SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000100300001-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 108
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 4, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: May 8, 1959
• Content Type: REPORT

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C I A/ B, 1318917. T21. UNCLRSS I F ED'. SC I ENT IF I C: I NFORMRT I ON
REPORT`
.~ MRY'1959
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PB 131891 T-21
COPY
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
SCIENTIFIC
INFORMATION REPORT
8 May 1959
Distributed Only By
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
OFFICE OF TECHNICAL SERVICES
WASHINGTON 25, D.C.
k~011113 C,
~~nn~?larn. l f(~r /I1 l
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foreign mailing). Single copy $2.75.
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Use of funds for printing this publication approved
by the Director of the Bureau, of the Budget July 31, 1958.
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. . .
PLEASE NOTE
This report presents unevaluated information extracted from
recently received publications of the USSR, Eastern Europe, and
China. The information selected is intended to indicate current
scientific developments and activities in the USSR, Jn the:Sino-
Soviet Orbit countries, and in Yugoslavia, and is tdisseminated
as an aid to the United States Government research.
SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT
Table of Contents
Page
Chemistry
1
Fuels and Propellants
Industrial Chemistry
Inorganic Chemistry
Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction
Materials
8
Organic Chemistry
18
Physical Chemistry
21
Radiation Chemistry
21
Radiochemistry
22
II.
Earth Sciences
24
III.
Electronics
25
Comm?nications
25
Components
26
Computers and Automation
30
Materials
33
IV.
Engineering
40
V.
Mathematics
45
VI.
Medicine
48
Antibiotics
48
Bacteriology
52
Epidemiology
54
Hematology
54
Immunology and Therapy
Instruments and Apparatus
65
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Page
Pharmacology and Toxicology
68
Physiology
70
Public Health, Hygiene, and
Sanitation
73
Radiology
77
Miscellaneous
80
VII.
Metallurgy
88
VIII.
Physics
89
Acoustics
89
Atomic and Molecular Physics
94
Atomic Energy Development
95
Nuclear Physics
Optics
97
Plasma Physics
98
Solid State
98
Theoretical and Experimental
Physics
99
IX.
Miscellaneous
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I. CHEMISTRY
Fuels and Propellants
1. A Method for the Electrochemical Synthesis of K0,
"A Direct Electrochemical Synthesis of K02," by M. I. Klyash~--
tornyy, Donets Industrial Institute; Moscow, Zhurnal Prikladnoy
Khimii, Vol 32, No 2, Feb 59, pp 337-3!i2
It was demonstrated that it is possible to produce K02 by direct elec-
trochemical synthesis. In the method in question, a potassium amalgam is
subjected to anodic oxidation in a solution of potassium bromide in liquid
ammonia. The solution of potassium in ammonia that is formed at the cath-
ode is oxidized by molecular oxygen. The technical indices of the process
are as follows: current density (anodic) 10 amperes per square decimeter,
current used 500 ampere-hours per kilogram of K02, use of electric power
5 kilowatt-hours per kilogram, yield of K02 2 kilograms per hour per square
meter of anode area.
2. Formation of Lithium Superoxide
"Formation of Lithium Superoxide from Lit 02. 2 H2 02," by
I. I. Vol'nov and A. N. Shatunina, Institute of General and In-
organic Chemistry imeni N. S. Kurnakov, Academy of Sciences USSR;
Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 4, No 2, Feb 59,
pp 257-?259
By drying in vacuum Lit 02. 2H2 02 at 100-1200 and 10 mm Hg of re-
sidual pressure, peroxide products derived from lithium have been obtained
for the first time which contain in addition to Li202 an admixture of
Li 02 in amounts of the order of 7-9% by weight.
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3. Superoxides of Calcium and Strontium
"New Data on the Formation of the Superoxides of Calcium and
Strontium," by I. I. Vol'nov, V. N. Chamova, and V. P. Serge-
yeva, Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry imeni N. S.
Kurnakov, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorgan-
icheskiy Khimii, Vol 4, No 2, Feb 59, pp 253-256
The optimum conditions for the formation from Ca 02, 211202 of a prod-
uct containing approximately 40% by weight of Ca (02)2 and from Sr02,
2.112 02 of a product containing approximately 30% by weight of Sr (02)2
have been determined. It has been found that in the solid products of
the decomposition of Ca02, 211202 the content of Ca 0 decreases and the
content of Ca (011)2 increases with an increasing Ca (02)2 content. It
was established that mixtures containing approximately 40% by weight of
calcium superoxide are stable when kept in hermetically closed vessels.
4. A Solvent Extraction Method for the Dewaxing of Aviation Oil
"Application of Beta-Chloro-Ethers in Combination With Dichloro-
Compounds for the Deparaffination of Aviution Oil," by A. K.
Seleznev, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Groznyy Order of
the Labor Red Banner Petroleum Institute; Moscow, Zhurnal
Prikladnoy Khimii, Vol 32, No 2, Feb 59, pp 433-435
It was established that beta.-chlorethyl methyl ether in combination
with dichloroethane has a minimum solvent effect for oily components at
low temperatures. On the other hand, beta -chlorodiethyl ether in com-
bination of dichloroethane dissolves oily components to a greater extentt
at low temperatures. A characteristic of the mixtures of beta-chloroethers
with di chloro- compounds that were tested from the standpoint of their
effectiveness in the dewaxing of aviation oils is absence of a tempera-
ture gradient of d.ewaxing. There is even a slightly positive temperature
gradient, which is a highly desirable characteristic for applications in
the dewaxing of lubricating oils.
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Industrial Chemistry
5. Industrial Chemical Developments in the Leningrad Area
"Among Leningrad Chemists," by M. Volokhovskiy, Deputy Chief Engi-
neer; Chemical Industry Administration of the Lenini,!rad r ~~nzar-
1 z; Moscow, Promyshlenno-Ekondmicheskaya Gazeta, Vol 4, No 20
(I75), 15 Feb 59, p 1
Under the current Seven-Year Plan, the total volume of chemical pro-
duction in the Leningrad economic region will increase by a factor of
1.5 and the production of plastics will increase by a factor of 3.5?
At the Okhta Chemical Combine and at the Cast Plastics Plant experi-
mental bases are being created for developing industrial technological
processes and obtaining data necessary for the planning of the production
of polyethylene, epoxy oils, polyester oils, and other valuable materials.
The work being done there will make it possible to apply improved tech-
nological methods involving a maximum degree of automatization at new
chemical enterprises that are being created at present.
Particular attention is paid to the mechanization of processes
involving a large amount of labor. For instance, the departments of the
plant producing technical rubber products will be changed completely to
continuous production. The output will increase by almost one third.
In the planned development of the Leningrad chemical chemistry,
considerable emphasis will be placed on the complete utilization of
shales and also of natural gas which already in 1959 will be supplied to
Leningrad from the Northern Caucasus. Gas containing a large quantity of
hydrocarbons can be produced from shale fines which go to waste at present.
These hydrocarbons are an essential raw material for the production
of many synthetic chemicals. It is proposed to organize the production of
these chemicals at the shale gasification plant. The conversion of natural
gas will make it possible to produce synthetic fibers, polyethylene, and
a number of fertilizers.
The construction of a phosphate rock mine combined with an enrich-
ment plant is also planned in the Leningrad economic region. A large
quantity of phosphate flour will be produced there.
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6. Chemical Research at. Moscow University in Connection With the Seven-
Year Plan
"Chemical Science on the Threshold of New Problems," by N. M.
Emanuel', Corresponding Member Academy of. Sciences USSR; Mos-
cow, Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta - Seriya Matematiki,
Mekhaniki, Astronomii, Fiziki, Khimii, Vol 13, No 5, Jan 59,
pp 3-b
"Under the current Seven-Year Plan chemical production will be in-
creased by a factor close to 3. The production of synthetic materials,
fibers, resins, and plastics will be expanded to a particularly large
extent. New types of production will be based on new crude materials.
A rich source of raw materials will be formed by the by-product gases
of petroleum production and natural hydrocarbon gases. The extensive
use of hydrocarbon gases in the production of synthetic rubber and nitro-
gen fertilizers will make it possible to reduce capital investments by
several billion rubles.
"The chemists active at the University of Moscow will participate
in work on the new major scientific problems which have arisen and also
will train young chemists for work on these problems. After the May [1958]
Plenary Session of the Central Committee CPSU, the Chemical Faculty placed
particular stress on research in the field of polymers and monomers for
the synthesis of these polymers, the utilization of natural gas as a chemi-
cal raw material, and research in the fields of chemistry of rare elements
and semiconductor materials. The Scientific Council of the Chemical
Faculty confirmed the plan of scientific research work to be done, work on
methods for the synthesis of monomers and high molecular compounds and
research on the properties of synthetic and natural polymers, as affected
by their structure. Many-sided cooperative work by a number of chairs on
the problems involved was organized. At present, preparations are being
made for work on monomers and high-molecular compounds at a laboratory
that will be subordinate to a number of chairs. A special faculty col-
loquium on high-molecular compounds has been initiated. At several chairs
of the chemical faculty work is being conducted on the development of
efficient methods for the preparation o.' initial substances (monomers)
to be used in the synthesis of high polymers. Among these methods, an
important role is played by processes for the oxidative conversion of
available petroleum raw materials to diverse oxygen-containing products
of value.
"Other important lines of research in chemistry have also not been
neglected by the chemists. Laboratories specializing in the fields of
rare metals, the separation of isotopes, and the physical chemistry of
solutions are already active at the faculty. Extensive preliminary work
is being done on the creation of a laboratory at which work will be don-
ducted on frozen radicals. This field is one of the most advanced
CPYRGHT
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sections of physical chemistry. Not very long ago the existence of
molecular splinters representing free radicals appeared to be more or
less hypothetical. Only very few investigators succeeded in establishing
their presence as active centers of chemical chain reactions or were able
to isolate them in low concentrations after subjecting gases to an elec-
tric discharge. At present free radicals are being studied throughout
the world as a very real and actual problem. Frozen free radicals can be
used for the initiation of diverse chain processes. Furthermore, free
-adicals can be accumulated in sufficiently large concentrations to
;Hake possible their use as a source of accumulated energy.
"It is only 5 years since work at the chemical faculty has been
conducted in laboratories at which first-class modern equipment is avail-
able. During these 5 years, new equipment was developed which the chem-
ists of Moscow University must have. This refers to devices used for
measuring electronic and nuclear paramagnetic resonance, mass spectrometers
for radicals, electron microscopes of high resolving power, and the most
modern spectroscopic equipment. The methods of neutron.ography, X-ray
analysis, and some others must be used on a more extensive scale."
CPYRGHT
drothermal Conversion of Apatite
"Hydrothermal Conversion of Natural Phosphates to Fertilizers,"
by S. I. Voi?fkovich; Moscow, Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta-
Seriya Matematiki, Mekhaniki, Astronomic, Fiziki1 Khimii,
Vol 13, No 4,-Nov 58, pp 215-221
The hydrothermal process of the conversion of natural phosphates,
which was originally developed in the US and applied after World War II
at an industrial plant in Florida, is now being adapted for application
on a large scale in the USSR. One of the advantages of this method is
that natural phosphates are converted into citric acid -- soluble fer-
tilizers without the use of acids or of large amounts of electric power.
When applied to apatites, the hydrothermal method results in defluorina-
tion. Hydrogen fluoride is evolved as a result of the hydrolysis of
fluoroapatite. In the presence of silicon dioxide, this hydrogen fluor-
ide is partly converted into silicon fluoride. Under suitable conditions,
the principal part of the fluorine can be converted into hydrofluoric
acid and another part into fluorosilicic acid. Salts of these acids
can also be obtained. Laboratory experiments carried out by I. M. Meskin
(Moscow State University) and R. Ye. Remin (Scientific Research Institute
of Fertilizers and Insectofungicides) confirmed that it is possible to
defluorinate apatite with products of the combustion of methane derived
from natural gas. In this case the gas serves both as a source of heat
and of water vapor, just as liquid. fuel does when it is applied for this
purpose.
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8. USSR Organizatioraa:l Measures and. Conferences in Connection With
Treatment, and Desalination of Water-_W
".Prospects of the Development of Scientific Investigations Aimed
at Increasing the Efficiency of Thermal Power Plants in the
USSR.$" by M. S. Shkrob, Doctor of Technical Sciences and B. I.
Morozov, Candidate of Technical Sciences; Moscow, Te lo}` ener-
etika, Vol 6, No 3, Mar, 59, pp '55,_87
During 1958, work on the improvement of technical methods for the
treatment of water, elimination of silicic acid from water, the deminer-
alization and desalination of water, and the c1asoxygenation of water was
done at the All-Union Heat Engineering Institue imeni F. Dzerzhinskiy
(VTI), the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Water Supply,
Sewerage, Eydrraulic Structures, and Engineering Hydrogeology (VODGEO),
the Central Committee for Heavy Industry ~TsKTI), the Moscow Branch
of the Central Committee for Heavy Industry (MO TsKTI), the. State Trust
for the Organization and Improvement of the Efficiency of Electric Power
Plants (ORGRES), and the All-Union Trust for Improving the Efficiency of
the Power System and the Fuel Supply in the Ferrous Metallurgy Industry
(O.rgenergochermet), Work on the synthesis of new grades of ion-exchange
resins and investigations of ion-.exchange resins were conducted in 1958
at the Institute of Physical Chemistry and the Institute if Vaccines and
Sera of the Academy of Sciences USSR, the State Institute of Applied
Chemistry, the Scientific Research Institute of Plastics, the Moscow
Chemico-Technological Institute imeni D. I. Men.deleyev, VTI, and
VODGEO.
