dymium, and samarium leads to the direct formation of solid metal oxides
and of gaseous carbon monoxide.
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2L. Pfipers on Nuclear Materials Presented at the Fourth Ukrainian SSR
Conference on Chemical Production Conft-rol in the Metallurgical
tnuustrr
"Fourth Ukrainian SSR Conference on Chemical Production Con-
trol in the Metallurgical and Metalworking Industry," by M. Ye.
Vdovenko; Kiev, Ukrainski Khimic.heskiy Zhurnal, Vol 24, No 5,
Sep-Oct 58, pp 695-697
The Fourth Ukrainian SSR Conference on Chemical Production Control
in the Metallurgical and Metalworking Industry was held at Dnepropetrovsk,
5-8 June 1958. The conference was organized by the Dnepropetrovsk Sov-
narkhoz, the Ukrainian SSR Direction (Pravleniye) of the Technical So-
ciety of Ferrous Metallurgy, the Section of Analytical Chemistry and
Production Control of the Direction of the Ukrainian Scientific-Technical
Society of Ferrous Metallurgy, and the All-Union Chemical Society imeni
Mendeleyev.
Great interest was evinced in a paper by N. S. Mustafin and Ye. A.
Kashkovskaya (Saratov State University) on the application of the new
colorimetric reagent alberon, which is very sensitive to aluminum and
beryllium. By using alberon, one can detect, 0.025 microgram of aluminum
or beryllium in one milliliter of solution. Alberon forms instensely
colored water-soluble compounds with a number of ions, while it is
almost colorless itself. It interacts with -these ions in a wide range
of hydrogen ion concentrations. In the work reported in the paper, the
possibilities of determining aluminum in the presence of beryllium were
investigated. Furthermore, a method for the rapid determination of
aluminum in steels and bronzes was developed.
L. S. Serdyuk and G. P. Fedorova (Dnepropetrovsk State University)
investigated the color reactions of lanthanum, yttrium, and cerium with
aluminon and Alizarin S. It was established that water-soluble colored
complex compounds of yttrium, lanthanum, and cerium are formed in the
presence of an aqueous ammonia solution of alumino even when sulfo-
sali.cylic acid is absent.
The effects of boric acid and ethylenediamine on procedures for the
separate determination of elements in mixt..utes of (1) lanthanum and
yttrium and (2) yttrium and cerium in. the form of alizarin stilts of
these elements were investigated.
A. 1, Ponomarev and A. Ya. Sheskollskaya (Institute of Metallurgy
imeni Baykov, Moscow) reported on the separation of niobium from titanium
by binding titanium in the form of an ascorbic acid complex. The authors
of the report proposed the use of tartaric or oxalic acid as a complex-
forming agent to separate niobium from tungsten.
1. 2r,
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25. Chromatographic Method for the Determination of Traces of Magnesium
in Zirconium
"Determination of Magnesium in Zirconium With the Application
of Ion-Exchange Chromatography," by S,, V. Yelinson and M. S.
Limonik; Moscow, Zavodskaya Laboratoriya, Vol 24, No 12, Dec
58, pp 1434-1436
A procedure for the determination of traces of magnesium contained,
in ziconium is described. Before the determination the magnesium is
separated chromatographically with the aid of the ion-exchange resin
SRS, which contains sulfonic acid groups.
26. Scientists Extract 13 Rare-Earth Ell_cments From Chinese Soil
"Institute of Chemistry Extracts 13 Rare-Earth Elements" (un-
signed article); Peiping, K'o-hsueh Hsin-wen (Scientific News),
No 14, 1958, p 345
This item reports that 20 young scientists of the Analytical Divi-
sion of the Institute of Chemistry, Academia Siniea, recently extracted
from Chinese native ores the oxides of 13 heretofore dixficult-to-extract
rare -earth elements.
Oxides of the following 11 were obtained in a state of spectro-
chemical purity corresponding to international standards, the article saya.g
lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, gadolinium,, dysp-
rosium, ytterbium, yttrium, holmium, and erbium. All surpassed British
and American products in purity. The erbium oxide was purer than that
put out, by the British manufacturer, "Johnson-Smith." Two rare-earth
elements were extracted in 90-plus percent purity- thulium and latetium.
The article gives the following general information on rare-earth
elements:
The rare-earth elements are difficult to separate because of their
similar physical and chemical properties. Their application in scientific
research and industry is rapidly expanding. For example, neodymium is
being used in high temperature alloys for jet planes; thulium, for X-ray
machines and mine logging equipment; and gadolinium, extensively in nu-
clear research.
China is among the countries which have the world's largest deposits
of rare-earth elements. In the Pao-t'ou Mine (inner Mongolia) alone,
there are many times 10 million tons.
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Organic Chemistry.
27., USSR Work on Lithium-Organic Syntheses and Lithium-Organic Compounds
"Lithium -Organic Synthesis of Hydrocarbons and Hydrocarbon
Derivatives Containing Oxygen," by A. D. Petrov, Ye. B. So-
kolova, and Kao Ch'ing-lan; Moscow, Uspekhi Khimii, Vol 27,
No 12, Dec 58, pp 1471-1503
Progress in the field of lithium-organic synthesis during, the past
10-15 years is reviewed. The review begins with an introduction dis-
cussing syntheses based on dehydrobenzene (cyclohexadienine), which was
prepared by G. Wittig in 1942 from o-Li-fluorobenzene. Part 1 deals
with methods for the preparation of lithium-organic compounds on the
basis of work done by H. Gilman (US), G. Vavon (France), E. A. Braude
(Great Britain)., K. A. Kocheshkov (USSR), B. M. Mikhaylo'v (USSR), and
others. Part 2 discusses the reactions of lithium-organic compounds
with alkyl- and aryl halides. This type of action is referred to as
being for all practical purposes the best fc! he synthesis of poly-
cyclic hydrocarbons. Research on.the synthesis of such hydrocarbons
by A. D. Petrov, B. M. Mikhaylov, and their co-workers is reviewed in
some detail. Part 3 discusses reactions of lithium-organic compounds
with aldehydes, ketones, and esters, i.e., syntheses of alcohols and
glycols. It is pointed out by the authors of the review that because
of the high reactivity of lithium-organic compounds reactions of this
type always proceed in a normal manner. It is added that by using this
general method one can synthesize not only saturated, but also unsatu-
rated alcohols and, glycols, because lithium forms reactive derivatives
even with alpha-alkenyl halides. Work by A. D. Petrov and members of
his group on the interaction of esters of monocarboxylic acids (ethyl
formiate, methyl butyrate, methyl isobi::tyrate, ethyl enanthate, and
methyl undecylenate) and dicarboxylic acids ('dimethyl esters of adipic
and azelainic acids, etc.) with tert-butyl lithium is described. The
reactions investigated led to tertiary alcohol s,, which were obtained
with good yields., and ketones as intermediate products of the reaction.
Part, 4 reviews reactions of the addition of organolithium compounds
to double bonds of conjugated dienes and olefins. The industrial impor-
tance of reactions of 'this type (e.g. as applied in the industrial
me't'hod of polymerization of butadiene to r'bber in the presence of butyl
lithium) is pointed out. K. Ziegler'; ((Germany) work in this field is
discussed. A. A. Korotkov's (USSR investigations on the polymerization
of dienic hydrocarbons (butadiene and isoprene) under the action of butyl
lithium and the copolymerization of styrene w?",th alpha-methylsty retie
under the action of ethyl lithium as compared with the same copolymeri-
zation in the presence of titanium t.erachloride and triethylaluminum) are
mentioned.
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CPYRGH:
A bibliography consisting of 130 references (21 of them USSR) is
appended to the article, which was written t*ith the intention of sup-
plementing Ka A. Kocheshkov and T. V. Talalayeva's review on the same
subject published in 1949 (Sinteticheskiye Metody v Oblasti Metallo-
organicheskilsh Soyedineniy Litiya,Nati.ya.,, Kaliya, Rubidiya, i Tsezi rya
[Synthetic Methods in the Field of Organometallic Compounds of Lithium,
Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, and Cesium], Academy of Sciences USSR,
Moscow, 1949, pp 20-158)-
28. Organophosphorus Research
"Investigation in the Field of Thiosulfonic Acids. III. Alkyl
Esters of Phenylmethane Thiosulfonic Acid and Their Antibac-
terial Properties," by B. G. Boldyrev and Yu. I. Kofman, Zh.
Obshch. Khimii, 1958, 28, No 3, 768-769, Moscow, (from Refe-
rativnyy Zhurnal--Khimiya, No 22, 25 Nov 58, Abstract No 74022
by Yu. Vol'kenshtein _
"The purpose of the present wcrk is to investigate the effect which
structural changes in esters of thiosulfonic acids (ET) have on the
antibacterial activity; for this purpose a number of compounds of the
formula C6H5CH2S02SR (I) were synthesized. A study of the antibacterial
properties of (I) showed that their activity in relation to gram-positive,
gram-negative, and acid-resistant bacteria is lower than that of esters
of alkane thiosulfonic acids. The activity of (I) with- respect to vari-
ous fungi is markedly higher; hence, the activity of (ET) depends not
only on the nature of the radicals bound a :.o the sulfide sulfur, but also
on the composition of the original thiosulfonic acids. The ester syn-
theses were realized by a method described in Reports I and II (cf.
RZhKhim, 1957, Abstracts No 41042 and 7702i;). The values obtained for
t!) were [listed in this order, R. yield in %, melting point in ?C
(from 40% alcohol)]., C2H5-, 29.3, 70-71; C3:7 , 44.4, 44; iso-C3H7, 21,
61-62; CH2=CHCH2,, 33.8, 27; C4H9, 37, 34-35; iso-C4H9, 22, 44-45;
C8H5C 2SO2SK, melting point 220-2210 (from a.].c ohol or C090H)
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"On the Problem of the Interactions of, Chlorine-Substituted
Tertiary Alcohols With Phosphorus Trichloride," by V. S.
Abramov and V. K. Khairullin, Tr. Kazansk. Khim-Tekhnol. In-ta
(Works of the Kazan' Chemicotechnological Institute)., 1957,
No 23, 65-76 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal--Khimi a, No 22,
CPYRGHT25 Nov 58, Abstract N 106 by V0 Gilyarov
ROPC12 (I) and (RO)2PC1 (II) are formed by the reaction of PC13 with
chlorine-substituted tertiary alcohols, but (RO)3P is not formed'because
of s:,eric hindrance. Compounds of the formula (RO)2POH (III) are ob-
tained by saponifying (II). By interacting (I) with R'OH (R? $ R),
RO(R'O)PC1 (IIa) are synthesized and, after saponification, (R0)
(R'O)POH (IIIa) are obtained. Below are given the values for R (for
the compounds (IIa) and (lila), also R?), yield in %, boiling point in
?C/mm or the melting point in ?C, for liquid substances the
n20D, d420,(CH3)2C(C,-, ), (i), 71, 118/16, 1.5236, 1.5280; (i1), 78.5,
171/5, 1.5265, 1.5192; (iii), -, 45-46; CH2(CH2)3C(CC13), (I), 58.5,
127/5, 1.5425, 1.5215; (11)9 52, 193-194/3 (melting pt. 57-58?), 1.5450,
1.4966; (III).p -, -, 1.5235, 104770; C=H2(CH2) C(CCl3), (I)., 72, 129-130/1
(melting pt. 55-56?), 1.5528, 15091; (iii), -; 138-139; (CH3)2C(CC13),
61'2t (CC13), (Ila), 77, 178-179/4, 1.5365, 1.5152 (melting pt.
39-40..5?); (IIIa), -, -, 1?,5130, 1.4900; (CH )2C(CCi3CH2(C"2)4 (CCl3),
(Ila) 58?5, 181-182/2, 1 .5421, 1.5047; (1114, -, 67-69.
To obtain (I)g 1 mole of C5i5N at < 00 is added to a mixture of 1
mole of PC13 and 1 mole of alcohol in ether; the mixture is stirred for
1-2 hours at 20? and 30 minutes at 36?. The viscous and fuming liquids
,k 11 are soluble in organic solvents. To ob-aih (11)0 1 mole of alcohol
is added to a chilled mixture of 1 mole of (;,I) and 1 mole of 05H5N in
ether; the mixture is boiled for 30 minutes, To 102.2 grams of (II)
(R = (CH3)2C(CL3)) 4.42 grams of water are added; on shaking a violent
reaction is observed.. (III) (where R = (CH3)?C(CC13)) are recrystallized
from ether. Other (III) compounds are obtained analogously; the yields
are nearly quantitatives. In the reaction of (II) with alcohol, the
yields of (IIIa) are equal to 50-70%. To obtain 'C2(CH2)3(:(CC13)OH
iiv), 75 grams of KOH are gradually added, for 4 hours with stirring,
to a mixture of 810 grams of CHCl3 with 500 grams of cyclopentanone at
-180; the mixture is stirred another 4 hours at -20? and then poured
over one kilogram of ice and acidiffled.:; (IV are extracted by ether;
yield 18.5%, boiling point 97-98?/13 run, nOD 1.5085, d 20 1.3854 and
melting point of 19-20?. 4
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2). Some New Arylsulfamides Prepared
"On the Reactions of Arylsulfonamides With Propylene Oxide,"
by A. Ye. .Kretov and. Ye. A. Abrazhanova, Dnepropetrovsk Chemico-
techno:l.ogical Institute; Leningrad, Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii,
Vol 28, No 10, Oct 58, pp 2779-2782
The reactions between three azylsulfonamides, the benzene-, para-
chlorobenzene.-w, and para-toluene -sulfonamides,9 and propylene oxide were
investigated. The reaction proceeds in two stages. Depending on the
conditions of the reaction one can obtain either mono- or di-substituted
arylsulfonamides.
ArSo2NH2?RCH-CHR -
ArSO 2NHCHR-CHROH
(1)
ArSO NH2+ ZRC ~HR-
2 61
ArSO N2 (CHR-CHROH)2
(2)
The following compounds were prepared for the first time and char-
acterized: N-beta-,hydroxyisopropylbenzenesulfonamide, N-beta-hsrdroxy-
isopropyl-para-toluene sulfonamide, N-beta-hydroxy-isopropyl-para-
chlorobenzenesulfonamide, N-beta, beta' -dihydroxy-diisopropyl-para-
to.luenesulfonamide, N-beta, beta' -dihydroxy-diisopropyl-para-chloro-
benzene sulfonamide, N-beta,-chlcarAsopropyl-benzenesulfonamide, Nj-beta,
beta'-dichlorodiisopropyl,-para-toluenesulfonamide, N-beta, beta'?-
dichlorodiisopropyl-para-chlorobenzenesulfonamicle and N-beta-acetyliso-
propyl. -benzenesulfonamide .
30. Antituberculosis Compounds Tested
"The Synthesis of the Hydrazides and Hydrazones of Several Hetero-
cyclic and Aromatic Acids," by Yee S. Nikitskaya, Yee Ye, Mikhlina,,
L. N. Yakhontov, and V. Ya. Furshtatova, All-Union Scientific Re-
search Chemicopharmaceutical Institute imeni S. Ordzhonikidze;
Leningrad, Zhurnal Obshcb.ey Khimii, Vol 28, No 10, Oct 58, pp 2786-
2790
The hydrazides and hydrazones of the following acids were synthesized
and. tested for the purpose of studying their antituberculosis activity:
pyridyt-J-acetic, beta -(pyridyl-4.)-prop ionic, beta- (piperidyl-4)-propionic,
beta- (pyr.idy.1.-4)-acrylic, 6-methylpicolinic, alpha- quinuclidinecarboxylic,
and para-nitro-benzoic.
Tests in vitro showed -chat these compounds are considerably less active
than the corresponding derivatives of isonicotinic acid which have ex-
hibited significant anti-tuberculosis activity in vitro as well as in vivo.
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31. New Cocaine Synthesis Method
"Synthesis of the Alkaloid Cocaine," by G. I. Bazilevskaya, M.
