SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000100400001-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 100
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 4, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: October 2, 1959
• Content Type: REPORT

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PB 131891 T-31
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
SCIENTIFIC
INFORMATION REPORT
Distributed Only By
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
OFFICE OF TECHNICAL SERVICES
WASHINGTON 25, D.C.
/' (urn i? .Nr,~ir~i.t GC7' i cnrdj 1..~/{11i
p ~r q
Issued semi-monthly. Annual subscription $28.00 ($4 additional for
foreign mailing). Single copy $2.75.
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Y V4
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Use of funds for printing this publication approved
by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget July 31, 1958.
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PLEASE NOTE
This report presents unevaluated ii1.formation extracted from
recently received publications of the USSR, Eastern Europe, and
China. The information selected is intended to indicate ' current
scientific development and activities in the USSR, in the Sino-
Soviet Orbit countries, and in Yugoslavia, and is disseminated
as an aid to United States Government research.
SCIENTIFIC, INFORMATION REPORT
Table of Contents
I. Biology
II. Chemistry
Electrochemistry
Fuels and Propellants
Industrial Chemistry
Inorganic Chemistry
Insecticides, Herbicides
Nuclear Chemistry
Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction Materials
Organic Chemistry
Physical Chemistry
Radiation Chemistry
Radiochemistry
Miscellaneous
Automation and-Computers
Communications
Components
Materials
Patents
Wave Propagation
Engineering
Mathematics
Page
-a-
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Page
Aviation Medicine
Bacteriology
Epidemiology
Hematology
Immunology and Therapy
Physiology
Public Health, Hygiene, and Sanitation
Radiology
Surgery
Veterinary Medicine
Miscellaneous
VII. Metallurgy
VIII. Physics
IX. Miscellaneous
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1. Concentration of Radioactive Isotopes in Bodies of Fresh-Water Mollusks
"The Concentration of the Radioactive Isotopes of Phosphorus
and Strontium by Various Species of Fresh-Water Mollusks,"
by Z. S. Povelyagina, and M. M. Telitchenko; Moscow, Byulleten!
Moskovskogo Obshchestva Is atele Pri od Otdel Biologiche-
skiy, Vol 61E, No 2, Max Apr 59, Pp 79-83
The rapid development of atomic industry poses the complex problem
? of finding methods of purifying water, soil, and air from radioactive
waste products. Since it is known that water organisms, especially
mollusks, possess the capacity of accumulating radioactive isotopes of
chemical elements in their bodies in significantly larger quantities
than their surrounding environment, this research wa undertaken as a
study of the accumulation and distribution of Sr9O + o9 and p32 in mol-
lusks. The fresh-water mollusks Unio pictorum, Anodonta Sygnea, Dreis-
sena polymorpha, and Planorbis corneus were investigated.
In conclusion, the author states that the magnitude of radioisotope
accumulation by the mollusks depends on the species specificity of the
mollusks, on the organotropicity of the isotopes, on the concentration
of the isotopes, and the length of time the animals are kept in the
solution. The isotopes of strontium are well retained by the shell, but
are excreted from the body of the mollusks when the latter are transferred
from the radioactive solutions into water.
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Electrochemistry
2. The Behavior of Mercury During the Electrolysis of Amalgams to Re-
cover Trace Elements
"Behavior of Mercury During the Electrolysis of Amalgams," by
A. A. Shokol and L. F. Kozin, Institute of General and :In-
organic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR; Kiev,
Ukrainskiy Khimicheskiy Zhurnal, Vol 25, No 3, May-June 59,
pp 37 ?- 3 1
Amalgams are used for the extraction of metals from ores and industrial
wastes, and also for the refining of such metals as zinc and indium. Amal-
gam methods are also applied in the production of sodium, titanium, and
some other metals. The behavior of mercury during the electrolysis of
amalgams has not been investigated sufficiently as yet. The mercury may
dissolve in the aqueous electrolyte and in the presence of oxygen be oxi-
dized to ions which contaminate the deposit at the cathode.
By using the radioactive tracer Hg203, it was established that the
tendency of the mercury to dissolve in the aqueous electrolyte depends on
the amount of oxygen dissolved in the electrolyte and the temperature.
When a reducing agent is used, the dissolution of mercury in the electrolyte
depends only on the action of the electrolyte on the metallic mercury. The
velocity of cementation of mercury by a 10% amalgam of indium ? and' ? the
volatilization of'mercury from the electrolytic cell at the temperatures of
200, 400 and 600 were studied. The dependence of the mercury content in
the cathodic deposits of thallium and indium on the concentration of mercury
in the electrolyte and on the temperature was investigated. It was estab-
lished that the oxygen of the air has an effect on the content of mercury
in -the cathodic deposits.
When the amalgams are electrolyzed in the presence of oxygen of the
air dissolved in the electrolyte at 20?, cathodic deposits of indium with
a mercury content amounting to (1.6 - 1.9).10--3% and cathodic deposits of
thallium with a mercury content of (0.7 - 0.9).10-3* are obtained. When
the oxygen contained in the electrolyte is brought into reaction with a
reducing agent, the content of mercury in the cathodic deposits drops to
(1.2 - 2). l0-5,%.
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Fuels and Propellants
3. Expansion of the Production of Oxygen in the USSR
"Expansion of the Production of Oxygen and the Problem of
Lowering its Cost," by A. V. Leskov, Candidate of Economic
Sciences; Moscow, Kislorod, Vol 12, No 3, Jun 59, pp 1-6
Oxygen for large ferrous metallurgy plants should be produced only
at high-capacity oxygen installations attached to these plants or regional
oxygen plants equipped with installations of the BR-1 and BR-2 types produc-
ing 12,500 and 35,000 cubic meters of oxygen per hour respectively. Pro-
duction units equipped with these installations are capable of producing
oxygen at a considerably lower cost (no more than 3-4 kopecs per cubic meter
or lower than that if the cost of electric power is3 kopecs per kilowatt-
hour). The construction of high-capacity oxygen installations, particularly
those of the BR-1 type, ought to be expanded considerably. A still more
important task is development in the shortest possible time and introduction
into operation of BR-2 installations as well as completion of the planning
and designing of installations producing 50,000 - 100,000 cubic meters of
oxygen per hour per unit installation. A complete oxygen plant would con-
sist of three installations of the latter type.
Argon and krypton should be produced at oxygen-producing plants,
although this will not necessarily lead to a considerable reduction in
the cost of oxygen. Krypton is used for filling incandescent lamps and
other evacuated electrical appliances. Argon is used in argon arc-welding
and in evacuated electrical appliances. It is also used as an inactive
medium in many metallurgical processes (particularly in the titanium and
magnesium industries).
At some oxygen units attached to metallurgical plants, production of
nitrogen of high purity and applicaticn of this nitrogen at nitrogen-
fertilizer plants in the vicinity will. make it possible to lower the cost
of oxygen to 2.0 - 2.5 kopecs per cubic meter. Oxygen as cheap as this can
be used to advantage in any processes of ferrous metallurgy. Additional
lowering of the cost of oxygen at high-capacity oxygen-producing unit can
be achieved through lowering of the relative use of power by improving con-
duction and increasing the efficiency of compressors; by lowering the
capital costs in connection with the construction of oxygen-producing units;
and by increasing the degree of automation and expanding the production of
spare parts, so that less personnel for operation and maintenance will be
required.
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"New Data on the Explosion of Mixtures of Hydrocarbons in Liquid
Oxygen," by Engineers G. A. Gittsevich, Z. B. Basyrov, and V. G.
Sagaydak; Moscow, Kislorod, Vol 12, No 3, June 59, pp 12-16
4. New Data on
Experiments carried out in an autoclave confirmed that on heating of
cylinder oil under pressure in air, a process of thermal cracking takes
place. As a result of this cracking, low-boiling liquid and gaseous hydro-
carbons are formed, and also coke.' The sensitivity toward explosion in.
the presence of liquid oxygen of all products resulting from cracking
produced in' this manner proved to be considerably higher than,that of an
explosive such as nitroglycerin. Data of experiments carried out on 'the
sensitivity to explosions of mixtures of liquid oxygen with hydrocarbons
indicated that acetylene cannot be regarded as the only'substance which
causes explosions in air separation (liquid air distillation) equipment.
Formation of a considerable quantity of cracking gases as a result of the
compression of the air by piston compressors and presence of these gases
in liquid air distillation equipment explain the explosions of equipment
in cases when neither acetylene nor lubricating oil was found to be present.
These cracking gases, determination of which in the liquid content of the
still and of the condenser was not made, apparently were responsible for
the explosions in question.
By purifying the air from oil and other hydrocarbons including products
of the cracking of oil, safe operation of liquid air distillation equipment
can be achieved.
:Los ions of Mixtures of Hydrocarbons in Lictuid Oxygen
Industrial Chemistry
5. Expansion of the Production of Furfural in the USSR
"Valuable Products from Wastes," by A. Ilyzov, chief special-
ist, Gosplan RSFSR; Moscow, Master Lesa, No 5, May 59, p 9
An important trend in the development of the chemistry of products
derived from wood is expansion of the production of furfural. This is an
irreplaceable material for the manufacture of entirely new types of prod-
ucts, including synthetic fibers, plastics, and synthetic resins. Furfural
is also needed for the production of lubricants and the treatment of some
types of ferroconcrete. Furfural eliminates the porosity of ferroconcrete
and thus makes it waterproof. Various types of structures for the storage
of fuels can be built from this type of ferroconcrete; in this manner, a
huge quantity of metal will be saved.
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In the near future, furfural will. be applied extensively in many
branches of industry, such as nonferrous metallurgy, the building Qf ma-
chine tools, the aviation industry, and the automotive industry. Some
types of plastics derived from furfural are as strong as any metal. One
of the plants producing furfural will be put into operation in the Mariyi
skaya ASSR as early as 1960. The production of this plant will amount to.
5,000 tons per year. This is 2 1/2 times more than the production of all
furfural enterprises of the USSR at present.
Toward the end of the current Seven-Year Plan, the production of
furfural in the USSR will be increased to 40,000 tons. This compares with
a production of only 2,000 tons at present.
6. A Method of Improving the Yield of Furfural
"Without Building New Plants, the Production Furfural Can Be
Increased by Introducing Novel Technological Methods" by S.
Belen'kiy, Candidate of Technical Sciences; Moscow, Lesnaya
Promyshlennost', No 67 (1207), 4 Jun 59, P 3
The problem of increasing the content of pentosans in raw material
subjected to hydrolysis occupied workers in this field for some time. It
was established that the husks of cotton seed consist of three layers:
the outer, to which cotton fibers are attached; the middle, which contains
more than 80% of the pentosans; and the inner, which is adjacent to the
seeds. The problem, therefore, consisted of the separation of the middle
layer rich in polysaccharides from the outer and inner layers. The prob-
lem was solved in work done at the Fergana Oil and Fat Combine. The cotton
husks are treated by passing them through cam mills of a simple design. As
a result of the' separation of fiber residues and partly of the upper and
lower layers of the cotton husks in the cam mills, 35% by weight of the
initial material can be shifted off. Analysis showed that the fraction
which has been sifted off consists of polysaccharides to the extent of
almost 50% and has a loose weight which is 3 1/2 times higher than that
of untreated cotton husks. A preliminary treatment of cotton husks in
this manner makes it possible to charge into the hydrolysis equipment 10
tons of pentosans rather than 2 tons.
If ;all cotton husks which accumulate at oil and fat combines will be
subjected to treatment in cam mills and the raw material obtained by the
process described converted into furfural and protein yeast at hydrolysis
plants, it will be possible, without introducing into operation additional
capacities, to produce in Central Asia a quantity of furfural corresponding
to 50% of the present US production.
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Inorganic Chemistry
7. Compounds of Trivalent Copper
"Some Compounds of Trivalent Copper," by A. Yu. Prokopciik and
P. K.: Norkus, Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology,
Academy of Sciences Lithuanian SSR: -Moscow, Zhurnal Neorgan-
icheskoy Khimii, Vol 4, No 6, Jun 59, pp 1,359-1,361
By reacting the hypochlorites of barium and calcium with cupric
hydroxide, barium cuprate Ba (Cu 02)2 and calcium cuprate Ca (Cu 02)2
were prepared. These compounds contain trivalent copper. Preparation
of strontium cuprate and of the hydroxide of trivalent copper did not
succeed. The fact that copper may assume a valency of three was estab-
lished in work published in 1937 by L. Malaprade. (Compt.rend., Vol 204,
1937, p 979)
Insecticides, Herbicides
8. New Herbicides Tested
"New Herbicides for the Control of Weeds in Corn Fieldsby
Candidate of Agricultural Sciences I. A. Makodzeba and V. S.
Podoprigora, All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Corn;
Moscow, Doklad Vsesoyuznoy Ordena Lenina Akademii Sel'skokh-
ozyaystvennykh Nauk imeni V. I. Lenina, No 14, 59, pp 19-23
Over the past several years a number of compounds have been tested
by the authors to find an effective herbicide for controlling weeds in
corn fields.
The compounds were synthesized in the laboratory of the Chair of
Technology of Organic Synthesis of the Dnepropetrovsk Chemicotechnological
Institute (Prof S. I. Burmistrov).
Several of the preparations exhibiting high herbicidal activity are
"E-1" -- acid phthalate of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyethanol; "E-12" -- acid
phthalate of 2,4,5-trichlorcpi noxyethanol; "DE-l" -- 2,4,2,4,-tetra-
chlorodiphenoxyethane; "T-1" - 2,4,5-trichlorobenzoic acid; and "T-2" --
2,3,6,-trichlorobenzoic acid. '
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All the tested preparations exhibited greater toxicity toward dicoty-
ledonous weeds than toward monocotoledonous weeds.
After preparations "E-1,11 "E-12,11 "DE-1, " "T-1.,11 and "T-2" ,were spread
into the soil, they preserved their toxicity to weeds for several months.
This is of very important practical value, since weed seeds are killed by
the preparations during the entire vegetation period.
Injurious actions by.the preparations were not observed.
9. Insecticidal Aerosols Produced by Burning Thermal Mixtures
"Comparative Evaluation of the Insecticidal Properties of
Methoxychlorine and Chlorophos Aerosols," by G. G. Tsin-
tsadze, Ye. V. Shnayder, and V. I. Vashkov, Central Sci-
entific Research Disinfection Institute; Moscow, Zhurnal
Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii i Immunobiologii,. Noun
59, pp 52-57
The insecticidal activity of methoxychiorine (C16R1502C13) and chlor-
ophos (0,0-dimethyl-2,2,2-trichloro-l- oxyethlphosphonate) aerosols were
studied in comparison with DDT and hexachlorocyclohexane preparations.
Field and laboratory experiments were performed on the domestic flies'.
The insecticidal activity of aerosols of these preparations, ;was found
to be different. A concentration of 0.1 g/m3 of chlorophos produced 100%
destruction of flies in 37 minutes; the same concentration of DDT required
40-60 minutes; a concentration of 0.2 g/m3 of hexachlorocyclohexane re-
quired 40 minutes and 0.5 g/m3 of methoxychiorine produced 100% destruction
after 2 hours.
Chlorophos aerosols obtained by burning various thermal mixtures
(aerosol paper, tablets and smoke-boxes) produced a nearly identical
insecticidal effec i:.
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10. The Effect of Moisture on the Action of Insecticides in Plant Cells
"The Role of the Moisture tractor in the Action of Insecticides
(Hexachlorocyclohexane and Preparation M-74) on Plant Cells,"
by L. M. Lupova, All-Union Scientific Research Institute of
Plant Protection; Moscow, Doklady Vsesoyzno~ dens Lenina
Akademii Sel'skokhozya stvennykh Nauk imeni V. I. Lenin, No 4,
59, pp 41-43
Hitherto, little attention has been paid to the study of the, effect
of organic insecticides on the important physicochemical properties of
protoplasm which appears to be the chief medium for all the various bio-
chemical processes.