To discuss the results of investigations that had been carried out,
the Commission on High-Parameter Steam, Institute of. Power Engineering
imeni G. M. Krzhizhanovskiy, conducted the following scientific-technical
sessions in Moscow in 1958: Session on Water Treatment at Thermal Elec-
tric Power Plants Operating on Steam of Intermediate, Superhigh, and
Supercritical Parameters (24-27 June, Section of Water Treatment of the
Commission Jointly with the Ministry of Electric Power Plants, the Mos-
cow Regional Power System Administration, and the Moscow Branch of the
Scientific Technical Society of Power Indu try [MONTOEP], Session on
Conditions of the Use of Water (Water Regime),, Water Treatment, and Safe-
guarding of the Purity of Steam at ?'clear Electric -Power Plants
(26-28 Ma.y, Boiler Section and Section of Water Treatment of the Commis-
sion); and session o:..t the Chemical. Demineralization (Desalination) of
Water (3.-6 Feb, Section. of Water Tr. eat?nent of the Commission Jointly
with the Corr ission on Chromatography at the Depa-?tment of Chemical
Sciences, Acadenyy of Sciences USSR).
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In the second quarter of 1.959, a Conference on the Desalination and
Desalting of Salty and Saline Waters will be held at Moscow by the Section
of Water Treatment together with VODGEO, the Council on Problems of the
Management of Water Resources (Academy of Sciences USSR) and the Inter-
departmental (Mezhduvedomstvennaya) Commission on Arid Zones (Academy of
Sciences USSR)?
The preliminary program of this conference is as follows:
Status of the problem of desalination of salty and saline waters
(Council on Problems of the Management of Water Resources, Adademy of
Sciences USSR);
Thermal desalting (Baku Polytechnic Institute);IDesalting by elec-
trodialysis with the use of ion-exchange agents (VODGEO, Black Sea Steam-
ship Co, Scientific Research Institute of Plastics, Moscow Aviation Tech-
nological Institute [MATI], etc.)
Desalting by sunlight (Institute of Power Engineering imeni G. M.
Krzhizhanovskiy, Academy of Sciences USSR);
Chemical desalting (VTI and Alt:-Union S?ient fc Research Institute
of Rydrotechnical and Sanitary Engineering [VNIIGS j) , ,
Inky nic 2hemi2i
9. Vapor Pressure of Lithium Chloride
"Measurement of the Pressure of Saturated Vapor of Lithium
Chloride," by A. N. Nesmeyanov and L. A. Sazonov; Moscow,
Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 4, No 1, Jan 59, pp 231-233
Measurements of the vapor pressure of lithium chloride were carried
out by the Knudsen method, The lithium chloride was determined in the
condensate by titrating the chloride ion with silver nitrate. The degree
of molecular association in the vapor is discussed.
10. Permolyybdates of Strontium, Calcium, and Cobalt
"The Permolybdates of Strontium, Calcium, and Cobalt," by
V. A. Shcherbinin and G. A. Bogdanov, Moscow Power Eng~-
neering Ins-citute; .Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii,
Vol 4, No 2, Feb 59, pp 260-271
Permolybdates of strontium, c,cLlcium,and cobalt have been prepared
for the first time. Their composition was clarified and methods for their
preparation were developed. The complex peroxy-compounds that were iso-
1eted formed as: intermediate products in the process of the decomposition
of hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by the combined action of sodium molybdate
and salts of strontium, calcium, or cobalt.
-7-
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Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction Materials
11. Fluorescence Spectra of Uranyl Compounds
"Spectroscopic Investigation of Uranyl Compounds," by A. N.
Sevchenko and L. V. Volod'ko, Belorussian State University
imeni V. I. Lenin; Minsk, Inzhenerno?-Fizicheskiy Zhurnal,
? Vol 2, No 2, Feb 59, pp 63-71
New experimental data obtained by the authors of the article and
? other USSR investigators on the fluorescence spectra of complex uranyl
compounds in the crystalline form and in solutions indicate that con-
clusions made by other investigators in regard to the spectroscopic
properties of uranyl salts, which were based on a consideration of
transitions between electron vibrational levels in isolated uranyl ions
only, are faulty. B. I. Stepanov and A. N. Sevchenko proposed a pro-
cedure for the analysis of spectra of urranyl salts which at present
must be regarded as the most reliable. This procedure is based on
the assumption that changes in the electronic state of the uranyl ion
are accompanied by changes in the vibrational state within this ion,
the vibrational state within the total molecule of uranyl salty, and
also the state of intermolecular vibrations in the crystal as a whole.
The experimental data presented in the article are based on investiga-
tions of the behavior of uranyl nitrate and uranyl acetate in complexes
involving organic molecules.
It is pointed out that spectros;c.)pic .;;ivestigation of uranyl com-
pounds is of importance, because ubrazyl salts represent a raw material
for the production of uranium ore concentrates.
12. Plutc.ri amt
"Plutonium," (unsigned article) Kratkaya. Eu.tsiklopediya,
Atomnaya Energiya, (Concise Encdclopedia, .Atomic Energy),
Gosudarstvennoye Nauchnoye Izdatel'stvo "Bol'shaya Sovet-
dkaya Entsiklopediya" Moscow, 1950, pp 295-297
The text of the entry of Plutonium reads as follows:
Plutonium, Pu is a radioactive chemical element of the actinide
series, element number 94, mass number of its longest lived isotope
is 244. Discovered in 19+0 in the products of neutron irradiation of
uranium. In nature Pu is formed in quantities of the order of 10-11
part to one part of U by means of the absorption of cosmic ray neutrons by
U nuclei, spontaneous fission, and (oC,ri ) - reaction. Known isotopes of
Pu have mass numbers from 232 to 246. Of practical importance is the
-8-
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Lbotope Pu239, an oC - emitter with a T 1/2 [hulf-lire ] of 24,410 years
arld (x -pactLcle energies of 5.1)1711; 5,13)i2, arid 5.0971, Mev, .Long-lived
Isotopes of Pu with T 1/2 greater than 2 years are Pu236. Pu238, pu24O pu211
Pu2li2, and Pu21I-h1. The role of Pu in nuclear engineering, and power engi-
neering In exceptionally great. This is explained by the ability of the
lso'tope Pu239, under action of neutrons of all energies to fission into
2 fragments with the release of a large amount of energy and a certain
number of secondary neutrons capable of sustaining fission by a nuclear
chain reaction, In the early ,pars of utilization of atomic energy, Pu
was one of two (isotopes] (Pu2in and U235), but at present it is one of
three isotopes (Pu239, U 377, and U233) capable in such a process. There-
fore, the first atomic reactor was created for the production of Pu, and
one of the two atomic bombs that were dropped on Japan in 19115 was a
plutonium bomb, Pu is produced by the nuclear reaction: U23 ( l'1, i~ )
U239 5-> Np239 _L Pu239, This is more expeditious than separating
the U isotopes with the objective of producing U235 which has the same
properties in the matter of fission that Pu has. Consequently, the cost of
Pu is less than half that of U235. Besides, the possibility exists, in
principle, of converting all uranium, that is, the isotope U238, into Pu
by utilizing the above reaction. For this purpose, perhaps, plutonium
reactors with increased production with fast neutrons were used, in which
Pu is produced faster than it is used up as a result of fission. In the
future, possibly, powerful neutron fluxes in nuclear synthesis equipment
will be utilized to convert U into Pu. Pu is a strategic material inas-
much as it serves as the explosive material of atom bombs and the igniter
of hydrogen bombs. In the USA alone, 13 industrial reactors are in opera-
tion producing Pu. At atomic electric power stations, significant quanti-
ties of Pu are produced in addition to the production of electric power.
Plutonium of mixed isotopic composition is produced in operation of
a reactor inasmuch as successive eutron capture reactions take place,
Pu239 (71 , x ) Pu240 ( r1, r( ) Pu2'1. Pu2112 etc. Mass-spectrographic
analysis of the produced Pu indicated the presence of the following iso-
topes: Pu239 - 95%; pu240 - 4%; put 1 - ,3%; pu238 - Ol% Upon lengthy
irradiation in a high density neutron flux, formation of the higher iso-
topes are observed up to Pu246. The quantity of the main isotope Pu239
accumulated in uranium apparently does not exceed ,8 kilogram per ton of
uranium. Maximum value of Pu accumulation is equal to, approximately,
7 kilograms per ton; in practice, the content of Pu per ton of U can
reach about 3 kilograms [per ton],
The pure isotope Pu239 has the following constants for reaction with
thermal neutrons: cross section of fission -- 720 ? 15 barns; cross sec-
tion of capture -- 3 12 barns; number of neutrons emitted upon fission --
2.88; energy released upon fission -- of the order of 200 Mev, Pu has the
ability to fission under action of neutrons of very low energy. Therefore,
when handling it, the possibility always exists of a chain reaction occur-
ring. A quantity of Pu less than 460 grams is safe under any conditions.
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Pu is a silvery metal. At various temperature it exists in the form
of 6 modifications ?- of -at low temperature, and P- )-(; cc- -n- , and 6-
modificatluns at high temperatures; melting point is 6370. Plutonium alloys
with many metals and forms a large hamber of intermetallic compounds; of
these PuBe13 is the source of neutrons with an intensity of 6.7 x 10 n/sec.
kg [sic, possibly 6.7 x 10' n/sec . kg is meant] and a spectrum close to
the neutron spectrum of a radium beryllium source.
The chemistry'of plutonium is quite complex. In aqueous solutions
Pu exists in 3-, 4-, 5-?, and 6-valency states in the form of the ions
PO+- , Pule' , Pu02+, Pu 0~ , respectively. Valence of 4 is the most
stable. Pu VI is prepared by oxidation of Pu IV in acid solutions by the
oxidizers: C.r20~-, S20 -, MnO~, Mu02 and others, and in carbonate solu-
tions-with ozone! Nitr c acid also partially oxidizes Pu IV to Pu VI.
The latter is quite stable. Metallic Zn, SO2, NH2OH, FeII reduce it to
Pu III, but NaI reduces it to Pu V. Pentavalent Fu in nitric acid and
hydrochloric acid solutions at pH 3.5 does not undergo any changes in the
course of several days; in moderately acidic solutions.disproportionation
'takes place according to the scheme Pa V+Pu V - , Pu VI + Pu IV. The
position of the equilibrium and the rate of disproportionation depend
upon the pH; increase of temperature and addition of complex forming com-
.-r,cunds accelerates disproportionation. Tetravalent Pu is obtained both
from hexavalent and trivalent '(Pu] by the action of NaN02. Pu IV forms
complex compbun.ds with many anions. In dilute sulfuric acid solutions
Pu exists in the form of. PuSO42+ , Ind in more concentrated [H2SO4 solu-
tions] forms Pu (S04) and Pu (S04) In concentrated nitric acid solu-
tions, Pu (N03) 4, Pu('03) 5? Pli (x'43) axe 7samwn to eadst. in ecetic, oxalic, and
hydrochloric acids Pu IV is present as an anion; tetravalent Fu is
easily hydrolyzed [out] and develops radio-colloidal substances. Col-
loidal Pu is, apparently,, a polymer of the type [Pux (H20)y (OH2]. It
is difficult to depolymerize Pu. Fe TI, U IV, H2 in the presence of Pt
etc reduces Pu IV to Pu III. In moderate acidic solutions Pu III is
stable in the absence of air but in alkaline solutions is very rapidly
oxidized by the oxygen of the air to Pu IV. The fluorides PuF3 and PuFj,
are important compounds of Pu, which precipitate upon the action of
hydrofluoric acid on solutions of tri?- ant. tetravalent Pu. Under action
of the fluorides of the alkali metals, the salts NaPuF4, NaPuF5, L2PuF6,
[Sic. possibly Li2PuF6 is meant] LPuF9 [again, possibly LiPuF9 is meant]
precipitate out. Pu fluorides coprecipitate with the fluorides of the
rare earth elements,, particularly of La which is used for the separation
and purification of Pu, for example, from uranium which remains in solution.
Separation of Pu from its carrier-Ka [Sic. possibly la or the cations of
some other rare earth metals is meant] and coprecipitated elements, is
carried out by means of oxidation of Pu to the hexavalent [state] and
repeated precipitation of KaF3. In this process Fu VI remains completely
in solution.
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In exactly the same way Pu is separated from its nearest analog,
neptunium, for which one utilizes the great facility of Np to oxidize to
the hexavalent state: KBrO3 at room temperature converts Np IV and Nr III
to Np VI whereas Pu remains in the tetravalent state and coprecipitates
with the carrier.
The anhydrous fluoride PuF6, similar to UF61 is a highly volatile
substance with a b.p. of 511G; it is hydrolized very easily in the pres-
ence of negligible quantities of moisture. The proposal to utilize PuF6
as a gas to charge the cylinder of a reciprocating engine is of interest.
The parameters of the engine can be so selected that upon compression:
the gas attains a critical volume; this leads to the formation of a fis-
sion chain reaction; the liberation energy; heating of the gas; and
expansion of it when the piston moves, to a subcritical state.
Plutonium nitrates, Pu (No3)) and Pu02 (NO ) , are crystalline sub-
stances, easily soluble in water and oxygen-contaning organic solvents.