S. Bainova,, D. V. Gura, K. M. Dyumaev, and N. A. Preobrazhen-
skiy, Chair of the Technology of Medicinal and Aromatic Sub-
stances, Moscow Intitute of Fine Chemical Technology; Ivanovo,
Izvestlya Vysshykh Uchebn kh Zavedeni .- I imi i Khimicheska
Technologiya, No 2, May 5 6., pp 75-81
CPYRGHT
A new i.~.ethod for synthesizing the alkaloid cocaine has been developed
at the Moscow Institute of Fine Chemical Technology. The over-all results
of this work have been as follows:
"10 The development of a method for the synthesis of the hydrochloride
of racemic cocaine.
"2. Investigation of the condensation of succinic dialdehyde with
methylamine and the dipotassium salt of the monomethyl ester of acetone
dicarboxylic acid to the methyl ester of tropane-3-one-2-carboxylic acid.
"3. Development of a method for the quantitative decerminatLon of the
content of methyl ester of tropane-3-one-2-carboxylic acid in the reaction
mixture on the basis of the amount of reineckate insoluble in water that
is formed.
"u. The realization of stereo-specific reduction of the meth;-1 ester
of tropane-3-one-2-carboxylic acid to the methyl ester of racemic ecgonine.
Pharmacological tests of synthesized samples were conducted at the
Minsk Medical Institute by Prof K. S. Shadurskiy and Aspirant N. A. Iskarev.
The tests revealed that in some cases it is best to use racemic cocaine
because it is not inferior in physiological activity to levo-(natural)
cocaine and furthermore exhibits a lower toxicity than the latter.
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32, Some New Toxic Fluorine Coixounds
"Synthesis of Some Physiologically Active Substances," by T. V.
Smirnova, N.. M. Dukel'skaya, and Yu. A. Kondrat?yev, Moscow
Chemicotechnological Institute imeni D. 1. Mendeleyev and Biology-
Soil Faculty of the Moscow State University imeni M. V. Lomonosov;
Ivanovo, Izvestiya Vysshikh UchebnyA Zavedeenly -- Khimi a i
Khimicheskaya Tekhnologiya, No 2, May 5&, pp 82-86
purpose of this work was to synthesize and study physiologically
active compounds containing fluorine which could be used as raticidal
agents. Six new halogen-containing derivative phenyl ethers were synthe-
sized and characterized. They were the Para-cllorophenyl-,beta-fluoroethyl
ether, para-fluorophenyl-beta-fluoroethyl ether, the phenyl-beta-fluoroethyl
ether, the para-bromophenyl-beta-fluoroethyl ether, and the para-fluorophenyl-
beta-bromoethyl ether.
That the compounds have physiological activity was confirmed by tests
on white rats. Toxic properties were exhibited by the following ethers:
para-chiorophenyl-beta-fluoroethyl, phenyl-beta-fluoroethyl, para-fluoro-
phenyl.-beta-fluoroethyl, and para.~-bromoph.,enyl.-beta-fluoroethyl, and by
para, Para' -di (beta -fluoroethoxyphenyi) ?-dimet.ylmethane
It was found that para, para'-di (beta-f3.uoroethoxyphenyl)-dimethyl-
methane possesses raticidal properties. The lethal doasage for white rats
was equal to 120-140 mg/kg, and for Mirotinae) 0.25 mg/lOO g of body -breight.
Because of the high sensitivity of Microtinae to this compound, its use
as a. field extermination agent was proposed.
33, Review of Soviet Organophosphorus Insecticides
"Organophosphorus Insecticides and Acaricides," by Prof N. N.
Me.lonikov, Doctor of Chemical Sciences; Scientific Institute
of Fertilizers and Insectofungicides; Moscow, Zashchita Rasteniy
of Vrediteley i Bolezn , No 5,, Sep--Oct 58, pp 13.15
In this article Prof N. N. Mel'nikov of NIUIF (Nauchnyy Institut po
Udobreniyam i Insektofungitsidam, Scientific Institute of Fertilizers and
Insectofungicides] reviews the Soviet use and. planned usage of certain
organophosphorus insecticides in agriculture.
In the Soviet Union at present the following organophosphorus contact
insecticides have been studied and have come into use: Thiophos (also known
as NIUIF-100) - 0,0-diethyl-0,,4-nitro -pheny:.thiophosphate; Metaphos (vofatoks)
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0 ,0-dimethy.1-O,4 -nitrophenylthiophosphate; Carbophos (malathion) - 1,2-
d.Icarboethoxyethyl-O,0-d3methyldithiophosphate; Chlorophos - 1-hydroxy-
2,2,2-trichloroethyldimethylphosphonate; and. Dithiophos - tetraethyldithio-
pyrophosphate?
Among the toxic chemicals possessing systemic activity to be introduced
extensively into production are mercaptophos -- 0,0-diethyl-2-ethylmercapto-
ethy.L-t?hiophosphate; Methylmercaptophos - 0,0-dimethyl-2-ethylmercaptoethyl-
thiophosphate; Octamethyl - octamethyltetraamide of pyrophosphoric acid;
and Preparation M-81 - dieethyl'-.2-ethy:lme.rcaptoethyldithiophosphate.
The first group of enumerated preparations can be used against pests
affecting very different agricultural crops by spraying an equeous emulsion
or suspension or by dusting. To prepare an equeous emulsion, OP-7 or
OP-l0 is used as an emulsifier. The toxicity of these preparations persists
for not more than 3 days. Arranged in an increasing order of toxicity to
man and animals, they are Carbophos, metaphor, methylethylthiophos [sic],
thiophos, and dithiophoso
All the above-mentioned insecticides, in one way or another, are of
interest for use in agriculture. At the same time, in deciding on the
question of the development of their production in the approaching Seven-
'Year Plan, it is necessary to consider many factors: effective action on
pests, availability of raw materials, simplicity of production, the quanti-
'ties which have to be used and the cost of the preparation, and the toxicity
to man and animals.
Calculations have shown that the cheapest chemicals are metaphos and
methylethylthiophos, while the costliest is carbophoso Hence, the principal
representative of this group produced in the coming'year$ will be metaphos,
while methylethylthiophos will be produced in lesser quantities. The
production of dithiophos can be organized at the production facilities for
methylethylthiophos or mercaptophos and therefore will not require additional
capital expenditure. In spite of its greater cost, it is expedient to
organize the mass production of carbophos when its low toxicity to man and
animals is considered. It will find very extensive application in combat-
ing sucking pests in collectives and in individual orchards and gardens of
workers and farmers.
The chemical industry IX planning, in the near future,, to organize the
production of metaphos?, methylethylthiophos, and other organophosphorus
contact insecticides in such quantities as will meet the demands of agricul-
ture. It is contemplated that the production of carbophos will be organized
in two stages; at first at a small plant which will begin op::ration in
1959-60, and then a further expansion to mass production so that a supply
sufficient for the needs of the country will be ensured.
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Among the contact poisons a special place is held by chlorophos,
chiefly because of its activity in combating the cattle skin gadfly and
flies? It is possible that it will find use even against some plant pests,
in particular those damaging cotton and fruit crops. The production of
chlorophos in the near future, will be on a scale corresponding to the
interests of agriculture.
Among the,, group of toxic systemic-action chemicals at present, the
following have been sufficiently studied and recommended for use in plant
protectionz mercaptophos, octamethyl, methyllmercaptophos, and M-81o The
first two are being supplied to agriculture at the moment, but only in
small quantities. To attain adequate supplies, the full-scale production
of mercaptophos is contemplated in 1959, and of octamethyl in 1961-62.
It should be noted that these two substances are extremely toxic,
owing to which public health officials and plant protection workers have
urged their replacement by other insecticides which are safer to man and
domestic animals. With this end in view, mercaptophos is scheduled to be
replaced gradually by methylmercaptophos, which will serve the same purpose
and is much cheaper to produce. Its production can be organized using the
same equipment used for the production of mercaptophos and consequently
does not require any great additional capital expenditure. Because of its
lower toxicity to man and animals, methylmercaptophos will undoubtedly find
wide application in the protection of some fruit crops.
A second possible substitute for mercaptophos is the substance M-81,
which, as far as its toxicity to man and warm-blooded animals is con-
cerned,, is close to methylmercaptophos, although it is somewhat more
expensive than the latter. In view of the many-sided character of Soviet
agriculture, the organization of the production of this chemical is being
planned at rates which will be specified. In any case,, the construction
of a special plant department is required. To some degree, the production
of M-81 can be coupled with the -production of carbophos since the initial
intermediate for both compounds is dimethyl.dithiophosphoric acid.
Together with ensuring the agricultural facilities with organophosphorus
insecticides already known, scientific research is continuing the search
for new effective toxic chemicals, both contact- and systemic-action types.
A basic aim of the research is the discovery of substances :which are not
only effective in combating plant pests bu;;, also safer from the standpoint
of both production and application. Up to the present time,, a number of
new interesting insecticides have been found which deserve further careful
study. Among them should be mentioned substances with the following general
formulas:
,o Ro, s
(Ro)w P C , I , 2 0 , 5 and ,4r'0 P - NRI .
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Another contact-action insecticide being studied and synthesized in
the laboratories of A. Ye. and B A. Arbuzov is dimethyldiethyldithiopyro??
phosphate, which is considerably less toxic to animals than tetraethyldi?-
thiopyrophosphate (dithiophos).
Radiation Ctiemis -a
34,. Work on the Radiation Chemistry of Polymers at the Physicochemical
Inst- itute imeni L. Ya. Kama
"Materials Change Their Properties," by A. Paparnaya; Moscow,
Pro shlenno-Ekonomicheskya Gazeta,, No 5, (460">, 11 Jan 59
At one of the laboratories of the Physicochemical Institute imeni L.
"'a. Karpov a new type of polyethylene for use as an electrical insulat-
ing material has been developed by irradiating ordinary polyethylene with
cobalt-60. Ordinary polyethylene cannot be used as an electric insulat-
ing material at the temperature of 1000, because it softens and begins to
flow at 80-90?. On the other hand, the new type of polyethylene, which
has been cross-linked by irradiation, can be used at 150-180? for any
length of time without undergoing deterioration. The use of the newly
developed polyethylene insulation reduces the dimensions of motors and
transformers. Insulation of this type is needed for new high-capacity
electric power stations and for long power transmission lines. This type
of polyethylene will also be useful in machine building and the construc-
tion of instruments. Other uses for polyethylene treated by irradiation
will be as a material for chemical laboratory wear that will be resistant
to strong acids and alkalis and as a material for equipment to, be used in
the petrochemical industry.
The use of polyethylene pipelines appear, to be very promising. Produc-
tion of pipes from polyethylene is simple0 This material is corrosion-
proof: pipes made of polyethylene will be suitable for petroleum, acids,
gasoline, and alkalis. If the pipes are made of irradiated polyethylene,
it will be possible to pump hot liquids through them.
In a laboratory headed by V, L. Karpov, wood has been impregnated
with solutions of styrene, acrylonitr, i.Le, or some other monomer. After
the wood treated in this manner has been subjected to irradiation, the
monomer polymerizes and becomes strongly bound to the molecules of the
wood. The new material combines the properties of wood with those of the
polymer. The compression strength of ordinary wood, which amounts to
395 kg per sq cm, becomes 3 1/2 times greater after the wood has been modi-
fied in the manner described. The new material preserves its dimensions
when exposed to moisture and tc the effects of the atmosphere. -After being
kept for 20 days in water, a slab of ordinary wood weighing one kg increased
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in weight, to 3 kg and 8U0 gxaans. A slab o:i wood. k?:a.ng one Icg, which had
boon trcateri with a monomer and -uhc:n sa:iu j ct;r~d to :ion, showed an
increase in wc:igh.t amounting to un1,y 295 rnia aft-?e- the woc.'d had been kept
uncler" water for the same length of tLne.
Although capron cord is of great advantage -in t t.o manufacture of tires
because of its strength and durability, it does not a:U:1.1;1' e well to rubber:
during the use of the tire, the bond between the rubber and. the capron cord
loosens. According to Yu.. M. Ma].inskiy, senior scientific associate at one
of the laboratories of the institute 'ut?ea"x:i ,',i!.~r?olr, problem of producing
by means of irradiation a layer on the ccur:E'^c.e of the capron cord A..ich
would adhere well both to the capron and to tth.e rubber is being studied.
Work will also be done on z a ce: proofin?, vr=a::?y 1-1 in fabrins by expos-
ing them to irradiation. By subjecting cap--:,on to the action of radiation
emitted by radioactive substances, 't'his ca.n ie ? ]zdc heat-resistant :
fabrics made of irradiated capron will not be r7._znc~rca;3. by .roning vith a
hot iron. Another possibility of raa,dia'tion.c:Ij.en1dcal process]_:'?g is :improve-
ment of the dyeing properties of $1.1c1.,~. as nitro::, lavsan,
enant, and lchlorin, which at present ^~iair~o'I, ')e dyed r~ ary i]:~r.
35 Chemicral llosvnete.r T : M in C:.e!cl~usl'~vti!' lk+.boraLor~r
'tA Simple, Ch.etnicca DosirLeter," by ra_ Nuclear
Physics of the Czechoslovak Aca-.errr of Sc ;-r-d. iiaroslav Bed-
nar, ''Antonin Zapotoc:i.cy" Mi:.ita -y in Brno,,
Prague, Ja.dern:c Nne`rgie., >to n. Sep 5$, pp 26,2_26,-)
The article describes the main of a saturated
solution of chloroform iti water in ;'cl=L' ?7.r~?1 to to\JEtrd radia-
tion and discusses ti Of 1 C:.'i : i.CX'C)"'Vl[1?. solution in chemical
dosimetry in the laboratory.
[For addleLonna. .nfoi':!n t;io?. on rat1 irv~ i'~n C.=r~.l'1'! 5 ;3y , See 1t''m No 17.
36. Czechoslovak Isotpe Produr-_,tion
"We Have Our Own Isotopes" (Unr i~l'1 ?~ ~:.1'`~.ii; '::"a.Lryue, (Ybrasna
Lidu, 20 Dec 55; p 1 rae
Although the first Cze o ~.oslo;rzlc reactor at thz Institute of Nuclear
Physics (Ustav jaclerne fyslky) in Re? is not; y , worki.n a'c full capacity,
because some auxiliary equipment has no"t 'aceai i.r.r';IO.I.tx:c., the institute hrs
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already conducted more than 100 irradiations and has begun production of
isotopes for use at the institute itself and other institutions. The
radioactive iodine being produced at the institute Is used to make prepara-
tions which are used at the Endicrinological Institute (Endokrinologicky
ustav) in Prague for treating thyroid gland. diseases. Methods of prepar-
ing radioactive sulfur, phosphorus, arsenic., end. gold have been worked out.
All these methods will be used to a greater extend; next year when radio-
isotopes will be produced in greater quantities. The institute has also
prepared suspensions of chromium phosphate with radioactive phosphorus
for clinical use.
[For additional information on radiochemistry, see Item No 18.
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IV. ELECTRONICS
Conu unicat:ions
37. Horn-Parabolic Antenna
"Horn-Parabolic Antenna for Radio-Relay Communication Lines With
?Vesna? Equipment," by A. A. Metrikin and V. K. Paramonov; Moscow,
Vcstnik Svyazi, No 11, Nov 58,, pp 4-6
The horn-parabolic antenna, which is a combination of a part of a
paraboloid of revolution and a pyramidal horn the apex of which coincide
with the focus of the paraboloid, satisfies most of the requirements im-
posed by the radio-relay systems. Such an antenna, intended for use on
radio-relay lines having the "Vesna" equipment, consists of three distinct
parts all connected by bolts: parabolic reflector with the side wails
and protective cover, pyramidal horn pruper, and horn matching junction.