The results of experiments conducted by the author :.n 1956 indicated
that organochlorine and organophosphorus insecticides exhibit a great effect
on the colloidal-chemical properties of protoplasm.
Optimal water-cycle conditions which cause only a small change in
the colloidal-chemical properties of protoplasm favor the development of
positive activity by small doses of insecticide in the plant cell and in
the organism as a whole. Under these conditions, the phytocidal action of
large doses of insecticide decreases.
A water-shortage condition which causes a sharp decrease in the plasma
viscosity and. a strong increase of osmotic press-are in the plant sap favors
the phytocidal action of an insecticide. This relationship develops very
suddenly as.a result of the action of an insecticide used in large quanti-
ties. This condition leads to a decrease in yield.
11. Review of the Development of Mosquito Repellents
"The Status of the Study of Mosquito Repellents," by V. A.
Nabokov and P. S. Batayev, Institute of Malaria, Medical
Parasitology and Helminthology of the Ministry of Public
Health USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Mikrobiol.o iiidexc.ioii
Dnundbiologii,, No b, Jun 59, pp 44-48
CPYRGHT
In tide. summation of their review, the aut-Aois. report that
repellents s demonstrated the complexity of this problem in itself,
but the absence of data on the physiology of the process of repelling
Arthropods renders it even more difficult. A L ?ifi.ed technique in the
study of repellents is of importance in assessing their value, It is only
a comprehensive study of the relation existing between the chemical struc-
ture of repellents and their effect that makes it, possible to discover new
CPYRGHT
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effective repellents and not just a search for them by means of empirically
testing numerous chemical substances. An important gap in the study of
repellents is the absence of data on the epidemiological effect of their
employment. There are only a few observations characterizing the effect
of repellents (principally dimethylphthalate) on the increase of labor pro-
ductivity of persons performing different kinds of work.
"Strict differentiation in the choice of repellents, conforming to
actual conditions, is imperative for the rational development of the prob-
lem of repellents."
CPYRGHT
Nuclear Chemistry
12. The Discovery of Element 102 and the Synthesis of new Transuranium
"''he Synthesis of Heavy Transuranium Elements", (unsigned a?ti-
cle); Moscow, Priroda, Vol 48, No 8, Aug 59, pp.83-84
Elements in General
The history of the discovery of transuranium elements was. connected
with the development of micromethods for the isolation and identification
of the substances obtained. At a seminar held at the Institute of Physical
Problems imeni S. 1. Vavilov, Prof V. I. Gol'danskiy told briefly about the
synthesis of einsteinium and fermium.
On 9 June 1957, a communication was published to the effect that the
element 102, named nobelium. (No253), had been isolated at Stockholm. Not-
withstanding the fact that No253 was henceforth listed in the tables of
elements, work done by G. Seaborg and his collaborato:s at Berkeley, US,
and G. N. Flerov and members of his team in the USSR proved that there is
no such element. Results obtained in research done by USSR and US sci-
entists indicated the presence of the isotope 102254 with a half-life of
approximately 3 seconds. However, one cannot regard element 102 as def-
initely discovered at this stage; consequently, no name can be given to
the element in question for the time being.
It is commonly considered that the highest po3sible order number of
a chemical element is 137. If the charge of the nucleus is higher than
137, .the electron in the first quantum orbit must have a velocity higher
than that of light. In other words, when the charge of the nucleus is
increased above 135, a K-capture is inevitable, wi?_. the result, that the
charge of the nucleus diminishes. However., this conclusion applies only
to a point nucleus. By extrapolation from tzrarisuranium atoms which have
already been investigated, Wheeler arrived at the conclusion that elements
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with an order number up to 147 and a mass up to 500 can be obtained. This
is a purely speculative assumption which does not take into consideration
the sharp change in the course of the curve expressing the half-life in
the region of nuclei with a number of nucleons amounting to 152.
Academician L. V. Landau emphasized that Wheeler's hypothesis lacks
valid theoretical grounds.
To synthesize heavy transuranium elements, two ways are open:
(1) successive capture of Cf253 of a number of neutrons fo.L.Lowed by
decay and (2) bombardment with multiply charged ions (r, i~', 0, and others )
It is obvious that the second way will be followed in attempts to syn-
thesize elements with Z > 103. It is difficult to apply this method,
however, because one cannot bring out of a cyclotron with facility power-
ful rays consisting of such ions. For this reason, high-energy linear
accelerators for multiply charged ions are being built at present in
some laboratories throughout the world.
No matter by what method new chemical elements are synthesized, the
difficulties connected with the chemical separat:lbn and identification of
the very few atoms of the new element must be overucime.
Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction Materials
13. Relationships Pertaining to the Mineralo
r of Uranium
"Specific Characteristics of Uranium Mineralogy" by V. I.
Gerasimovskiy; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 7, No 1,
Jul 59, PP 47-56
This article points out the following characteristic peculiarities
of the mineralogy of uranium: (1) all known uranium minerals and minerals
containing uranium also contain oxygen; (2) uranium is invariably con-
tained in minerals in the tetravalent or hexavalent state; (3) most of
the uranium present in the earth's crust is found in uranium-containing
minerals rather than uranium minerals (uranium enters 'into iuranium-
containing minerals by isomorphus substitutions of other elements such
as thorium, zirconium, rare earth elements, etc); (1+) uranium minerals
and uranium-containing minerals arise as a result of a number of different
processes of mineral formation; and (5) radioact vity is the.most typical
characteristic of uranium minerals.
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14. Uranium and Thorium in the Bottom Deposits of the Antarctic
"The Forms in Which Uranium and Thorium Occur in the Bottom
Deposits of the Antarctic" by R. Ye. Starik, Yu. V. Kuznetsov,
and V. K. Legin; Leningrad., Radiokhimiya,Vol 1, No 3, May-
Jun 59, pp 321-324
An investigation of the distribution of uranium and thorium in dif-
ferent fractions of deposits of the Antarctic Shelf (Stationr Nos 192 and
157) indicated that ire the deposits investigated, the principal part of
uranium and thorium !s contained in fragments of continental rocks. It
was also establisherl that in deep water marine deposits (Station: Nos 206
and 211) the principal part of uranium is derived from sea water.
15. Method for the Determination of Thorium
"A New Rapid Method for the Determination of Thorium in the
Presence of Zirconium, Iron, Lanthanum, Uranium, and Other
Elements," by R. Pribil and K. Burger, Research Institute
of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences in Prague and Insti-
tute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Lorand Etvos
University of Science at Budapest; Budapest, Magyar Kemiai
Folyoirat, Vol 65, No 5, May 59, pp 204-206
A new specific method for the determination of thorium was developed
which can be applied in a simple manner in the presence of large quantities
of zirconium, iron,?lanthanum, uranium, manganese, and magnesium and small
quantities of cobalt and nickel.
The method is based on the fact that the compound formed by thorium
with Complexon III [ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid] is decomposed by sodium
sulfate at a pH lower than 1.0 and that the complexon that has been set
free can be titrated with a bismuth nitrate solution, using xylenol orange
as an indicator.
To a solution which contains in addition to thorium the cations men-
tioned above, an excess of Complexon III solution is added. The excess of
complexon is then titrated at pH = 2-3.5 with bismuth nitrate,. using xylenol
orange as an indicator. After this, one gram of sodium sulfate is added to
the solution. After acidification with about 1-1.5 milliliters of a 2N
solution of nitric acid; the quantity of Complexon ?II which corresponds to
the thorium can be titrated with bismuth nitrate.
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16. Complexes of Pentavalent and Trivalent Plutonium With Eth lene-
diaminetetraacetic Acid "Composition and Dissociation Constants of Complexes of Pu (V)
and Pu (III) With Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid," by A. D.
Gelman, A. I. Mrskvin, and P. I. Artyukhin; Moscow, Atomnaya
Energiya, Vol 7, No 2, Aug 59, pp 162-163
By using the method of ion exchange the formation of complexes by
pentavalent and tetravalent plutonium with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
was investigated. Comparison of the dissociation constants of the
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid complexes formed by trivalent transuranium
elements shows that as the order number of the elements increases, the
stability of complexes of the MY- type increases with the decrease of the
ionic radius of the cation. Data on the stability of ethylenediaminetetra-
acetic acid- plutonium complex ions make it possible ti compare the rela-
tive tendency of trivalent plutonium, tetravalent plutonium, pentavalent
plutonium, and hexavalent plutonium to form complexes. It is known that
the tendency toward the formation of complexes increases as the nominal
charge of the ion increases and the ionic radius becomes smaller. This
tendency also depends on the structure of the cation. Comparison of the
dissociation constants of the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid complexes
shows that the tendency of plutonium ions to form complexes decreases in
the following order,
)++ 3+ 2+
Pu > Pu > Pu 0 > Pu 0-1-
2 2
i.e., in a sequence which corresponds to the reduction of the ionic poten-
tial.
17. The Thermal Expansion of O(- Plutonium
"The Thermal Expansion of CC - Plutonium," by N. T. Chebotarev
and A. V. Beznosikova; Moscow, Atom,.naEner~ a, Vol 7, No 1,
Jul 59, pp 68-69 _
The thermal expansion of OC- plutonium along the directions of the
lattice parameters a, b, and c in the temperature range from minus, 1960'
to plus 1000 C was determined. The values obtained were found to be in
satisfactory agreement with data published previously in the US literature.
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18. A Comparative Evaluation of Industrial Methods for the Production of
Heavy Water
"Industrial Production of Heavy Water," by M. P. Malkov; Moscow,
Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 7, No 2, Aug 59, pp 101-109
The available methods for the production of heavy water on an indus-
trial scale are discussed. The processes by means of which heavy water
can be produced at the lowest cost are described and evaluated from the
standpoint of technical advantages and relative cost. The conclusion is
drawn that the distillation of liquid hydrogen and the hydrogen sulfide
method are of the greatest advantage.
It is pointed out that production of deuterium by the distillation a1'
liquid hydrogen has been applied for some time in the USSR on an industrial
scale (cf paper No 2323 presented at the Second International Conference
on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, Geneva, 1958, by M. P. Malkov, A. G.
Zel'dovich, A. B. Fradkov, and I. B. Danilov). The following comment is
made :
"Prolonged application of this production method [i.e. production
of deuterium by the distillation of liquid hydrogen] completely confirmed
the correctness of all project indices. There were no complications in
onnection with the application of the process. 'Thus, in the USSR the
ransition was made for the first time from the temperature range in the
icinity of 800 K, which is used extensively for liquid air separation,
o the temperature range in the neighborhood of 200 IC, which is used for
he separation of hydrogen isotopes."
CPYRGHT
19. Reports on Nuclear Materials and Metals Presex:ted at the 1959 Annual
Scientific Conference Held at the Moscow Er?ineeri-Physics Institute
"Scientific Conference of the Moscow Engine ering-Phyoics Insti-
tute," by G. A. Tyagunov; Moscow, Atomr~~.vs Ener'ya Vol 7, No
2, Aug 59, pp 176-177 .~__
The annual scientific conference conducted at the Moscow Engineering-
Physics Institute was held on 17 April-?15 May 1959. One hundred forty-
eight reports were presented at two plenary sessions and sectional meet-
ings of 18 sections. At meetings of the Section on Metallurgy and Metal
Science, a considerable number of reports dealt with problems pertaining
to the production of pure metals and. alloys and the investigation of the
properties of these metals and alloys. Furthermore, some papers discussed
the application of autoradiography for the investigation of the properties
of metals. Some of the reports presented at meetings of the Section of
Metallurgy and Metal Science are listed below:
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"Investigation of the Iodide Method for Refining Niobium and the
Properties of the Metal Produced in this Manner," by G. A. Leont'yev and
A. I. Yevstyukhin; "Investigation by Autoradiography Methods of the Micro-
distribution of Elements (Carbon, Tungsten) Iron, etc.) in Zirconium and
its Alloys," by P. L. Gruzin and G. G. Ryabova; "Determination By the
Radioactive Tracer Method of the Heats of Sublimation of Zirconium and
Nickel," by G. B. Fedorov; and "Determination of the Coefficients of
Diffusion of Chromium, Nickel, and Iron in Chromium-Nickel Steels," by
G. B. Fedorov and A. N. Semenikhin.
The information presented at the conference will be published in
collections of articles issued by the Moscow Engineering-Physical Insti-
tute.
20. Dispersion With a Stream of Air in Plate Column Liquid-Liquid Ex-
tractors
"Mechanism of the Dispersion of Liquids in Plate Extractors and
a Method of Increasing the Degree of Dispersion," by N. P.
Galkin, V. A. Tikhomirov, N. Ye. Goryaynov, and V. D. Fedorov;
Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 7, No 2, Aug 59, pp 159?-160
It was established that extraction in plate columns is much more
efficient when a stream of air is blown from the bottom of the column
at the level where the light phase is introduced. The stream. of air
increases the degree of dispersion of the liquid phases. The investiga-
tion described was carried out on the system water -nitric acid-uranyl
nitrate-tributyl phosphate in kerosene.
21. Improvement of the Efficiency of Chromatographic Methods of Separa-
tion by the Application of Complex-Forming Agents
"Adsorption Methods for the Separation of Barium from Radium,
Aluminum from Gallium, and Zirconium from Hafnium," by B. N.
Laskorin, V. S. Ul'yanov, R. A. Sviridova, A. M. Arzhatkin,
and A. I. Yuzhin, Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 7, No 2,
Aug 59 pp 110-116
Chromatographic methods for the separation of elements which are very
close to each other in their properties have now been developed. However,
the industrial application of the methods in question had to be held up
in some cases because of the low efficiency of separation. The-efficiency
of chromatographic methods of separation can be increased Considerably by
using appropriate complex-forming agents, which reduce the active concentra-
tion of the ions being separated. In the first approximation, this. is
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equivalent to a reduction of the quantity of the elements being separated.
By increasing the difference between the equilibrium constants of the
formation of complex compounds of the elements being separated, higher
separation coefficients can be achieved. As a result of the investigation
of chromatographic separations with the application of different complex-
forming agents, the optimum conditions of the separation of barium from
radium, zirconium from hafnium, and aluminum from gallium were found. The
efficiency of the methods developed with reference to the macroelement
comprises 15-60 kilograms per hour per square meter of the cross-section
of the column.
22. A New Type of Counter Filled With Boron Trifluoride
"News Items -- USSR" (unsigned items); Moscow, Ate
Energiya, Vol 7, No 1, Jul 59, p 88
A very efficient boron counter.has been developed. The counter is
filled with BF3 at a pressure of 700 millimeters of mercury. The BF3
is enriched with B10 to the extent of 88%. The cathode'of the counter is
a tube of stainless steel 400 millimeters long with a diameter of 25 milli-
meters. The inner surface of this tube is polished. The anode consists
of a tungsten wire with a diameter of 50 microns. The front end of the
counter is executed in the form of a flat window made of boron-free glass.
This glass has a thickness not exceeding one millimeter. The back end is
a-cover flange with an opening for a glass insulator which is provided with
a protective ring and an arrangement for stretching the filament. For. a
parallel bundle of thermal neutrons, the effectiveness of the counter is
close t%, 100%.
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Organic Chemistry
23. New Method of Obtaining Pyrophosphates
"Mixed Anhydrides of Carboxylic Acids and Acid Esters of Phos-
phoric and Methylphosphinic Acids," by K. A. Petrov and A. A.