The nitrate of tetravalent Pu is extracted by tributyl-phosphate (TBP)
with the formation of the solvate (Pu (NO )1F. 2 TBP. This is utilized
for the separation of Pu from irradiated ti a;sd fission fragments. U and
Pu are extracted from the nitrate solution containing these components by
a TBP solution in an inert diluent. At the same time, the majority of
fragments remain in the waste aqueous solution. The organic phase con-
taining U and Pu is passed through an aqueous solution of bivalent Fe,
which reduces Pu to an unextractable trivalent state; Pu goes into solu-
tion but U remains in the organic phase. Next, repeated purification
cycles are carried out. There are reports in the literature of several
extraction plants for the processing of irradiated U for the extraction
of Pu, in which TBP, and some other organic solvents, methylisobutylketone,
dibutylcarbitol, etc-.,,. are used as the extracting agents.
Apparently, all or the majority of foreign plutonium plants use
extraction processes. Separation of Pu from irradiated uranium is a
difficult task since in view of the cost of Pu, a very high degree of
extraction of it is required together with thorough purification of
it from uranium and fission fragments, i.e., from half the elements of
the periodic system. Processing is begun about 100 days after the end
of irradiation, since that amount of time is required for the full con-
version of the isotope N 239 to Pu. At this time, one ton of treated
U contains about .8 kilograms of Pu, .8 kilograms of fission fragments with
P - activity of 500,000 curies and y - activity of 200,000 curies. The
purification factor of Pu from fragments required for further safety of-
operations must be of the order of 10 . Other methods of processing ir-
radiated U are known for the solution of this problem in addition to the
extraction and precipitation methods. In recent years, operations for
extraction of Pu from molten metal has received wide development. In
the event of a positive solution, this promises significant cost reduc-
tion of plutonium since costs incurred in solution and repeated extraction
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of metal is eliminated. Extraction of Pu from molten U is very temp--ing.
Pu is extracted best by molten silver or a molten mixture of uranium,
lithium, and calcium fluorides. The methods of distillation of metallic
Pu from molten U at 1680 degrees also yields positive results. These
methods have not been utilized on an industrial scale owing to difficulties
connected with working at very high temperatures.
As a result of carrying out existing technological processes Pu is
produced in the form of nitric acid solutions. Pu is precipitated from
this, usually in the form of oxalate that permits additional refinement.
By calcining the oxalate, the oxide Pu02 is prepared, which is treated
by HF and is converted to the fluoride. By reduction of the fluoride by
calcium silicide at 15500 metallic Pu is produced. Pu is extremely toxic.
Having gotten into an organism Pu, for all practical purposes, is not
removed, since it is retained in bones very strongly. Not weakening in
time, the internal irradiation by a flow of high density ionizing oc -
particles leads to disturbance of blood formation in the bone marrow.
Pu easily forms aerosols during mechanical processing of the metal and
by evaporation of its salts. Pu entering the lungs gives rise to lung
cancer. Therefore, all work with Pu is carried out in gloved chambers
(gloved box, gloved cabinet) which prevent contaminated air from entering
a room.
13. Solvent Extraction of Plutonium
"Mechanism of the Extraction of Plutonium Nitrate with Mono-
butyl Phosphate and Dibutyl Phosphate," by V. B. Shevchenkb
and V. S. Smelov; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 6, No 2,
Feb 59, pp 140-144
In a preceding report by the same authors (Atomnaya Energiya,
Vol 5, No 5, 1958, P 542) the effects of MBP (monobutyl phosphate) and
DBP dibutyl phosphate) on the extraction of plutonium nitrate with
tributyl phosphate were discussed. In the work described at present
the mechanism of the extraction of plutonium with MBP and DBP is
elucidated. The mechanism of the extraction of plutonium nitrate with
MBP and DBP having an ionic strength equal to 6 was investigated experi-
mentally. It was found that plutonium is extracted in the form of
PuK4 where K = [(C4 H )2PO ]-or [C4H9HP04]. It has been calculated
that the equilibrium constant of the reaction of plutonium nitrate with
MBP is (1.5 ? 0.25 ) x 103 and with DBP, (6.15 ? 0.85) x 103.
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l1.. A Double Uranium-Ammonium Fluoride
"Investigation of the Analytical Characteristics of the Double
Fluoride of Uranium (IV) and Ammonium," by Ye. no Nikolayeva;
Chair of Analytical Chemistry Moscow State University, Moscow,
Vestnik Moskovsko o Universiteta - Seri a MMatematiki, Mekhaniki,
Astronomii, Fiziki, Khimii, No , Nov 5b, PP 193-196
effects of acidity, concentration of the precipitating-agent, and
other conditions on the completeness of the precipitation of tetravalent
uranium with ammonium fluoride was investigated. V. N. Zvenigorodskaya's
method for the reduction of uranium with ferrous iron was used. It was
established that it is possible to separate small quantities of uranium
(0.5-2 mgs) from vanadium, molybdenum, and iron by precipitating uranium
with ammonium fluoride if the quantity of the elements mentioned does
not exceed 10, 15, and 50 mgs, respectively, per ten milliliters of
solution. On the basis of the investigation which has been carried out,
one may conclude that in comparison with the double fluoride of tetra-
valent uranium and sodium, the compound of uranium with ammonium pre-
cipitates in a less acidic medium and thus is less suitable for the
separation of uranium from extraneous elements.
15. Nonaqueous Solutions- of Uranyl Nitrate
"Investigation by the Method of Infra-Red Spectroscopy of the
State of Water in Non-Aqueous Solutions of Uranyl Nitrate,"
by Ya. I. Ryskin, V. I. Zemlyanukhin, A. A. Solov'y*eva, and
N. A. Derbeneva; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskov Khimii,
Vol 4+, No 2, Feb 59, PP 393-396
It was found in the work described that two molecules of the water
of hydration of uranyl nitrate are strongly deformed because of the firm
bond between the molecules of water and the uranyl nitrate. The degree
of deformation depends on the nature of the solvent. The remaining
molecules of water present in solutions of uranyl nitrate in organic
solvents are deformed to a considerably lesser extent. One may conclude,
therefore, that the bond between them and uranyl nitrate is weaker.
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16. _Properties of a Complex Compounds Formed by Thorium With 2-Hydroxy-
17~ -Naphthoquinone
"Investigation by the Distribution Method of the Formation'
of Complex Compounds in the System 2-Iiydroxy-l, 2T
Naphthoquinone-Th ~ - CHCI. - H2O," by A. P. Zozulya
and V. M. Peshkova, Moscow State University; Moscow,
Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 4, No 2, Feb 59,
pp 379-392
The method of distribution between water and organic solvents was
used for the investigation of the formation of complex compounds of tetra-
valent thorium with 2-hydroxy-1, 4-napthoquinone. The properties and.
dissociation constants of the complex compounds formed were determined.
17. Complex Compounds of Trivalent Plutonium With Ethylenediaminetetra-
acetic Acid
"Determination of the Composition and Dissociation Constants
of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid Complexes of Pu (III) by
the Method of Ion Exchange," by A. I. Moskvin and P. I.
A.rtyukhin, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of
Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal NeorganicheskoyKhimii, Vol 4,
No 3, Mar 59, pp 591-595
The distribution of trivalent plutonium between a monomolar solu-
tion of NH4 Cl and KU-2 cation-exchange resin was studied in the pH range
of 1.6 - 3.3. The distribution of trivalent plutonium between a monomolar
solutions of NHIF Cl and KU-2 in the presence of 0.001 mole of Trilon B
[ethylenediaminete?Lraacetic acid] was investigated in the pH range of
1.25 - 3,4, It was established that in the s2lutions investigated there
is formation of the complexes Pu Y- and Pu Hy (where Y is ethylenediamine-
tetraacetic acid), the concentration constants of the dissociation of
which are equal to 4.4 x 10-1 and 6.2 x 10-10, respectively.
18. Investigation of Complex Oxalates of Plutonium, Zirconium, and
Hafnium by the Ion-Exchange Method
"Application of the Ion-Exchange Method for the Investigation
of Complex Oxalates of Pu (IV), Zr, and Hf," by A. N. Yermakov,
V. K. Belyayeva, I. N. Marov, and M. K. Chmutova; Moscow,
Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 4, No 2, Feb 59, pp 493-496
It was established by the method of ion exchange that complex ions
of Pu (IV), Zr, and Hf6- with a composition corresponding to the formula
[.MIV (C2 0 ) 5 ] exist in solution.
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19. Methods for the Volumetric Determination of Zirconium
"Volumetric Determination of Zirconium; Part I. Titration
with KMnOj, in an Alkaline Solution," by A. Schneer and H.
Hartmann, Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry,
Lorand Eotvos University of Science at Budapest; Budapest,
Magyar Kemiai.Fol oirat, Vol 65, No 1, Jan 59, pp 31-36
A method for the titrimetric determination of mandelic acid or p-
bromomandelic acid with pertassium permanganate in an alkaline solution
was developed. This method was used for tbr-. determination of zirconium.
Precipitated zirconium,tetramandelate was dissolved in sodium carbonate
and the mandelic acid bound to zirconium oxidized to benzoic acid.
The amount. of potassium permanganate used is proportional to the quantity
of zirconium, According to the empirical data obtained by the authors,
1 milliliter of an 0.1 N potassium permanganate solution corresponds
to 0.5136 milligrams of zirconium. The method is suitable for the de-
termination of 2=20-milligrams of zirconium. The results obtained are
precise within ? 1%. A single precipitation suffices even in the pres-
ence of large quantities of extraneous ions.
"Volumetric Determination of Zirconium; Part II. Oxidation
of Zirconium Tetramandelate with Chromic Acid," by A. Schneer
and H. Hartmann, Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry,
Lorand Eotvos University of Science at Budapest; Budapest,
Magyar Kemiai Folyoirat, Vol 65, No 2, Feb 59, pp 64-69
Zirconium tetramandelate that has been selectively precipitated with
mandelic acid from a hydrochloric acid solution is filtered and dissolved
in concentrated sulfuric acid. The mandelic acid residues bound to the
zirconium are oxidized completely with sodium bichromate to water and
carbon dioxide in a sulfuric acid solution containing 70-90% of H2SO4
by weight.
This oxidation requires 20 minutes at 1150. The excess of sodium
bichromate is titrated back with a ferrous sulfate solution using ferroin
as the indicator. One milliliter of an 0.1 N Na2 Cr2 07 solution cor-
responds to 67.07 )A g of zirconium.
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20, Va or Prescure.of Lanthanum Chloride
"Measurement by the Radioactive Tracer Method of the Vapor
Pressure of Saturated Vapor of Anhydrous Lanthanum Chloride,"
by A. N. Nesmeyanov and L. A. Sazonov; Moscow, Zhurnal Ne-
organicheskoy Khimii, Vol Ii, No 1, Jan 59, pp 230-231
The vapor pressure of lanthanum chloride was determined by the Knud-
sen method with the use of La140 as a tracer. It is pointed out that no
reliable data have been published as yet in the literature on the vapor
pressures of chlorides of rare-earth elements.
21, Lanthanum Salicylates
"The Salicylates of Lanthanum," by Ya. A. Fialkov (deceased)
and V. I. Yermolenko, Institute of General and Inorganic
Chemistry, Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR; Moscow, Zhurnal
Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 4, No 2, Feb 59, pp 359-36
The compounds formed by rare-earth elements with aromatic hydroxy
acids may be of interest in connection with the separation of these ele-
ments by absorption on ion-exchange resins. By measuring the electrical
conductivity and the volume of precipitates, it was confirmed that lantha-
num salycilate is formed in the system LaC13-NaSal-H20. The molecular
conductivity of lanthanum salicylate was determined and the first constant
of the dissociation of this compound calculated. The solubility of lan-
thanum salicylate in water and in aqueous solutions of sodium salicylate
were determined. The solubility product [La3 + ] a [Sal' ]3 was calculated
under consideration of the values of dissociation Constants,
22. Vapor Tension of Hafnium Tetrachloride
"Vapor Tension of Hafnium Tetrachloride," by Sung In-chu and
I, S. Morozov; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 4,
No 2, Feb 59, p 492
The vapor tension of hafnium tetrachloride in the temperature range
of 200-312o was determined by the gas-stream method, using chlorine as
the inert gas. It was found that the dependence of the vapor tension on
the temperature can be described by the following equation:
lg P = 5390 + 12,00
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23. Effect of Irradiation With Neutrons on Ferrite-Perlite Steels
"The Effect of Irradiation with Neutrons on the Structure and
Properties of Ferrite-Perlite Steels," by V. S. Lyai3henko and
Sh. Ibragimov; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 6, No 3, Mar 59,
pp 277-280
Samples of the steels 1Kh17N2, 2Kh13, and 30KhMa, which are sensitive
to heat treatment, and of the steel 1Khl7 containing niobium, which is not
sensitive to heat treatment, were subjected to irradiation with fast neu-
trons at the temperatures of 700 and 500-6000. It was established that
as a result of irradiation at 500-6000 the mechanical characteristics of
the steels 1Kh17N2, 2Kh13 and 30KhY.A are change considerably. No such
changes take place when the steel lKhl7 is irradiated. Results obtained
in a metallographic investigation indicate that the increase in the me-
chanical strength of the steels in question as a result of irradiation
at 500-6000 is associated with structural changes. It is suggested that
the observed changes in the microstructure are due to the formation of
displacement peaks in the material that has been irradiated.
24. Economics of Nuclear Power
"Some Problems of the Economics of Nuclear Power," by Ye. P.