The parabolic reflector and the side walls of the horn portion of the
antenna are assembled from welded aluminum sheets 2 mm thick, and mounted
on a steel-angle welded frame. The frame of the parabolic reflector is
assembled with angle spars,, bent to a specified profile. The parabolic
mirror is formed from an aluminum sheet over a concrete hump-mold. The
accuracy of mirror fabrication is ? 2 mm. The antenna is provided with
a rotating device which. permits smooth rotation t;; ithin a range of ? 70
in the horizontal plane and a range of ? 50 in the vertical plane. he
antenna aperture is covered with a hermetically sealed cover of a di-
electric material which practically reflects no electromagnetic energy.
An excess pressure of dry air inside the antenna is obtained with
the aid of an AD-4 dehydrator, 1-.Ach supplies 20 liters of dry air per
min,. The traveling-wave ratio in the feed waveguide of the antenna was
found to be about. 0.97 in the frequency range of 3,450-4,150 Mc.
The over-all dimensions of the antenna are as follows : height 620 cm,
',ridth 390 cm, depth 320 cm, aperture area 7.5 m2, antenna volume 11 m3,
weight 990 kg., and weight with rotating device 1,370 k .
38. New Soviet TV Receivers
"TV Receivers 'Rubin-1021 and ?Almaz-?1021" (unsigned article);
Moscow, Vestnik Svyazi, No ll., Nov 58, inside cover
A Moscow TV equipment plant has designed the new-model TV receivers
"Rubin-102" and "Almaz-102." The TV receiver "Rubin-1.02" is designed for
reception on 12 TV channels and F'_M-.U_' radiobroadcasts. This TV set has
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19 vacuum tubes, its sensitivity is bettor than .100 microvolts, its power
consumption is about 150 w, and the screen size is 270 x 360 mm. The set
has two 1-GD-9 loudspeakers. The "Almaz-102" set has four loudspeakers and
a 340 x 450 mm screen.
Components
39. Frequency Dividers
"Frequency Divider With Direct Locking," by T. S. Fedosova and
K. A. Samoylo; Moscow, Radiotekhnik.a i Elelctronika, No 1, Jan
59, pp 1i.3-.53
The article analyzes the theory of operation of a direct locking
frequency divider which differs from a conventional self--excited oscillator
by the presence of synchronizing emf. The phase-pulse method which negleced
the effect of harmonics was used to study the circuit.
The purpose of this research was to prove the accuracy of theoretically
calculated formulas. The dependence of oscillation amplitude and frequency-
division band on the following values were determined experimentally: di-
vision factor and the number of sync pulses;, width of the reference pulse,
duration of the sync pulse, phase shift in the feedback circuit, and voltage
amplitude in feedback coupling and amplitude of sinusoidal. sync voltage.
Satisfactory agreement between the experipic::ntal data, and the -theoretical
showed that the theory of frequency divider operation, derived without tak-
ing into account the effect of harmonics, is fully satisfactory for engineer-
ing purposes.
40. High-Sensitivity Bolometer
"Bolometer for Registration of Pulsating Light Flux," by Y?a. A.
Imas, State Optical Institute; Moscow, Pribory I Tekhnika Eksperi
menta, No 6, Nov-Dec 58, pp 100-101
The bolometer described differs from existing instruments in that it
permits direct registration of light f.:Lux with a high degree of resolution.
The standard semiconductor bolometer of 1..5 x 103 v/w sensitivity is used
as a ltmiinous-flux pickup. The device incorporates in its electronic
circuit two 6N2P triod.es, one 6N1P double triode, and an electromagnetic
oscillograph MPO-2.
The characteristics of the instrument are as follows: maximum sen-
sitivity for the whole scale is 0.2 cal/cm2 sec, spectrum sensitivity is
uniform in the range of 0.4-3 microns, time constant. after correction is
2.10-3 sec, and the error in reproduction of calibration signal is ? 5;'0.
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41. New Soviet Trans.lstor Radio
"Newest Sov-.Let Transistor Radio" t.luisigned article); Paris,
L"Humanite, 30 Jan 59
The article was accompanied. by a photograph of the "newest Soviet
transistor radio" described as a "pocket sputnik." It is said to pick
up and rebroadcast the "bips" of the arti.f:i.c:i.al satellites.
Co -a? ee:cs and Automation
42. Method of Selectin Io seal eratLons Permitt Their Accomplishment
on Digital Computers
"Method of Selecting Logical Operations and Mechanisms for Effect-
ing Their Accomplishment on Digital Computers., "? by G. G. Lyub-
chenko; Kiev, LJkrainskiy Matemati. ,heskiy 2h.urnal., Vol 100 No 4,
Oct/Nov/Dec 58; pp 375-388
A method of selecting and appraising a set of :Logical operations is
described which can be constructively applied in a universal or specialized
computing machine. The author sl:zozis that it is expedient to apply only 11
logical operations from which only 2,037 sets may be composed which are
practicable in a universal machine. The application of a logical. constant
frequently leads to simplification of t:r..e mechanism and to shortening of
the time required by the machine for calculation. The appraisal and selec-
tion of the sets of operations are carried out in accordance with the con-
structive complexity of the machine aggregates 1,ihi.ch effect the selection,
with the rate of calculating the Buhl. functions., with. the energy expended
by the aggregates, and. with various combinations of these three factors.
On selecting a set of operations.., the appraisal should be carried out in
three stages (an intti.a.l rough, and final estimate) wi.ich., as is shoran,
makes it possible to estimate all the 2,037 sets by examining a relatively
small number of sets.
1E3. Calculus of Assertion Formulas of Bi.vaient Logic
"Methods for Determining the Identical `ruth or Falsity of the
Calculus of Assertion Formulas of :Bivalent Logic;; "` by G. C`.
Lyubchenko, Calculation Center of the Academy of Sciences
Ukrainian SSR; Kiev., Do ovidi Akad.em.lfauk t:Tkra;!nsekoy R.SR,
No l.l, Nov 58,, 1153 -1156^ ._.._ W_.
The article gives five sets of rules enabling one to determine
identically true or false formulas of the calculus of assertion formulas
expressed solely by means of logical operations of one of the 16 com-
binations of these operations. The rules are designed for transformation
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i to algorithms which can be worked out on computers. These rules differ
by a number of properties from those of the known method of determining
-identical truth or falsity of formulas. The rules are effective for the
given purpose because of these properties.
1F1F, Likely Locations for New Computer Installations Listed
"List of Higher Educational Institutions at Which Intervuz Com-
puter Installations Should Be Established" (unsigned article);
Byulleten' Ministerstva Vysshevo Obrazovaniya SSSR, No g, Sep 58,
p9
A list of higher educational institutions (VUZes) is given at which
intervuz computer installations should be established. The list follows.
Moscow
Power Engineering Institute
Moscow Higher Technical School imeni Bauman
Aviation Institute
Moscow Chemicotechnological Institute imeni D. I. Mendeleyev
Leningrad
Polytechnic Institute lmeni M. I. Kalinin
Electro-technical Institute iaieni V. I. Ul'yanova (Lenin)
Opticomechanical Institute
Leningrad Chemicotechnological Institute imeni Lensovet
Minsk
Belorussian Polytechnic Institute
Baku
Azerbaydzhan Polytechnic Institute
Yerevan
Polytechnic Institute
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Odessa
Polytechnic Institute
Sverdlovsk
Ural Polytechnic Institute
Tashkent
Central Asia Polytechnic Institute
Tbilisi
Georgian Polytechnic Institute
Tomsk
Polytechnic Institute
Instruments and Equipment
45. Series Ionic Converter
"Performance Analysis of a Series Ionic Converter," by A. Ye.
Slukhotskiy, A. S. Vasil'yev, and V. M. Martsinovich; Moscow,
Radiotekhnika i Elektronika, No 1, Jan 59, pp 63-69
Sonic and ultrasonic (hydrogen gate) frequency generators feeding power
to various types of oscillators can be built on the principle of the series
converter. The following frequencies can be generated by a series converter
when utilizing different gating devices: with mercury gate up to 3,000
cycles, with inert-gas gate from 6,000 to 7,000 cycles, and with hydrogen
gates up to 30,000 cycles. In the latter case an appreciable output can
be realized only for pulsed operation.
The article analyzes the performance of a series ionic converter that
can be utilized as a source of higher-frequency current. Conditions are
determined at which the load voltage acquires nearly sinusoidal form and
the operation becomes stable. The latter characteristic of a series lonic
converter is not present in the more commonly used parallel ionic con-
verters.
The calculated characteristics for a series ionic converter were in
close agreement with the experimental data (discrepancy not greater than
10%).
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Methods of Accelerometer Calibration
"Methods and Instruments for Calibration and Testing Accelero-
meters," by S. S. Shchedrovitsiy; Moscow, Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika,
No 6, Nov/Dec 58, pp 87-93
Wide use of accelerometers in quality control of machine building
(muachine tools, pumps) motors etc.) and as flight data-units of aircraft,
has necessitated the development of new methods for accurate calibration
and testing of accelerometers.
P. N. Agaletskiy has developed a differential method for checking
and calibrating the accelerometers. According to this method, the in-
strument is first set at a distance rl from the axis of rotation and is
tested for the angular velocity wl. Then the instrument is reset at a
distance r2 and an angular velocity w2 is selected so that the output
signal is equal to one obtained for the first setting. The accelera-
tion is then calculated by the formula
2 2
a = rl - r2 wl w2
2
2 -
For the purpose of dynamic testing of accelerometers, the vibration
stand VS 300-P was designed at the All-Union Scientific Research Institute
of Metrology :imeni D. I. Mend,Qleyev. This stand was designed for opera-
tion in a vibration range of 100-10,000 cyclr-;s and for a maximum amplitude
of 0.5 mm. The platform can be set at any angle with the horizontal plane.
The stand has two electrodynamic vibrators, a sound generator for frequencies
up to 10,000 cycles, and a TU-600 power amplifier. Maximum permissible
load on the platform is 5 kg. Such electrodynamic vibration stands for
calibration of accelerometers are in use at the Central Scientific Research
Institute of Technology and Machine Building (TsNIITMASH).
A piezoelectric vibration stand for operation at frequencies higher
than 10,000 cycles was developed at TsNIITMASH. The dynamic component
of such a stand is made up of a set (about 4+0) of piezoceramic (generally
barium titanate) rings energized with a sinusoidal voltage. An effective
acceleration of 120 g can be obtained at a vibration frequency of 2(,000
cycles.
A cr. .oration stand of the falling-hammer type is used to reproduce
accelerations. tapulses of very high value, up to 100,000 g.
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Coincidence Analyzer
"Time Analyzer," by V. V. Okorokov; Moscow, Pribory i Tekhnika
Eksperimenta, No 6, Nov/Dee 58, pp 63-67
The article describes a 112-channel coincidence (time) analyzer with
a minimum width channel of one microsec, which permits registering several
pulses during a single cycle. The coincidence circuit of the analyzer is
built in the form of a matrix,, so that the -time-delay is applied to both
the trigger pulse and the investigated pulse. The circuit will conduct
only when tow registered pulses appear in the same channel and when the
mechanical counter is in operation. Such a registration of pulses in
various channels is carried out independently, one of the other.
The circuit incorporates the following components: master quartz
oscillator which generates a series of one-microsec trigger pulses, a
frequency divider which transforms the one-microsec pulses into 8-
microsec pulses, first blocking oscillator which is connected to a 14-
cell "slow" commutator switch, the phasing circuit to which the examined
pulse is fed, and the second blocking oscillator connected to "fast"
commutator switch. The "slow" commutating switch has 14 cells and the
"fast" commutator switch has 8 cells, thus forming a total of
112 channels (14 x 8, 112) in the matrix. The coincidence of
pulses in one of the cells of the "fast" switch with that of a pulse in
the "slow" switch is registered by a mechanical counter. The analyzer
utilizes 6P9, 6Zh4, 6N15A, and 6N15P tubes.
The analyzer performed satisfactorily during the several months of
the test run.
48. Czechoslovak Laboratory Instruments
"We Are Exporting Laboratory Instruments" (unsigned article);
Prague, Obrana Lidu, 23 Dec 58, p 2
The article states that the Laboratory Instruments National Enterprise
(Narodni podnik Laboratorni pristroje) in Czechoslovakia is making the
following instruments: the "Minor" photo colorimeter, which is smaller and
cheaper to manufacture than previous types, but which Works as well; a
s;;ioke meter (kouromer) for measuring the intensity of combution engines
and for measuring soot in exhaust fumes; a perfected dosimeter, which
looks like a wrist watch and accurately measures the radioactivity in
the air; a nuclear particle counter, the "Dostra," for which Czechoslovakia
has a world patent; and a microphotometer, which uses electronic tubes.
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The article states that instruments made at the Laboratory Instruments
Nat!.)nal Enterprise are exported to South America, China, Japan, Portugal,
Egypt, Mexico, Pacific Islands, and other places.
49. Radar Signal Detection in Presence of Interference
"Signal Detection With the Background of Normal Noise and Random
Reflections," by V. D. Zubakov; Moscow, Radiotekhnika i Elektro-
nika, No 1, Jan 59, pp 28-38
The article discusses the theory of optimum radar signal detection
in the presence of normal noise and random reflections from surrounding
objects. A special case was examined for detection of coherent-sequence
signals under the conditions of known Doppler frequency and unknown in-
itial high-frequency phase. The investigation of a case when the Doppler
frequency is not known presents considerable difficulties, but the problem
can be reduced to simpler terms if the signal is transmitted in two coherent
blocks.
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50. Resonance Transformer
"Resonance Transformer," by A. A. Kosovskiy; Moscow, Elektri-
chestvo, No 12, Dec 58, pp 22-26
The author developed a resonance transformer (authorship certificate
No 103446 METP SSSR) for testing the insulation of large electrical equip-
ment (hydrogenerators, cables, etc.) with high voltage. The inductance
of the resonance transformer and the capacitance of the tested electrical
equipment are matched to form a resonant circuit. The transformer is of
core type with an adjustable upper yoke, which can be raised to any desired
height by four jacks. Each core has two air gaps, the upper of which can
be regulated. The transformer is designed to supply 16 kv to the tested
electrical equipment having capacitance of approximately one microfarad
and loss-angle tangent up to .25.
[For additional information on engineering [subjects, see Items Ha
26, 93, and 94.1
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VI. MATHEMATICS
Approximation Theory
51. The Error Introduced by Solving a System of Differential Equations
in Partial Derivatives by the Finite Difference Method
"Estimate of the Error of Solving a System of Differential Equa-
tions in Partial Derivatives by the Finite Difference Method,"
by V. S. Skvortsov; Moscow, Us ekhi Matematicheskikh Nauk, Vol 13,
No 6 (84), Nov/Dec 58, pp 155-1 0
An estimate of the error introduced by solving the first boundary
value problem for an elliptical system of linear differential equations
in partial derivatives of the second order having constant coefficients,
and homogeneous according to the order of differentiation, by the finite
difference method for the case of two and three dimensions is given.
52. Linear Positive Polynomial Operators in the Approximation of Functions
of Class Z,
"Concerning One Asymptotic Property of Positive Methods of
Summing Fourier Series and the Best Approximation of Functions
of the Class Z2 by Linear Positive Polynomial Operators," by
P. P. Korovkin; Moscow, Uspekhi Matematicheskikh Nauk, Vol 13,
No 6 (84), Nov/Dec 58, pp 99-103
un(t) =1/2 +- n (n) COS kt N 0
h=l k
be an even, positive trigonometric polynomial of order n. We set
Ih (f,x) =1/it f f(x+t) un(t) dt. (1)
It is clear that Ln(f,x) is a positive linear operator, the value of
which for each integrable function f(x) is a trigonometric polynomial of
an order not greater than n. It is known (see P. P. Korovkin, "Concerning
the Convergence of Linear Positive Operators in the Space of Continuous
Functions",'DAN Vol 90, 1953) that the sequence Ln (f,x) converges uni-
formly to f(x), f(x)6 c2z, l if
_ 1.
limp (n)
n-3 co 1 (2)
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In. the present work the case is investigated when the order of Ln
(f,x), the approximation to f(x), depends only on the value of the second
generalized derivative of f(x) at the point x, i.e., when
lim Ln (f,x) - f(x) = D2 f(x) ,
n~oo Ln Y,x - x D2W~ (3)
where D2 f(x) = lim f(x+t) - 2f (x) + f(x - t)
t--.00 t2
53. Approximation of Class Z Functions by Certain Polynomial Operators
"The Order of Approximation of Class Z Functions by Certain
Polynomial Operators," by I. M. Petrov; Moscow, Uspekhi Mate-
maticheskikh Nauk, Vol 13, No 6 (84), Nov/Dec 58, pp 127-131
A function periodic with period 2-n is said to belong to the class Z
if the inequality
f(x+h) - 2f(x) + f(x h) :~- 2h
is satisfied for all x and h.