Neymysheva; Leningrad, Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii, Vol 29, No 6,
Jun 59, pp 1,822-1,826
The present research is concerned with the synthesis and study of
the properties of previously ;undescribed dialkylacylphosphates. Six of
these compounds were obtained and characterized. They were produced by
the action of the silver salts of carboxylic acids on the acid chlorides
of esters of phosphoric and alkylphosphinic acids in an inert medium at
Unlike dialkylacylthionophosphates, dialkylacylphosphates are thermally
unstable compounds. Upon being distilled in a vacuum, they are quanti-
tatively decomposed with the formation of the esters of pyrophosphoric acid
and the anhydride of carboxylic acid according to the equation
2 (RO)2PN0 0 (RO)2P-0-P (OR)2 -- (CH3C0)20.
OCOCH3 II II
0 0
The autl=s noted that the formation of the pyrophosphates on thermal de=
composition of acylphosphates was observed only in cases where the acyl-
phosphates did not contain alkylamide groups.
24. Previously Undescribed Esters of Alkylcyanophosphinic Acids Obtained
"Esters of Alkylcyanophosphinic Acids," by K. A. Petrov,
L. G. Gatsenko and. A. A. Neymysheva; Leningrad, Zhurnal
Obshchey Khimii, Vol 29, No 6, Jun 59, pp 1.,827-1,831
The action of alkyl halides on dialkylcyanophosphites was studied in
the present work. The authors supposed that the reaction would take place
in accordance with the "Arbuzov Rearrangement" as a result of which the
esters of alkylcyanophosphinic acids would be obtained.
CN R?N 0
(RO)2PCN + R'I-, (RO) P-R? F~ 4 RI.
2 \I RO' NCN
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The experimental evidence confirmed this supposition. This method of
obtaining esters of alkylcyanophosphinic acids, according to the authors,
is a general and suitable one for obtaining any esters of alkylcyanophos-
phinic acids.
The initial dialkylcaynophosphites were obtained by substituting
the chlorine in the dialkylchlorophosphites with the ON-group with the
aid of silver cyanide in a solution of dry ether with heat.
25. New Synthesis of Triallylphosphate
"Synthesis of Traillylphosphate," by Ye. V. Kuznetov and R. K.
Valetdinov, Kazan Chemicotechnological Institute imeni S. M.
Kirov; Leningrad, Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii, Vol 29, No 6, Jun 59,
pp 2,017-2,018
A new method for synthesizing triallylphosphate has been proposed
which consists of passing dry oxygen through triallylphosphite at 70-80?C.
The advantages of this method are greater simplicity of synthesis which
eliminates the necessity of cooling the reaction at very low temperatures;
and the removal of the danger of explosion during distillation.
26. Characterization of the Frequency of the P=S Group
"Vibration Spectra of Or-anophosphoru.s Compounds. The Prob-
lem of the Characterization of the Frequency of the P=S?
Group," by Ye. M. Popov, T. A. Mastryukova, N. P. Rodionova
and M. I. Kabachnik, Institute of Organo-elemental Compounds
of the Academy of Sciences USSR; Leningrad, Zhurnal-Obshchey
Khimii, Vol 29, No 6, Jun 59, pp 1,998-.2;006
The examination of the vibration spectra of phosphorus and organo-
phosphorus compounds leads to the conclusion that vibration exists in
molecules, containing the P=O group, and this group, mainly, participates
in this Vibration. Small differences in the frequencies of a given vibra-
tion in the spectra of compounds with different substitutents'on the phos-
phorus atom permit its calculation sufficiently to Characterize it by fre-
quency. This vibration without exception clearly appears,in the combined
dispersion spectra and the infrared spectra in the region, 1,200-?l,300
cm- , and serves as a reliable characteristic of the P:0 group. Similarly,
.the spectral characteristics of the P=S group is of very great interest
for structural and analytical purposes in the chemistry of phosphorus com-
pounds.
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To locate the so-called frequency characteristics of the P=S group,
the authors obtained the infrared and combined dispersion spectra of or-
ganic thionophosphorus compounds parallelly with, the corresponding thio-
lophosphorus and phosphorus compounds.
They found that in the investigated compounds the bands, associated
with the P:S group are found in the 750-580 cm-1 region. The frequency
of normal molecular vibration in which the P:S group takes part is suf-
ficiently confirmed by the constitutive effect whereby each type of sub-
stitute changes the frequency by a determined amount. The frequencies
which pertain to the P=S group maintain constant values only with the
same proximate environment at the central phosphorus atom.
Bonds and angles which cb not have a common, atom with the P=S group
take little part in a given vibration and practically do not influence
the frequency. The authors hope to achieve conclusive results in this
relationship after calculating normal molecular vibrations, the quanti-
tative determination of the characteristic of a given vibration according
to frequency and form and a numerical analysis of the dependence of the
frequency on the energy and kinematic parameters of the molecule on the
basis of the theory of characteristic frequencies.
27. Research on Organophosphorus Compounds: Formation of Anilidoesters
of Alpha-hydroxyalkylphosphinic Acids
"The Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones with Amides of Phosphor-
ous Acids," By V. S. Abramov and I. A. Il?ina, Kazan Chemico-
technological Institute imeni S. M. Kirov; Moscow, Doklady
Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 125, No 5, 59, pp 1,027-1,029
The experimental evidence established that aldehydes and ketones react
quite readily with dialkylamido-(s,nilido)-phosphites.
Diphenylanilidophosphite, pyrocatechinanilidophosphite, and other com-
pounds react quite vigorously with acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, and
benzaldehyde, with the evolution of a considerable amount of heat.
Seven new anilidoesters of alpha-alkoxya_ikylphosphinic acids were
synthesized and characterized. The physical properties are presented in
a table.
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28. Oxidative Chloro
"Synthesis of Organophosphorus Compounds From Hydrocarbons
and Their Derivatives. XI. Oxidative Chlorophosphination
of Nitriles," by R. I. Bystrova, Yu. M. Zinov'yev and L. Z.
Soborovskiy; Leningrad, Zhurnal ObshcheV Khimii, Vol 29,
No 6, Jun 59, pp 2,088-2,092
Oxidative chiorophosphination of nitriles can proceed in two direc-
tions. Nitriles of acids, having four or more C-atoms in the molecule
form acid chlorides of cyanoalkanephosphinic acids CnH2n(CN)P(O)C12, i.e.
compounds which contain the C-P bond. The first members of a series, of
nitriles (acetonitrile, propionitrile) and also benzonitrile on inter-
action with PC13 and 02 form compounds which contain the P-N bond, i.e.,,
derivatives of acid chlorides of imido-N-phosphoric acids, corresponding
to the formula RCC1=NP(O)C12.
The acid chlorides of cyanopropane- and cyanobutanephosphinic acids
were synthesized in the. investigation.
Two acid;.chlorides of imidq-N-phosphoric acid with the probable struc-
ture C2H5CC1=NP(0)C12 and C6H5CC1=NP(0)C12 were obtained.
The authors were not able to separate in the pure state the acid
chloride of imido-N-phosphoric acid, which was formed from acetonitrile.
29. Synthesis of Thiosemicarbaz_.de Derivatives of Iminodiacetic Acid
"Thiosemicarbazide Derivatives of Iminodiacetic Acid," by
I: Ya. Postovskiy and V. L. Nirenburg, Chair of Organic
Chemistry of the Ural Polytechnic Institute im. S. M. Kirov;
Moscow.,, Nauchnyye Doklady Vysshey Shkoly-Khimiya i Khimiche-
skaya Tekhnologiya, No 2, 59, pp 330-332
'Derivatives of iminodiacetic acid have acquired. great value as
complex-forming compounds. Several of them, the so-called "complexsions,"
have been used not only in analytical chemistry but even in medicine as
detoxicating substances.
In this experiment the authors have added a second group, thiourea,
to the iminodiacetic acid base to ensure the formation of salts or com-
plexes with metals. Thiourea was selected because it and several of its
derivatives produce a characteristic reaction with salts of various metals
and therefore, are used in analytical chemistry. Further, several thiourea
derivatives have exhibited antibacterial and antifungal activity.
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The schematic equation for the synthesis of the N4-substituted-N1-
thiosemicarbazideiminodiacetic acids is given as follows:
CH2-COOCH3 CH2COOCH3
RCNS + H2N--1'{ ------~ R-NH-C-NH-
CH2-COOCH3 1H2COOCH3
where R = C6H5, n-C1C6H1F, n-CH30C6H4 and 1-C1 H7.
The N4-substituted thiosemicarb azide-Nl-diacetic acids form soluble
complexes with bivalent cobalt ions in the pH range from 2.4 to 12. Ac-
cording to the authors, these compounds are of practical interest both for
analytical chemistry and for biological tests.
Physical Chemistry
30. Third Ukrainian SSR Conference on Physical Chemistry
"The Third. Ukrainian SSR Conference on Physical Chemistry," by
V. A. Lunenok-Burmakina, Institute of Physical Chemistry. imeni
L. V. Pisarzhevskiy, Academy of Sciences, Ukrainian SSR; Moscow,
Zhurnal Fizicheskoy Khimii, Vol 33, No 7, Jul 59, pp 1,671-1,673
The Third Ukrainian SSR Conference on Physical Chemistry was held in
Kiev at the Institute of Physical Chemistry imeni L. V. Pisarzhevskiy on
22-25 December 1958. Two hundred physical chemists from 49 scientific
institutions located in 13 cities participated in the conference. Sixty-
eight reports on different problems of physical chemistry that are of
essential importance at present were given. In opening the conference,
A. I. Brodskiy outlined the problems which physical chemistry must solve
and pointed out that modern.methods of investigation are not being applied
to a sufficient extent in the Ukrainian SSR. This includes infrared and
microwave spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and electron diffraction struc-
tural analysis, and isotope methods. Insufficient work is also being done
on problems of quantum chemistry.
At one of the plenary sessions, D. F. Kalinovich,'I. N. Frantsevich,
I. I. Kovenskiy, and M. F. Smolina (Kiev) reported on the acceptor-donor
interaction between atoms in solid metal solutions. N A. Izmaylov'(Khar'-
kov) proposed a general equation for the constant of ion-exchange equili-
brium, which clarifies some properties of ion-exchange resins and the in-
fluence which solvents exert on ion exchange. A report by A. I. Brodskiy
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(Kiev) gave a classification of methods involving the application of iso-
topes for the investigation of the mechanism of chemical reactions, men-
tioning methods based on the use of tracer-atoms, isotopic exchange, iso'-
topic dilution, and determination of the kinetic isotopic effect.
At meetings of the Section of the Mechanism of Chemical Processes and
the Structure of Molecules, V. P. Morozov, G. I. Rybakova, N. K. Morozova,
V. N. Khlebnikova, and D. S. Koval'chuk (Dnepropetrovsk) reported on an
investigation of pyramidal hydrides and deuterides. In the work described,
vibrational frequencies, force constants, and thermodynamic functions were
calculated for compounds of this type. M. 0. Tereshevich, 0. K. Skarre,
and T. S. Shelekhova (Dnepropetrovsk) reported on the effect which the
nature of the cation has on the mobility of oxygen atoms in nitrates. N. I.
Grishko and Ye. N. Gur'yanova (Dnepropetrovsk, Moscow) reported on the
isotopic exchange of sulfur in salts and esters of organic thiosulfonic
acids.
In the Section of the Theory of Solutions, A. Z. Golik, A. F. Skryshev-
skiy, P. F. Choplan, and V. Ye. Baranovskiy (Kiev) reported on the results
of an investigation of the structure of polyethylsiloxanes and also of
their viscosity, density, compressibility, and surface tension.
A report by G. V. Samsonov (Kiev) given at a meeting of the Section
of Phase Equilibria and Physicochemical Analysis dealt with the results of
an investigation of the physicochemical properties of compounds formed by
transitional metals of the IV, V, and VI groups of the periodic system. -
with nonmetals. These properties correspond to the nature of the electron
transitions which take place-. when the metal-like compounds of the type
indicated are formed.
Problems of the theory of electrolytes were discussed in eleven re-
ports. Ye. Ya. Gorenbeyn (Kiev) found that as the polarizability of ions
increases within the limits of the same group of the periodic system, the
degree of orderliness of the electrolytes also increases, with the result
that the viscosity of the solution becomes greater. I. 0. Galinker, I. M.
Rodnyanskiy, and N. A. Belova investigated the, heat capacity and the elec-
trical conductivity of electrolytes at high temperatures.
In the Section of Electrochemical Processes, A. I. Brodskiy, I.. F.
Franchuk, V. A. Luneiiok-Burmakina, A. S. Fomenko, T. A. Abramova, and I. L.
Gankina (Kiev) reported on an investigation by isotope methods of the
mechanism'of a number of reactions which form the basis of industrial proc-
esses for the production of hydrogen peroxide and of inorganic peracids.
V. V. Stender and V. G. Selivanov (Dnepetrotrovsk) presented a paper on
the thermal analysis of fluoroborate melts and the mechanism of their
electrolysis.
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The mechanism of adsorption and ion-exchange processes was discussed
in a report by N. A. Izmaylov and S. Kh. Mushinskaya (Khar'kov), who in-
vestigated the effect of the temperature and of molecularly adsorbed ad-
ditives on the exchange of organic ions by ion-exchange resins and a
paper by L. S. Ivanova and D. N Strazhesko (Kiev), who investigated the
mechanism of the adsorption of electrolytes on activated carbon.
At meetings of the Section of Kinetics and Catalysis, M. Ya. Rubanik
(Kiev) reported on an investigation of the catalytic oxidation of ethylene
to ethylene oxide and Ya. B. Gorokhovatskiy and M. Y. Rubanik (Kiev) on
the results of art investigation of the electronic interaction of oxygen
and ethylene with silver. V. V. Shalya (Kiev) and T. P. Korniyenko (Kiev)
presented proofs of the operation of a heterogenous-homogenous mechanism
in the oxidation of methane and of butane-propane mixtures. M. A. Pjont-
kovskaya and I. Ye. Neymark (Kiev) reported results demonstrating that
titanium dioxide is equivalent to silicon dioxide with respect to its
catalytic activity. I. G. Ryss and S. L. Idel's (Dnepopetrovsk) reported
results obtained in the investigation of the kinetics of the hydrolysis
of dimethylaminetrifluoroboron, trimethylaminetrifluoroboron, and anilinetri-
fluoroboron. A report on the introduction of a catalytic method for the
purification from acetylene and lubricating oil vapors of the air used at
oxygen production installations was presented by G. Ya. Turovskiy and
V. A. Royter (Kiev).
In regard to work on problems of chemical structure, reaction kinetics
and reactivity, the scientific basis for the selection of catalysts, and
the synthesis of inorgunie adsorbents and ion exchangers, it was brought
out that it is possible to expand research in these fields by engaging the
assistance of nonacademy institutions of the Ukrainian SSR, particularly
chairs of higher educational institutions.
The conference noted that the volume of work done on the Ukraine on
these most important problems does not correspond to the requirements of
present-day science and practical needs.
As far as work in the field of the theory of chemical structure, reac-
tion kinetics, and reactivity is concerned, one must expand research on in-
termediate stages of chemical reactionsy on the structure of molecules, and
on quantum chemistry. In doing this, one must apply more extensively the
newest physical and physicochemical methods (those of spectral analysis,
electronic and nuclear paramagnetic resonance, etc.).
In the field of work on the scientific basis for the selection of
catalysts, it has been regarded as advisable to organize special courses
on kinetics and catalysis at universities 'and chemico-technological higher
educational institutions . The publication of textbooks ;manuals) on reaction
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kinetics and catalysis and of a series of monographs on industrial cata-
lysts has also been recommended by the conference. Furthermore, improve-
ment of the coordination of work on catalysis was deemed advisable. One
must create in the Ukraine a research center for work on the chemical con-
version of petroleum products at which adequate emphasis will be placed on
problems of catalytic cracking and catalytic processes involved in the con-
version of cracking products into reactive intermediate products for heavy
organic synthesis.