Anan?yev; Moscow, Atmnaya Eneriya, Vol 6, No 3, Mar 59,
pp 245-252
The economics of nuclear power generation are subjected to con-
sideration on the basis of papers presented at the second International
Conference on Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy (Geneva, 1958). The
capital investment required, operational aspects, the economics of fast
neutron reactors, and the possibilities of using nuclear power for the
generation of heat are discussed. It is pointed out that the ways in
which applications of nuclear energy for power generation will develop
In individual countries depend on the structure of the power production
balance of the countries in question. As far as the USSR is concerned,
the development of nuclear power generation in that country, which has
large supplies of coal and extensive possibilities as far as development
of hydroelectric power is concerned, will proceed along different ways
than that in countries which lack coal. The fact that the USSR program
provides for acquisition of experience in this field by operating nuclear
power plants with a high output is stressed. The special conditions in
Czechoslovakia are discussed. Because of the conditions in that country
which has large supplies of uranium, and will have to increase the pro-
duction of electric power without augmenting the production of coal, the
decision was made to build an industrial nuclear power plant there that
uses natural uranium as fuel.
17
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[For additional information on nuclear fuels and reactor construction
materials see Item No 58.]
Organic Chemistry
25. Organophosphorus Research
"Acid Halides of Esters of Phosphonocarboxylic Acids. I. Syn-
thesis of P-Acid Monochlorides of Dialk_yl Esters of Phosphono-
carboxylic Acids," by. K. A. Petrov, F. L. Maklyayev, and M. A.
Korshunov, Military Academy of Chemical Defense; Leningrad,
Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii, Vol 29, No 1, Jan 59, pp 301-5
The authors reacted phosphorus pentachloride with esters of phos-
phonocarboxylic acid to obtain twelve previously unknown P-acid mono-
chlorides of dialkyl esters of phosphonoformic, phosphonoacetic, phosphono-
and thiophosphono-propionic acids, according to the following reaction:
R0\ 10 R0, ~0
R4 P-(CH2)n-CORD + PC15->ry.,P (CH2)n C'OR~ + POCI3+RC1
0 0
where n equals 0, 1, 2., They also showed that P-acid monochlorides of
dialkyl esters of phosphonoformic acid result from the reaction of phos-
phorus trichloride and chlorine with the esters of this acid.
They established that upon reacting esters of phosphonocarboxylic
acids with thionyl chloride, only the P-acid monochlorides of the dialkyl"..
esters of these acids are obtained.
Four previously unknown esters of phosphonoformic and phosphono-
proprionic acids were synthesized and characterized. The data concerning
these esters and the P-acid monochlorides are presented in the text.
"C-Chloro-P ,,P-Dimethoxy- and C-Chloro-P, P-diaryloxyiso-
phosphazoacyls," by G. I. Derkach, Institute of Organic Chem-
istry, Academy of Sciences, UkrSSR; Leningrad, Zhurnal
Obshchey Khimii., Vol 29, No 1, Jan 59, pp 241-5
By reacting phosphorus pentachloride with the diesters of acylamidO-
phosphoric acids, the C-chloro-P,.P-dimethoxy- and C-chloro-P, P-
diary7n xyisophosphazoacyls were obtained. This reaction can be formu-
lated as follows:
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RCONHPO(OR' )2 -f- PC15 - HC1+ POC13+ RCC1= NPO(OR' )2.
In all, 16 compounds not previously described were synthesized and charac-
terized. Physical data concerning them is presented in the text.
Upon thermal cleavage, C-chloro-P. P-dimethoxy- and C-chlor-P, P --
diaryloxyisophosphazoacyls form the corresponding nitriles and acid chlor-
ides of dimethyl and di.aryl esters of phosphoric acid.
Water reacts with these compounds to form the corresponding diesters
of acylamidophosphoric acids.
The author believes these compounds will be of great interest in the
synthesis of new types of phosphoric acid derivatives.
26. New Insect Repellents
"New Insect Repellents for the Protection of Humans and Ani-
mals from Blood-Sucking Diptera," by K. P. Andreyev, G. I.
Yanovich, G. A. Kudryavtseva, and R. G. Soboleva, Tr.Vses.
N. -I. In-t Vet, Sanitarii i Ektoparazitol (Works of the
All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Veterinary Sani-
tation and Ectoparasitology) 1958, 13, pp 152-172 (from
Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Khimi'ya No 2, 25 Jan 59, Abstract
No 5 850 by I. Mil'shteyn
"The methyl ether of beta-naphthol (I), terpineol (II) and diphenyl
oxide (III) are suitable for the protection of farm animals from blood-
sucking diptera. Treatment of the integument of adult cattle with solu-
tions of I- III in either solar or :va.seline oil guarantees protection
from these insects for 1..-4 days; aqueous emulsions offer protection for
several hours. An oily solution of I protects humans from attacks by
flies and mosquitoes, correspondingly, for 2-4 hours snd.90 'minutes; oily
and alcoholic solutions of II offer protection from mosquitoes for more
than 3 hours. Analogous solutions of III protect from housefly bites
for a 6-hour period."
CPYRGHT
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27. New Substdnce for the Control of '.ticks
"Substance for the Control of Ticks," (unsigned article);
Moscow, Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, 13 Feb 59, p 4
The Laboratory for the Search for New Preparations of the All-Union
Scientific Research Institute of Insectofungicides and Fertilizers has
found another valuable property of dibutyladipinate. a substance which
can repel the carrier of tick-borne encephalitis -- lxodes ticks.
"Investigations in the natural foci of tick-borne encephalitis,
conducted by Central Scientific Research Disinfection Institute in Perm
Oblast, indicated that dibutyladipinate when applied to the cotton
clothing of workers, gave protection from ticks for an entire month.
"The Section of Disinfection of the institute also tested new repel-
lant substances (Kuyzol and RP-99) which were synthesized by A. N. Kost
and L. G. Yudin at the Laboratory of special organic synthesis Chemical
Faculty of Moscow University imeni Lomonosov. The preparations possess
acaricidal activity swiftly killing ticks. These preparations can be
prepared from the by-products of the coke chemical industry."
CPYRGHT
28, Research on Isoquinoline Carboxylic Acids
Investigations in the Field of Isoquinoline Carboxylic Acid.
III. Preparation of a Number of 1-Alkoxy-Substituted Acids of
the Isoquinoline Group, Their Esters and Hydrazides and Certain
Data on the Mobility of Alkoxy Groups in the Isoquinoline Ring,"
by L. I. Linevich, Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Academy
of Sciences USSR; Leningrad, Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii, Vol 29,
No 1, Jan 59, pp 202-8
The purpose of this research was to synthesize a number of trialkoxy-
substituted acids of isoquinoline group and several of their derivatives,
and to test the physiological activity of those compounds, which appeared
to be of interest. A number of these compounds not .previously described
in the literature were obtained and characterized. Data concerning them
is presented in the text.
A number of homologous trialkoxy-substituted acids of the isoquino-
line group were obtained. They are, characterized by an alkoxy group in
the 1 position of the isoquinoline ring. A number of esters and hydrazides
of these acids were obtained.
It was established that in 1-alkoxy-'r, 8-dimethoxyisoquinoline-3-
carboxylic acids, the alkoxy group in the 1 position of the isoquinoline
ring is mobile in an acidic medium and is easily hydrolyzed.
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[For additionz.i information cn organic chemistry see items No 1,
2and 3?]
Physical Chemistry
29. Physical-Chemical Changes Resulting From High-Velocity Charged
Particles
"Research Work at the Physicochemical Institute, (unsigned
article); Moscow, Sovetskaya A viats, 22 Mar 59, p 1
At the Scientific Research Physicochemical Institute imeni L. Ya.
Karpov, according to the Seven-Year Plan, changes in the physical and
chemical properties of substances, resulting from their irradiation with
high-velocity charged particles, are being studied.
The results of these investigations will permit a completely new
approach to many problems in the field of chemistry. For conducting the
experiments at the institute, instruments and equipment employing radio-
active cobalt and a charged particle accelerator are being used. At the
present time, a new electrostatic generator is being installed.
A photograph accompanying the article shows senior scientific worker
V. A. Kozlov checking the assembly of a new accelerator.
Radiation Chemistry
30. Formation of Free Radicals in Solids Irradiated With Fast Electrons
"Investigation of Free Radicals Formed in Solids Subjected to
Irradiation With Fast Electrons," by Yu. N. Molin, A. T. Korit-
skiy, N. Ya. Buben, and V. V. Voyevodskiy, Corresponding Mem-
ber Academy of Sciences USSR, Institute of Chemical Physics,
Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Doklady.Akademii Nauk SSSR,
Vol 123, No 5, 11 Dec 58, pp 882-&83
Using the method of electronic paramagnetic resonance, the formation
of radicals in 20 different solid substances as a result of irradiation
with fast electrons was investigated. The substances irradiated included
polymers (polyethylene, nylon, capron, polymethylmethacrylate, teflon,
and different types of rubber), solid organic acids and their salts
(oxalic acid and its salts, succinic acid and its sodium salt, stearic
acid. a v citric acid), and aromatic compounds (naphthalene, alpha-naphthol,
beta-nai:itlml, ben aoylperoo d , .and'meU l), In all samples investigated, the maximum
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concentration of radicals was observed after a dose of the order of several
tens of megarads had been applied. In the majority of cases, the radicals
proved to be rather stable. Radicals with a relatively short half-life
at room temperature (all experiments were carried out at room temperature)
formed in polyethylene, oxalic acid, benzoyl peroxide, and one of the rub-
ber samples. After irradiation of polyethylene, the radical -CH2 - CH -
CH2 - had formed, which is unstable at room temperature. By carrying out
the irradiation at minus 18?, the Velocity of the transformation of this
primary radical into the secondary radical could be reduced (i.e., the
primary radical was stabilized).
It is assumed that in experiments with the majority of the subotances
investigated the formation of stable radicals in considerable concentra-
tions could have interfered with the observation of less stable radicals
with a half-life of the order of seconds or shorter. To observe the para-
magnetic resonance spectra of such radicals, a periodically modulated
electron ray bundle will be used. To observe short-lived radicals in
solids and particularly in liquids, a pulse method will also be applied.
Radiochemistry .
31, Neutron Activation Analysis of Aluminum, Magnesium, Vanadium, and
Indium
"The Neutron Activation Analysis of Samples of Rocks and Ore
Concentrates," by D. I. Leypunskaya, Z. Ye. Gauer and G. N.
Flerov; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 6, No 3, Mar 59,
pp 315..320
A method for the determination of aluminum, magnesium, vanadium,
and indium by the neutron activation analysis in ores when these ele-
ments are present in concentrations that are not too low is discussed.
The method in question consists of irradiation with a Po-Bo source of
samples of rocks, ores, or concentrates being analyzed and subsequent
determination :if the resulting activity with scintillation counters or
other counters. It is brought out that application as a tracer of a
short-lived isotope of the element being determined make it possible to
apply a rapid method of analysis. The high sensitivity and precision of
the method make it promising as far as practical applications are concerned.
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32. Conversion of the Carbon of Calcium Carbonate Into Acetylene
"Synthesis of Acetylene From Calcium Carbonate," by A. V.
Trofimov, N. G. Markova, and E. I. Dobkina, Institute of
Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry imeni V. I. Vernadskiy,
Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Prikladnoy Khimii,
Vol 32, No 2, Feb 59, pp 399-40)+
It was found that it is possible to convert calcium carbonate into
calcium carbide by heating a mixture of calcium carbonate with magnesium
in a tightly closed steel test tube at a temperature of about 700-800?.
The calcium carbide can then be converted into acetylene. This procedure
eliminates the carbidization of calcium carbonate in a hydrogen stream,
in vacuum, or in a sealed test tube. In this manner the process is sim-
plified and accelerated considerably. The purpose of the investigation
was development of a simple method for the conversion of the carbon of
calcium carbonate into acetylene so that the radioactivity of the carbon
contained in carbonate rocks may be determined in work on the geological
age of rock formations. Determination of the content of radioactive
carbon in acetylene is preferable to its determination is solid carbon.
[For additional 'Information on radiochemistry see Item No 20.]
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33. Terrestrial Corpuscular Radiation
"Study of Cosmic Rays and Terrestrial Corpuscular Radiation by
Cosmic Rocket," by S. N. Vernov, A. Ye. Chudakov, P. V. Vakulov,
and Yu. I. Logachev; Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 125, No 2,
11 Apr 59, pp 3011.-307
The cosmic rocket launched in the direction of the Moon on 2 January
1959 was equipped for recording cosmic rays and terrestrial corpuscular
emission. The latter is understood to consist of streams of charged part-
icles reaching very high altitudes, where the terrestrial magnetic field
secures a "magnetic trap" causing a high intensity of emission. A pre-
liminary processing of data obtained within an altitude range of 8,000 to
150,000 kilometers from the Earth's center is presented. The spatial dis-
tribution of the high intensity zone is found to lie at 26,000 km from
the Earth's center. At 55,000 km the terrestrial corpuscular emission is
zero. The composition of the emission in the outer zone of high intensity
was recorded by scintillators. It indicated x-rays of 100 kev or below.
The measured energy flux does not quite concur with data by Van Allen
from the fourth American satellite. The intensity of cosmic radiation
appeared constant starting with 66,000 km altitude, up to 150,000 km.
It indicates that at this, altitude the terrestrial magnetic field has
no more, effect.
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III. ELECTRONICS
Communications
34. Pocket Type Radio Receiver "Syurpriz"
"Radio Receiver 'Syurpriz," by L. Levin, G. Katunin, and B.