Let
D2n-2(f,x) = 3---
2 n(2n2+ 1)
n-1 2
ff(t) [n+2 E (n-k) cos k(t-x)] dt
k_1
be the operator of Jackson.
n (f,x).
b = s 2n f(x) - D
f (xx) Z 211-2
Two theorems are then proved, namely:
Theorem I -- The equality
12 In 2 is valid.
lim bn 1t'
n-
Theorem II -- The equality
lim b' f sin x dx - 4 holds.
n- n O x ?1'
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54. Methods of Cesaro and Abel Used in the Summation of Double Series
"Summaticn of Double Series by the Metho::.s of Cesaro and Abel
in a Restricted Sense," by I. I. Ogiyevetskiy; Moscow, Uspekh i
Matematicheskikh Nauk, Vol 13, No 6 (84), Nov/Dec 58, pp 119-125
A notion of summability of a double series in a restricted sense,
based on the utilization of a bounded limited transition, was required when
it arose in the ,theory of double Fourier series, where its application
makes it possible to obtain results of a more general character, than the
use of ordinary summability based on the limited transition of Pringsheim
(see C. N. Moore, "On the Summability of the Double Fourier Series of'
Discontinuous Functions," Math. Ann. Vol 74, 1913, 555-572; J. Marcinkiewicz,
A. Zygmund, "On the Summability of Double Fourier Series," Fund. Math.,,
Vol 32) 1939, 122-132).
Use of the bounded limited transition was also proved effective in
other investigations to some degree or the other in connection with the
theory of functions of two variables, for example, in the approximation of
functions of two variables by trigonometric polynomials and by Berstein
polynomials, in the interpolation of functions of two variables by a
trigonometric polynomial (see Kipriyanov, "Conver,3ence and Summation of
Trigonometric Interpolation Polynomials for Functions of Two Variables,"
DAN, Vol 97, No 6, 1954), and in the sutmnability of double Sturm-Liouville
series, etc.
In connection with this there is interest in the investigation of
bounded limited transition in application to the summing of double numerical
series -- the summing of double numerical series in the restricted sense.
In the present work the summation of double numerical series in the
restricted sense by the methods of Abel and Cesaro is considered.
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Differential Equations
55. Convergence of a Power Series Representing the Solution of a
Differential Equation
"Concerning the Region of Convergence of a Power Series Represent-
ing the Solution of a Differential Equation," by P. T. Reznikov-
skiy; Moscow, Us ekh i Matematicheskikh Nauk, Vol 13, No 6 (84),
Nov/Dec 58, pp-145-150
In studying the motion of planets, perturbations of the elements of
the orbits are generally represented in the form of infinite series. Esti-
mates of the regions of convergence of power series satisfying differential
equations are known ([1], [2], [3]). All these estimates are based on ap-
plication of a majorizing differential equation, the right side of which
is a Cauchy majorant.
A. M. Lyapunov [4] used a finite (not differential) majorizing equa-
tion with a Cauchy majorant for investigation of the convergence of series
ordered according to the degrees of the initial data. Nevertheless, the
calculations, traced by the author, frequently lead to results of no
practical significance.
In the present work the author considers the conditions of convergence
of a series, satisfying a differential equation and ordered according to
the degrees of a small parameter.
For this case a terminating majorizing equation is introduced (contain-
ing a small parameter) with an arbitrary majorant.
1. A. M. Lyapunov, "Concerning the Conditions of Motion in a Particular
Case of the Three Body Problem," Soobshch Matem. ob-va 2-ya Seriya, Vol 2,
No 1, 2 (1889).
2. H. Poincare, Les Methodes Nouvelles de la Mecanioue Celeste, Vol I,
Paris, 1892.
3. V. V. Golubev, Lektsii o Analiticheskoy Teorii Differentsial'n'ki;
Uravneniy, (Lectures on the Analytical Theory of Differential Equations).,
Moscow-Leningrad, Gostekhizdat, 1952.
4. A. M. Lyapunov, Obshchaya Zadacha ob Usto chivosti Dvizheni a
(General Problem Concerning the Stability of Motion)., x:oscow-Leningrad,
Gostekhizdat, 1952.
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Information Theory
56. Ergodic Transfer and Stationary Transfer Capabilities Related
"Remark concerning the Transfer Capability of a Stationary Channel
with a Finite Memory,," by I. P. Tsaregradskiy; Moscow, UUs'eeihi
Matematicheskikh Nauk, Vol 13, No 6 (84), Nov/Dec 58, pp-49-61
A. Ya. Khinohin gave a mathematically rigorous proof for the case of
discrete information of the functioning of systems of communication within
the premises of a stationary system (A. Ya. Khinchin, "Concerning the Basic
Theorems of the Theory of Information," UMN Vol 11, No 1, 1956) 1'7-75)
Nevertheless, there remains uncertainty concerning questions of the possi-
bility of substantiating the inverse assertions of these theorems.
The purpose of the present work is to establish the exact relation
between the ergodic transfer capability Ce7 introduced in the article
cited, and the stationary transfer capability Cs, and to prove the validity
of the inverse assertions of the theorems of Shannon.
Linear Difference Equations
57. System of Two Linear Difference Equations
"Concerning a System of Two Linear Difference Equations With
Constant Coefficients," by A. G. Naftalevich, Vil'nyus; Moscow,
Matematicheskiy Sbornik Novaya Seri,, Vol l.6 (88), No 4,
Dec 58, pp 420-432
A system of two linear difference equations is considered, namely,
n
akf (z+kaf) = 9(z),
k=1
(1)
m
bif(z+J ~) = h(z), I(a/P) 5 0.
where ak, bj, d, P are complex numbers, g(z) and h(z) are functions given
meromorphic in the complex plane and f(z) is the sought-for meromorphic
function.
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If the letters A and B designate the operators Af(z)
f(z+P), then the system (1) has the form
(E k al, A ) f(z) = g(z),
k=1
m
(m bjBj ) f(z)= h(z).
j=1
Let
k
Z: akt an-7 (t - ~.
k=1 j_1
)kj,
rTr
bjtbm i!1(t-~i )hi
j=l
It follows that system (1) may be described (assuming
as follows:
s
TT (A - ~ j E) j f(z) - g(z),
j=1
r
i 1 (B-Iii E)hi f(z) = h(z),
E f(z) = f(z).
f(z+ ), Bf(z)=
=1)
It is proved that any solution of the homogeneous system (1) (that
is, systems in which g(z) and h(z) ,are identically equal to
zero) may be represented in the form of a sum of the solutions of an
elementary system of the form
(A-)jE)kj f(z) = 0, (B - ti E) hi f(z) =0
(j=1, 2, . . . , s, i=1, 2, . . . , r), (Ei,j);
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a.ndi conversely, it is proved that any function, given in the form of a
sum of the solutions of the system (Ei,j), is a solution of the system
(1). The solution of system (Ei)'j) is expressed in final form by means
of ellirtical functions and sigma and zeta functions of Bernstein. It
noted that the system (Ei, j) for the case hi= k j = 1 has been solved
by Ermit (see P. Appell, E. Lacour, Principes de la theorie des fonctions
elliptiques et applications, Paris) 1922).
As far as the inhomogeneous system (1) is concerned, it is proved
that it is joint if and only if
m
(> akA ) h(z) bB3) g(z).
Z.-.L j =l
Several applications of the theory of asymptotic periods of integral
and meromorphic functions were also introduced (see A. 0. Gel'fond, Ischi-
sleniye Konechnyith Raznostey [Numerical Finite Differences], Moscow-
Leningrad, Gostekhizdat) 1952).
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V 11 MED1CINN
Anti t>iotics
58. Antibiotics 23-21 and 1779 .in the Therapy of Malignant Growths
"Effect of Two Antibio .i c , (23-21 and 1779) on Experimental
Tumors, " by Hsu Ping, Li.~ Mi rLg- chaijg , Wu Te- cheng, Ch' u
Tsun-ch'ing;, V. Kuri.lovich, Institute of Drug Sciences,
China, Shanghai; Moscow, AntiH.otiki, 6, Nuv/Dec 58, PP 5-8
White mice were user], in the experiments which were conducted to
determine the effect::veness of antih-otics 23-21 and 1779 when used in
thc: therapy of experimentally induced itialignant tumors. Both antibiotics
are obtained from strains isolated from the soil :in South China, and on
the basis of their chemical and hiulogical properties may be grouped with
act.inumycins. They are obtained in the form of red. crystals and have
bacteriostatic effect on gram positive microbes. The experiments were
carried out in vitro and in vivo. Gt,owths were produced in the mice by
the intraperit.uneal administra;t.iun, of Ehrlich' s adenocarcinoma in ascitic
fluid containing 3-10 million cancer., cells. Different doses of 23-21 and
1779 were applied and in all case., were found to have the ability to in-
hibit the growth of the cancer in the animals. Tests were also conducted
to determine the toxicity of the antibior,ics, It was established that the
LD50 for 23-21 is 452 gamma/kg, and of 1779 -- 745 gamma/kg. A table, two
graphs, and a bibliography are provided in the article .
59. Effect, of Chlorotet?:acycline anci Ox tetracycline on Virus Toxicit
"On the Effect, of Chlo?rrotet::acycline and Oxytetraeyeline on the
Toxic Properties of Viruses of the Ornithusis-Psitaccusis Gruup
in Vitro," by B. 1 0,, Semenuv and. V. A. Lashkevich, Institute
for the St;ody of Poliomyelitis, Academy of Medical Sciences
USSR; Moscow, Ant,ibiotiki, 6S. Nu~vv/Dec 58, pp 73-77
An account of. the research work done to de-.errn.ine the effect of
chlorut,et.racycline and. oxy+.et..raeyeline on. he toxic properties of the
urnith,isis virus, strain B; psitaccosis virus, strains "Aran" and "Lori;
and the primary atypical pneumonia v:ixuas, strain 15.. The toxicity of the
viruses was established by he intravenous administ:~atian of virus suspen-
sions prepared on meat-peptone b u~;illon? Dilutions of the antibiotics were
then administered to the a.nima1 . Both a.n`:il)iot,ic, -- chlorotetracycline
and oxytetxacycline -- displayed a, capacity for ina.ct.ivating the toxicity
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L' the ornithosis-psitaccosis group of viruses. The viruses displayed an
equal sensitivity to the antibiotics. The tests also revealed that high
concentrations of the antibiotics, at least 1,000 units, are required to
inactivate the viruses. Chlorotetracycline and oxytetracycline failed to
prevent intoxication of the mice when administered prior to the viral infec-
tion of the animals.
60. Antibiotics in the Therapy of Acute Radiation Sickness
"Application of Bicillin and Oxytetracycline in the Therapy
of Acute Forms of Radiation Sickness," by M. Ya. Chaykovskaya,
I. S. Kas'yanov, and G. Ye. Vaysberg, Radiological Division
(head, Prof A. V. Kozlova) of State Scientific Research Insti-
tute of Roentgenoradiology and Chair of Microbiology (head,
Prof Z. V. Yermol'yeva, Corresponding Member, Academy of Medi-
cal Sciences USSR) of Central Institute for Advanced Training
of Physicians; Moscow Antibiotiki, 6, Nov/Dec 58, pp 92-95
Report on research work conducted to determine the effectiveness of
bicil;LIn [dibenzyl-ethelene-diamine of penicillin] in combination with
oxytetracycline when used in the therapy of acute radiation sickness and
concomitant lesions. Bicillin is a slowly soluble preparation which,
unlike other antibiotics, is retained in the blood in therapeutic doses
for periods of 7-10 days. The experiments were carried out on dogs which
were subjected to irradiation in doses of 500 r. It was established that
the application of bicillin in doses of 250,000 units every 3 days and
oxytetracycline in doses of 300 milligrams daily had a beneficial effect
on the course of acute radiation sickness and concomitant affections.
Aviation Medicine
61. New Preflight Tests for Czechoslovak Pilots
"Experience With a Battery of Vasomotor Tests With Flying
Personnel," by Maj Alois Sturma, Military Political Academy
(Vojenska politicka akademie) in Prague; Prague, Vojenske
Zdravotnicke Listy, Dec 58, pp 572-571+
This article describes a battery of vasomotor tests given to pilots
to determine the functional condition of the central nervous system before
flying. Although experiments with this battery of tests were performed on
only 14 pilots, the author believes that the results showed that these tests
indicate the flying ability of the pilot better than tests previously used,
which consisted of an anamnesis, measurement of blood pressure and pulse,
and a cold pressor test.
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The new tests, the article states, consist of detailed anamneses, both
familial and personal.; a character evaluation by the individual himself,
by his commanding officer, and by his fellow pilots; and the length of time
ho sleeps, the length of time necessary to rest, the length of time he
rests before night flights, the manner in which he spent the previous day
(alcohol, traveling, sexual. contact, increased effort, excitement), the
quality and length of time since his last meal before flying, appetite, use
of black coffee and its effect, the manner in which preflight preparations
were made, and his symptoms and difficulties during flight (headaches, ear-
aches, psychic condition, and digestive difficulties).
Contagious Diseases
62. Czechoslovak Research on Virus Infections
"A Micromethod of Complement Fixation in the Diagnosis of Virus
Infections," by Rudolf Benda, Ludek Danes, and Jiri Obenberger,
frcan chairaL tl-n Egideni.ology, "Jan Ev. Purkyne" Military Doctors
Research and Graduate Institute (Vojensky lekarsky vyzkumny a
doskolovaci ustav Jaria Ev. Purkyne); Prague, Vojenske Zdravot,-
nicke List y, Dec 58, pp 574-579
This article describes the technique of complement fixation by a modi-
fied micromethod on Plexit glass plates, using constant dilution of the
serum and antigen with several doses of complement. The article reports
experiments in which this method was used in the diagnosis of and research
on different virus infections, including glandular viruses of the Coxsackie
group, tick-borne encephalitis, "LCM," rabies, Q fever, and lymphocytic
choriomeningitides.
Immunology and Therapy
63. Tick-Borne Encephalitis Vaccine
"Yolk (Embryonal) Vaccine for Prophylaxis of Spring-Summer
(Tick-Borne) Encephalitis," by A. K. Shubladze, Ye. N. Bychkova,
and V. A. Anan?yev, Institute of Virology imeni Ivanovskiy;
Moscow, Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii i Immunobiologii,
Vol 29, No 10, Oct 56, pp 102-109 '
The research to which this article is devoted involves a study of a
yolk vaccine for protection against spring-summer encephalitis. The experi-
ments were based on a vaccine proposed by Shubladze and Andzhaparidze in
1949, which consisted of a 10% suspension of virus-infected chick embryo
with 0.10 formalin; three strains, a laboratory SofIin strain, strain YaM3,
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and strain 90E, were used in this vaccine. In addition, the following
strains were tested for the new vaccine: L3, 1X10, YaS8 (all yolk-
cultured), and SofIin (cultured in mouse brains). In 1957, a vaccine
consisting of the first three of these strains was compared with the brain-
cultured vaccine with respect to immunogenic effectiveness. Results are
shown in a table. At present, the authors have undertaken studies of
several variants of the yolk vaccine; liquid and dry, with and without sup-
plements, mono- and polyvaccines, vaccines inactivated by cold and high
temperatures, deformalinized, and with a decreased amount of formalin.