In the f?'eld of work on thq scientific basis for the synthesis of
Inorganic adsorbents, particular attention should be paid to the effect of
chemical modification of'the surface of adsorbents on their adsorption
capacity, the development of methods for the production of adsorbents with
pores of molecular dimensions, the development of specific adsorbents for
the fine separation of complex mixtures, and the development of adsorbents
for the thorough drying of gases.
31. A'?Hydrogen Condensation Pump
"A Hydrogen Condensation Pump With A Self-Contained Liquefier,"
by Ye. S. Borovik, B. G. Lazarev, and I. F. Mikhaylov; Moscow,
Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 7, No 2, Aug 59, pp 117-121
A hydrogen condensation pump with a capacity of 3.7 X 104 liters per
second is described. The pump produces a vacuum of 10-9 - 10-8 millimeters
of mercury. The vacuum is produced as a result of the elimination of
molecules by condensation on a surface cooled with liquid hydrogen. So
that gases which do not condense (helium, neon, and hydrogen) may be re-
moved, a diffusion pump of the M-2500 12 type i6, attached to the condensa-
tion pump. The total use of power (including the power required for the
production of liquid nitrogen used in the hydrogen liquefier) amounts to
17 kilowatts, which-is considerably lower than the power used by oil dif-
fusion pumps of the same 'capacity. . .
Radiation Chemistry
32. Distribution of Ions in a Liquid Subjected to Irradiation
"The Spatial Distribution of Ions in a Liquid," by V. I.
Ivanov; Moscow,Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 7, No 1, Jul 59,
pp 73-74
The distribution of ions formed in a liquid as a result of the action
of P -or ' - radiation is considered. It is concluded that after irradi-
ation for a sufficient length of time a part of the ions will be distributed
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uniformly through the total volume of the liquid, while another part will
be concentrated in cells of a spherical or cylindrical shape. The cells
may also have a shape intermediate between the spherical and the cylindri-
cal. Expressions are derived for the background concentration of ions and
their concentration in cells of a cylindrical and spherical shape.
33. Application of the 018 (o(, n) Ne21 Reaction for the Determination of
the Concentration of O(-Active Substances in Aqueous Solutions
"Application of the 018 (cc, n) Ne21 Reaction for the Determina-
tion of the Concentration of o(-Active Substances in Aqueous So-
lutions," by V. V. Ivanova, A. I. Nazarov, Ye. V. Polunskaya,
A. G. Khabakhps,shev, and E. M. Tsenter; Moscow, At.omnaya Energiya,
Vol 7, No 2, Aug 59, pp 166-168
The content of or, -active substances in aqueous solutions can be deter-
mined by measuring the yield of neutrons formed by the reaction 018 ((X, n)
Ne21. Notwithstanding the low concentration of 018 in ordinary water, this
water can be used for determining the content of CC-active substance by the
reaction mentioned above because of the high cross-section for the reaction
in question exhibited by the 018 isotope. The possibility of applying the
reaction for practical measurements was tested on solutions:., of polonium.
The yield of neutrons emitted from the solution was measured by a scintil-
lation counter for rapid neutrons. The scintillator used was prepared from
paraffin wax and -zinc sulfide.. It was established that the method proposed
makes it possible to determine the content of OC -active substances in
solutions at.a distance, without opening the vessel in which the solution
is placed. Concentrations beginning with one to 2 millicuries per meter.
can be measured. Impurities contained in the-solution (such as uranium'or
plutonium, which emit neutrons) do not affect to a significant degree the
results of the determinations. Use of lead screening'makes it possible
to conduct measurements at a concentration of % -active substances in the
solution amounting to approximately 150 grain equivalents per liter.
34. Sensitization of a Radiation-.Chemical Reaction by the Recharging of
Ions '
"Sensitization of a Radiation-Chemical Reaction by, the Recharg-
ing of Ions," by M. T. Dmitriyev and S. Ya. Pshezhetskiy,. Physi-
cochemical Institute imeni L. Ya. Karpov; Moscow, Doklady Akad-
emii Nauk SSSR, Vol 127, No 2, 11 Jul 59, pp 369-372
The radiation-chemical oxidation of nitrogen with oxygen takes place
as a result of the formation of N2+ ions. Its velocity is proportional
to the effective concentration of these ions. It was established in the
experiments described that the concentration of N2+ ions and consequently
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also the velocity of the reaction can be increased by adding heli;.un, neon,
or argon. The ionization potentials-of atoms of these noble gases are
higher than that of the nitrogen molecule. Consequently, recharging of ions
takes place in a mixture of nitrogen with noble gases that is being irradi-
ated; the ions of noble gases transfer their charge to nitrogen mo2'ecules.
Although the velocity of the radiation-chemical oxidation of nitrogen is
increased by the. addition of noble gases, the energy yield of the reaction
drops. The reduction of the yield is due essentially to recombination of
ions; this problem has been discussed in two articles by the authors of the
present communication (cf. Zhurnal Fizicheskiy Khimii, Vol. 32, 1958,
p 2418; Vol 33, 1959, p 463"-
35. USSR Work on the Treatment of Wood With Penetrating Radiation
"News Items - USSR" (unsigned item); Moscow, Atomnaya Ehergiya,
Vol 7, No 1, Jul 59, p 88
Investigations on the effects exerted by penetrating radiation on
wood, materials derived from wood, glues, and binders are being, conducted
at the Central Scientific Research Institute of Mechanical Working of
Wood. The action of penetrating radiation brings about various changes
in the propetties of wood. This includes changes in color, mechanical
strength, the capacity to absorb moisture, etc. On the basis of results
obtained in the work in question, one can produce materials derived from
wood which have characteristics superior to those of natural wood.
36. The Electrical Resistance of Boiling Nitrogen Being Irradiated in a
Nuclear' Reactor +_~.____
"Measurement of the Electrical Resistance of Boiling Nitrogen
Being Irradiated in a Reactor," by Yu. K. Gus'kov and A. V.
Zvonarev; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 7, No 2, Aug 59, p 165
Changes in,the electrical resistance of liquid nitrogen during ir-
radiation in a nuclear reactor were measured. To investigate changes
produced in solids by radiation, one must conduct experiments on irradia-
tion of the solid substances in question within an extensive temperature
range, beginning with very low temperatures.. Low temperatures are main-
tained by cooling the samples of solid substances with liquid gases.
Liquid nitrogen is the most convenient cooling agent for this purpose.
Furthermore, nitrogen has a low activation cross-section, which facilitates
work with it. To measure the electrical properties of substances irradiated
in liquid nitrogen, one must know the electrical resistance of the nitrogen
under the conditions in question.
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Radiochemistry
37. Disproportionation of Tetravalent Americium
"Disproportionation of Am (IV)" by A. A. Zaytsev, V. N. Kosy-
akov, A. G. Rykov, Yu. P. Sobolev, and G. N. Yakovlev; Moscow,
Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 7, No 1, Jul 59, pp 69-71
Several anhydrous compounds of Am (IV) are known. These compounds
are quite stable. However, the presence of Am (IV) in aqueous solutions
has not yet been established. The reason that is the high redox potential
of the pair Am (III) - Am (IV), because of this high redox potential, tetra-
valent americium is reduced to trivalent americium by water. The ratio of
Am (IV) to Am (III) observed after disproportionation of Am (V) can be ex-
plained by the occurence of one or both of the following reactions paral-
lel to the disproportionation of pentavalent americium:
2 Amy + 2 H2O = Am3++ Am 02 + 4 H+
4t+ Am 02 = Am3+ + Am 02+
Am
2
Experimental results which indicate that both of these reactions take
place are presented in the paper.
38. Formation of Radioactive Aerosols in the Synchrocyclotron Building
of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
"Radioactivity of Aerosols in the Synchrocyclotron Building
of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research," by V. P. Afanas'-
yev; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 7, No 1, Jul 59, pp 74-75
It was established that radioactive aerosols are formed in the Syn-
chrocyclotron Building of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research. It
is concluded on the basis of the results described that the radioactivity
of the aerosols is caused by the presence of Na24. The concentration of
Na24 that is reached corresponds to 0.001 of the maximum permissible con-
centration of this isotope.
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Miscellaneous
39. Hungarians Review 10 Years of Chemical Industry Research
"Concerning a Decade of Work at-the Heavy Chemical Industry
Research Institute," by Gyorgy Koranyi, of the subject in-
stitute; Budapest; Magyar Kemikusok Lapja, May 59; Vol XIV,
No 5; pp 181-186
The Heavy Chemical Industry Research Institute((Nehezvegyipari
Kutato Intezet, NEVIKI) was established in Veszprem in 1949 on the basis
of a government decree with the mission of performing the research neces-
sary for the technical development of the inorganic and coal-processing
chemical industry. Construction of a central laboratory building'began
immediately and in 1952 the researchers in Veszprem moved into one of
Ei;rope's most modernly equipped research establishments. During the past
10 years, , the regime has, aided the development' of research with the in-
vestment of about 50 million f,orints so 'that today NEVIKI has a whole
series of laboratories and experimental plants' in addition,to its central
building. During its first 10 years,,NEVIKI initiated' and completed about
180 research projects of varying importance. In contrast to the several
million forints spent on the experiments on coking Borsod brown coals?
there were jobs which required only a few, engineer-days. In general, it
can be stated that as a result of the industrial utilization of researches'
completed by the Institute the economy has saved 5.5-6.0 million.forints
per year; if we take into c'pnsideration the economic results to be expected
from researches currently being realized, the yearly average comes to
13-15 million..forints. In the past 10 years,. NEVIKI has published about
150 research reports and'about 50 other publications.
1. Inorganic Chemistry Industry Researches
We participated in the development of several detailed problems
during the 'designing of the'Borsodi,Cheilical: Combine'-- 'small-scale and
full-scale experimer1tgron .coke,.,gasification with, oxygen-enriched air and
selection of reagents for extracting carbon.. monoxide. ? We . developed a
procedure. for..utilizing the nitrogen oxide content of .the gases resulting
from oxidation of ammonia,,'.using mechanical absorption equipment.
In developing new synthetic fertilizer manufacturing processes,
we must give first place to nitric acid, phosphate digestion. We worked
out in detail the technology for the manufacturing of dicalcium phos-
phate, and thee, in the interest of the economic advantages to be expected,
the manufacturing process for mixed NP artificial fertilizer. While work-
ing out these technologies we focused much attention on the extraction of
valuable by-products from "Kolafoszfat" -- fluorine and the oxides of rare
earth metals. Plant growth experiments proved the effectiveness of dical-
cium phosphate; with the- same,..phosphous pentoxide content, dicalcium phosphate
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produced a 25-30 percent increase over the superphosphate. The process
is being put into practice in as much as a double-synthetic fertilizer
plant with a 30,000-ton per year capacity is being built at the Borsod
Chemical Combine site. The laboratory experiments were finished in 1952
but the first experimental plant will begin operation only in 1962 or 1963.
Our researches.; aimed at increasing domestic fluorine production,
were completed with good results. The effectiveness of extracting f lucrine
released during the manufacture of superphosphate could be significantly
increased by certain improvements in present procedures. We could recover
80 percent of the fluorine content of "Kola" apatite-with nitric acid
phosphate digestion. We developed a process, new.to the world at large,
for producing aluminum fluoride; and we solved the production problems
of synthetic cryolite. We developed two processes, according to the ini-
tial raw material, for this purpose; of these, the processing of sodium
silicofluoride into cryolite is the more significant frttm the economic
viewpoint. Our aluminum fluoride process will be used in the superphos-
phate factory being built in Szolnok; our cryolitte manufacturing process
will be used only in designing the mixed synthetic fertilizer factory.
We focused less attention on the problems of sulfuric acid and
superphosphate manufacture; our most significant achievement in this area
was the development of fluidization pyrite calcination -- practical use
of this has been delayed despite the economic results to be expected. We
set up equipment for the qualitative examination of sulfuric acid factory
catalysts and the industrial'tests of the catalysts proved our examination
results to be useful.. .
Among the synthetic fertilizers which are the cheapest and simplest
to manufacture, we developed, on a semiplant scale, a domestic "Rhenania"
type artificial phosphate fertilizer and its effectivehess is not much
less than the superphosphate.
In the area of artificial potassium fertilizers, we opposed, on
the basis of economic considerations, the digestion of the Kanyahegy tra-
chyte which contains 10 percent K20, and we recommended direct use of fine
potassium trachyte grist as a synthetic fertilizer. -
To supplement the phosphate needs in animal fodders', we recom-
mended the utilization of our process for the manufacture of dicalcium
phosphate in a plant large enough to satisfy the needs of animal husbandry.
We developed a process for the .production of MgO from domestic
dolomite, suitable for the manufacture of magnesite. According to our
process, we digest the dolomite with carbonic acid in a water suspension
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at a pressure of about 20 atmospheres. If the process were realized, not
only would there be direct import savings but also our refractory materials
factories would be getting magnesite of uniform good' quality as compared
to the present :.ubstandard quality of supplies.
In, recent years, we have done work on developing the technology
for inorganic dry pigments and on 'developing processes for new products.
Thus, by using domestic titanium. ore concentrate we-succeeded in producing
experimental quantities of rutile-type titanium dioxide pigments and we
greatly improved the manufacturing technology fox chrome ,oxide green.
NEVIKI has?worke4 on operational and automation problems for only
a few years. We developed the necessary equipment for the spay drying
of pujl~y materials; we surveyed several factories from the viewpoint of
metering techniques and automation; and we designed several simple instru-
ments for the automatic recording and regulation of a.,few industrial
processes. Naturally, problems in this area will increase in the future.
2. Coal-Processing Chemical Industry Researches
Initially, the Institute had inherited some research projects con-
cerned with the processing of peat and we began with some of the simpler
problems connected with the processing of tar-. As the coking of brown
coal moved into the foreground, the institute joined in this work; and in
1953, in connection with the supplying of coal to the Sztalinvaros Coking
Works, we began to work on the coking of black coal. We studied various
methods of gas desulfurization relatively early and we began to deal with
a cadastral survey of black and brown coals rather late. Our work was
strongly influenced in many cases by outside factors; e.g., the coking
experiments on Borsod brown coals with the equipment available in Pecs had
to be done on the basis of viewpoints determined in advance primarily by
others.
We can summarize the more important results of our work on coal
chemistry as follows.
We worked out a process for handling, distilling, and coking vari-
?ous domestic peats, for the manufacture of activated carbon from peat, and
for the extraction of humic acids. We develored a process..for recovering
the monosubstitutedphenol content of gas liquors through distillation; we
established the possibilities for using monosubstitutedphenols and disub-
stitutedphenols extracted by the phenosolvane [sic] process; and we de-
veloped a process for the prelimins::y purification of gas liquors and for
anihilation of disubstitutedphenols remaining in the gas liquor. We in-
troduced a phenol recovery process at the Obuda Gas and Coke Works. We
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implemented several technological modifications at the phenol factory
of the Dorog-Coal Processing Chemical Industry Enterprise. We established
the data necessary for the distillation of domestic brown coal tars in ,,
pipe furnaces.
We did systematic work in recovering and refining several important-
constituents of domestic black coal tars. We developed technological pro-
cedures for the more effective recovery of naphthalene, anthracene, pyri-
dine bases, coumarone resin, and carbazole, and for their refinement to
various degrees of purity. We succeeded in producing fluorescent anthracene
of exceptional purity usable for scintillation purposes.
We developed our diphenolate gas desulfurication process and
solved several problems in-,the area of activated carbon gas d&.sulfuriza-
tion, gas purifying mass regeneration, and sulfur recovery; we carefully
examined the domestic possibilities for the most important desulfurioa-
tion processes and made recommendations for the desulfurization of't.he
various industrial gases. We participated in developing the coking tech-
nology for the Borsod brown coal and we developed further the original two-
phase technology in several respects. We participated in the selection,
through experimentation, of a technology suitable for the low temperature
distillation of domestic brown coals.