Kotov; Moscow, Radio, No 3, Mar 59, pp 40-42
The radio industry of the Saratov Industrial-Economic Region has
~'mpleted preparations for serial production of the miniature (pocket
type) radio receiver "Syurpriz." This is the smallest transistorized
superheterodyne type of receiver so far developed in the USSR. The
set utilizes printed circuits.
The receiver operates in the frequency range of 150-415 kc and
520-1,600 kc; its sensitivity varies from 10 millivolt/m to 7 millivolt/m,
depending on the reception frequency range; selectivity with respect to
the adjacent channel is about 10 db; attenuation of image channel varies
from 10 db to 15 db depending on the frequency range of reception. The
set has automatic volume control and its efficiency is about 35%. The
power supply consists of four alkaline cadmium-nickel storage batteries
of the KNP-0.42 type having a capacity of 0.4 amp hr. The battery is
14 x 50 mm and assures continuous operation of the receiver for about
14 hr. The receiver consumes about 30 milliamps of current.
Seven transistors of the P-14 type are used in the set. The two-
stage IF (465 kc) amplifier uses two of the P-14 transistors. Another
P-14 type transistor is used as a detector. Three transistors are used
in the power amplification stage. The overall dimensions of the set are
1.50 x 80 :: 32 mm and it weighs 520 g. The dynamic loudspeaker has a
diameter of 57 mm and a depth of 30 mm; it develops a sound pressure of
about 1.5 bars. The frequency response range of the speaker is from
300 to 7,000 cycles. The magnetic antenna is built with e. ferrite rod
123 mm long and (.8 mm in diameter.
35. Phase-Difference Modulation
"Simplex System Noise Immunity When Transmitting Binary Signals
With Phase-Difference Modulation [Angle Modulation]," by N. P.
Bobrov; Moscow, Radio, No 3, Mar 59, pp 27-31
The system of transmission of discrete signals by means of various
modifications of phase modulation is of great interest. One such system
is the simplex system of binary signal transmission utilizing
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phase-difference modulation, originally suggested by Petrovich. The
advantages of phase-difference modulation over frequency modulation is
particularly apparent in high-speed transmission systems when for a given
frequency channel it is required to transmit the greatest number of bin-
ary signals (bits) in a unit of time.
The author thanks M. V. Yakovlev for assistance.
Components
36. Electropneumatic Transducer
"Electropneumatic Transducer Developed at Institute of Auto-
mation and Telemechanics, Academy of Sciences USSR," by Yu.
V. Krementulo; Moscow, Avtomatika i Telemekhanika, No 2, Feb
59, pp 211-219
In automation of technological processes sometimes it is advantageous
to utilize electric systems for measurement and pneumatic systems for
actual control of the process.
At the Institute of Automation and Telemechanics of the Academy of
Sciences USSR very accurate and reliable transducers were developed for
conversion of measurement voltages into proportional air pressure at the
pneumatically actuated control devices. The electropneumatic transducers
were designated as EPP-1 and EPP-2.
The EPP-1 electropneumatic transducer is comprised of the following
units: rheostat data pick-up unit, slide-wire electropneumatic transducer,
electronic amplifier, power-supply pack, reduction gear, two-phase revers-
ing motor, line and control windings, cam, baffle, feed-back unit, fixed
inductor and nozzle of the primary pneumatic relay, inter-choke chamber,
compressed air supply. The air pressure supply to the transducer is at
1.3 kg/cm2. The electric power supply to the device is drawn from a
220 v, 50 cycle line. The accuracy of the device is about t 0.7%.
A series of experimeut-s have proven the suitability of the device for
automatic controls of certain technological processes.
37. Cathode Circuit Detection in Reflex Klystron
"Cathode Circuit Detection in an Underexcited Reflex Klystron,"
by S. A. Kornilov and 0. N. Kazbekova; Moscow, Radiotekhnika I
Elektronika, No 3, Mar 59, pp Lc 0-1+81
The cathode circuit detection characteristics (response, transfer
constant) of an underexcited reflex klystron were determined experimentally
for frequencies of 3,000 and 10,000 Mc.
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The investigation has shown that the cathode circuit detection has
sensitivity equal to that of a crystal detector and a transfer constant
several decibels higher than that for a crystal detector.
38. New Oscillator Triodes
"Electrical Calculation of Performance of New Oscillator
Triodes," by V. A. Khatskelevich; Moscow, Radiotekhnika,
No 3, Mar 59, pp 58-68
In recent years a number of triode oscillator tubes were designed
with power output ranging from a few kilowatts to several hundred kilo-
watts, which were designated GU-5A, GU-10A, GU-21B, GU-22A, GU-23A, GU-30A,
GU-4A, GU-11A, GU-12A and G-433. The power output of the enumerated tubes
in kw is as follows: 3.5, 15, 15, 30,100, 40, 10, 30, 40, and 80 respec-
tively; the plate voltage in kv is 5, 8, 9, 9, 11, 8, 6, 10, 10.5 and 11.
These new oscillator triodes have a number of constructional peculiari-
ties which change considerably their internal characteristics and perform-
ance. The current distribution in these tubes, their parameters and static
and dynamic characteristics are different from those of the old series.
A new method is proposed for calculation of the static and dynamic
characteristics of these new tubes. The author thanks Z. I. Model',
B. P. Bytov, and S. G. Rud' for assistance.
39. East German Tropicalization Efforts
"Climatization, a Necessity Where Overseas Export Is Involved,"
by F. Boberski, Berlin; Berlin Nachrichtentechnik, No 3, Mar 59,
pp 9T-101
This lead article, on East German tropicalization measures, includes
the following information:
Dr Boeer, head of the East German Main Office for Climatology, Pots-
dam, has studied climatic conditions on the basis of geophysical investi-
gations in China and in East Germany. He comes to the conclusion that six
climates should be differentiated.
A climatization testing station, approved by the Office for Technology.,
was erected at the Scientific-Technical Office for Motor Design, Berlin-
Adlershof, and, since 1958, has been under the DAMW (German Office for
the Testing of Materials and Products, Berlin. The testing area is 14
meters long. The DAMW thus has taken over all direction and coordination
of climatization problems for all branches of industry, including research
and development assignments.
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After Czechoslovakia had finished research work in China in 1955,
East Germany sent to China, in 1956, a delegation of climatization ex-
perts, including one climatologist, one microbiologist, one electrical
engineer, and two chemical engineers, .one of which was a specialist in
cable and wiring. This delegation tested about 1,500 sample products of
various branches of industry at five experimental stations erected by
Czechoslovaks and Chinese.
In 195'(, a new delegation went to China to continue the work.
The DAMW is preparing another trip which will extend through 1959-
1960, and will include the testing of tropicalized instruments in India
and Indonesia.
The Chamber of Technology of East Germany is faced with the respon-
sibility of supporting the procurement of documentation on tropicaliza-
tion by industry and of contributing to the standardization of testing
and delivery specifications. The DAMW has suggested climatization-test
markings for equipment for special areas of application under the general
headings of: temperate climate, moist-hot climate, moist-dry climate,
cold climate, mountainous climate, and oceanic climate.
The following publications are already available:
DIN 50010: Pruefung von Klimaeinwirkungen (The Testing of Cli-
matic Effects
DIN 40040: Klimaschutz von Bauelementen der Nachrichtentechnik
(Climatization of Components of Communications En-
gineering)
VEM 11001: Richtlinien fuer den Klimaschutz elektrotechnischer
Erzeugnisse (Instructions for Climatization of Elec-
trical Engineering
Products
VEM 12'701: Galvanische Ueberzu.ege (Galvanic Coatings)
Der Bericht der China-Delegation 1956 (The Report of
the 1956 China Delegation)
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40. Tropicalization of East German Relays
"Climatizea Communications Relays," by B. Thiel and W. 'Reiser,
Central Laboratory for Communications Engineering; Berlin, in
VEB RFT Fernmeldewerk, Arnstadt; Berlin, Nachrichtentechnik,
No 3, Mar 59, pp 117-122
This article gives detailed suggestions for "type 2 protection" of
the various parts of DC relays of communications equipment for operation
in such areas as Vietnam, South China, India, Indonesia, UAR, Iraq, Sudan,
and Northwest China. The conditions under which "type 2 protection" is
satisfactory are: air temperature from plus 55 to minus 25 degrees C (plus
131 to minus 13 degrees F); relative humidity from 95% at 35 degrees C
to 10% at 40 degrees C, and vapor pressure from 40 to 5 mm Hg.
"Type 1 protection," i.e., tropicalization for any and all weather
conditions, is rejected by the article because of the difficulties in-
volved with respect to insulation. Of the modern plastics, only the
expensive chlorinated or unchiorinated fluorocarbons, and of the tra-
ditional insulation materials, only ceramics, the use of which requires
design changes, can be considered for such a protection. The article
suggests that all parts, standard and tropicalized, be of the same de-
sign, and recommends measures for processing relay parts of standard
design so that they will satisfy the requirements for "type 2 protection."
41. Tropicalization of East German Capacitors
"Climatization of Capacitors of Communications Engineering
and the Testing Methods Required for Them," by H. Koerner,
Gera; Berlin, Nachrichtentechnik, No 3, Mar 39, pp 122-124
Various types and designs of capacitors used in communications
engineering are discussed with respect to their possibilities of appli-
cation under various climatic conditions. A comparison is also made of
the two current designation systems represented by the testing regula-
tions., DIN 40040 and IEC-80 and IEC-68.
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42. Tropicalization of East German Resistors
"The Climatization of Carbon Coated Resistors for Electrical
Communications Engineering and Measurements,," by H, df Gold-
schmidt, Teltow; Berlin, Nachrichtentechnik, No 3, Mar 59,
pp 125-128
The article discusses the equipment, methods, and results of teats
conducted at the climatization laboratory of VEB RFT Werk fuer Bauele-
mente der Nachrichtentechnik9 Teltow, for the tropicalization of carbon
coated and boron-carbide coated resistors manufactured in East Germany.
Computers and Automation
43- Universal Digital Computer LEM-1
"Small Universal Digital Computer LEM-1 with Magnetic (Ferrite)
Components," by Yu. A. Makhmudov; Moscow9 Radiotekhnika No 3,
Mar 59, pp 47-57
The article discusses some problems connnected with the design and
construction of the LEM-1 universal digital computer incorporating con-
tactless magnetic (ferrite) and capacitive "DYeZU" (high-retentivity
capacitive storage devices) components. The LEM-1 computer was developed
at the Laboratory for Electromodeling of the A11-Union Institute of
Scientific and Technical Information, Academy of Sciences USSR, under
the direction of Prof. L. I. Gutenmakhero
This digital computer operates with a fixed point placed before the
most significant digit. One binary column is reserved for sign represen-
tation of the numbers. The machine operates with 15-column binary members.
The internal storage device of the machine has 8,191 addresses, of which
79167 addresses are in permanent storage and 1,,024 addresses in. the operat->
ing storage. The LEM-1 computer is composed of the following units. per-
manent storage;, operating storage, arithmetic unit, command analyzer,
input unit., magnetic tape external storage, output unit and central con-
trol unit. The computer incorporates about 3,000 magnetic (ferrite),
elements', about 80 electronic tubes in the pulsed-power circuit;, about
500 transistors and about 16,000 selenium rectifiers. The computer is
designed to perform several operations simultaneously. At 30 ke frequency
of pulsed-power supply the computer performs, 1,200 additions or sub-,
tractions, 600 multiplications or 200 divisions. At present, work is
doing conducted at the laboratory for the development of pulsed-power
supply at 300 kc frequency, which should considerably increase the speed
of the computer.
This is the first computer incorporating.contactless magnetic and
capacitive components that has been developed at the Laboratory for Elec-
tromodelingo
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44. Computers Constructed in Tbilisi
"Tbilisi Computers," (unsigned article); Moscow, Izvestiya
Sovetov Deputatov Trydyashchikhsya SSSR, 26 Mar 59, p
In the center of Tbilisi there is located a new scientific research
institute of instrument construction and means of automation of the na-
tional economic Council of the Georgian SSR. Original mathematical
machines are constructed in its laboratories for example, a controlling
computer for regulating the electric operating conditions for ferroalloy
furnaces.
The machine has successfully passed the laboratory tests and at
present is undergoing industrial tests at the Zestafonskiy ferroalloy plant.
A second computer is intended for determining the weight of individual
forms of raw material entering into a cupola furnace. In this particular
machine, constructed in the laboratory, the calculation of important para-
meters stabilizing the heating system of the ferroalloy plant is possible.
The machine determines the delivery of coke and supply of draft as a
function of the given temperature of the metal and the composition of
the flue gases.
A computer is also ready for automation of the calculation of
voltage and power losses in power transmission lines.
45, Autopilot Vibration Servomechanism
"Dynamics of a Vibration Servomechanism in Electric Autopilot,"
by I. N. Krutov; Moscow, Avtomatika i Telemekhanika, No 2,
Feb 59, pp 115-126
Analyzes the performance of an electric vibration servomechanism
which automatical.:Ly actuates the aircraft controls. An electromagnetic
clutch is utilized for shifting of speeds in this system. The dynamic?
of such a servomechanism was investigated with the aid of a phase plane.
This method of examination was demonstrated for two specific cases: when
the servomechanism motion is described by a first order equation and
when it is described by a second order equation. The parameter relations
defining the limits of stability of such a vibration servomechanism are
defined. Due to the low inertia of the servomotor, speed shifting is
effectively performed by an electromagnetic clutch which connects the out-
put shaft with a continuously rotating motor.