Experimentation with these variants is summarized in six tables.
CPYRGHT Conclusions drawn from these results are as follows:
"l. Experimental study of yolk (embryonal) vaccines showed that they
are immunogenically adequate.
"2. The immunogenicity of a 5% yolk vaccine is not inferior to that
of a vaccine with a 10% content of infected chick embryo tissues.
"3. Complete Inactivation of the virus in the yolk vaccine was ob-
served after decreasing the amount of formalin from 0.1 to 0.05%-
"4. The rate at which the virus is inactivated in the vaccine can be
shortened from 20 days (for 5 days at room' temperature and for the subse-
quent 15 days at 40) to 12 days.
"5. Three-day exposure of the vaccine to 0.05% formalin at 370 is
sufficient to inactivate the virus.
"6. The harmlessness of the vaccine (complete inactivation) must be
checked after its deformalinization.
"7. The immunogenicity of the vaccine is not decreased by deformalini-
zation.
"8. The immunogenicity of liquid yolk vaccine is decreased after
6 months preservation.
"9. Dry yn'liz vaccines have good immunogenicity.
"10. Thu _:.,~perimental data provide a basis for recommending the devel-
opment of the production of the vaccine from virus cultures on fibroblastic
chick embryos."
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CPYRGHT
CPYRGHT
64, Dry Live Brucellosis Vaccine for Cattle
"The Problem of Vaccinating Adult Cattle Against Brucellosis
With Dry Brucellosis Vaccine," by M. M Ivanov, I. G. Levina,
P. S. Studentsov, and V. S. Kuznetsov, Tr. Gos. Nauehno-
Kontrol'n. In-t o Vet re aratam, No 6, 1956, pp 110-123
(from ReferativnZhurnal -- Biolo i , No 11, 10 Jun 58,
Abstract No 50173, by I. Ya. Panche~lto
"Vaccination was performed with live brucellosis vaccine from strain
No 19. The vaccine was administered subcutaneously in 5 ml doses to all
barren cows and to cows with calves up to 6 months old. The agglutina-
tion reaction was the criterion for the immunological reactivity of the
animals. If the agglutination titer was lower than 1:200 some 15-20 days
after vaccination, vaccination was repeated, and if the required titer was
not attained, the animals were vaccinated a third time. Observations
showed that the vaccination can terminate a brucellosis enzootic and stop
the spread of abortions. The RSK (complement fixation reaction) disap-
peared after 5-8 months in healthy vaccinated cattle, whereas it was main-
tained for a long time (more than 2 years) in animals which were in the
initial or latent stages of infection before vaccination. These indexes
can be used for differentiating healthy cattle from brucellar cattle in
vaccinated herds. Immunological reactivity with respect to vaccine from
strain No 19 was noted in several healthy animals." .
65. Diagnosis of Brucellosis in Cattle
"Comparative Evaluation of Immunobiological Reactions in
Diagnosing Brucellosis of Cattle," by P. B. Sadauskas,
Byul. Nauchno-Tekhn. Inform. Lit. N.-I. In-t Zhivotno-
vodstva i Veterinarii, No 2, 1957, pp 37-40 (from Referati-
vn Zhurnal -- Biolo i , No 11, 10 Jun 58, Abstract
No 50167, author's summary)
"It was demonstrated that, in a herd with fresh, acute brucellosis,
combined RA (agglutination reaction), RSK (complement fixation reaction),
and Huddleson reactions can be used to detect the greatest number of
Brucellar animals. When the course of the infection is chronic, the
greatest number of animals can be detected by combining the RSK, opsono-
phagocytic reaction (OFR), and eye allergen. When infection disappears
during normal calving, the RA, the Huddleson reaction, and the RSK dis-
appear in the herd, and at the same time the OFR and the eye test reaction
arc pronounced."
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66. Brucellosis Therapy in Cattle
"Antivirus Therapy of Cattle With Brucellosis," by V. P. Gromov
and Kh. B. Frumkina, Tr. Sverdl. S. -Kh. In-ta, No 1, 1957,
pp 311-315 (from Referativn Zhurnal -- Biolo i , No 11,
10 Jun 58, Abstract No 50171) by A. D. Musin)
CPYRGHT
"Experimental Therapy with antivirus (AV) was performed on 24 cows
with brucellosis. AV was prepared from three strains of Brucella by the
usual method; 15 ml of it was administered to the cows the first time, 50 ml
after 15 days, and the same amount 30 clays after the second injection and
30 days after the third injection. A general reaction of the organism to
the introduction was manifested by increased. titers and an increase in the
opsonic index. The agglutinin titer increased to 1:11.00-1:6,400 under the
effects of AV; it remained at this level for a long time, and decreased
to 1:50-1:25 toward the 10th-12th month after therapy. The phagocytic re-
action was reinforced and clinical manifestations of brucellosis disappeared
in the sick animals after AV therapy. The authors suggest that AV can be
used to treat brucellar cattle on threatened farms in conjunction with meas-
ures for improving sanitary conditions."
67. Diagnosis of Brucellosis
"The Effectiveness of Seroallergic Methods of Diagnosis Following
Recovery of Cattle Hosts From Brucellosis," by A. I. Bychkov, Tr.
Mosk, Vet. Akad., Vol 19, No 1, 1957, pp 258-272 (from Referativnyy
Zhurnal -- Biologiya, No 11, 10 Jun 58, Abstract No 501'65, by A. M.)
On comparative study of seroallergic methods of diagnosis, it was shown
that the RA (agglutination reaction) and RSK (complement fixation reaction)
did not guarantee the detection of all animals suffering from brucellosis.
A considerable number of sick animals were detected by the main allergen of
Rostov VOS which was used in addition to the RA and RSK. Corpuscular antigen
of VIEV (All-Union Institute of Experimental Veterinary Science) is a partic-
ularly specific and active allergic preparation which the authors recommend
for checking healthy herds and for the recovery of herds threatened with
brucellosis, for the examination of animals brought onto the farm, and for the
examination of animals after vaccination for brucellosis."
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PYRGk
68. Agglutination Reaction in Ouine Brucellosis
"The Problem of the Specific Sensitivity of the Accelerated
Agglutination Reaction in Diagnosing Brucellosis in Sheep,"
by M. A. Prudentov, Tr. Stavropol. I sk.Kra evo N.-I. Vet. St.,
No 3, 1956, pp 139-143 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Biologiya,
No 11, 10 Jun 58, Abstract No 501 0, by I. P.
"Research showed that the flocculation RA (agglutination reaction) has
greater specific sensitivity than does the blood-droplet reaction. The
author recommends the flocculation RA with serum for diagnosing brucellosis
in sheep which are clinically healthy with respect to brucellosis, and also
for checking post-vaccirial reaction in sheep which have been vaccinated
against brucellosis."
Pharmacology and Toxicology
PYRGHT
69. 'Therapy of Burn Shock With Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone
"Effect of Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone on the Course of Burn
Shock," by G. A..Zubovskiy; Moscow, Nksperimental'naya Khirurgiya,
6, Nov/Dec 58, p 59
'The effect of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) on the course of
burn shock was studied in experiments on rabbits. Two series of experiments
were carried out. Fourth degree burns on the skin of the abdomen (12 per-
cent of the body surface) were inflicted on 22 animals of the first series,
and the character of the developing pathological process was studied. Ob-
servations have shown that when traumas of this type were inflicted on rab-
bits a fatal form of burn shock developed. Two of the 22 animals died as a
result of vascular collapse within 7-12 minutes after the trauma was in-
flicted; 16 animals died within 35 -- 140 minutes, and four within 24-11-8
hours with manifestations of progressive cardiovascular asthenia and blood
clotting. Blood clotting was observed only in the animals that died within
24-48 hours after the trauma was inflicted.
"Sixteen rabbits in the second series received 25 units of ACTH
intravenously 10 minutes after burns were inflicted. The reaction of the
organism to the administration of ACTH was expressed by an insignificant
and brief rise in arterial pressure. Within an hour after the administration
of the drug, the development of cardiovascular asthenil symptoms ceased in
almost all the animals, and a considerable rise in arterial pressure and in
tissue blood circulation was observed. Only six animals of this group died
within the first hour; the other ten died within 24 hours.
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CPYRGHT
"Thus, a single injection of ACTH during the erectile phase of burn
shock produces an expressed therapeutic effect in the course of several
hours. This effect is apparently conditioned by the intensification of the
humoral protective mechanism, and has a particularly beneficial effect on
the condition of the vascular-motor center."
70. Serotherapy of Gas Infection
"Serotherapy of Experimental Gas Infection Caused by Septic Vibrio
Combined With Aerobes," by S. V. Solov'yev; Moscow, Eksperimen-cal'-
naya Khirurgiya, 6, Nov/Dec 58, p 61
"The object of the work was the study of the effectiveness of the
serotherapy of a gas infection produced in white mice by a combination of
two cultures: septic vibrio and one of the aerobes -- hemolytic streptococ-
ous, staphylococcus aureus, Bact., proteus vulgaris, and Bacillus coli. The
antisepsis serum was administered to the experimental animals in doses of
200 antitoxic units as follows: once 3 hours after the infection; twice 3
and 24 hours after the infection; three dines 3, '24, and. 48 hours after the
infection.
"These doses of the serum had a favorable therapeutic effect when ad-
ministered to animals infected with a monoculture of septic vibrio. In the
basic experiments, the antisepsis serum was administered in similar doses to
white mice infected by the combination of sublethal doses of two cultures.
As a result of the more intensified virulent action of the anaerobic and
aerobic causative agents, the control nontreated animals died, although in
all, they received less than a single lethal dose.
"In the serotherapy of a gas infection caused by septic vibrio in
combination with hemolytic streptococcus, Bact. Proteus vulgaris, or
Staphylococcus aureus, the antisepsis serum was found to have little effect.
A favorable therapeutic effect was obtained, however, when the animals were
infected with septic vibrio in combination with colibacillus. The therapeu-
tic effect was noticeably increased when the serum doses were increased.
"It was thus found that the course of a gas infection and the therapeu-
tic effect of the antigangrene serum frequently depend on the character of
the wound microflora."
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71, New Czechoslovak Medicines
"Local and Foreign News" (unsigned article); Prague,
Obrana Lidu, 21 Dec 58, p 2
The "Galena" National Enterprise in Komarov, near Opava, is preparing
the production of new medicines. The enterprise will make "Cholagol" drops
from curcuma rootstock imported from India, China, and Australia. These
drops are given to patients with glandular difficulties.
Physiology
72. High-Temperature Effects on Muscular Efficiency
"The Effect of High Temperature on the Muscular Efficiency
of Human Beings," by G. A. Goncharuk (Kiev), Institute of
Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Diseases; Moscow, GGiigi-
ena True. i Prof essional'n a Zabolevaniya, Vol 2, No 6,
Nov Dec 58, pp 19-22
High temperature irritates the human thermoregulating apparatus, and
lessens the ability of the human organism to maintain body temperature at
a constant level, thereby inhibiting its muscular activity. Excitation of
cortical and subcortical centers of thermoregulation is evidently accompa-
nied by inductive inhibition of motor zones of the central nervous system.
The inhibitive effect of high temperature on muscular activity seems to be
of a protective nature.
A total of 179 experiments were conducted on 16 healthy people, between
16 and 23 years of age, who were kept at rest in a compartment in which the
air temperature was between 40?C and 42?C; the relative humidity was between
30% and 40%. A control group was kept in a compartment where the temperature
was between 18?C and 200C and the relative humidity was between 30% and 40%.
A method developed by M. V. Leynik was used to determine muscular
efficiency. Indexes of muscular efficiency were calculated from an ergograph
tracing of the force and frequency of flexion of the index finger during
2 one-minute periods of lifting (with one minute rest in between) of a load
weighing 4.5 kilograms, averaging one lift per second.
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73. Pathologic Motor Reactions Produced in Rats by Sound
"The Role of the Cerebral Cortex in the Development of
Motor Pathologic Reactions Produced in Rats by Using
Sounds as Irritants," by B. I. Kotlyar, Nauchnyye Dokla
Vyoshey Shkoly, Biologicheskiye Nauki, No 1958, pp 98-
The author of this article discusses experiments conducted on 1i7 white
rats selected on the basis of their sensitivity to sound. Results of the
experiments produced sufficient evidence that all stages of epileptiform
reaction which develop in rats in response to intense sound stimuli are
connected with infracortical parts of the brain; the reactions were noted
in decorticated animals.
Motor neurosis appears as a supplementary element of epileptiform re-
action in rats exposed to repeated sound stimuli. leis is an example of
specific clonus, the execution of which requires participation of cortical
neurons.
The dynamics of the formation of motor neurosis show that strong
excitation develops in the cerebral cortex.
The author of this article further states that attempts were made to
obtain motor nevxosis a second time in decorticated rats; the previous re-
sults could not be dupjicated even after 40-60 experiments were performed.
74. Experimental "Training" and Its Biochemical Manifestations
"Biochemical Changes in Animal Muscles Subjected to Various Kinds
of Experimental 'Training,'" by A. F. Makarova, Sector of Physio-
logy and Biochemistry of Scientific Research Institute of Physical
Culture, Leningrad; Kiev, Ukrainskiy Biokhimicheskiy Zhurnal,
No 6, 1958, pp 903-910
As a result of the experiments, which were conducted on rabbits by
subjecting the sciatic nerve to a faradic current to produce repeated syste-
CPYRGHT matic contraction of the muscles, the following conclusions were derived:
"l. Experimental 'training' produces an increase in the amount of
structural protein found in the muscles and is greatest when the training is
conducted with 'heavy' loads.
"2. Of the structural muscle proteins, the proteins of the myosin com-
plex have the greatest quantitative increase, with the ATP-ase activity of
the muscles increasing accordingly. There is a greater increase in the pro-
tein content of the muscle stroma with 'heavy' training at a slow pace, when
the time of the levatory load is longer.
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3. Zlie degree o:L g ycogc,n con en ncrease -4 1" y y
as a result of the training depends on the rate of the movement rather than
on the size of the effort.
"4. 'icavy' training at a rapid pace produces more intense variegated
biochemical changes than 'heavy' training at a slow pace, or with burdensome
loads.
"5. Our data confirm N. N. Yakovlyev's view that the biochemical
chan&-.s occurring in the muscle as a result of 'training' are a manifestation
of the biochemical adaptation to concrete forms of fulfilling work."
Radiology
75. Effect of Radiation Sickness on Blood Coagulation
"The Mechanism of Disturbance in Blood Coagulation in Acute
Radiation Sickness," by A. S. Petrova; Moscow, Meditsinskaya
Radiologiya, No 6, Nov-Dec 58, pp 25-29
This article reports a study of the mechanism of the origin of the
hemorrhagic syndrome and morphological changes in thrombocytes and other
components which take part in blood coagulation under the effects of acute
radiation sickness. Dogs and rabbits were exposed to total irradiation in
doses of 800 and 600 r respectively. The quantity of the thrombocytes, the
thrombocyte formula, the diameter of the thrombocytes, the blood coagulation
time, and reabsorption of the blood clot were then determined. The experi-
ments established the following points: (1) Changes in all component's
which enter into the blood coagulation picture begin from the very first
days of irradiation; (2). the presence of large numbers of irritating forms
and macrothrombocytes in the peripheral blood points to the appearance of
atypical regenerative processes in the megacaryocyte apparatus of the bone
marrow; (3) the effect which quantitative, as well as qualitative, changes
of the thrombocytes in radiation sickness have on the development of hemor-
rhages is indicated by the fact that blood coagulation time is restored
later than the quantity of the thrombocytes; (4). the correlation between
the changes in reabsorption of the blood clot and the development of throm-
bopenia is confirmed by the fact that both take place simultaneously; and
(5). a considerable prolongation of the blood coagulation time is noted
during the period of the more pronounced qualitative and quantitative changes
of the thrombocytes.