We developed our own special and highly effective type of furnace
for coking brown coal. We tested the coking characteristics of the more
important domestic brown coals in our experimental plant. In cooperation
with the Mining Research Institute we developed a method for preparing a
cadastral survey of domestic coals and we participated in-development of
coal classification tests. The chemical industry cadastral survey of the
Trans-Danubian brown coal deposits is nearing completion as is the classi-
fication of our Mecsek black coal deposits. The cadastral survey includes,
among other things, an examination of germanium and gallium contents of
coals. The presently operating germanium oxide plant uses a technology
developed by us.
We developed a manufacturing process for carbon zeolite using sul-
fonation of Varpalota lignite, and we introduced this process in the Buda-
pest Sulfuric Acid Factory.
3. Researches Directed at Developing Silicate Chemistry Industries
The' Silicate Department worked at the institute only from 1952 to
1956. We developed processes suitable for the production of several new
optical and technical glasses. While studying the problem of producing
fused basalt, we. developed a process for the production of a crystalline
synthetic stone out of waste materials which approximates the composition
of basalt and which surpasses its technological qualities.
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On the basis of X-ray structural analysis and crystal chemistry
considerations, we developed a process for the manufacture of silica
brick from domestic sand and sandstones and for the manufacture of a
stabilized dolomite brick. With a geological,.mineralogical, and struc-
tural examination of Pilis coal ash found by the Coal Processing Depart-
ment, we succeeded in identifying the rocks accompanying the coal de=
posits and introduced use of these refractory materials.
4. Research Done in the Area of Protection Against Corrosion
Our Corrosion Deparment was formed on 1 August 1950,-vhen the
corrosion research laboratory of Szeged Science University was trans-
ferred [to us]. In its first years, the department worked on several
minor but urgent. problems, especially on an examination of the corrosion
resistance properties of aluminum and certain steels. Even in this first
period, intensive work was done on problems of cold and hot phosphate
coating. In 1951, we began research work on the introduction of cathode
protection and on inhibitors effective under various circumstances. Be-
ginning in:1952, the department has been::.increasingly concerned with in-
troducing corrosion protection methods into industry and giving advice
in the various areas. We are doing systematic research in the following
most important areas: protection of metal surfaces by metal and lacquer
sheathing; corrosion defense of power plant equipment;.?use of cathode.
protection in the most varied areas; corrosion protection of agricultural
machines and tools; and special chemistry industry corrosion problems.
We have done especially fundamental and?'profound examinations in
the area of contact corrosion of aluminum. We have worked on the develop-
ment of bauxite-base paints. We participated in designing and introducing
cathode protection in petroleum pipelines. We determinOd the necessary
interdependencies for designing cathode protection of tanks and reservoirs
and we participated in the designing of such equipment.
We did research on the causes of boiler corrosion, on the preven-
tion of intercrystalline corrosion of power plant and locomotive boilers,
and on the development of inhibitors for use in acid treatment of power-
plant condensers. We achieved results-in classifying lead types for chemi-
cal industry purposes and we developed lead alloys. We worked on the clas-
sifications of acid-resistant steels, intercrystalline corrosion of acid-
resistant steels, and problems of corrosion in acid-resistant welds. We
also worked on corrosion problems appearing during processing of the Nagy-
lengyel oil.
In 1954, we organized corrosion exposure stations in ten rural
areas meteorologically most characteristic. There are 3,600 sample sheets
.in each station. We worked out a 10-year observation plan.
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In 1958, we opened our Budapest corrosion counseling office
which can do minor laboratory work.
5. Other. Researches
We worked, from the beginning, on organic silicon compounds,
primarily with problems of producing various monomers. In 1952, we
gave this work to the Synthetics Industry Research Institute.
We have been using a quartz spectrograph for spectral emission
analysis and we have cooperated with the spectrography laboratory of the
Hungarian Petroleum and Natural Gas Experimental Institute in the field
of absorption spectral analysis. We have examined the germanium content
of coal ash, impurities in synthetic magnesium oxide, etc.
Our polarographic laboratory has aided greatly in doing series
examinations.
We based our silicate chemistry research primarily on X-ray and
differential thermal analyses.
In 1956, we built our completely modern radio chemistry labora-
tory in Veszprem. We worked with radioactive isotopes received from the
Soviet Union and we achieved valuable results in explaining the mechanism
of ion exchange reactions.
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III. ELECTRONICS
Automation and Computers
40. Automatic Control and Computer Engineering Conference To Be Held in
Moscow
"Announcement," (unsigned article); Moscow, Promyshienno-
Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, 30 Aug 59
The Central Board of the Scientific Technical Society of the Instru-
ment Building Industry announces that a Scientific Technical Conference
on Automatic Control and Computer Engineering will be held in Moscow from
6 to 10 October, 1959.
All inquiries and communications should be sent to the following
address: Moscow, G-19, Volkhonka, 5; Telephone, B-3-32 46.
Communications
41. Information-Carrying Properties of Laguerre Functions
"Experimental Investigation of Laguerre Function Separation
Methods" by A. G. Leont'yev; Moscow, Radiotekhnika, No 8,
Aug 59, pp 22-25
The article describes a communication system which utilizes the
Laguerre function as information carrier. Since the Laguerre function
is orthonormal, it is adaptable to separation, the condition required
for transmission of information.
The separation of Laguerre functions can be accomplished by two
methods: by utilizing directly the property of orthogonality, or by
applying a Duhamel integral which connects the results of action of the
linear system (filter) with the action proper through the filter response.
A communication system model was built in which both methods of separa-
tion could be tested. The system was composed of the following units:
a forming circuit for obtaining first five Laguerre functions, a blocking
oscillator generating singular pulses, an adder unit which would add any
two Laguerre functions, commutation block from which Laguerre functions
were taken off for transmission to the adding unit, and multiplying and
integrating units. The error in separation with this method did not ex-
ceed 1/20 in the extreme case.
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This experiment, conducted for the first time in this field, has
proven in principle the possibility of practical separation of Laguerre
functions. Further experimentation is needed to refine the process of
separation.
42. Newly Assigned Amateur Frequency Bands
"New Amateur Frequency Bands," (unsigned article); Moscow,
Radio, No 7, Jul 59, p 16
The article contains the following passage:
"The.. -changes will become effective 1 August 1959. The operation
of amateur radio stations on 1,470-1,520 and 5,650-5,850 Mc bands will
be discontinued on the same date. Thus, the radio amateur will retain
only the following ultrashort wave ranges: 28.0-29.7, 144-146, and 420-
435 Mc. The transmitter power should not-exceed 5 w for the frequency
ranges of 144-146 and 420-435 Mc."
43. Multichannel Communication System "Vesna"
"Multichannel System 'Vesna!," by G. Agrikolyanskiy;
Moscow, Radio, No 7, Jul 59, pp 6-7
CPYRGHT
The radio-relay equipment P-600 "Vesna" was designed at the State
Scientific Research Institute of the Ministry of Communications in co-
operation with a number of other scientific institutions. The automated
radio-relay equipment P-600 "Vesna" can operate five two-way wide-band
trunk channels over a distance of several thousand kilometers. Each
trunk is capable of handling 600 telephone conversations simultaneously,
or one black-and-white TV channel.
Such a radio-relay system, when designed for a distance of 2,500, km,
will have nine different points at which the telephone channels can be
separated out or new ones introduced.
At present it is expected that the P-600 system will be able to
serve the needs of the country for intercity communication for a consider-
able time to come. The radio-relay system P-600 operates in the ultra-
short wave range and has an operating band of 500 Mc, which is divided
into 16 radio channels. The P-600 system utilizes parabolic reflectors
which are connected to high-frequency equipment by wave guides. The
intermediate frequency used in the system is 70 Mc.
To improve the reliability of the system, an automatically controlled
redundancy is incorporated. The P-600 system is designed to draw its
power from a 50-cycle, 220-v supply line.
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Components
44. Reduced Dimensions for Pulse Transformer
"Method of Demagnetizing Pulse Transformer Cores," by R. Kh.
Bal'yan, V. I. Laletin and I. V. Trofimov; Moscow, Radio?
tekhnika, No 8, Aug 59, pp 40-42
The dimensions of pulse transformers can be substantially reduced
by applying core demagnetization. The author suggests a new method for
core demagnetization of pulse transformers, in which the source of
demagnetizing current -- a rectifier -- is connected in series with the
secondary winding in such a manner that the demagnetizing and operating
current flow in the same direction: For normal operation of the circuit,
the core should be fully demagnetized at the beginning of the operating
cycle. The magnetizing current can be disconnected during the intervals
between the pulses, but in such cases it is important that it recover
its stable value before the start of an operating pulse.
One of the advantages of this method Is that the operating and de-
magnetizing circuits are common and that all of the coils of the second-
ary winding are used to demagnetize, thus reducing the, current to minimums
The validity of the described method was fully confirmed by a
series of actual tests with pulses of 50 millisecond duration. The
over-all dimensions of a. pulse transformer can be reduced almost to a
tenth by.applying core demagnetization.
45. Surface Problems with Transistors at East German Manufacturing
Plant
"Surface Problems In Junction Semiconductors," by H. H.
Plagemann, Kleinmachnow; Berlin, Nachrichtentechnik, No 7,
Jul 59, pp 292-295
Experimental findings show that alloyed diodes with similar dimensions
and arrangement, such as the collector-base Junction of a pnp-transistor
produced by alloying a lead-antimony bead into p-germanium,-react only
very slightly to moisture in a nitrogen atmosphere, and practically not
at all in oxygen. The formation of a short-circuit channel by adsorbed
water in the narrow zone of recrystallization is not possible in such a
case, since the zone consists of p-germanium. on the other hand, in
thoroughly dried diodes of this type, during the changeover from dry
nitrogen to dry oxygen, a current increase has been observed, which is
traced back to the formation of a p-channel in the recrystallization zone
as a result of the oxygen adsorption.
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At the VEB Werk fuer Bauelemente der Nachrichtentechnik, "Carl von
Ossietzky," in Berlin-Teltow, a sealed assembly line (air-conditioned
chambers with "rubber-glove" access by assembly workers from outside)
has been erected for the sealing operation on a.Lloyed germanium pnp-type transistors. After etching, the transistor does not come into
contact with the outside air, and is expelled only after being encapsu-
lated. At present, dry air is being used as the protective gas, since
the effect of small amounts of residual water can be compensated by the
oxygen of the air, or by a pure oxygen atmosphere. This has been demon-
strated clearly by measurements of the emitter-collector current.
When a component is sufficiently dried, however, the oxygen pre-
sumably produces a disadvantageous effect by forming a p-channel in the
base area. The lowest emitter-collector current values are then measured
in a dry nitrogen atmosphere. An encapsulment in nitrogen should also
prevent oxidation process extending over a long period of time.
Other surface problems are being encountered in semiconductor manu-
facture. There is very little information available on the influence of
the etching and the rinsing which follows. Little is known also about
the effect of slight impurities in the etching chemicals. The entire
field is still in a state of flux, and essential improvements in the
surface quality and stability of germanium components are to be expected
in the coming years.
Materials
46. The Effect of Radiation on Ferrates
"The Effect of Radiation on the Magnetic Properties of
Ferrites," by N. M. Omel'yanovskaya; Moscow, Atomnaya
Energiya, Vol 7, No 1, Jul 59, pp 66-68
The effect of nuclear radiation on the magnetic properties of
ferrites was investigated to establish to what extent the functioning
of ferrites used as memory cells in equipment exposed to radiation
is impaired by the effects of radiation. ZK-210 ferrites having the shape
of toroids were tested in a vertical experimental channel of a nuclear
electric power station. The ferrites were irradiated with neutrons and
I -rays. On the basis of the results obtained., it is concluded that
when ferrites are used as memory cells in equipment operating in neutron
and Y -ray fluxes greater than 9 x 1011 - 5 x 10 neutrons per square
centimeter per second, one must provide automatic modification of the
matrix current or cool the ferrites to the temperature required to offset
the effects of irradiation.
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Patents
47. Recent Soviet Patents in the Field of Electronics
"Class 21. Elects.cal Engineering,!" (unsigned article);
Moscow, Byulleten' Izobreteniy, No 14,'1959, PP 13-24
0-1.21al, 705- No 121141. by G. A. Yemel'yanov and V. I. Kirsanov.
Device for Determination of Density Distribution-Probability of Complete
Start-Stop Distortions.
Class 21a1, 1101. No 121142. A. B. Pugach, Ye. T. Darov and Z. S.
Pashchenko. Electronic Generator of Test,;Telegraph Combinations.
Class 21a1, 20. No 121143. L. A. Poznyak and V. V. Yefremov. Polar-
ized Relay.
Class 2lal, 3204- No 121146. A. S. Yukhnevich. A Method of Frequency
Modulation of Video Signals at Low Modulation Index and the Device to
Accomplish It.
Class 21a2,, 1801. No 121147. E. N. Ulanovskiy. Device for Obtain-
ing Automatic Bias in Variable Voltage Amplifiers.
Class 21a4, 601. No 121148. D. M. Kazarnovskiy. Seignetto-
Electric Device for Frequency Doubling of Three-Phase Voltage.
Class 21a4, 601. No 121149. D. M. Kazarnovskiy. Seignetto-
Electric Converter of Three-Phase Voltage.
Class 21a4, 804. No 121151. by A. B. Tatarinov. Device for Farming
of Statistically Distributed Pulses'With Respect to Amplitude and Duration.
Class 21a4, 42. No 121153. by S. I. Ye' yanov. A Method for Auto-
matic Adjustment of Oscillator Frequency.
Class 21a4, 71. No 121155? Ye. B. Isserlin and Z. G. Ryzhik.
Device for Taking the Phase-Frequency Response of Four-Terminal Network.
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Wave Propagation
48. Band-Width of Pulses With Cosine-Square Rounded-Off Edges
"Frequency Band Required in Transmission of Pulses With
Cosine-Square Rounding-Off," by M. S. Gurevich; Moscow,
Elektrosvyaz', No 8, Aug 59, pp 38-42
The article' analyzes symmetrical pulses, the central portion of
which has a rectangular form, while the edges are rounded off according
to the cosine-square law. The data obtained. in this experiment is useful
in making decisions as to whether pulses with rounded-off edges according
to cosine-square law, or trapezoidal pulses should be used.
The author draws a conclusion that the pulses with rounded-off edges
(cosine-square law) require a somewhat wider frequency band than the
trapezoidal pulses; however, the pulses with cosine-square rounding-off
have the advantage of a more rapid decay for outside-the-band radiation,
especially when mistuning is high.
49. Multielement Omnidirectional Antenna
"Multidipole Antenna With Circular Polarization," by A. L.
Drabkin; Moscow, Radiotekhnika, No 8, Aug 59, pp 3-7
Up to now, no suitable antennas with an equiamplitude field of
circular polarization and of large space angle, of the order of 1800,
were available.
A new type of antenna is proposed by the author, which radiates in
such a manner that one section of it forms a field of circular polarity
in the direction along the axis of the system, changing into a field of
linear polarization in the plane perpendicular to the axis. The other
section of the antenna does not radiate along the axis but forms an
auxiliary field shifted 90? with respect to the field of the first part
of the antenna.
Such an antenna has a circular polarization with a wide-angle radia-
tion pattern in two perpendicular planes. The antenna is built with
eight half-wave dipoles, in such a manner that four of the dipoles are
located at the corners of an imaginary cube, while h other four dipoles
are placed in pairs at 90? to each other and at the two faces of the cube
which intersect perpendicularly the first four dipoles. The planes
passing through the vertical dipoles are displaced by an angle of 45?
with respect to the plates passing through the horizontal vibrators.
The radiation pattern of this antenna array has the form of a
cordioid, and the field polarization is approximately circular.