The method described also permits calculating whether complex self-
oscillations would be set up in the system for given values of the para-
meters.
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46. Method of Programing Discussed
"On One Method of Programing," by V. S. Kurolyuk, Mathematics
Institute, Academy of Sciences, Ukrainian SSR; Kiev, Dopovidi
Akademii Nauk Ukrainskoi RSR9 No 12, 1958.9 pp 1992-1295
Presents a method of programing, not associated with the technical,
peculiarities of specific digital computers, which makes it possible to
introduce formal conversions of programs, permits aut6za11--ic translation
into programs for specific machines, and enables recommendations for the
technical improvement of the machines to be formulated.
47. Continuous Strong Markov Processes of One Dimension
"One-Dimensional Continuous Strong Markov Processes.," by Ye. B.
Dynkin; Teoriya Veroyatnostey i yeyq Primeneni a; Moscow, Vol
4, No 1, pp 3-5
One-dimensional temporarily homogeneous strong Markov processes with
continuous path functions are considered. No regularity conditions are
aseumed4 Infinitesimal operators for all these processes are calculated.
These calculations are 'eased on a preliminary analysis of the local be-
haviour of path functions. The general results of sections l--3 are used
in sections 4-.5 for conducting a more detailed investigation of the proc-
ess in intervals of its regularity.
48. New Zeiss ZRA-1 Computer
"The New Zeiss Automatic Computer ZRA 1," by H. Kortum,9 W.
Kaemmerer, and F. Straube, Jena; Berlin, Feingeraetetechnik,
No 3,9 Mar 59, pp 97-104
The article gives a description, block diagram, explanation of the
operating procedure and programing, and photographs of certain components
of the ZRA 1.
The ZRA 1 is a digital computer. The numbers fed into the machine
and the results produced by the machine are in decimal arrangement. The
programing is done by means of ordinary punched cards, each card holding
up to 12 lines. Each decimal point represents a tetrad in direct dual
coding. The scanning speed is 80 cards per minute, corresponding to 960
program lines per minute. The magnetic storage drum has a capacity of
4,096 words and rotates at a rate of 72,000 rpm; it can be filled in less
than 4 minutes. The computer output is in the form of a line printer,,
maximum 205 lines per second. All the pulse storage devices of the
computing and mechanical devices, all control and logical circuits are
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based on switching circuits with ferrite cores having an almost rectangular
hysteresis loop. The circuits are fed with a 200-kc voltage in series,
the operating pulses being produced by electron -tubes modulated by syn-
chronizing tracks on the storage drum. All switching circuits have ger-
manium diodes.
The ferrite cores were developed at the Jena Institute for Magnetic
Materials and produced at VEB Keramische Werke,, Hermsdorfa The diodes
were developed at VEB Werk fuer Bauelemente der Nachrichtentechnik, Tel-
towo The storage drum was developed by J. N. Lehmann of the Institute
for Machine Computer Engineering, Dresden Technische Hochschule, and
H. Lotz of ZIL, Fraureuthe The punched card unit and printer were de-
veloped at VEB Rheinmetall, Soemmerdao
49. Energy Transport in Cadmium Sulfide Crystals
"Investigations On the Carrier Diffusion and Other Forms of
Energy Transport in CdS," by J. Auth and R. Ridder, Physics
Institute, Humboldt University, Berlin; Leipzig, Annalen
der Physik, Vol 2, No 7/8, Jan 59, pp 351364
An investigation was made of the concentration distribution of the
charge carriers in partially illuminated CdS crystals at room temperature
and at 80 degrees centigrade. Two exponential concentration decreases,
with different characteristic lengths, were found. For the first, more
abrupt decrease of concentration, the diffusion lengths were found to
be 3-15 microns for crystals not known to be activated., 3 microns for
Mn-activated crystals, and 27 microns for Age-activated crystals. This
decrease depends on the intensity and direction of the applied voltage.
For the second, smoother decrease of concentration, diffusion lengths, of
002 - 1025 mm were found for brystals not known to be activated, and 0.15-
0.3 mm for Ag-activated crystals. The incipience of the second concen-
tration decrease varied from crystal to crystal, and is clearly dependent
on temperature. The concentration decrease is lacking entirely in crystals
of one particular origin. The first, more abrupt concentration decrease
is interpreted as an "ambipolar" diffusion of the charge carriers. The
life of the holes then'amounts to lo-9 -lo-7 second (assuming D ti"5 cm2/
see). The second,, flatter drop is caused essentially by redbsoPption of
light produced by luminescence. Special experiments show that the light
produced by luminescence in the case, of CdS can produce photoconductivity.
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50. Results of an Investigation of the Piezoelectric Activity of Various
Substances
"Experimental Research on New Piezoelectrics," by I. S. Rez,
A. S. Sonin, Ye. Ye. Tsepelevich, and A. A. Filimonov, Cen-
tral Scientific Research Laboratory of Piezoelectrics; Moscow,
Kristallografiya, Vol 4, No 1, Jan/Feb 59, pp 65-68 .._
On the basis of research done at the Central Scientific Research Lab-
oratory of Piezoelectrics (TsNILP) in 1956-1957, 39 inorganic and complex
compounds are listed which exhibit a pronounced piezoelectric effect,
43 inorganic and complex compounds which have an insignificant piezo-
electric activity, 90 organic substances which exhibit a pronounced
piezoelectric effect, and 184 organic substances which exhibit an in-
significant piezoelectric effect.
51. Domain Structure of Lead Titanate Crystals
"Optical Investigation of Single Crystals of Lead Titanate,"
by Ye. G. Fesenko and R. V. Kolesova, Rostov-on-Don State
University; Moscow, Kristailografiya, Vol 4, No 1, Jan/Feb
59, pp 62-64
Single crystals of lead titanate were investigated with particular
attention to their domain structure. The characteristics of lead titanate
are compared with those of barium titanate. It was found that the domain
structure of lead titanate sometimes disappears spontaneously for no ap-
parent reason. This phenomenon requires additional investigation.
52. Observation of the Domain Structure of Barium Titanate
"Observation of the Domain Structure of Barium Titanate With
the Aid of an Electron Mirror," by G. V. Spivak, E. Igras
I. A. Pryamkova, and I. S. Zheludev,, Moscow State University;
Moscow, Krist,.all.ografiya, Vol 49 No 1, Jan/Feb 599 PP 123-
125
The design and application of the electron mirror used are described.
Results of determining the micro-relief on the surface (and the domain
structure) of barium titanate crystals are reported.
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53. Dielectric Properties of Triglycine Sulfate Crystals
"The Twinning and Dielectric Properties of Triglycine
Sulfate Crystals," by V. P. Konstantinova, I. M. Sil?-
vestrova, and V. A. Yurin, Institute of, Crystallography,
Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Krista7logref iya, Vol
4, No 1, Jan/Feb 599 pp 125-3.29
The twinning of triglycine sulfate crystals was investigated by the
method of etching. The dependence of the dielectric permeability of
triglycine sulfate crystals on the temperature, the intensity of an
alternating electric field, and the frequency was investigated.
54. Twinning of Domains in Trigl ine Sulfate Crystals
"The Problem of the Domain Structure of Triglycine Sulfate
Crystals," by L. A. Shuvalov, K. S. Aleksandrov, and I. S.
Zheludev, Institute of Crystallography, Academy of Sciences
USSR and the Krasnoyarsk Institute of Physics, Academy of
Sciences USSR; Moscow, Kristallografiya,, Vol 4, No 1,
Jan/Feb 599 PP 130-132
It is pointed out that triglycine sulfate and also triglycine sele-
nate and triglycine fluoroberyllate as well as several other recently dis-
covered seignettoelectrics which are isomorphous with triglycine sulfate,
undergo changes of point symmetry when they pass through the Curie point.
Because changes of symmetry of this type in connection with seignetto-
electric phase transitions are unusual and have been encountered for the
first time in this instance, the domain structure in crystals of this
group must exhibit a number of interesting peculiarities. The twinning
of domains in triglycine sulfate crystals and similar crystals is con-
sidered from the theoretical and geometric standpoints.- no new experi-
mental results are reported.
55. A Method for the Polarographic Determination of Germanium
"Polarographic Determination of Germanium," by N. V. Stashkova
and A. I. Zelyanskaya; Novosibirsk, Izvestiya Sibirskogo Otdel-
eniya Akademii Nauk SSSR, No 1, Jan 599 PP 59-66
In an investigation carried out with the use of different inert elec-
trolytes;, it was found that tetravalent germanium is reduced at a mercury
dropping electrode in many solutions with the formation of a pronounced
wave. It was found that addition of Trilon B to the solutions improves
the shape of the germanium wave. The applicability of the polarographic
method for the determination of germanium against a background of sodium
acetate and borax in practical analytical work was established.
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The colorimetric method with the application of pheny.,.fluorone is
suitable for the determination of small quantities of germanium (up to
several hundredths parts of l%)e The polarographic method is suitable
for the determination of germanium present in higher concentrations (in
the range of 0.01 - 0.1% and higher).
56., Lithium-Cadmium Ferrites
"The Characteristics of (Li20o5 Fe2 0? )y X? (CdF2 0~.)x,"
by Na A. Smol?kov and S. A. Dovba, Chair of Magnet'isrn,
Moscow State University; Moscow, Veatnik Moskovakogo
Universiteta -- Seri a Matematiki Mekhav.iki Astronomii?
Fiziki, Khimii, No , Nov 5 r pp 155-161
It was established that as the concentration of cadmium ferrite in-
creases in solid solutions of (Li2 0.5 Fe 03)1,X? (CdF2 04) a, there is
reduction of the electric resistance, lowering of the Curie point, reduc-
tion of the coercive force, an increase in the initial. and maximum magnet.'.c
permeabilities; and an increase in the maximum and residual [intrinsic]
inductions [intensities of maguetizations]o The existence of a complex
dependence of the angle of rotation of the plane of polarization on the
composition of the solid solutions was established.
57e Manganese-Magnesium Ferrites
"The Magnetic Characteristics of Solid Solutions in the
System Mg Fe2 01, .. Mn Fe2 0,W " by N. A. Smcl 1koir and V. F. Be o r,
Chair of Magnetism, Moscow State University; Moscow,
Vestnik Moskovsko o Universiteta --m Seri Ma',,ematiki,
Mekhaniki Astronomii Fiziki Khimii, No , Nov 5 ,
pp 163-169
After annealing of Mg Fe2 0) W Mu Fe2 0. solid solutions there is
reduction of the initial and maximum magnet.i,Z permeabilit Wes and of the
residual magnetic induction.. There is also an increase of the coercive
force in solutions with a high content of the -manganese ferrite. The
angle of rotation of the plane of polarization and the extinction increase
for all ferrites in solutions with a low >ntent of the manganese fer-
rite. There is a much greater increase of the ,former than of the latter.
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58. Lithium Scintillation Glass for the Detection of Slow Neutrons
"A Scintillation Glass for the Detection of Slow Neutrons,"
by V. K. Voytovetskiy, N. S. Tolmaeheva, and M. A. Arsayev;
Moscow, Atomnaya Enerpl.Ya, Vol 6, No 3, Mar 59, pp 321-326
A scintillation glass that had been developed was Investigated. It
was found that this glass, which has the composition L12 0.2 SJ.02 (Ce),
can be used for the detection of. Blow electrons. The scintillation ef-
ficiency of the glass when excited with electrons was found to be equal
to 1.4% of that exhibited by Na 1. (TI). The scintillation yield for
alpha particles was found to be 3.8 - 4 times smaller than that for
electrons. The constant of the deexcitation time was determined and
found to be approximately 0.15 microseconds. It was established that the
scintillation efficLenc of glass 0.1 cm thick containing lithium with a
concentration of the Lib isotope amounting to 90.5% comprises 82% for
thermal neutrons. For neutrons with an energy of 10 electrovolts the
6cintillation efficiency of a glass 0.5 cm thick was found to be 40%.
It is pointed out that glass used for the detection of slow neutrons
must contain a sufficient quantity of either lithium or boron.
59. Review of Work on Borides of Rare-Earth Elements
"Borides of Rare-Earth Metals," by G. V. Samsonov (Kiev);
Mos~.ow, Uspekhi Kh.iml.i.., Vc.l 28, No 2, Feb 59, pp 189-217
The structure and physical properties of borides of rare-earth metals,
methods for the production of rare-earth metal borides, sintering of borides
of rare-earth metals, and applications of borides of rare-earth metals are
reviewed on the basis of USSR and non-JSSR,publications. A bibliography
consisting of 72 references of which 44 are USSR (22 of them to publica-
tions by Samsonov) is appended to the article.
It Is pointed out that the principal .field of the application of
borides of rare-earth metals, particularly their hexaborides, is elec-
tronics, where they are used as cathodes for powerful generator instal-
lations instead of metallic cathodes. The aaTan.tages of using rare-earth
metal borides for applj..,.ations of this type comprise a low work function
of thermal emission., stability at low pressures, stability towarde bom--
bardment with ions, and a capacity for operation at high intensities of
the field. Because cathodes made of rase-earth metal borides are not
poisoned in the presence of air, they can be used in dismountable systems
of electronic installations. Cathodes of lanthanum boridy have been used
successfully in a synchrophasotron at a high intensity of the field, high
temperatures, and high current densities. A cathode of lanthanum boride
was used on a cyclotron for 150-200 hours as compared with the 20-hour use-
ful life of a tantalum cathode.