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76. Relatiorish:Lp_of Acetylcholine-Cholinesterase System to Intestinal
Motor Activity in Radiation Sickness
"Motor Function of an Isolated Portion of Small Intestine of
Dog During Acute Radiation Sickness," by K. V. Smirnov (Moscow);
Moscow, Pulleten' Eksperimentallnoy Biologii i Meditsin ,
Vol 46, No 12, 1958) pp 23-28
'.Pasts were conducted on three dogs to study the motor function of
isolated intestinal loops from the small intestines under normal condi-
tions and after X-ray irradiation. Kymographic tracings after the lst,
2d, 8th, and l1Eth days of irradiation accompany the article.
Results indicate that the disturbance in intestinal motor activity
in irradiated dogs may depend on shifts in the acetylcholine-cholinesterase
system which develop during radiation sickness.
77. Changes in the Functional Condition of the Cardiovascular System During
Radiation Sickness
"Changes in the Functional Condition of the Cardiovascular
System During Radiation Sickness," by N. V. Il'chevich and
V. A. Kozak, Institute of Physiology imeni A. A. Bogomolov,
Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR, Laboratory of Physiology
o." Circulation and Respiration; Kiev, Fiziologicheskiy
Zhurnal, Vol 14, No 6, Nov/Dec 58, pp 775-782
The research described in this article,was conducted on changes in
arterial blood pressure and their relationship to vascular interoceptive
reflexes during various phases of radiation sickness. The research was
motivated by the observation that functional disturbances occur in patients
undergoing radiotherapy and in people working with radioactive substances.
Results indicated the following:
1. During the first 21E hours after irradiation, arterial blood pressure
is lowered while reflex excitability is elevated both for pressor and de-
pressor reactions.
2. Restoration of arterial blood pressure is accompanied by the lower-
ing of the reflex response and a dr-)p in the pressure in the carotid sinus
region.
3. The lowering of the blood pressure during the terminal period of
radiation sickness parallels the decrease and rapid exhaustion of the vascular
interoceptive reflexes.
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78
Exe~r:iment,al Pneumonia in Radiation Sickness
"Characte.rj.yitics of the Development, Course, and Outcome of
Ex ic.r.i.mvsntai Pneumonia in Acute Radiation Sickness," by P. N.
Kiselev, 13. M. Rabinovich, and I. D. Meter, Bactero-Serolog,
ica:L .Lalaoratory, Central Scientific Research Roentgenoradio-
logical Institute; Moscow, Meditsiriskay Radiologi
No 6
y, ,
Nov/Dec 53, pp 3-10
Experiments which were conducted on rabbits and rats established that
the animals became highly susceptible to severe and in most cases fatal
affection with pneumonia after having been subjected to sublethal doses of
ionizing irradiation, the critical period having set in 3-21 days after
their irradiation. It was also, found that the animals lost their local
as well as general immunity during radiation sickness. This latter fact,
the authors state, indicates the importance of pneumonia prophylaxis in
cases of radiation sickness. The use of antibiotics, chemotherapeutic
drugs, and other measures is recommended.
79. Penetration of Radioactive Silver Through Skin and Fresh Wounds
"Penetration of Radioactive Silver Through Uninjured Skin
and Wound Surface Under Experimental Conditions," by 1. T.
Tsilyuryk, Chair of Roentgenology and Radiology, Kharkov
Medical Institute; Moscow, Novyy khirurgicheskiy Arkhiv,
No 3,. May/Jun 58, pp ,'. -1+9
Experimental data indicate the possibility of radioactive silver
absorption through'the skin. 'The quantity of the'r6,dioactive isotopes
absorbed through fresh wounds is quite significant.
The author mentions that contact with radioactive substances such as
silver is serious, especially if one considers the long half-life of silver
and its significantly hard rays.
80. Intestinal Wounds Combined With Penetrating Radiation
"Characteristics of the Course of Wounds of the Small Intestines
in General Affection of the Organism by Penetrating Radiation," by
V. I. Filatov; Leningrad, Eksperimental"naya Khirurgiya, No 6,
Nov/Dec 58, p 60
"The characteristics of the behavior of incised and lacerated wounds
of the small intestine in the onset of radiation sickness, its climactic
stage, and during the healing period were studied. Ninety-nine experiments
were carried out on 1.0 dogs and 50 rabbits.'
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The dogs were subjected to general. roentgen irradiation with a dose of 350 r;
the rabbits, with doses of 1100 x. It was found that in the period of the
initial reaction; to acute 2d and 3d degree radiation sickness, the course
of wounds of the small intestine in dogs who were not subjected to surgical
interference (suturing or intestinal resection) is severe, and results in
an early death from peritonitis and radiation sickness.
"Surgical interference in rabbits, carried out 2 hours after the wounds
of the small intestines were inflicted and during the initial period of
radiation sickness, produced better results than operations carried out 6-8
hours later. The cause of lethal cases was a severe form of acute radiation
sickness. All the dogs which were operated on during the initial period of
radiation sickness and 8 hours after the wounds of the small intestine were
inflicted, but which were not subjected to antiradiation therapy, died of
radiation sickness or its complications. Mortality was considerably lowered
when complex therapy of radiation sickness was applied. The wounds healed
without complications despite the somewhat retarded regeneration. However,
in 3 of the 20 dogs, invagination of the small intestine produced complica-
tions which were difficult to diagnose because of the development of acute
radiation sickness.
"The infliction of wounds in the small intestine during the climactic
period of radiation sickness resulted in the death of most of the dogs
shortly after operations were performed, even though early surgical inter-
ference was undertaken. Repeated wounds of the small intestine inflicted
2-3 months after the combined affection (acute radiation sickness and wounds
of the small intestine) were marked by leukopenia and lymphopenia.,- which are
characteristic of acute radiation sickness. Infectious complications fre-
quently marked the healing process of the wounds.
"In additional experiments which were conducted on 19 dogs 13 months
after the general irradiation (Co O in a dose of 1+00 r), hip wounds inflicted
by firearms caused the development of lymphopenia only. The wounds healed
without complications."
81. Radioactive Cobalt Therapy in Treating Inflammation of Phalanges
"Treatment of Paronychia by Gamma Rays From Radioactive Cobalt,"
by L. M. Stukova, Central Scientific Research Institute of Roent-
genoradiology, Ministry of Health USSR; Kie,;-, Novyy Khirurgicheskiy
Arkhiv, No 6 (216), Nov/Dec 58, pp 23-27
Hand inflammations in 97 patients were treated by gamma-ray radiotherapy
from cobalt-60. Patients' ages varied from 20 to:70 years, and the duration
of infection before treatment varied from one week to more than a year. Sites
of infection were bone, subcutaneous tissue, and paronychia.
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Results indicate that radiation therapy brings about complete and
stable anatomic recovery of the injured phalanges with comparatively rapid.
disappearance of all signs of subjective and objective inflammatory effects,
and therefore speedily restores the working capacity of the patients.
The author concludes that radiotherapy using cobalt-60 in cases of
paronychia accompanied by inflammation of only the soft tissues and by in-
flammation of the bones has a. favorable effect on the course of the disease.
82. Certain Mechanisms of Cell Recovery Following Radiation Studied
"Certain Mechanisms of Postradiation Changes in Resting
Yeast Cells," by V. I. Korogodin, Soil Biology Faculty,
Moscow State University imeni M. V. Lomonosov; Moscow,
Biofizika, Vol 3, No 6, 1958, pp 703-710
The aim of this research was to find a link between postradiation changes
of cells and cell division. Postradiation mechanisms studied were cell stain-
ing capacity, spontaneous lysis, and the dynamics of postradiation recovery
of resting yeast cells maintained in nonnutritive media.
Results indicate that following gamma-irradiation by partially lethal
doses of ionizing radiation the death rate of yeast cells in the mitotic
rest state does not differ from the death rate of control yeast cells. Follow-
ing irradiation by absolutely lethal doses of ionizing radiation, the death
rate of yeast cells is rapid and a portion of the irradiated cell population
disintigrates.
In the author's opinion, the development of radiation sequelae, which
lead to inactivation after several reproduction cycles, becomes hampered or
impossible if active metabolism is lacking. The decrease in radiation effects
on yeast cells surviving gamma-irradiation is attributed to the destruction
or diffusion of toxic products migrating from the irradiated cells.
The author suggests that the study of the mechanisms of the recovery of
cells surviving irradiation under rest conditions will explain the nature of
primary radiobiological disturbances.
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Surgery
83. The Neurorlystrophic Process in Experimental Osteomyelitis
CPYRGHT
"The Development and Compensation of the Neurodystrophic
Process in Experimental Osteomyelitis," by L. A. Rabinovieh-
Narodetskaya; Alma-Ata, Eksperimental'naya Khirurgiya, No 6,
1958, p 61
"Having developed a method of producing experimental traumatic
osteomyelitis, we have set as our goal the study of the development of
this process under the influence of some effects on the nervous system.
A prolonged medically induced sleep was utilized as an additional irri-
tant in some series of the experiments; vitamin B1 was introduced into
the peripheral section of a cut and sutured nerve, and into a whole nerve
in other series of experiments. In all, there were seven series of ex-
periments on 105 grown rabbits and 10 dogs in whom experimental traumatic
osteomyelitis was produced. The periods of subsequent observations were
3-6 months.
"The results of the experiments have shown that an affection of a
peripheral link of the nervous system in the form of a high neurotomy of
the sciatic nerve followed by immediate suturing has an unfavorable effect
on the compensating adaptation of the organism to experimental osteomyelitis
and aggravates its development. The introduction of small doses of vitamin
B1 into the peripheral end`of the cut nerve as an additional irritant has a
favorable effect on the course of experimental osteomyelitis.
"The introduction of vitamin B1 into the sciatic nerve or sleep therapy
improves the reactivity of the animal orgaasm and more rapidly mobilizes
the compensating adaptation of the organism to experimental osteomyelitis.
The preliminary cutting of the sciatic nerve followed by its immediate sutur-
ing lowers the reactivity of the animals as well as the compensating capacity
of the organism with respect to osteomyelitis. The application of medically
induced sleep on simultaneous bone infection) does not unfavorably affect the
course of experimental osteomyelitis in the animal."
84. Surgical Shock and Shock Reactions
"New Data in the Investigation of Surgical Shock," by Prof M. S.
Lisitsyn, Clinic of General Surgery No 2 Military-Medical Order
of Lenin Academy imeni S. M. Kirov; Moscow, Vestnik Khirurgii
imeni I. I. Grekov, No 9, Sep 58, pp 70-77
A survey of 15 years of clinical and experimental investigations which
were conducted to determine the origin and nature of shock and shock reactions
in patients undergoing or about to undergo surgical treatment is d.scussed.
On the basis of study and analysis of the data obtained, the author concludes
that:
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1. Presurgical, surgical, and postsurgical. shock reactions and shock
are stages of but a single process, that of surgical shock.
2. A perverted neuro-vascular-humoral state provides the background
for diathesis to shock reactions and shock. This condition should be taken
into consideration and corrected before surgery is undertaken.
3. Disturbances of cortical neurodynamics which develop as a result
of emotional trauma, and more frequently as a result of surgical trauma,
modify the reactivity of the central nervous system and the ability of the
cortical protective mechanisms to restore the disturbed functions.
1.. Insidious and unclear forms of shock reactions and shock may and
should be diagnosed by determining the volume of the circulating blood.,
the cardiac rhythm, the rate of the blood flow, the functions of the parotid
glands, and other indexes.
5. Predisposition to shock reactions and shock is manifested in
patients during the presurgical period when emotional and psychic disturb-
ances and disturbed functions of the central nervous system modify the
neuro-vascular-humoi I background, disturbing the vascular reflex.
85. Certain Experimental and Clinical Problems of Intra-Arterial Trans-
fusion in Severe Shock
"Certain Problems of Intra-Arterial Blood Transfusion in
Severe Shock," by N. S. Yefin:ishin, Candidate of Medical
Sciences, Faculty Surgical Clinic of Stanislavsk Medical
Institute; Moscow, Khirurgiya, No 11, Nov 58, pp 19-23
Intra-arterial blood transfusions were administered to 20 patients
in severe shock. Regardless of the severity of injury, intra-arterial
blood transfusion had favorable effects if it was conducted promptly
after the appearance of shock symptoms, and repeated transfusions pro-
longed, thES desirable effect. Experiments performed o 13 dogs subjected
to se-,rere and prolonged shock also proved that the favorable effects of
intra-arterial blood transfusion depend on the dose of the transfused
blood, the severity of the shock condition, and the duration of the shock
condition preceding the transfusions.
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86. Morphological7. Changes in Preserved Major Blood Vessels
"Morphological Changes in Preserved Blood Vessels With Respect
to Preservatives, Time of Blood Vessel Excision, and Duration
of Preservation," by T. I. Noskova, Chair of Hospital Surgery,
Chernovitsk:i.y Medical Institute; Kiev, Novi Khirurgicheskiy
Arkhiv, No 6(216), Nov/Dec 58, pp 114-117
Sections of major blood vessels (aorta, femoral, and carotid arteries)
were removed ~ 4, .:.,nd 6 hours after death and were preserved in various
solutions.
Results indicate that the endothelium is the first tissue to be
destroyed due to preservation, but that this tissue is preserved longest
when the blood vessels axe preserved in -itrated blood. Charges in the
tunica media and exLima (splitting of fibers, degenerative changes in the
nucleus, and edema in the adventitia) are seen earliest (5-10 days) in
vessels preserved in dry sterile test tubes and in physiological saline
solution. Degenerative changes are rapid in all blood vessels removed
as late as 4-6 hours after the animal's death.
87. Czechoslovak Anesthesia Instruments
"By Means of Instruments Against Pain" (unsigned article); Prague,
Obrana Lidu, 6 Jan 59, p 2
Dr Jaroslav Jaderny, chief anesthesiologist at the Kraj institute of
National Health (Krajsky ustav narodniho zdravi) in Karlovy Vary has success-
fully solved the problem of administering general anesthesia to ambulatory
patients. He designed and constructed simple and easy to manipulate in-
struments which meet numerous requirements for the surgical treatment of
ambulatory patients. The instruments are very inexpensive and to a great
extent will take the place of bulky and costly anesthesia equipment.
One of the new instruments is used for inducing analgesia by means of
trichloroethylene. It may be used for deliveries, for applying painful
bandages, and other purposes where analgesia is required for only a short
period of time. Other models of this instrument may be used in hospitals
for operations or for anesthetizing children.
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88. Rehabilitation of Burn Victims in Czechoslovakia
"Rehabilitation of Burn Cases by Balneotherapy," by Pavel
Stepanek, and Jana Stepankova Spa Rehabilitation Institute
(Lazensky rehabilitacni ustav), Marianske Lazne; Prague,
Vojenske Zdravotnicke Listy, Dec 58, PP 557-560
This article describes the rehabilitation of burn victims before thf- ~
are sent to spas for treatment, and discusses the prevention of contractures,
respiratory system complications, constipation, and osteoporosis. The
principles of general physical training, exercises of the burned parts, and
exercises for the return of normal stance and gait are discussed and physical
therapy is evaluated. Physiotherapy continues and occupational therapy is
increased in the Spa Rehabilitation Institute. The article stresses the
importance of carbon dioxide and Radon baths.
89. Use of Plastic Films in Czechoslovakia
"The Possibilities of Using Films of Plastic Materials in Peace
and War Surgery," by Maj No Macik, Lt Col Engr Dusan Milic, and
Engr Antonin Krivanek; Prague, Vojenske Zdravotnicke Listy, Dec
58, PP 555-556
This article describes the preparation of PVAC films and discusses
the experimental and clinical evaluation of these films. The article
recommends their use in routine surgical work, such as wounds, burns, and
certain suppurations.