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50. Analogy Methods in Aerohydrodynamics
Metod Analogiy v Aerodidrodinamike (Analogy Methods in
Aerohydrodynamics , State Publishing House of Physico-
mathematical Literature, Moscow, 1958, 324 pp
Analogy methods used in solving problems in aerohydrodynamics are
described in a book which claims to be the first to give a fairly com-
plete coverage df the subject. The first chapter contains general in-
formation on analogy methods and a brief history of their development
and application. The second chapter covers the basic equations of
aerohydrodynamics to an extent necessary for understanding the material
in the last three chapters, which develop analogy methods for electro-
hydrodynamics, magnetohydrodynamics, and gas hydraulics. Individual
problems introduced as examples are flow around a single wing profile,
flow through a curved grid, and motion of gas in jets. The solutions
obtained by using analogy methods are compared with theoretical solu-
tions and wind-tunnel studies.
51. Cohesion Modulus to Predict Cracking in Brittle Materials Proposed
"On Equilibrium Cracks Forming in a Brittle Fracture;," by
G. I. Barenblatt, Institute'of Geology and Mining of Mineral
Fuels, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow Doklady Akademii
Nauk SSSR, Vol 127, No 1, 1 Jul 59, PP )+7750
Equilibrium cracks in brittle materials, meaning cracks whose
dimensions do not change under a given load, are considered. The crack
is assumed to be divided into two regions: the inner region, where
opposite edges of the crack are a considerable distance apart and inter-
action between them is negligible, and the end region, where edges of
the crack are close together and act on one another with a considerable
cohesive force. A new universal characteristic of a material is intro-
duced and called the "cohesion modulus." It has dimensions of force
divided by length to the 2/3 power. It is shown that the dimensions of
a crack are uniquely determined by the force acting on the material and
the cohesion modulus for the material.
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52. Molybdenum Disulfide -- a.11ew High-Duty Lubricant
"Molybdenum Disulfide -- a New Grease for Light Industrial
Machines," by Candidate of Technical Sciences, Docent G. A.
Bobrovnikov, Engineers N. A. Belentsova and M. M. Bolilyy,
Kiev Technological Institute of the Light Industry; Kiev,
Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy -- Tekhnologiya Legkoy
Promyshlennosti, No 2? 59, Pp 105-110 Tests performed with' molybdenum greases obtained in East Germany
have shown that MOS2 is an effective greasing material and can be widely
used to improve operating conditions and prolong the service life of
light-industry machine parts and assemblies.
Purified and refined natural MoS2 does not lose its lubricating
properties in the temperature range from - 700 to + 450?C and is char-
acterized by high chemical stability since it is not soluble in cold
or boiling water and slightly soluble in all acids (except boiling
concentrated nitric acid) and other chemicals (except C12 and F2).
The authors recommend the organization of production of MoS2 from
domestic raw materials and the expansion of research on its use.
53. Lack of Mechanization in Instrument Building
"Most Important is the Wider Introduction of Automation,"
by B. Grigor'yev, Chief Engineer, Scientific Research In-
stitute of Aviation Technology; Moscow, Izobretatel' i
Ratsionalizator, No 7, Jul 59, pp 1-2
The article contains the following passage:
"Notwithstanding the definite progress of the Soviet instrument
building industry, it is still unable to provide the necessary quantity
and required types of instruments and means of automation to a great
number of industrial enterprises.
"What now hinders the production of instruments and where is the
bottleneck?
"This question can be answered in just two words: manual assembly.
Unfortunately, it is still widely used in instrument building.
"At many enterprises in this field of industry, only the simplest
fixtures and inefficient means of production control are still widely
used.
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"Here the automated assembly processes are only in their initial
stage. Only low precision instruments, consisting of a few components,
are assembled now with the aid of automated assembly devices. And in
assembling even simple instruments of higher precision, such automated
assembly devices are used only in a few isolated instances."
54. New Trends in Hydroelectric Power Plant Construction C PYRG HT
"Problems of Hydroelectric Power Plant Builders-in the Light
of July Resolutions of the Central. Committee of the CPSU,"
by I. T. Novikov, Ministry for Construction of Electric Power
Stations; Moscow, Gidrotekhnicheskoye Stxoitel'stvo, No 7,
Jul 59, pp 1-3
The article contains the following passage:
"In 1958, Comrade N. S. Khrushchev subjected the hydroelectric
power-plant builders to a severe but just criticism for the high cost
of construction of hydroelectric installations. This criticism
awakened a great number of -hydroelectric power-plant builders to the
reality that a radical revision of old concepts and approaches, as well
as substantial revamping of the whole business of design and building of
hydraulic power structures was needed.
"With great satisfaction it can be noted that at present there are
on hand new suggestions and-design developments which radically change
the whole approach to the principles of construction of hydraulic power
plants. The main elements of innovation here will be the introduction
of prefabricated-concrete structural units up to 500 tons (att Saratov-
skaya Hydroelectric Station), structural components from rolled rein-
forced concrete (Kievskaya Hydroelectric Station)$'and structural members
from light-weight concrete (Sovetskaya Hydroelectric Station on the
Neman River).
CPYRGHT
55. Five Hundred-KV Voltage Surge Arresters
"On the Requirements for Arresters Used as Protection Against
Voltage Surges," by M. L. Levinshteyn and K. P. Kadomskaya,
Leningrad Polytechnic Institute; Moscow, Elektrichestvo, No 8,
Aug 59, pp 9-14
In conjunction with the increase of the operating voltage of the
400-kv transrdssion lines to. 500 kv, the relative dielectric strength
of the power line insulation has been substantially lowered, so that
the problem of protection against voltage surges has become. more acute.
One of the measures against such overvoltages is the use of special.
arresters.
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In the case of the Votkinskaya Hydroelectric Station -- Sverdlovsk
transmission line, the greatest danger from voltage surges arises in
cases when the connection to the power line is done from the Votkinskaya
Station, and when the number of generators connected to the bus-bars of
the station is small. Practice has shown that in case of such connection
to the power line, a multiple discharge occurs at the arrester, a con-
dition for which the older models of arresters were not designed. To
improve the operating conditions, a new model arrester was designed at
the All-Union Electrical Engineering Institute imeni Lenin. This new
arrester was studied for its operating characteristics with the aid of
an analog computer at the Laboratory for High-Voltage Currents imeni
Gorev of the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute. The investigation has
proven that this type of arrester could operate satisfactorily for more
than two successive discharges; however, the characteristics of this
arrester require further improvement in the speed (up to 0.003 sec) of
the gap's dielectric strength restoration.
56. Explosion Method of Rapid Shaft Sinking
"It is Possible to Sink Shafts With the Energy of Explosion,"
by A. Osipov; Moscow, Izobretatel' i Ratsionalizator, No 7,
Jul 59, P 11
The associates of the Central Scientific Research and Planning-
Design Institute for Underground' and Mine Building have been working
since 1957 on the development of a new speedy method of shaft sinking.
In this new process -liquid explosives are admitted through a special
pipeline to the orifice of the drilling bit. At the exit from the
orifice the liquids form an explosive mixture to which a small amount
of detonator is added. The resulting explosion crushes the rock in
the vicinity of the bit to a fine pulp.
The experimental data disclosed that this new explosion method is
capable of sinking a 3.6-m diameter shaft at a rate of one meter in
depth in 4 min, and a shaft of 8 meters in diameter at a rate of one
meter in depth in 25 min. This is approximately ten times faster than
with conventional methods.
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57. New Measuring Microscope Developed
"Precision Measuring Microscope for Measuring Small Dimen-
sions," by V. Ye. Koatin; Moscow, Izmeritel'na a Telthnika,
No 5, 59, pp 18-19
A precision measuring microscope'has been developed at the Bureau
of Interchangeability of the Committee of Standards, Measures and
Measuring Instruments. This microscope can measure small dimensions
by the noncontact:method. The limits of measurement are 0.01-2 mm.
Measurements are conducted by absolute and comparative procedures.
The first is accomplished with the aid of a helical ocular micrometer;
the second, by comparison with a terminal measure mounted between the
supports.
58. Congress of Inventors and Innovators To Be Held
"On Calling the First Congress of the All-Union Society of
Inventors and Innovators," (unsigned article); Moscow, Pravda,
22 Aug 59, p 4
"The Organizational Committee of the All-Union Society of Inventors
and Innovators wishes to inform delegates that the first congress of the
All-Union Society of Inventors and Innovators will be held on 22-geptem-
ber 1959-in the city of Moscow."
CPYRGHT
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V. MATE2 ATICS
59. Integro-Differential Operators
"Functions Analytical With Respect to Some Integro-Differential
Operators and Their Applications," by Yu. M. Valits'kiy,
Chernovitsy State University; Kiev, Doklad Akademii Nauk
Ukrainskoy SSR, No 3, May/Jun 59, pp 237-240
The operator n-1 x J`Ly] =Y(n)(x) EPi(x)y(i)(x) + r f Hi(x,t)y (i)(t) dt =
i-o i=o
=L[y] +HLy], (1)
is considered where the functions po(x), . . . , pn-1(x) are assumed con-
tinuous and Ho(x,t), . . Hn-1(x,t) are assumed measurable and bounded for
am(k-1)~o
kr0 1`--k`q-1 dx3
inky -j,p
+ k-1(x) and L0(x, )) has as
a solution a 0-auxiliary spectral problem, corresponding to a homogeneous
system. At the end of this section an example is introduced which is
encountered in underground hydromechanics and included in the system of
the given method.
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In section 5 a deduction representation is given on the basis of
theorem 1E for the solution of a mixed problem with divided variables for
a, system of equations with variable coefficients in terms of t. The
result of this section indicates that the deduction method, in con-
trast to the method of Laplace transformations is applicable to equations
with variable coefficients in terms of t. In addition, as is illustrated
in the example of section 5, the induction method enables the construction
of an effective solution of a mixed problem if it is possible to construct
a Green Function of the corresponding spectral problem and to find its
poles.
Corresponding results were obtained by the author for equations with
piece-wise smooth coefficients (see M. L. Rasulov, "On one formula for
the expansion of an arbitrary function," DAN SSSR, Vol 119, No 3) 1958,
pp 1+50-453, and M. L. Rasulov, "A deduction method for solving mixed
problems and several expansion formulae associated with it, "DAN SSSR,
Vol 120, No 1, 1958, pp 33-36). For simplicity of exposition, equations
with smooth coefficients are considered in the present work.
62. Nonnomographable Functions
"Some Examples of Nonnomographable Functions," M. A. Kreynes,
I. A. Vaynshtein, and N. D. Ayzenshtat; Moscow, Matematicheskiy
Sbornik, Vol 1+8(90), No 3, July, 1959, pp 377-395
In the present work functions nomographable on a net and functions
nomog.raphable in a rectangle are considered with the help of continuous
functions and examples are constructed on non-nomographable functions.
In the work sometimes the nomograms themselves are not considered, but
forms dual to them; this makes the presentation easier.
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VI. MEDICINE
Aviation Medicine
63. Psychological Effects of Cosmic Flight
"Psychological Problems of Cosmic Flight.," by K. K. Platono?v
(Moscow), Voprosy Psikhologii, No 3, May Jun 59, pp 56-65.
Results of various surveys conducted in the USSR and in other coun-
tries and of experience accumulated by aviation psychology led the author
of this article to conclude that all the difficulties that a human astro-
naut would encounter in outer space cannot yet be determined precisely.
Psychology, the author of this article states, is contributing to effec-
tive preparation for flights into outer space, and the USSR must integrate
scientific potential and technical know-how in developing space travel
.with other elements of balanced research. Results of various surveys and
experiences have enabled the author of this articlg to compile the follow-
ing working classification of the psychological problems involved: the
effect of cosmic flight conditions on the mental state of the space traveler,
the engineering psychology problems of cosmic flight, and the selection and
training of astronauts. The most specific psychological problems are as
follows: human activity under zero gravity conditions, the effect of danger
and long periods of isolation and confinement on the emotional aspect of
human activity.
References are made in the article to efforts put forth by US personnel
and to studies conducted by Soviet scientists V. S. Gurfinkel', P. K. Isakov,
V. B. Malkin, and V. P. Popov, who conducted experiments in an elevator of the
building which houses Moscow University. They concluded that no basis exists
for assuming that man cannot adjust himself sufficiently to conditions of
changing gravitational pull. A. A. Shternfeld has been paying particular
attention to the study of the speed with which a human astronaut can perform
automatically all necessary movements. He has beeri'stressing the need for
the thorough ground training of flyers in the use of rescue equipment and
in basic principles of survival.
It is suggested in-this article that special attention be paid to or-
ganizing the cabin efficiently and to the special training, education, and
selection of astronauts.
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64. Emotions of Parachutists Reproduced by Hypnosis
"Reproduction of the Emotional States of a Parachutist
by Hypnosis," by L P. Grimak, Voprosy Psikhologii,
No 3, May/Jun 59, Pp 139-142.
The author of this article states that the cardiovascular reaction
and neurologic changes that take place during all stages of parachuting
were studied in five parachutists. This was done by reproducing the
emotional states of these parachutists after a third stage of profound
hypnotic sleep was produced in them by verbal suggestion. On the basis
of preliminary data obtained it was possible to form a good idea of the
emotional neurovascular reaction of the organism of a parachutist from
the time he leaves the airplane to the time he reaches the ground. This
reaction is characterized by a rise in arterial blood pressure and by an
increase in the pulse and respiration rates, the maximum level being
registered during the period just prior to Jumping. All indexes tend to
decrease as soon as the parachutist leaves the airplane and the parachute
opens. These indexes remain above the initial levels, however, after the
parachutist reaches the ground. The existence of the possibility of re-
producing specific emotions under hypnotic conditions was originally con-
ceived by K. I. Platonov.
Bacteriology
65. Method of Collecting Ornithosis Virus
"The Methodology of Entrapping the Ornithosis Virus in the
Droplet Phase," by V. M. Bolotovskiy, Institute of Virology
imeni D. I. Ivanovskiy; Moscow, Voprosy Virusologii, Vol 4,
No 4, Jul/Aug 59, pp 505-508.
An objective of the research described in this article was the testing
of gelatin filters for observing the ornithosis virus in the droplet phase
in the air. The author mentions shortcomings of currently employed methods
and apparatuses (impingers virus samplers, and various types of filters--
membrane, cotton, and foam), which do not permit quantitative analysis of
bacteria and viruses because of the difficulty of removing the organisms
from the filters. This difficulty, the author submits, can be eliminated
by the use of gelatin foam filters.
The technology and materials used in the experiments are described as
follows:
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"Suspensions prepared from the lung tissue of white mice infected with
an ornithosis virus aerosol (strains V and 'Lori') served as virus-contain-
ing materia The titer of the initial virus varied insignificantly (LD50
10-7 to 10- ). The virus aerosol was produced in an IVK-l chamber. A
glass dispersing apparatus was used to obtain a finely dispersed aerosol
(Figure 1). It was established in previous experimental study of aerosol
particle composition with respect to dimensions and time that 60% of the
particles attained a size of not more than one micron within 8 minutes
from the time of dispersal. A dose of virus equal to 10-4 LD50 was with-
drawn for dispersal. The volume of the dispersed material consisted of
one ml.
"Soluble sponge filters of gelatin foam were given to us by Prof S. S.
Rechmenskiy. For trapping the aerosol, the filters were placed in specially
prepared ebonite cartridges (Figure 2) which prevents the air pumped into
the chamber from escaping into the environment. Besides, the possibility
of installing two gelatin filters 3 cm from each other in the cartridge
is afforded. This makes it possible to collect the virus not adsorbed by
the first filter. The filters (with an area of 8 sq cm and a height of
0.5 cm) are installed in special grooves in the cartridges.