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With the development of the prod'xc,tion of rare-earth metal oxides;
and the consequent reduction of their cost, and also because investigations
have been carried out on boride cathodes, the appllicatior c:C boride cathodes
in television sets (electron ray tubes) and other- electronic devices which
are generally used becomes possible. One of the drawbacks of boride ca-
thodes is a low electric resistance, by reason of which they cannot be
heated readily. This drawback can be eliminated by using solid solutions
of borides rather than individual borides. These ,.olutions develop maxima
of electric resistance while the favorable emise,i.on characteristics of
the borides remain unchanged.
Extensive possibilities for the application of rare-earth borides
are aloo opened up by reason of the high melting temperatures of com-
pounds of this class, their hardness, and their chemical stability.
60. Method. for the Preparation of Europium Hex:aboride
"Europium Hexaboride," by O. V. Samsonov, V. P. Dzeganovskiy,
and I. A. Semanshko, Institute of Cermets, Powder Metallurgy,
and Special Alloys, Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR.; Moscow,
Kristallo rg , Vol 4, No 1, Jan/Feb 59, pp 119-120
The structures of hexaborides of a number of rare-earth metals have
been investigated rather thoroughly. It has been established that these
borides have advantageous thermal emission charact?.risTics. For this
reason, compounds of this class are used extensively in electronics.
Among the few rare-earth metals which had not been synthesized or in-
vNstigated was europium hexaboride. This compound has been prepared
in the work described in this instance by reducing a i:are europium
oxide with boron carbide. The characteristics of europita~m hexaboride
from the standpoint of its, application in electronics were determined
and compaxcd with those of other rare-earth metal borides.
61. Adhesion Plateaus in Photoconductivity Lf , Single crystals
"Slow Onset of Photoconductivity of CdS S_.ngle Cry.: tats at
Week. Excitation intensities," by K. W. Boear and H. Waritcsch,
Second Physics Institute of Humboldt Univi-~r?s:Lt,r and Labora-
tory for the Physics of Electrical Breakdown, German Academy
of. Sciences, Berlin; Leipzig, Annalen dei9 Physik, Vol ,2s
NO 7/8, Jan 59, pp 406-1.12 ___ _ _. -
An observation of the slow build-up of photoconductivity with weak
light excitation affords the possibility of obtaining information on the
adhesion-.term spectrum in the forbidden zone, and of computing the con-
centration of pronounced adhesion-term groups as well as their adhesion
coefficients for the electron capture. Crystals which have a structured
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adhesion-term spectrum reveal build-up curves with points of divergence.
Plateaus can be recognized, which are caused by the successive filling of
adhesion-term groups, and which make possible a calculation of the adhesion-
term concentration and of the corresponding adhesion coefficients. To
compute these variables, only the concentration of the conductivity
electrons on the plateau and the time of the upward swing of the curve
at the end of the plateau are required.
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62. The Ionization and Dissociation of Air in H ersonic Flight
"Dissociation and Ionization of Air, Problems in Hyper-
sonic Flight," by Engr Capt Yu. Kibardin, Candidste of
Technical Sciences; Moscow, Sovetskaya Aviatsiya, 27 Mar 59,
p 2
The author presents a basic review of information concerning the dis-
sociation and ionization of air caused by hypersonic flights. After dis-
cussing these phenomena, the author states that at the present time, al-
though plasma, which is a mixture of stripped nuclei and electronic gas,
has been obtained under laboratory conditions, it has not been obtained
under hypersonic flight conditions, although ionization has. In addition,
according to the author, electric and magnetic poles can act on this ionized
air. The author states that ionizied air is chemically more active than
normal air. Ions of air energetically enter into chemical reactions with
materials found in flying apparatus and can cause the oxidation of the
outer covering. The degree of dissociation and ionization of air around
the nose portion of a flying apparatus will be less than that found in the
rear portion of the apparatus, while the temperature will be higher. There-
fore, the nose part of the apparatus should be covered with special insula-
tion.
The discussion is accompanied by three graphs. The first one, Figure
I, shows a graph of the dissociation and ionization of air at temperatures
up to 25,0000 C and at speeds up to 7 kms per sec. Figure 2 shows changes
in the chemical composition of air as a result of dissociation and the
formation of nitrogen oxides and ionization, depending on temperature for
two pressures -- 0.001 atmospheres and 100 atmospheres. Figure 3 presents
curves of the air temperatures surrounding the nose-portion of an apparatus
at various altitudes and speeds. It is seen from Figure 3 that flight at
great speeds close to the gound can be accompanied. by air temperatures of
up to 10,000? C. At heights of approximately 100 km at these rates of
speed,?th`'temperature of the air is decreased at the critical point almost
by a factor of 2. On the surface of a flying apparatus, where the pressure
is approximately equal to atmospheric pressure, the temperature will be
lower, especially at increased speeds. However, such a lowering of tempera-
ture does not guarantee the integrity of the structure. Special. measures
are required for the thermic protection of the structure which will be
discussed in a forthcoming article.
In addition, the author states that free atoms of oxygen and nitrogen
are obtained as a result of the dissociation of molecules and can enter into
reaction with each other, forming opaque nitric oxide. At the same time,
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a new type of heat-exchange beginsli.e., radiation, around a flying body.
It should be further noted that during the flight of a flying apparatus,
the temperature and pressure of the air is different at various points on
its surface, complicating the, aerodynamic problems.
63. Future Development of Combined Power-Heating Electric Stations
"Power-Heating Plant Development in Large Power Systems With
High-Capacity Electric Stations of High and Super-High Pres-
sure," by S. F. Kopsyev; Moscow, Teploenergetika, No 4, Apr
59, pp 3-10
The article analyzes the apparent inefficiency of combined power and
heat generation at the same electric power station in the light of greater
emphasis recently placed in the USSR on the gaseous and liquid fuels.
"The rayon boiler installations burning gas or liquid fuel for central-
ized heating cost 30% less than similar installations operating on solid
fuel, and their operating efficiency is raised to $0-90%, in contrast to an
efficiency of 65-75% for installations operating on solid fuel.
"These advantages of separate generation of electric power and heat,
if fortified with superficial and one-sided evaluation of the newly intro-
duced factors affecting the future construction of the power plants in the
USSR, might be interpreted as a blow to the practicability of combined
power-heating generation, depriving the latter of its leading role in the
future power supply to the cities and industry.
"As a possible 'rescues of the combined power-heating generation, it
is suggested to continue to supply heating from large power-heating elec-
tric stations located directly at the coal fields or from 'micro-power-
heating stations' burning gas. When gas is. available, even separate cen..-.
tralized heating boiler units are considered inefficient,, and complete
decentralization down to individual heating units for each apartment is
suggested.
"Detailed analysis of this problem carried out by a number of lead-
ing power engineering institutes (Power Engineering Institute, Academy of
Sciences USSR, All-Union Heating Engineering Institute, Moscow Power Engi-
neering Institute, All-Union Correspondence Institute of Power Engnineer-
ing, and Promenergoproyekt), as well as by individual experts, has shown
that the existing dmbts about the practicability of combined power-heating
installations are without foundation and that the economical basis for
the combined power-heat generation cannot be undermined by the new factors
entering into the further development of power engineering in the USSR,
provided these factors are properly interpreted in the future construction
of combined power-heating electric stations."
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64. New Zeiss Spectrograph
"A New Glass Spectrograph," by H Scheller, VEB Carl Zeiss,
Jena; Berlin, Feingeraetetechnik,No 1, Jan 59, pp 19-23
VEB Carl Zeiss, Jena, has developed a new glass spectrograph, the
optical principle of which goes back to an earlier type (spectrograph for
physicists). with the Foersterling three-prism arrangement. It is a very
stable and easy to operate instrument rugged enough for use in an indus-
trial laboratory. It can be converted rapidly and repeatedly to meet the
requirements of varying spectrographic problems.
The main feature of the new development was the equipping of the three-
prism spectrograph with two cameras of different focal length and large
relative aperture for the spectrographic recording of Raman emission of
organic substances or of 'tither low-intensity phenomena such as luminescence,
flame spectra, and converter spectra. The three-prism arrangement also
afforded the possibility of bridging the gap of a glass spectrograph of
very high dispersion.
When combined with an autocollimation camera with a focal length of
1,300 millimeters, the three-prism spectrograph can be used for the emis-
sion analysis of spectra with an especially large number of lines, such as
are encountered in the quantitative analysis of rare earths, highly alloyed
steels, and tungsten carbides, as well as ceramic products based on titanium
oxide or zirconium oxide.
65. Jet Propellants Commission in Poland
"Formation of-Jet Propellants Commission, Polish Academy of
Sciences," (unsigned article); Warsaw, Skrzydlata Polska,
18 Mar 59, p 3
Brief item in source reports the formation of the Jet Propellants Com-
mission (Komisja Napedow Odrzutowych) under Technical Sciences Department
IV (Wydzial IV Nauk Technicznych) of the Polish Academy of Sciences. The
task of this new commission is to prepare a 5-year plan and prospective
plans for scientific research in rocket technology in Poland. Chairman of
the commission is Prof Dr Michal Lune, corresponding member of the Polish
Academy of Sciences.
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66. East Germans Welcome Translation of Tsien's Book on Cybernetics
"Book Reviews. Technische Kybernetik, by R. S. Tsien, trans-
lated by H. Kaltenecker, VEB Verlag Technik, Berlin, and
Berliner Union, Stuttgart, 1958, 288 pp," by Hornauer; Berlin,
Nachrichtentechnik, No 3, Mar 59, pp 142-143
The review cf this book (H. S. Tsien, Engineering Gybernetics,
McGraw-Hill,, New York, 1954) ends with the following statements:
"It 'can thus be seen that Tsien's observations penetrate up to the
very limits of present-day knowledge and give a large view of the problems
which cybernetics presents to the engineer. All mathematical entries are
given without derivations, and so thie book can 'be used for more profound
study only by those who are equipped with the necessary mathematical knowl-
edge, thus essentially that knowledge which today has been compiled under
the concept of the mathematics of control.
"In view of the fact that the problems of automation have come to
the fore in East German industry, the appearance of this book by Tsien is
to be welcomed. It can be recommended emphatically as a valuable aid to
anyone who intends to concern himself more deeply with the scientific and
mathematical problems connected with automation."
CPYRGHT
67. New Petroleum Research Institute at Kuybyshev
"Creation of a New Petroleum Research Institute at, Kuybyshev,
USSR," (unsigned article); Bucharest, Petrol si Gaze, Jan 59, p 42
The success of geological exploration in the Kuybyshev area in recent
years has led to a considerable increase of gas and oil reserves. New
deposits with very favorable exploitation parameters were discovered. As
a consequence, crude oil production in the Kuybyshev area will increase to
three times that of the present production in the period 1959-1965.
Due to the rapid development of this important industry, which requires
the application of ultramodern methods and technological processes, and due
to the many problems that need to be solved, the Complex Scientific Research
Institute of the Petroleum Industry (Institutul complex de cercetari stiinti-
fice al industriei pet.rol.ului) was established at Kuybyshev. The institute's
activities began in June 1.958.
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The institute was created on the basis of many geological research
laboratories and some technical services of Giprovostokneft. The struc-
ture of the institute provides for the following sections: geology, geo-
chemistry, geophysics, drilling, exploration. 'automatics and telemechanics,
fuel, oils, and plans.
The geology section comprises five laboratories: stratigraphy, tectonic
and deposit formation, calculation of reserves, methodology of prospecting
and exploration operations, and hydrogeology.
The geochemistry section is represented by the laboratory of the geo-
chemistry of paleozoic deposits, the laboratory of geochemistry of crude
oil, and the laboratory of microbiology.
The geophysics section has three laboratories [not named].
The drilling section is provided with laboratories of drilling tech-
nology, rational drilling regime, and drilling machines and equipment.
The exploitation section has created laboratories for crude oil extrac-
tion techniques and technology, intensification of crude oil extraction,
and gas extraction and transportation.
There are three laboratories in the fuel section: preparation of raw
material, catalytic processes, and petrochemical synthesis.
In the oils section are the laboratories of the manufacture of oils
and paraffin and of grease synthesis.
The planning section has two sectors: drilling'and extraction.
The subject plan of the institute for the second half of 1958 provides
a broad program of present problems connected with the development of the
petroleum industry in the Kuybyshev area.
[For additional information, see Item No 59 and also Metallurgy.]
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68. Fejer Series Used in the Approximation of Conjugate Functions
"Approximation of Conjugate Functions by Fejer Sums,"
A. V. Yefimov; Moscow; Uspekhi Matematicheskikh Nauk,
Vol 14, No 1(85), Jan/Feb 591 PP-183-188
Let f(x) be a periodic function of period 2 qland let am- am(f) and
bm = bm(f). be its Fourier coefficients.
We will denote the corresponding Fourier and Fejer sums by
n
Sn(f,x) ? ao12 t 1(amcos mx + bmsin mx) (n- 0, 1) 2, . . ,)
n
dn(f,x) = l/n+1 U Sm(f,x), respectively.
We will say that f(x)E MH1 if f(x) has the period 27f and for-any
x E [ 0, 27r ] and h > 0 satisfys the condition
sup max E (-1)k-i/k -2ial GMh
ISI~h x i=0 i
(k i
s a whole numbere 1). Henceforth, if M = 1, we will write f(x)E H.
We will denote the conjugate function of f(x) by T(x).