The article states that plastic films have only limited value in
treating; second and third degree burns, but that they will be useful at
first aid stations and dispensaries for treating first degree burns.
Veterinary Medicine
90. Virus Left in Aphthae Scabs in Cattle With Foot-and-Mouth Disease
"On the Extraction of the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus From
Cattle Aphthae Scabs," by E. Kunter, Friedrich Loeffler In-
stitute, Riems; Leipzig, Archie fuer Ex er_Wientelle Veterinaer-
medizin, Vol 12, No 5, 195 6., PP 792-801
Experiments were conducted to investigate the behavior of complement
fixing, infectious, and immunizing antigen after extraction from aphthae
scabs, both in laboratory experiments and in connection with the produc-
tion of vaccine concentrate.
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Double distilled water and m/150 isotonic phosphate buffer solution
proved to be good agents for the extraction of the foot-and-mouth iUsease
virus from cattle aphthae scabs; m/180 phosphate buffer solution is less
suitable for the purpose.
The optimal stirring time during the extraction of the virus is between
20 and 30 minutes.
The titer of the complement fixing antigen is reduced to some extent
during extraction by the addition of 50 percent chloroform.
The greater part of the virus is removed in the form of complement
fixing and infectious antigen along with the first and second extract
from the aphthae scabs. The decrease of the two components, complement
fixing and infectious antigen 'titers, is uniform.
In the third and fourth extracts, and in the residue accumulating
during the production of the vaccine concentrate, continuously varying
amounts of the complement fixing and infectious antigen titers could
be determined. The experimental, vaccines produced from these extracts
and from these residues still hud, in part, an immunizing effect.
It is recommended that the raw virus material be extracted three
times. Any further extractions must be considered uneconomical for the
time being because of present technical conditions and the very small
amounts of antigen recovered.
91. Survival of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Cattle Bile
"Investigations On the Occurrence of Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Virus in the Bile of Cattle With Special Regard For Its
Survival," by E. Kunter, Friedrich Loeffler Institute,
Riems; Leipzig, Archie fuer Experimentelle Veterinaermedizin,
Vol 12, No 5, 1958, pp - 95
The occurrence and survival of foot-and-mouth disease virus was in-
vestigated in the bile of 1-2-year-old cattle infected intracutaneously in
the tongue with type 02 virus (Koos). The bile was removed at 24, 48 66,
and 168 hours after infection. The virus was found in only 11 (12.25 of
the 90 bile samples .examined. The virus titer never exceeded 10-1. Of
the 65 bile samples taken after 24 hours, only 7 (10.8%) contained the
virus, whereas 25% of the bile samples taken after 48 hours contained
the virus. No infectious virus could be found in the samples taken
after 66 and 168 hours.
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No conclusions could be drawn on the virus content of the bile at any
given time during the viremia stage, since far fewer bile samples were
examined. 48 hours after infection than 2U hi,~urs after infection. At any
rate, the occurrence of the virus is hardly to be expected in the bile
after 166 hours.
The virus found in the gall had a very low survival period. Its
presence could no longer be detected even 24 hours after death at a
storage temperature of 11.0C.
The pH of the bile varies between '7.1+ an:-. 7.8 thirty minutes after
death; it reached 8.75 ??? 9..1 after 24 hours after death.
Investigations on the virucidal properties of cattle and guinea pig
bile led to negative results. The foot-and-mouth disease virus type 02
(Koos) and the guinea pig standard A virus were exposed to the effect of
the bile in the form of untreated aphtJuae extracts., centrifuged virus
solutions, and virus solutions purified with chloroform.
On the basis of these investigations the f'cot-and-mouth disease
virus seems to be one of the most resistant to bile.
92. Complement Fixation and Inhibition in Brucellosis Abortus Bovinus
"Comparative Investigations With the Conipiement Fixation Reaction
and the Complement inhibition Reaction for Brucellosis in Cattle,,"
by Ch. Lehnert, Institute of Veterinary Microbiology and Epi-
zoology, Karl Marx University, leipzig; Leipzig, Archiv fuer
EEx erimentelle Veterinaermedizin, Vol 12, No 5;, 195U~ Pp 74U.-755
In comparative investigations of 50 sera of brucellosis-infected
cattle with complement-.f ixat ion and complement-inhibition reactions.,
the best results were obtained when active serum was used with the
complement fixation reaction.
After inactivation by means of heat .(56cC f-or30 minutes), prozones
or completely negative reactions occurred in the case of a considerable
number of the sera.
Antibodies capable of fixing antigen but not complement could be
detected with the complement inhibition reaction in these cases.
The complement fixing brucellosis antibodies in the cattle serum
must accordingly be considered th.ermo tdbile to some extent.
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93, The Magnetic Sus' e tibili.ty of Solid. Solutions of Some Carbides,
Borides, and Nitrides
"The Magnetic Susceptibility of Solid, Solutions of Some Metal-
Like Compound.s," by G. V. Samsonov, V. S. Neshpor, and N. S.
Strel?nilcova, Institute of Powder Metallu. gy and. Special Alloys,
Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSE; K:iev, Do 2ovidi Akademii Nauk
Ukrains?koi RSR, No 8., Aug 58., pp 838?-840
The relative magnetic susceptibilities of the solid solutions NbC -
ZrC, TaC - NbC, TaB2 - ZrB2, and TiC - TiN were investigated taking the
susceptibility of one of the components as unity. An attempt is made to
explain the dependence of the magnetic susceptibility on the concentration
of components in these alloys.
94. Review of Methods for the Determination of the Creep of Heat-Resistant
Alloys "Parametric Methods for the Evaluation of the Creep of Heat-
Resistant Alloys.," by L. Ya. Liben-aan.; Za-vodska. a
Laboratories, Vol 21., No 12, Dec 58,, pp 1501,?1509
The subject is reviewed on the basis of :infoxmation given in published
papers. A bibliography consisting of 17 references. tvra of then USSR, follows
the article. The data given in the article refer mainly to alloy steels;
but there is also some information on other alloys (e. g.,, monel, titanium
75A).
95. Chinese Determine Rare-Earth Elements in Alloy Steels
"Determination of Traces of Rare-.Earth Elements in Alloy Steels,"
unsigned article; Peiping, K?o?-hsueh B.'sin-wen (Scientific News),
No 20, 1958, p 475
This item briefly describes the procedvr.?e by Vaich the Institute of
Metals of the Academia Sinica determines trace amounts of lant'_:anum, cerium,
praseodymium., and neodymium in specimens of alloy steels. As reported.,
alloying elements are separated out by electrolysis utilizing a mercury
cathode and by extraction with organic reagents. Several hundred milliliters
of the residual liquid are concentrated. to a volume of 0.5 milliliter. The
rare-earth elements contained therein are then determined spectrographically
using a carbon electrode Traces as small as a few ten,-thousandths percent,
can be determined by this method, the article says.
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96. Chinese Extract Pure Nickel for H:iih.-Tempe rature Alloys
"Preparation of Ultra-Pure Nickel" (unsigned article); Peiping,
K?o-hsuch Hsin-wen (Scientific News),,, No 24, 1958, p 588
This item claims that scientists in the Institute of Metals, Academia
Sinica, have worked out a procedure for the extraction of nickel in the
degree of purity required for high-temperature nickel-base alloys, i. e.,
"containing less than 0.0005 percent of any one of the following: arsenic,
antimony., bismuth, cadmium, lead, zinc:, and tin." As reported, the procedure,
which was developed without the help of literature on the subject, is simple,,
requiring no reagent, and adaptable to large-scale production. It costs
about as much as refining steel with a high-frequency induction furnace, and
the impurities are recoverable.
[For additional information on metallurgy, see [Item No 26.1
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Ix. PHYSICS
Nuclear Physics
9'7. :half'-Life of Pu-239 and. 2110
"The Specific Alpha Activities of Pu-239 and ?u-2110," by Ya. P.
Dokuchayev; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 6., No 1, Jan' 59, p 74
The specific alpha activity of Pu 239 and 2110 was determined from
measurements of 12 Pu samples of various isotopic content. The results
showed that a microgram of Pu-239 yields 136,200 4 200 alpha-decays
per minute, corresponding to a half-life of 24,390:? 30 years. One
microgram of Pu-2110 yields 500,000 ? 4,000 alpha-decays per minute,
corresponding to 6,620 ? 50 years. These values of half-life agree with
the most accurate values, as given by M. G. Inghram and others (Phys
Rev 83, 1250, 1951 and by E. F. Westrum and others (The Transuranium
Elements, Part II, 1717 - 1726, 1950).
98. Half-Life of U-233
"The Specific Alpha Activity and the Half-Life of U-233," by
Ya. P. Dokuchayev and I. S. Osipov; Moscow, Atomnaya Ener2iya,
Vol 6, No 1, Jan 59, p 73
By analyzing data obtained from measurements of alpha activity of
five uranium isotopes, it was established that 20,940 alpha-decays/min
correspond to a microgram of U-233. Such alpha activity of U-233 gives an
estimate of the half -life of the element of (16.26 ? 0.08).104 years.
99. Electron Capture by Betatrons
"Electron Capture During the Acceleration Phase in Betatrons and
Synchrotrons," by P. A. Ryazin and A. B. Minervin; Moscow,
Atomnaya Eneriya, Vol 6, No 1., Jan 59, pp 68-69
The fundamental electron equations in cylindrical coordinates are
derived and analyzed. They are used to avaluate the electron coordinates
and the currents in the chamber. Setting the current J= O, equations of
single electrons are obtained, applicable to low currents. In the case
of strong emission currents it is shown that the mechanism of collective
interaction is predominant and that capture may occur on the leading and
trailing pulse front.
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100. Fission of Am-241
"The Fission Cross Section of Am-241 for 14.6-Mev Neutrons," by
A. N. Protopopov, Yu. A. Selitskiy, and S. M. Solov?yev; Moscow,
Atorrnlaya Energiya, Vol 6, No 1, Jan 59, pp 67-68
The method of determining the neutron flux incident on the target and
the computation of fission events were described in a previous paper by the
same authors (Atomnaya Energiya Vol 4, No 2, 190 1958.) A xenon-filled
scintillation counter was used for recording the fission fragments. Light
pulses were recorded by a photomultiplier FEU-33. The differential spectrum
obtained for fission fragments of Am-241 is presented in graphs. The cross
section of fission of Am-241 by 14.6 Mev neutrons was found to be 2.35 1-
0.15 barns.
101. Ionization by Gamma Ra s
"The Distribution of Ionization Along a Gamma Ray Beam and
Reproducing the Roentgen With Normal Ionization Chambers," by
K. K. Aglintsev and G. P. Ostromukhova; Moscow Atomna Energiya,
Vol 6, No 1, Jan 59, pp 63-66
It was established that the ionizing effect measured in normal ioniza-
tion chambers for the reproduction of the Roentgen in the region of gamma
radiation should be referred to a point in space shifted from the center of
the measuring electrode of the chamber of the source by a magnitude of
about 0.35 Rmax The correction for the shift of the measuring volume
~P-^
for the gamma radiation of Cs-137 and Co-60 is, respectively, 0.996 and
0.992.
102. Natural Gamma Rays
"Gamma Ray Spectrometry of Natural Radio Nuclides," by G. M.
Voskoboynikov and N. P. Kartashov, Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya,
Vol 6, No 1, Jan 59, pp 42-48
The results of a theoretical computation of a spectrum of hard gamma
rays of equilibrium uranium and thorium uniformly distributed in ores are
analyzed. The energy distribution of pulses created by this gamma radia-
tion in a scintillation gamma spectrometer is computed. The results are
represented in graphs, which can be used to compute spectral effects
expected in spectrometric studies of natural gamma radiation. Such
computations are required during analysis of gamma spectrometric methods
of prospecting and survey of useful ores, recently more applied in
geophysics. Computed coefficients of equations for separate determination
of uranium and thorium content in ores are presented. Computed spectro-
grams are given, and problems of accuracy of spectrometric research are
discussed with respect to applications in conditions of geophysical observa-
t ions.
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103. Neutron Moderation
"Neutron Moderation Lengths," by V. P. Kochergin and V. V. Orlov;
Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 6, No 1, Jan 59, pp 34-41
An approximate solution of integral equations for space moments of
neutron distribution function in an infinite medium with an infinite
plane isotropic source is presented. The energy-angular moments of the
neutron scattering function are expressed in the experimentally determined
angular distribution of neutrons of various energies in the case of an
anisotropic elastic scattering on nuclei. By using experimental data of
total cross sections and angular distribution at elastic neutron scatter-
ing on nuclei of H-1, D-2, Be-9, C-12, and 0-16, the neutron moderation
lengths were computed for moderators: water, heavy water graphite,
beryllium, and beryj,lium oxide. Experimental and theoretical values
were in satisfactory agreement.
104. Betatron Studies at Tomsk Polytechnic Institute
Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Fizika, No 12, Dec 58
Abstracts of the following articles on the betatron from Izv. Tomskogo
politekhn, in-ta, Vol 87, 1957 appear in the source.
"The Stability of the Equilibrium Electron Beam in a Betatron," by
P. A. Cherdantsev, pp 41-47 (Abstract No 26785)
"Problems of Thermal Design of Betatron Electromagnets," by I. V.
Shipunov, pp 106-199 (Abstract No 26787)
"Inductive Parametric Oscillator as Exciter of a Resonant Circuit in
the Betatron," by V. M. Vysotskiy, pp l57..160 (Abstract No 26'788)
"Design of the Compensating Transformer," by I. P. Chuchalin and M. F.
Filippov, pp 231-235 (Abstract No 26'/39)
"Computation of Extinction of Reverse Voltage in a Pulse Scheme," by
V. M. Razin, pp 236-246 (Abstract No 26790)
"A Betatron Without an Iron Yoke or Poles," by G. I. Dimov and D. A.
Noskov, pp 101-105 (Abstract No 26791)
"Design of the Electron Injection Diagram of a Betatron," by V. M.
Razin, pp 16-177 (Abstract No 26792)
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"Testing the Injector Properties of a Betatron," by N. M. Goloshchanov,
pp 288-296 (Abstract No 26793)
"Injectors for Betatrons of 15-25 Mcv," by A., G. Vlasov, pp 297-300
(Abstract No 26'(911.)
"Computation of Elements of Shift of Electrons in a Betatron," by
V. M. Razin, pp 178-186 (Abstract No 26795Y
"The Problem of Relat-:on of Radiation Intensity to the Frequency of the
Feeding Current," by D. A. Noskov, pp 252-255 (Abstract No 26796)
"Spatial Distribution of Radiation of a 10-Mev Betatron," by V. A.
Moskalev, pp 387-392 (Abstract No 26797)
"The Use of a Betatron as an Electron Injector for. Synchrotrons of
High Energies," by A. A. Vorob'yev and G. I. Dimov, pp 329-332 (Abstract
No 26798)
"Peculiarities of Induction Acceleration in an Electromagnet With
Rectilinear Sections," by G. I. Dimov, pp 351-357 (Abstract No 26799)
"Design of Electron Synchrotrons of Medium Energies With Preliminary
Inductive Acceleration," by G. I. Dimov and V. A. Kochegurov, pp 360-365
(Abstract No 26800)
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X. MISCELLANEOUS
105. Science Coordinating Committee To Be Established in USSR
"Establish Scientific-Educational Centers," by M. Nuzhin,
rector, Kazan' University imeni V. I. U1'yanov (Lenin); Moscow,
Sovetskaya Rossiya, 23 Nov 58
To improve scientific research and the training of scientific cadre,
the establishment of a Committee for Science and Higher Education under
the Council of Ministers USSR (Komitet po Delam Nauki i Vysshego Obrazo-
vaniya pri Sovete Ministrov SSSR) has been proposed. This committee is
to coordinate the work of the Academy of Sciences USSR, the republic acad-
emies, scientific-educational centers, and individual vuzes (higher edu-
cational institutions) of the all-union level. All other institutions
and enterprises including tekhnikums are to be subordinate to individual
sovnarkhozes. No intermediate organizations are to exist between the
committee and the scientific-educational centers.