"The first aerosol sample was collected 30 minutes after the comple-
tion of dispersal. Subsequent samples were taken at 30-minute intervals.
The aerosol from the chambers was passed through the cartridges with the
filters at a rate of 6.5-6.7 liters per minute. Virus collection was
carried out for 25 minutes. After adsorbing the aerosol, the gelatin
filters were dissolved in a phosphate buffer solution with a pH of 7.17
in a flask with glass beads and a ground stopper. The flask was care-
fully agitated at 370 C until the filter was completely dissolved. The
virus content of the solution, was determined by the intracerebral in-
fection of white mice. The specificity of the disease, after the appear-
ance of clinical manifestations of disease in the experimental animals,
was tested by microscopic examination of mouse brain smears stained by
the Romanowsky method. The absence of extraneous flora (including bac-
terial seedings) and the presence of viral elementary bodies verified
the etiology of the disease."
The results of the experiments are discussed briefly, and a table is
CPYRGHT given. The following conclusions are presented:
"l. Gelatin foam filters are suitable for trapping ornithosis virus
in the droplet phase in the air and afford the possibility of carrying out
a biological test for this virus.
"2. For more complete adsorption of virus in an aerosol state,
samplers with double gelatin filters 3 cm from each other should be used.
"3. In the IVK-1 chamber an ornithosis virus aerosol maintains signi-
ficant biological activity for at least 2 hours (on testing witli gelatin
filters ).11
[Figures referred to by source are not reproduced in this publication.]
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66. Bacterial Penetration of Skin Studied
"Penetration of Microorganisms Through the Skin; Report II:
A Study of Conditions and Routes of Penetration of Micro-
organisms Through Mouse Skin," by A. V. Lizgunova, Chair of
Microbiology, Second Moscow Medical Institute imeni N. I.
Pirogov; Moscow, Byulleten' Eks erimental'no Biologii i
Meditsiny, Vol 24+, No 6, Jun 59, pp 28-32.
The research reported in this article was undertaken to explain the
effects of various physiological conditions on penetration of microorgan-
isms through the skin. In the experiments, performed on mice, the ages of
the animals and nutritional and seasonal factors were taken into consider-
ation. The author mentions that the experiments were not duplicated on
other animals since it is known that the reaction of the epithelial cells
does not depend on the thickness of the epidermis. The following micro-
organisms, pathogenic to mice, were employed: Salmonella typhi murium,
Pneumococcus I, B. anthracoides, Str. haemolyticus, and B. pyocyaneum.
The pathogens were cultured on liquid media. The methodology and results
of the experiments are described in detail. Three photomicrographs show
the extent of penetration of the pathogens into connective and other tis-
sues, and a table summarizes the percentage results of lethal infection.
The most indicative results, obtained in mice killed immediately CPYRGHT
after the experiment, formed the basis for the following conclusions:
"a. Groups of cocci were encountered under separate, sloughed cells
of cutaneous epithelium, in the epithelial stratum, and near the hair fol-
licles (Figure 1).
"b. Microorganisms were observed in the subcutaneous cellular tis-
sue in groups, and granulocytes were encountered with phagocytic micro-
organisms (Figure 2).
"c. Cocci were distributed abundantly in the intercellular spaces
of muscular tissue, in the perivascular lymphatic spaces, and in the
perivascular tissue of the blood vessels (Figure 3).
"A biological reaction to the introduction of microorganisms could
be seen in many histological preparations -- proliferation of the vas-
cular endothelium and leukocytic thrombi in the small vessels. Micro-
organisms were not seen in the lymph node tissues during the observation
period.
"The data presented make it possible to state that the functions of
intact skin as a factor in protection against microorganisms were veri-
fied by histological investigations."
[Figures referred to by source are not reproduced in this publication.]
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Epidemiology
67. Gamasidic Ticks Experimentally Infected With Tick-Borne Encephalitis
Virus
"The Methodology Experimentally Infecting Gamasidic Ticks With
the Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus," by Yu. V. Fedorov, T. A.
Vershinina, and N. I. Igolkin; Moscow, Voprosy Virusologii,
Vol 4, No 4, Jul/Aug 59, p 501.
"With the study of the role of gamasidic ticks in foci of tick-
borne encephalitis, the virus has been isolated from these ticks re-
peatedly (1-2). Regrettably, the authors only approximately indicate
the duration of preservation of the pathogen in the tick organism. The
necessity for experimental laboratory investigation of this group of
arthropods arises. However, no method of infecting gamasidic ticks with
the virus in the laboratory has yet been developed.
"The experimental infection of several species of gamasidic ticks
and results of a study of the duration of the preservation of the virus
in their organisms are presented in this report.
"First, the species of the ticks was determined while it was alive.
For this, the ticks were placed on their backs in a drop of water on a
slide and covered with a cover glass. The determination was made under a
microscope with direct light.
"Special chambers were used to hold the live ticks (3). The chambers
were made of glass tubing with a diameter of 1.7 cm and 17-18 cm in length.
A 2-cm sheet of alabaster served as the bottom of the chamber.-Cotton-gauze
was used to plug the chamber at the top. An oval aperture, which was
covered with caprone fabric, was made at a distance of 1-2 cm from the bot-
tom for natural aeration of the lower part. The chambers containing the
ticks were placed in a vertical position on a damp cloth. The moisture,
dampening the alabaster sheet, created high humidity within the chamber.
"A 10% brain suspension of the 'Sof'in' strain of the tick-borne
encephalitis virus (1 g LD 0 s 8.0) was used to infect the ticks. The
suspension was diluted 50% with defibrinated blood from white mice and
kept in cans at a temperature of 40 C. A capillary tube filled with the
virus-containing suspension was introduced into the chamber to infect the
ticks. For convenience, the capillaries were suspended on threads. The
starved gamasidic ticks, 15-20 of which were distributed in each chamber,
voluntarily ingested the substrate from the capillaries. The capillaries
ere emptied within one day. After a specified' interval (2 days), five
gamasidic ticks were examined for the presence of virus by the introduc-
tion of a suspension prepared from them into mouse brains.
CPYRGHT
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"We succeeded in establishing, by means of the above-described method
of infection, the fact', that the virus is preserved in the organism of the
Haemogamasus mandschuricus tick for 7 days; in Eulaelaps stabularis, for
18 day ; in Haemolaelaps sp., for 14 days; in Haemolaelaps casalis, for 3
days; and in Haemolaelaps glasgowi, for 12 days.
"We consider the suggested method of infecting gamasidic ticks to be
readily available and sufficiently effective."
Hematology
68. Protein and Gamma-Globulin Content of Blood Serum of Frequent Blood
Donors Tested
"Biochemical Changes in the Blood of Donors Who Have Donated
Blood for Long Periods. Report II. The Content of Total
Protein and Gamma-Globulins of the Blood Serum of Donors With
Respect to Sex, Age, Frequency of Blood Donation, and Time
of Year," by G. M. Podrabinnik, Sb. Nauchn. Rabot i Avtoref.
Khabarevskiy In-t Epidemiol. i Gigiyeny (Scientific Works
and Author Abstracts of Khabarovsk Institute of Epidemiology
and Hygiene), 1951-1955 (1957) No 3, pp 65-69 (from Refers- CPYRGHT
tivnyy Zhurnal -- Khimiya, Biolo icheska a Khimi a, No 13,
10 Jul 59, Abstract No 17345., by V. Korzhov)
"The content of total protein and of globulins in the blood serum of
donors is higher in women than in men. In women donors, the total con-
tent of proteins in the serum is 7.54%, while in men it is 7.49%. The
gamma globulin content equals, on the average, 1.087% in women and 1.073%
in men. The protein and gamma globulin content increases with age. After
1-5 blood donations, a decrease in the total protein and gamma globulin
content is noted, but after numerous (15-50 times) donations, the content
of proteins and of globulins is increased, exceeding the average value.
This is observed in donors of both sexes. The maximum blood protein
content is observed in January, and minimum in July and August. An ana-
logous dependence on time of year was noted in the control group which
had not donated blood. For report I see RZhKhim Bkh, 1956, No 20,
19472."
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69. Transitory Effect of Riboflavin on Prolonging Blood Coagulation Time
"The Effect of Riboflavin on Blood Coagulation," by S. G.
Antekar', Laboratory of Pathological Physiology, Institute
of Nutrition, Academy of Medical Sciences USSR; Moscow,
Farmakolo i i Toksikolo 1 a, Vol 22, No 2, Mar/Apr 59,
pp 13 -13 .
The author studied the effect of riboflavin administration on blood
coagulation time in rabbits and concluded that the intravenous and oral
administrat.ion of riboflavin prolongs blood coagulation time. This
effect is transitory and lasts for 3-4 hours. .
70. Chinese Research on Hemopoiesis
"Concerning the Determination and Differentiatio of B1 od
Anlage in Cynops orienta lis," by Tseng Mi-pai
Institute of Experimental Biology, Academia Sin ca; Pe ping.,
Shih- en-shen -wu Hsueh- ao (Acta Biologicae Experimentalis
Sinica), Vol 6, No 2, Dec 58, pp 111-128.
The author mentions a previous paper (Vol 5, No 2, 1956) in which he
and coauthor Chuang Hsiao-hui reported observations on the pluripotency
of the blood anlage in early neurula. They had found that blood anlage
explanted together with dorsal structures such as the notochord and the
vertebral canal eventually differentiated into only a very few mature
blood cells and sometimes none at all. Their observations, corroborat-
in~ those of Muchmore (1951), Fernald (1943), and others, indicated that
the blood anlage in pearly neurula could be induced by external factors to
,change its direction of self-differentiation and become mesodermal struc-
tures other than blood cells. They called this characteristic "labile
[embryonic] determination."
In the present paper the author reports the details of further experi-
ments undertaken to elucidate when and how the blood anlage becomes stabi-
lized in its determination and whether the endoderm plays any role in its
differentiation, as others have theorized.
The Cynops orientalis embryos used were grown in the author's labora-
tory and were all neurulae. From the results of the experiments, Tseng
draws the following conclusions:
The blood anlage in early neurula is labilely determined. It will dif-
ferentiate into typical mature blood cells only under normal (in vivo) con-
ditions. Under experimental conditions when the environment of the in vitro
culture is neutral or without formative stimuli -- in an epithelial vesicle,
for instance, blood cells resulting from self-differentiation of blood an-
lage remain in the early developmental stage and cannot develop into typical,
mature blood cells. When subjected to various external influences, the blood
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anlage will deviate from its direction of self-differentiation and develop
into. different kinds of tissue. The blood anlage gradually becomes stab-
ilized in its determination in later stages of neurula.
Endoderm plays no role in the differentiation of blood cells, and its
absence will not cause degeneration of blood cells, at least not under
the conditions of the author's experiments: The reason that explanted
blood anlage cannot differentiate into typical, mature blood cells should
be sought in disturbances of metabolism due to the absence of circulation.
Immunology and Therapy
71. Combined Enteric Vaccines
"Dry Vaccines Against Enteric Infections" (unsigned article);
Moscow, Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, No 62, 4 Aug 59, p 3.
A brief newspaper item states that scientific associates at the Experi-
mental Laboratory and Division of Vaccines of the State Scientific Control
Institute of Medical Biological Preparations have developed a method of pre-
paring dry, combined vaccines for the prophylaxis of enteric infections,
including typhus, paratyphus, and dysentery.
"The vaccine is prepared from bacteria killed with acetone, alcohol,
or heat, and dried by lyophilization. The dry vaccines are far superior
to liquid preparations, they do not lose their immunogenic properties for
several years, are not subject to temperature effects, and are easily trans-
ported.
"The Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology imeni N. F. Gamaleya,
Academy of Medical Sciences USSR, has developed methods of preparing the
dry vaccines under industrial conditions."
CPYRGHT
72. Chinese Treat Epidemic Meningitis
"Treatment of Epidemic Meningitis by a Chinese Traditional
Medicine Method," by Chu Tao-Shu, Ch hua Erh-k'o_Tsa-
chih, (Chinese Journal of Pediatrics), No 1, 1959, pF710
from Meditsinskiy Referativnyy Zhurnal, No 8, Aug 59, p 116)
"Sixty-three children with epidemic meningitis were 'treated by Chinese
traditional medicine methods from February to June 1958. The disease pro-
ceeded with a specific clinical picture and characteristic changes in the
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cerebrospihal.fluid in all the patients. Meningococcus was isolated
after seeding cerebrospinal fluid from 1E9 patients. In the majority of
the patients, the clinical symptoms disappeared in 2-6 days, and the
cerebrospinal fluid returned to normal in 6-10 days. Seventy out of
73 patients (95.9%) recovered; three died."
Physiology
73. Vibration Sickness
"Vibration Sickness," by A. S. Mel'kumova, Information
Bulletin of the Moscow Scientific Research Institute
imeni F. F. Erisman, 1958, 16, 35-1+5 (from Meditsinskiy
Referativnyy Zhurnal, No 5, May 59, p 23).
"The clinical course, the pathogenesis, and the mechanism of forma-
tion and prevention of vibration sickness caused by local localized vibra-
tion are discussed. The symptomatology of vibration sickness, arising as
result of over-all high-frequency vibration, the course of vibration sick-
ness, diagnosis, therapeutic-preventive measures, and problems of capacity
for work and work organization are explained."
71+. Blood Picture in Vibration Sickness
"On the Problem of the Morphological and Biochemical Changes
in the Blood During Vibration Sickness," by N. N. Pushkina
and L. B. Yushkevich, Information Bulletin of the Moscow Sci-
entific Research Institute imeni F. F. Erisman, 1958, 16,
47-3) 48 (from Meditsinskiy Referativnyy Zhurnal, No 5, May 59,
p
"Symptoms of vibration sickness were established in 89 out of 198
workers exposed to vibration. The hemoglobin, number of erythrocytes,
leukocytes, leukocytic formula, and the sugar, cholesterin, bilirubin,
creatine, uric acid, protein fractions) and ascorbic acid content in
the blood were ascertained. A mild form of leukocytosis was found to
xist in patients suffering from vibration sickness; in pronounced
stages there was a tendency toward hypoglycemia."
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75. Effect of Oxygen Under Pressure on Blood Circulation
"Utilization of Na24 in the Study of Blood Circulation
During Respiration Under Increased Pressure," by V. S.
Garfinkel', D. I. Ivanov, A. Ye. Ivanov, and V. B.
Malkin, Scientific Research Institute of Aviation Medi-
cine; Moscow, Biofizika, No 4, 1959, pp 498-503.
The authors of this article state that results of their experiments
with 17 healthy men, ranging in age from 20 to 30, showed that increased
oxygen pressure in the respiratory organs leads to normal changes in the
dynamics of the blood flow in the tissues. The extent of these changes
differs in different individuals: a relatively low oxygen pressure (10
millimeters of mercury) in the mask causes a distinct drop in intensity
of the blood flow in some people; in the majority of people experimented
with, however, similar changes were noted only when the pressure is much
greater (20 millimeters of mercury). Special garments, which create
mechanical counterpressure on the body, ' bring about a positive effect.
This effect becomes less pronounced when the oxygen pressure in the mask
is 50 millimeters of mercury and higher.
The authors of this article do not claim that the information obtained
by them as a result of their experiments presents a complete picture of the
changes which take place in hemodynamics during respiration under increased
pressure. The picture is only fragmentary and may offer -certain views which
may be helpful in future studies. They do think that the study made of the
"topography" of circulation is important and that the state of vascular
tonus, a factor in ensuring normal circulation of the blood, is particularly
important.
Blood circulation was studied by injecting radioactive sodium, Na24,
using the G. Kety method. This method made it possible to study not only
cardiovascular insufficiency when the development of symptoms of conges-
tion had not yet become visibly apparent, but also made it possible to
evaluate the extent of the changes in hemodynamics.