We have established in [1] the case when k . 2 and in [2] the case
when k = 2 that if f(x)E Hk and f(x) is the conjugate function, then
(1) f(x) - &n-1(f,x)
- 1/1i fal[ f(x + t/n) - f(x-t/n)] sin t dt +
o t2
+ 0(1/n), where al > 0 is the smallest root of the equation
u
o sin dt = 71 2.
t
In the present work the following theorem is proved.
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Let f(x) E Ht (k~ 2) and f(x) be the conjugate function. Then
for deviations of the function f(x) frcm its Fejer sum, the following equa-
tion holds :
(2) f(x) - vn-1 (f,x) = f(x- 1/2n) - f(x+ 1/2n)+ 0(1/n).
[1] A. V. Yefimov, "On the Approximation of Certain Classes of Con-
tinuous Functions by Fourier and Fejer Series," Dissertation, Moscow, 1957.'
[2] A. V. Yefimov, "On the Approximation of Certain Classes of Continu-
ous Functions by Fourier and Fejer Series," Izv. AN, Seriya Matem., Vol 22,
1958, pp 81-116.
69. Approximation of Periodic Differentiable Functions by Trig(>nometric
Polynomials
"On the Best Approximation of Periodic Differentiable
Functions by Trigonometric Polynomials," by Sun' Yun-
Shen; Moscow, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR Seriya
Matematicheskaya, Vol 23, No 1, Jan Feb 59, pp 67-92
In the work, the exact upper bound of the best approximations by trig-
onometric polynomials of order n-l of periodic functions of classes.
W(r) and W(r) for r 6 is established.
70. Information Theory With an Abstract Alphabet
"Information Theory with an Abstract Alphabet-Generalized
Forms of McMillan"s Limit Theorem. for the Case of Discrete
and Continuous Time," by Albert Perez, Czechoslovak Academy
of Sciences, Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics;
Moscow, Teoriya Veroyatnostey i yeye Primeneniya, Vol 4,
No 1, 1959, pp 105-109
Various means of generalizing McMillan's limit theorem are discussed.
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71. Integral Equations Solved Approximately
"Approximate Method of Solving Nonhomogenous Integral
Equations With Any Arbitrary Regular Value of the Parameter,"
I. D. Belogorskaya; Kiev, Dopovidi Akademii Nauk Ukrain-
skiy RSR, No 12, 1958, pp 1288-1291
The paper gives a description and a demonstration of a method for
solving integral equations which is analogous to Seidel's method for solv-
ing a system of linear algebraic equations.
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Antibiotics
72. New Antibiotic -- Mycerin
"Mycerin" (unsigned article); Moscow, Meditsinskiy Rabotnik,
6 Mar 59, p 4
"A method for obtaining and purifying mycerin, a new antibiotic,
has been developed at-the Division of Infectious Pathology and Experi-
mental Therapy of Infections of the Institute of Epidemiology and Micro-
biology imeni N. F. Gamaleya, Academy of Medical Sciences USSR. The prep-
aration, prepared from an actinomycete isolated from the 'soil of
Krasnodarskiy Kray, is now being utilized in the therapy of infections
caused by microorganisms which are resistant to other antibiotics -- peni-
cillin and streptomycin in particular -- in a number of clinics.
"Conclusive reports on the high effectiveness of mycerin were furnished
by the Institute of Neurosurgery imeni N. N. Burdenko, the Moscow City Hos-
pital imeni Bauman, Maternity Home No 16 in the Leningradskiy Rayon of
Moscow, and other medical establishments. The drug produces no side effects.
When administered parenterally, the drug freely permeates the nervous sys-
tem, forming a highly effective concentration in the spinal corn fluid.
Mycerin is particularly useful when used parenterally in the therapy of
large area burns, purulent cerebral processes, and abscesses of the mammary
gland in women, and when administered intranasally in drops to newly born
infants to prevent infections of the respiratory organs.
"The new drug is administered intramuscularly .in small doses not ex-
ceeding a total of 1.5.-.2.G grams in 24 hours. It was also found to be
effective when administered internally in doses of 2-5 grams. The course
of treatment is 2 or 3 days. Facilities for large-scale production of
this valuable preparation 'should be provided by the Moscow Sovnarkhoz."
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73. New Antibiotics Obtained From Plants of Ferula Genus
"Galbanic Acid and its Derivatives as New Antibiotics of
Plant Origin," by N. P. Kiryalov, M. A. Litvinov, V. 0.
Mokhnach, and T. N. Naugolnaya; Moscow-Leningrad, Botani-
chestva, Vol E, No 1) Jan 59, pp 101-10
Numerous investigations established that aqueous and aqueous-alcohol
solutions of the sodium salt of galbanic acid in meat peptone bouillon have
a bacteriostatic effect on staphylococcus aureus strain No 209. Galbanic
acid is a crystalline substance obtained from the roots of Ferula kokanica
Rgl. et Schm. and Ferula gunnnosa Boiss. It has a 'melting point of 91+-,96
degrees and. its chemical composition is C25H 20 . It is an umbelliferone
derivative 'with the following probable 'strv c url formula:
--CH3
CH,HV
3 3
Further investigations reveled that the'products of the partial de-
composition of galbanic acid also possess great antimicrobial activity.
When galbanic acid is reacted with alkalies, an oxidibasic acid is
formed. It has a melting point of 225-226 degrees, and its chemical for-
mula is C233H 2O . It was further found that the methyl and ethyl esters
of the-oxi i as~c acid are even more antimicrobially active than galbanic
acid. The preparations have no effect on the coli bacillus. They are
only slightly toxic. Of considerable interest is the fact that they differ
structually from other known antibiotics. Methods of extracting the anti-
biotics from the plants are described.
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71+. Phthalazole, an Antibiotic Preparation
"Antibacterial Action of Phthalazole," by Ye. P. Podruzhnyak
and V. Ya. Pochinok (Kiev); Kiev, Vrachebnoye Delo, No 12,
Dec 58, pp 1293-1298
Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of phthalazole
[Phthalylsulfathiazole, Lekarstvenn a Sredstva, (Drugs) by Prof. M. D.
Mashokovskiy Moscow, Medgiz, pp 490- .91 ]on Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus
cola, and Bacillus pyocyaneus. The antibacterial action of phthalazole
was tested in vitro by utilizing a physiological salt -solution of the
chemical. While phthalazole dissolves with difficulty in physiological
salt solution, the addition of sodium bicarbonate markedly increases'the
solubility of the drug. The experiments were carried out in Petri dishes
on either a meat-peptone agar medium or on liquid culture media. The
results of the experiments were as follows:
1. Phthalazole exhibited an expressed antibacterial action on Bacillus
coli, Bacillus pyocyaneus, and Proteus vulgaris.
2. The antibacterial action of phthalazole depended on its concentra-
tion and the culture medium used.
. 3. When used in combination with penicillin it enhances the action
of both the latter and itself.
75. Plans for Antibiotic Production
"Our Plans and Prospects, Today and Tomorrow in Antibiotics,"
by Z. Yermol?yeva, Corresponding Member of Academy of Medical
Sciences USSR; Moscow, Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, 6 Jan 59, p 3
"During 1958, our industry perfected the production of many antibiotic
substances. Among the preparations of the neomycin complex, polymycin
and mycerin are very necessary in surgical practice and in treating intes-
tinal infection in children. At the end of the year, as a result of in-
tense work, a group at the Sverdlovsk Factory of Medicinal Preparations
produced the first consignment of erythromycin -- an antibotic effective
in diseases caused by penicillin-resistant-type microbes; and the first
consignment of an antifungus preparation, :rlystatin, was produced at the
Moscow Factory No I. The production of bicillin III -- a preparation of
penicillin of prolonged action -- and a mixture of tetracyclines and vi-
tamines was authorized.
CPYRGHT
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"r'or our group at; the Laboratory of Antibiotics of the Central Insti-
turee for the Advanced traLninf~ of Physicians,, it was very important to put
I.rrto mn,sl-) roducts.on L?lrr tett' .cy'.Ll.ne preparations for intramuscular admin-
1s ti at.iori tliei. }rave: alr:~ady reee''.ived favorable reviews by clinicians in
?:-rn iouc npr.cia.iti,~,s )
"Tire second u.sc:fui work conducted by us: illuminating the action of
various anLibioticr on tumor growt;h. We showed that, despite certain ideas
on the subject-, such antibiotics as penicillin, streptomycin, and tetra-
cycline do not stimulate tumor growth. We have now undertaken an energtic
search for antibiotics which will. intd.bit tumor growth.
"Our young antibiotic science has already made a huge contribution in
-tie fight for the health of hiunanity. However, there are still many out-
standing problems on which many s,:.:ientific workers -throughout the world are
working. We hope, as cluickly as po sible, to find an antibiotic against
the oldest killer of man -- cancer -- and against still unconquered dis-
eases -- poliomyelitis and virus influenza? 'Old' bacterial infections
require our constant attention so as to obtain better medicinal forms of
antibiotic and to prevent the growth of resistant forms of microbes and
superfluous side effects."
CPYRGHT
Aerosol Method. of Anti.bioticrl Adm:inist;ration
"Therapy of Patients With Pulmonary Inflammatory and Suppura-
tive Processes With Antibiotic Aerosols," by 0. V. Korkushko,
Chair 1 of Therapy at Kiev Institute for Advanced Training of
Physicians, Kier, trrachebno Del.o, No 1, Jan 59, pp 21-26
An aerosol method of admit,:LLcl r?tng ant.ibiot,ics in the therapy of pul-
monary inflammatory and sup1Yaral:i?+,'e: processes is described. The observa-
tions and experiments were read(.: on 13C patients at the Kiev Oblast Clinical
Hospital. The patients were divided into two groups: the first group
comprising 1O5 patients w;;a given the aerosol treatment; the second group,
consisting of 25 patient,, received the antibiotics intramuscularly. The
course oi' aerosol therapy consist=ed of 20-?3O inhalations, each inhalation
lasting from 25 to 30 minutes, The I. I. Elkin and S. I. Edelshteyn aerosol.
atomizers were used. The- atorr:Lzers were connected by rubber tubes with
oxygen cylinders equipped 'caith dosimeters and reducers. At each inhalation
treatment, the patents recei-rec1 300;,00,7 units of penicillin and 250,000
units of streptomycin through the respiratory organs. The observations
established that the d::r.e.ct ae:r.o o.L method of therapy of pulmonary inflam-
matory and suppurative diseas?s with ancibio-tics is more effective than the
indirect method of -therapy by the intramuscular administration of the prep-
arations. In cases which require surgical interference, the aerosol method
may be utilized as orir of the components of the complex of preoperative
preparation.
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Bacterioloq
77. Membrane Filters to Determine Seedability of Intestinal Bacilli
"The Exper9mental Use of Membrane Filters for Quantitative
Determination of the Exttent.'of Seedability of Surfaces by B.
coli," by B. M. Laprun and Ye? I. L'vovskaya, Sb. Nauchn. Rabot.
Mold. Otd. Bses. Nauchn. 0-va Mikrobiol., Epidemiol., i
Infektsionistov (Collected Scientific Works of the Moldavian
Branch of the All-Union Society of Microbiologists, Epidemi-
ologists, and Infectionists), No 2, 1957, pj 97-100 (from
Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Biologiya, No 20, 25 Oct 58, Abstract
No 90940, by V. V. Vlodavets
"Washing from 50 or 100 cm` surface was done with a 5 x 5 cm sterile
gauze pad moistened with physiological. solution. The pad was immersed
in a flask containing 50-100 ml of sterile physiological solution and was
agitated for 3-5 minutes, after vhich the liquid was filtered through a
membrane filter. This filter was placed on an Endo medium for a day to
determine the number of B. coli. The number of B. cola on one cm2 of
surface was determined by simple count ing. Washings from small round
objects were done from the entire surface. After 726 washings, growth of
B. coli was obtained in 11.28 cases (57.%), whereas
growth was observed in
only 302 cases (1+1.6%) when seeding was done according to the generally
accepted directions. The authors recommend a method of washings with seed-
ing on membrane fitter for quantitative determination-of B. cola."
78. Effect of Sublethal Doses of Chlorine on Enteric Bacteria
"The Relationship of Dysentery Bacteria :.n.d Intestinal
Bacilli to Sublethal Doses of Chlorine, Taking Into Account
Their Drug Resistance and Modifiability," by N. D. Trofimova,
Tr. Krymsk. Med. In-t (Collected Works of the Crimean Medical
Insta.tute , No 17, 1957, pp 141-147 (from Referativnyy
Zhurnal -- Biologiya, No 20, 25 Oct 58, Abstract No 90708)
by V. G. ?etrovskaya)
CPYRGHT
"The relationship of Sonne and Flexner dysentery bacteria, Boyd-
Novgorodskaya and Newcastle subspecies, and intestinal bacilli (citrate-
positive and citrate-negative) which were sensitive and resistant to
etazol and synthomycin, and to subletthal doses of chloramin.e and sodium
hypochlorite was studied. There was a total of 46 strains in the experi-
ment. A high resistance of Sonne dysentry and very low resistance of the
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CPYRGHT
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Boyd -Nov gorodslcaya and Newcastle to etazol and chlorine was rioted?
The esi;i bl Cr3hed differences w-
4 U' .e'k:, lsect to :?.tazol of the citrate-positive
intestinal bacilli and manmial.itt,n Lnt~=stir:a1 basil 1, iii the author?s opinion,
earl be an additional criterion :for di1'fcreni:,iat.ing these species. Parallel-
Lctn between the re