Mining Mi-_,.chine Building Institute and Other Mining Enterprises To Be
Established by Sverdlovskiy Sovnarkhoz
"Urgent Problems in Metallurgy in Central Ural Area," by S.
Stepanov, chairman, Sverdlovskiy Sovnarkhoz; Moscow, Izvestiya
22 Nov 58
To fully exploit the metallurgical resources of Central Ural, the
Sverdlovskiy Sovnarkhoz is in the process of establishing a new Scientific
Research and Planning-Design Institute of Mining Machine Building (Nauchno-
Issledovatel'skiy i Proyektno-Konstruktorskiy Institut Gorno Mashinostroye-
niya). The institute will have a -pilot plant in Sverdlovsk. In the out-
lying areas, the sovnarkhoz plans to establish enterprises which will con-
duct the major overhauling of mining and transportation equipment. It is
also expected that the establishment of these organizations will warrant
the formation, in the near future, of a major specialized trust, the "Shakh-
torudstroy.."
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107. Academic Center Planned for Tadzhik SSR
"For a Close Tie Between Science and Industry," by Prof S.
Umarov, president, Academy of Sciences Tadzhik SSR; Stalinabad,
Kommunist Tadzhikistana, lE Nov 58
In keeping with the planned expansion of scientific centers in union
republics, the Tadzhik SSR is to have an academic center. The center is
to be built during the next 7 years and is to encompass all the basic
scientific research institutions of the Academy of Sciences Tadzhik SSR.
An area of 60 hectares has been assigned fcr this center near Komsomol'-
skiy Lake. A sum of 50 million rubles has been allocated for this project.
108. Professors Ye. M. Margorin and L. A. Zil?ber Receive Prizes
"Prizes for Scientific Work" (unsigned article); Moscow Meditsin-
skiy Rabotnik, 13 Jan 59
The Presidium of the Academy of Medical Sciences USSR has awarded
the Prize imeni Academician N. N. Burdenko, awarded annually for the most
outstanding scientific work in the field of surgery, to Prof Ye. M. Margorin
for his work, "Gunshot Wounds of the Skull and Brain."
The Presidium also awarded the Prize imeni Honorary Academician N. F.
Gamaleya, awarded every third year for the most outstanding work in the
field of microbiology, epidemioloy, and immunology, to Prof L. A. Zil'ber
for his monograph, Osnovy Immunologii (Fundamentals of Immunology).
109. Microbiology Journal Begins 30th Year of Publication
"Thirty Years of Publication" (unsigned article); Moscow, Zhurnal
Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii i Immunobiologii, Vol 30, No 1,
Jan 59, pp 3-5
This issue of the journal begins with a brief article heralding the
journal's 30th year of publication. The article contains statements con-
cerning the purpose of the journal, past Soviet successes in the fields
to which the journal is devoted, and contributions of Soviet public health
workers to the construction of the Communist society. The importance of
scientific investigations directed toward the better understanding of the
etiology, pathogenesis, and cpide-miology of infectious diseases and toward
the development of prophylaxis measures, control and ultimate eradication
of these diseases is emphasized. The editorial board appeals to readers
to submit their on scientific, articles, reviews, and notes for publica-
tion. More extensive treatment of the following fields in proposed:
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CPYRGHT
associated immunization, new methods of administering vaccines, and accel-
erated methods of laboratory diagnosis and detection of pathogenic micro-
organisms in the environment. Programs for improving the training of young
physicians and bacteriologists are also mentioned.
As has been done in the past, the journal will devote about 50% of
each issue to a definite theme. The following subject breakdown is proposed
for the 12 1959 issues:
"1. Problems of immunity and inoculation prophylaxis. Anaerobic
infections.
"2. Problems of microbiology and methods of laboratory diagnosis
and detection.
"3. Problems of diseases with natural foci.
"4. The epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and prophylaxis of enteric
infections.
"5. The epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and prophylaxis of respir-
atory infections.
"6. Problems involving the chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis of
infectious diseases. Problems in disinfection, disinsection, and deratiza-
tion.
"7. The epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis; and prophylaxis of enteric
infections.
"8. Problems of training and advanced training of cadres. Instruc-
tion in epidemiology, microbiology, and infectious diseases.
"9. The epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and prophylaxis of respir-
atory infections.
"10. Problems of immunity and inoculation prophylaxis.
"i1. The 42d anniversary of the Great October Socialist Fevolution.
Experience in the prophylaxis of infectious diseases in the USSR. Problems
in general epidemiology.
"12. Problems in microbiology and methods of laboratory diagnosis
and detection."
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110. The Eirrlrth Mendeleyev Congress on General and Applied Chemistry To
Be Held in March 1959
"Toward the Fort hcomirig, Eighth Dendeleyev Congress," by N. M.
Zhavoronkov, Corresponding; Member, Academy of Sciences USSR,
deputy chairman, Organizational Committee of the Eighth Men-
deleyev Congress; Moscow, Nauchnyye Doklady Vysshey Shkoly,
No 11., Oct-Dec 58, pp 613-616
In March 1959, the Eighth Mendeleyev Congress on General and Applied
Chemistry will be held in Moscow. The last Mendeleyev Congress was held
in 1935. The eighth congress has been called to help solve the major pro-
blems that have developed during the past 24 years in chemical research
and development.
Over 1,250 reports will be given at the various sections of the con-
gress which gill include all subdivisions of chemistry and chemical tech-
nologry.
111. New Chemical and Technological Institutes To Be Opened in Yaroslavl,
RSFSR
"There Should be Closer Ties Between Industry and Science," by
I. Fetisov, chairman, Yaroslavskiy Sovnarkhoz; Moscow, Izvestiya,
13 Nov 58
It has been decided to establish in Yaroslavl a series of scientific
research institutes and design bureaus and to expand and enlarge the exist-
ing institutions. Among the institutes to be established are the Yaroslavl
Technological and Scientific Research Institute (Yaroslavskiy Tekhnologi-
che.kiy i Nauchno-Issledovatelskiy Institut) and the Design-Technological
Institute for Equipment for the Working of Plastics, Caoutchouc, and Rubber
(Kon:ctruktors]co-Tekhnologiclie. skiy Institut po Oborudovaniyu dlya Pererabotki
P1:tstmass, Kauchuka i Reziny). Among those to be expanded is the Scientific
Research Institute of Monomers for Synthetic Rubber (Nauchno-Issledovatel'-
skiy Institut Monomerov dlya Sinteticheskogo Kauchuka). In addition, the
Yaroslavskiy Sovnarkhoz will expand and enlarge a series of plant labora-
tories.
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112. Establishment of New Institutes in Sumgait, Azerbaydzhan SSR
"Sumgait -- A Growing Center of the Chemical Industry," by G.
Aliyev, secretary, Sumgait City Party Committee; Baku, Bakin-
skiy Rabochi,y, 10 Oct 58
According to this article, the Azerbaydzhan Scientific Research Insti-
tute of Construction Materials and Structures is being transferred to
Sumgait. To make the city of Sumgait a chemical center, the following
institute will be established in the City: Scientific Research Institute
of Petrochemical Processes (Naucluio-Issledovatel'skiy Institute Neftek-
himicheskikh Protsessov), Academy of Sciences Azerbaydzhan SSR; and there
will be a major expansion of the Azerbaydzhan Scientific Research'and
Planning Institute for the Automation of the Petrochemical Industry (Neftek-
himavtomat).
113. Hungarian Research Facilities Surveyed
"The Status of Hungarian Science and the Major Trends in its
Development," by Academician Ferenc Erdei, Budapest Magyar
Tudorany, No 11-12, Vol III, Nov-Dec 58, pp 495-513
In September 1953, the Central Statistics ('lfica completed the Collec-
tion of data pertaining, as much as possible, to all areas of Hungarian
science. These data were not published and are now out of date. The
Science and Higher Education Council (Tudomanyos es Felsooktatasi Tanacs)
decided to collect such data again for the period up to 31 December 1957.
These data have now been processed by the Secretariat of the Science and
Higher Education Council and by the Central Statistics Office.
As of the end of 1957 there were 1111. scientific research institutes
in Hungary (this number has increased since then), and research work was
being conducted in more than 600 university and college faculties.
The permanent fund of the scientific institutes represents a value
of nearly one billion forints, and the 1957 budgetary expenditures of these
institutes was 466.8 million forints. A similar sum was expended for
higher education and associated research in 1957.
At the end of 1957, there were 9,770 persons working in the scientific
institutes and 8,531 working in higher education. All together, 0.4 per-
cent of the working population was engaged in science or in higher educa-
tion. Scientific workers in the research institutes numbered 3,665 (out
of the 9,770); 144 of these were regular or corresponding members of the Hun-
garian Academy of Sciences, 186 were doctors of the sciences, and 789 were
candidates in the sciences.
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From 1953 to 1957, the permanent fund for scientific research increased
1.60 percent. The yearly budget increased 50 percent. The number of workers
in scientific research institutes increased from 8,531 in 1953 to 9,777
in 1957. The number of scientific research institutes increased from 81
to 114. The number of scientific workers increased from 2,416 to 3,665.
The number of assistants and administrative workers decreased from 6,115
ir.. 1953 to 6,015 in 1957. This means that some scientifically trained
workers are now involved in administrative work.
In 1953, technical research was predominant and basic research was
forced into the background; 66 percent of all workers in research insti-
t.tes and 58 percent of the researchers themselves were in the industrial
research institutes; the industrial research institutes got 66 percent
of the budgeted expenditures and had 60 percent of the permanent fund
and they received 58 percent of the investments effec uated in 1953. Only
12 percent of the workers of industrial research institutes were working
in the area of light industry and foodstuffs industry.,
This situation substantially changed in 1957. The distribution of
all institute and faculty personnel was as follows: 32.6 percent in techni-
cal sciences, 22.8 percent in medical sciences, 20.7 percent in natural
sciences (mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, and geology), 14.9
percent in agricultural sciences, 8.1 percent in social sciences, and 1.1
percent in transportation sciences.
Of the research institutes, 31.5 percent (36 institutes) were con-
cerned with technical sciences, and had. 45.2 percent of all institute
personnel. Agricultural sciences had 31 research institutes and 18.1
percent of the institute personnel. The natural sciences had 15.8 percent
if-the institutes (15 institutes" and 17.5 percent of the institute person-
nel. The social sciences had 10 p(,rcent. of the institutes (12 institutes)
and 5.2 percent of the institute personnel.
The research institutes in technical sciences got 42.9 percent of
the 1957 budgeted expenditures, those in. agricultural sciences got 21.4
percent, those for natural sciences got 17.1 percent, and those for social
sciences got 3.4 percent.
About half the institutes in the natural sciences belong to the acad-
emy; the other half are distributed among several -af.nistries. The inde-
pendent research institutes (both academic and. ministerial) and the facul-
ties are about equally loaded with research work in this area.
Most of the research work in medical sciences falls on the faculties
which belong to the Ministry of Health. A larger part. of the medical
sciences institutes belong to the Ministry of Health; the smaller part
belong to the Academy. Counting special support [for external research
projects], academy participation in medical sciences research is less
than 10 percent of the trtal.
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The institutes do most of the research in the agricultural sciences.
There are 31 agricultural science institutes with 1,770 workers whereas
only 763 persons work in the 87 agricultural science faculties. Most of
the institutes and all the faculties belong to the Ministry of Agriculture.
Counting special support, academy participation in agricultural sciences
research is about 10 percent of the total.
The 36 institutes for technical sciences nave 4,413 employees, where-
as the 72 faculties of a technical nature have only 1,152 employees. The
technical institutes are distributed among several ministries, listed
here in order of priority: Heavy Industry, Metallurgy and the Machine
Industry, Construction Affairs, Light Industry, Transport and Postal Affairs,
? Food, and Health Ministries, the National Water Affairs Main Directorate,
the Geology Main Directorate, and the National Council of Trade Unions
(one institute). Counting special support, academy participation in this
branch is less than 10 percent.
In the area of social sciences, the burden of the Ministry of Culture
and that of the academy are more equal. A significant part of the social
sciences research is done in the faculties (157 faculties with 887 workers)
which belong to the Ministry of Culture. Of the 12 institutes (which have
506 workers), 10 belong to the academy. Still, the larger part of the
research falls to the ministry.
To sum up: only 33 of the 114 institutes are academy institutes,
and, although as there are 4,464 instructors-researchers in the faculties
belonging to the various ministries, only 438 are working in the framework
of academy special ax1pport. But these academy workers in the faculties
are engaged exclusively in research, whereas faculty workers, as such,
spend most of their time in instruction.
114. Czebhoslovak-Soviet Scientific Cooperation
"The Word 'Life,"' by Miroslav Kroh; Prague, Obrana Lidu, 21 Dec
58, p 5
This article, based on information received from the Czechoslovak
Academy of Sciences, discusses past and present Czechoslovak-Soviet scien-
tific cooperation.
The article states thaw Soviet and Czechoslovak technicians shared
in the construction of the 14-meter spectrograph at the observatory in
Ondrejov. This unique solar spectrograph was the first in the world to
record the course of a solar eruption simultaneously on five wave lengths.
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The article discusses Czechoslovak-Soviet cooperation in mathematics.
A school in Prague, under the direction of scientist L. Kurzweil, spent
3 months in the Soviet Union working on the theory of differential equa-
tions. Scientist Babuska is working on the theory of partial differential
equations in Prague. He was inspired by the work of N. I. Muskhelishvili,
and was personally acquainted with and collaborated with the Soviet mathe-
matician, S. L. Sobolev. The Czechoslovaks a.n:. the Soviets work together
in the fields of functional analysis, mathematical logic, and other sub-
jects on a permanent ba :Ls.
Discussing scientific research on proteins, the article states that
a group of scientists at the Chemical Institute of the Czechoslovak Acad-
emy of Sciences has had some success in solving problems pertaining to
the structure of proteins, and will begin collaborating with the Institute
of iii.;h-Mole cular Compounds of the Academy of Sciences USSR.
The article gives the following statistics about plans: Soviet and
Czechoslovak scientists are scheduled to work jointly for 220 weeks; Soviet
and Czechoslovak scientists will directly collaborate on 211. projects at
39 Soviet and Czechoslovak laboratories; the work of Soviet and Czechoslovak
scientists on 57 research projects at 73 laboratories will be coordinated.
Discussing research on synthetic materials, the article states that
the Chemical Institute of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences is in con-
tact with the laboratory of A. D. Petrov at the Institute of Organic Chemis-
try of the Academy of Sciences USSR in Moscow. Scientists in both Czech-
oslovakia and the Soviet Union are studying unsaturated organosilicon com-
pounds and substituted aryl-silicon compounds. Research is aimed at
increasing the number of practical basic concepts and at studying the
characteristics of these compounds. Specific tasks have been outlined
for Soviet and Czechoslovak laboratories in order to avoid duplication.
Results achieved by one group are immediately communicated to the other,
with no waiting for publication, and both groups keep in contact on a
personal basis and through correspondence.
As another example of cooperation, article states that the Soviet
scientist Prof M. G. Brazhnikova spent 3 months in Prague in 1951 and
that it was in Prague that she succeeded in isolating albomycin.
The article also discusses archaeologi.-P.1 cooperation between Soviet
and Czechoslovak scientists in Dolni Vestonice snd Pavlov in Czechoslovakia
and in Kostenki in the Ukraine.
The final. example of scientific cooperation is the participation of
the Czechoslovak scientist Dr Mrkos in the Soviet expedition to the Ant-
arctic. The article points out that the trip is costing the Soviet; govern-
ment 100,000 rubles a day for each member of the expedition.
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