76. Synthetic Method of Determining Arterial Pressure
"The Principles of Determining Arterial Pressure Standards,""
by Prof Ya. A. Rosin; Moscow, Klinicheskaya Meditsina, No 7,
Jul 59, pp 63-66.
The author of this article states that an interest in determining
the standards for arterial pressure was stimulated by the widespread in-
cidence of hypertensive vascular disease. Such standards are usually
established on the basis of separate statistical calculations for systolic
and diastolic pressure. This method contradicts the physiological concep-
tion of arterial pressure and does' not -meet the clinical requirements.
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The author of this article advocates a synthetic method. With the aid of
a simple diagram, synthetic analysis makes it possible to determine the
actual distribution of any relationship which exists between systolic and
diastolic pressure as elements of a single process. This method also
helps to reveal the distribution of arterial pressure at separate zones.
77. Arterial Pressure Studied Under Mountain Conditions
"The Effect of Mountainous Conditions on the Arterial Pressure,"
by Prof M. E. Efendiyev, S. M. Bedalova, and D. K. fkhundov,
Chair of Preliminary Instruction in Internal Diseases, Azerayd-
zhan Medical Institute imeni N. Narimanov; Moscow, Klinicheskaya
Meditsina, No 7, Jul 59, Pp 59-62.
The authors of this article state that they have no conclusive evi-
dence to indicate that residence in mountain resort areas normalizes
arterial pressure. Information found in the literature and results of
their experiments with people prompts them, however, to state with rea-
sonable assurance that a mountain climate contributes to normalization
of arterial pressure. In their opinion, rest in areas of high elevation
should have a definite place in the treatment and prevention of hyper-
tensive vascular diseases of the first and second stages in patients
who show no symptoms of any circulatory disturbance.
78. Supersonic Perception of Bata
"Morphological Bases of Location and Supersonic Character-
istics of the Bat," by V. P. Zvorykin, Brain Institute,
Academy of Medical Sciences USSR; Moscow-Leningrad, Arkhiv
Anatomii, Gistologii, i Embriologii, No 5, May 59, Pp 19-31
The author of this article states that results of the comparative
study and measurement of the auditory analysor system in humans and bats
revealed unique dimensions and great complexity in the structure of the
subcortical auditory analysor formations in bats as compared with those
in humans.
Different parts of the auditory analysor system (with the exception
of the corpus geniculatum interns) are 6-100 times larger in bats than
similar formations in humans in relation to the brain stem cross section.
However, it was established that these features are pecui.iar not to the
whole auditory subcortex, but only to parts of it which are located below
the corpus geniculatum interna. The corpus geniculatum interns does not
possess the above-mentioned morphological features, which are characteristic
of humans.
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The data obtained suggept that humans lack the ability to perceive
ultrasounds because their cochlear organs are complex and the auditory
cortex attains the highest degree of differentiation. The supersonic
characteristics of the substratum in bats are located in the auditory
subcorticai region, which is the area most distant from the cortex.
Public Health, Hygiene, and Sanitation
79. Problems of Medical Science
"Urgent Problems Confronting Medical Science in the Light
of Resolutions of the 21st Congress of the Communist Party
of the Soviet Union," by Academician A. N. Bakulev, president
of the Academy of Medical Sciences USSR; Moscow, Klinicheskaya
Meditsina, No 7, Jul 59, pp 3-6.
The author of this article states that the Communist Party of the
Soviet Union and the Soviet government have been allocating huge sums of
money for research in medicine. Several new scientific research insti-
tubes have been organized within the framework of the Academy of Medical
Sciences USSR within the past 5 years. Huge sums of money are allocated
each year for equipment and capital construction. The author remarks
that it is the duty of Soviet medical scientists to respond to the gov-
ernment's action by performing new, notable deeds in scientific medical
research.
The 21st Party Congress has approved a program for building Communism:
the Seven-Year Plan (l959-3`5) for the development of the national economy.
The responsibility that th. 21st Congress placed on the Soviet public health
service and Soviet medical science is of great national significance.
Any success achieved ir..socialist construction in the USSR would bring
about improved living conditions and a higher level of cultural development
to the Soviet population. This, in turn, should bring about a steady im?-
nrovement in the Soviet public health service. Soviet medical scientists
must advance to new lines from which they may continue their fight against
many communicable diseases. The main problems with which agencies of the
Soviet public health service will have to deal are as followt,: eradication
of a number of communicable diseases and a drastic reduction in the inci-
dence of all parasitic diseases; a considerable reduction in the incidence
of the diseases which cause the greatest number of deaths; further effort
toward the preservation of the health of children; and a decrease in absen-
teeism from work caused by some temporary or permanent disability.
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The presidium of the Academy of Medical Sciences USSR has recently
proposed a clearly defined program to be followed by medical scientists
and public health service agencies during the next 7 years. The presi-
dium noted that sufficient facilities now exist for the eradication of
at least the endemic form of such diseases as malaria, dysentery, enteric
fever, and typhus. Greater efforts must be made to achieve a sharp re-
duction in the incidence of poliomyelitis, tick-borne encephalitis,
ascariasis, and tularemia. A possibility exists to reduce the incidence
of such diseases as whooping cough, epidemic parotitis, tuberculosis,
brucellosis, Q fever, and other infections. It is recognized that addi-
tional experimental work and an increase in facilities will be necessary.
Medical scientists must concentrate more on those diseases which
cannot be easily controlled, such as tonsillitis, influenza, infectious
hepatitis, measles, scarlet fever, chicken pox, and German measles.
Study of the diseases of the cardiovascular system and malignant neoplasms
is currently of primary importance. They are responsible not only for
temporary disability, but also cause permanent disability and death.
Very little is known bout the prevention and treatment of cardio-
vascular diseases. Further study must be conducted to determine the
pathogenesis and clinical course of hypertension, rheumatic disease of
the heart, atherosclerosis, coronary insufficiency,-myocardial infarc-
tion, and diseases of the cerebral and peripheral vessels. Methods must
be found for the quick diagnosis and proper treatment 'of diseases of-the
cardiovascular system, and to connect the clinical study of cardiology
more closely with experimental work to determine the mechanisms of compen-
sation, disturbance in blood circulation, and heart muscle metabolism.
The solution of many problems connected with the pathology of the cardio-
vascular system is closely connected with further progress in morphology,
physiology, biochemistry, general pathology, microbiology, and surgery.
Research conducted for the past 20-25 years has not led to the solu-
tion of the problem of malignant neoplasms. I7-s addition to the need for
finding new antibiotics and chemotherapeutic drugs, it is necessary to
carry on more intensive research in the field of the etiology of malignant
neoplasms, and to make a'thorough study of the cancerogenic factors in-
volved. The Scientific Council on Cancer was recently added to the presi-
dium of the Academy of'lbdical Sciences USSR.
The vigorous growth of the chemical industry in the USSR, projected
by the May plenum of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, makes the
study of industrial hygiene and occupati,onal.diseases quite stimulating.
Knowledge of the toxic effects of new compounds and the utilization of
mechanical processes in the chemical industry must be directed toward
reducing occupational injuries to a minimum. It is necessary to define
the maximum permissible limits of concentration for toxic substances in
the environment and to formulate instructions and rules for the safe
handling of these substances. Knowledge of the physiology of work is
especially significant at present because of the increasing mechanization
and automatization of industry.
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The law passed by the Supreme Soviet USSR, which deals with "strength-
ening the tie between school and life and further development of the system
of public education in the USSR," creates a whole series of problems which
must be solved by medical science.
Recognizing that the training and preservation of the health of ado-
lescents is important, the presidium of the Academy of Medical Sciences
USSR has decided recently to organize an Institute of Child Hygiene and
Adolescent Hygiene within the framework of the Academy of Medical Sciences
USSR.
New channels for the development of biological sciences have been
opened as a result of the rapid growth of chemistry, physics, and elec-
tronics. Achievements in various scientific fields have made it possible
to approach a more profound understanding of the functions of various '
organs and tissues. The latest 'achievements in electronics and radiology
are helping to explain the most minute changes that develop in cells and
tissues during various pathological processes.
Successful research in physiology, according to this article, must
be built on the foundation of classical Pavlovian methods of study of
conditioned reflex activity. Research must be continued also to deter-
mine the mechanism of the most complicated unconditioned reflexes inso-
far as interrelationship between the.cortex and subcortex, dynamic local-
ization of functions, etc. are concerned.
The recently held 13th Session of the General Assembly of the Academy
of Medical Sciences USSR examined the principal problems that confront
medical science in-the light of resolutions of the 21st Congress of the
CPSU. Broad exchange of ideas and discussions by directors of scientific
research institutes, both active and corresponding members of the Academy
of Medical Sciences USSR, and chairmen of scientific councils of ministries
of health of the union republics demonstrated that Soviet scientists and
scientific research establishments will easily handle well the-tasks placed
before them.
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80. Trichloroisocyanuric Acid, an Effective Sporocide and Bactericide
"Certain Data on the Sporocidal and Bactericidal Effects
of Trichloroisocyanuric Acid," by E. P. Chenchikova and
V. V. Shavyrina, Central Scientific Research Disinfection
Institute; Moscow, Zhurnal Mikrobiolo ii E idemiolo ii i
Immunobiologii, No 6, Jun 59, pp d2-86.
The bactericidal and sporocidal effects of trichloroisocyanuric acid
were studied by means of cambric test-objects. The bactericidal effect of
trichloroisocyanuric acid was more than 10 times greater than that of chlo-
ramine in the case of E. coli and 50 times greater for Staphylococcus
aureus. A 0.3% solution of trichloroisocyanuric acid killed anthracoid
spores in 10-15 minutes, whereas a 10% solution of chloramine did not ex-
hibit a sporocidal effect for 6 hours.
The bactericidal action of trichloroisocyanuric acid solutions was
greater than that of chloramine, calcium hypochlorite, and chlorinated lime
with equal percentages of active chlorine in these solutions.
Trichloroisocyanuric acid possesses the following advantages over
other chlorine-containing disinfectants: it contains a greater quantity
of active chlorine, it exhibits stronger sporocidal activity, and it is
more effective at equal quantities of active chlorine.
The authors urge further study of trichloroisocyanuric acid to bring
it into common use.
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Radiology
81. Two Upper Oxygen Limits in Reactions Which Follow Radiation Injury
"Concerning the Upper Oxygen Limit of the Reactions Which
Follow Radiation Injury," by K. D. Kalantarov; Moscow,
Meditsinskaya Radiologiya, Vol 4, No 6, Jun 59, p 89
The study of the effect of oxygen on the radiosensitivity of organ-
isms and tissues is very important in explaining not only the mechanisms
of radiation injury, but also is of interest to radiologists in connec-
tion with radiotherapy of various neoplasms. Recently, attempts have
been made to increase the radiosensitivity of tumor tissues by methods
which somehow raise the concentration of oxygen in cancerous tissues.
However, this problem of increased oxygen content on radiosensitivity
has not been studied in detail, especially from the quantitative view-
point.
In a report on microorganisms published earlier by the author (K.
D. Kalantarov) Biofizika, Vol 1, 1958), it was shown that the relation-
ship of radiation injury to cxygen is quite complex. Following the
irradiation of yeast cells under conditions of different oxygen pres-
sure, an upper oxygen limit of radiation injury was observed. The
existence of this phenomenon was deduced from the fact that increasing
oxygen pressure raised the radiosensitivity to a definite limit, but
that any further increase produced a paradoxical effect, i.e., the
injury began to decrease.
In the research discussed in this article, the author conducted
further studies on this topic. Yeast cells were irradiated by 200,000 r
and incubated at different oxygen pressures (100, 200, 300, 400, 500,
600, and 700 mm Hg). Two maximum peaks of radiation injury were ob-
served: one at 100 in Hg and the other at 700 mm Hg.
The author explains the probable chain reactions and reasons for
this phenomenon and recommends further study of this subject.
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82. Effect of Oxygen Pressure on Acute Radiation Sickness
"The Effect of Different Oxygen Pressures in the Inhaled
Air on-the Course of Acute Radiation Sickness Under Ex?-
perimental Conditions," by N. M. Romanyuk (Kiev); Moscow,
Meditsinskaya Radtologiya, Vol 4, No 6, Jun 59, p 88
There is no single opinion in literature concerning the effect of
various oxygen pressures in the inhaled air on the course of radiation
sickness under experimental conditions. There are indications, however,
that in this sickness the oxidation processes in an animal organism are
decreased. In view of these differences of opinion, tests were conducted
on the effect of decreased and increased oxygen partial pressure in the
surrounding air on the course of radiation sickness.
The experimental animals were subjected to a single X-ray dose of
1,000 r, and a group of the animals was subjected to decreased oxygen
partial pressure, i.e.,, were placed daily for 3.-4 hours in a Kalabukov-
type vessel in which oxygen partial pressure was 8-L0% and carbonic acid
was 0.2%. The other group of experimental animals was placed daily for
4-5 hours under 40-45% oxygen partial pressure. A table summarizes the
amount of oxygen in mm absorbed per hour per 100 g of animal body
weight before and after irradiation under decreased and increased oxygen
partial pressure.
Results indicate that oxygen consumption was decreased-'in all of
the animals after irracLtation. The amount of oxygen consumed by animals
maintained at high oxygen partial pressure was slightly higher than
that of the control group, and higher than that of the group maintained
at low oxygen partial pressure. The average life duration was 4.52 days
for the control animals., 6.1 days for the animals under high oxygen
partial pressure (40-45%), and 4.2 days for the animals under low
r xygen partial pressuure.
83. Distribution of Promethium in Rat Organs
"Data on the Distribution of Pm147," by Yu. I. Moskalev;
.Mosco Med -itsinskaya Radiologya, Vol 4, No 6, Jun 59,
CPYRGHT
Promethium (Pm1?47) is one of the products of uranium fission. It
is selectively deposited in the liver (.v 50%), and skeleton (.~ 30%),
and it is almost unabsorbed from the gastrointestinal tract ( < 0.050).
This research concerns the behaviox-of promethium in other organs, its
d.11,stribution and rate of elimination.
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Tests were conducted on 20 white rats to which a suspension of rare
earth metals, Pm147 (95%), Eu155 (3-5%), and Sm153 (1-2%), which emit
soft beta-radiation, was administered intravenously. Two tables present,
data on the Pm147 content and concentration (in terms of percent of the
quantity administered per weight of organ) in organs of rats at various
periods after its intravenous administration, and one table summarizes
the percentage of its elimination.
Results of this research show that Pmi47 distribution is similar to
that of La140 and Ce144 (Yu. I. Moskalev, 1955). All these elements are
selectively deposited in the liver and skeleton and are essentially
eliminated with the feces, They are almost completely retained by the
skeleton. There are certain differences in the distribution of these
elements. In contrast to Ce144 and La140,' 10-15% less Pm147 is deposited
in the liver and 10% more Pmi47 is deposited in the skeleton. This ob-
servation is in good agreement with the results reported by Durbin,
Williams, Gee, Neuman, and Hamilton (1956), who state that the light
lanthanides (I,a, Ce, Pr, and Nd), which have basic properties, are
deposited chiefly in the liver (68-42%) and to a lesser degree in the
skeleton (17-25%), while the heavy lanthanides (Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tu,
Yb, and Lu), which have acidic properties, are deposited chiefly in the
skeleton (55-68%) and to a lesser degree in the liver (4-16%) Pm, Sm,
Eu, and Gd occupy an intermediate position."
84. Toxic Substances Formed as a Result of Ionizing Radiation in Vivo
and in Vitro
"Concerning 'Toxic' Substances Which Appear in the Blood
of Animals After the Action of Ionizing Radiation," by
N. N. Kuznetsova, Tr. In-ta Genet A. N. SSSR (Works of
the Institute of Genetics, Academy of Sciences USSR),
1958s No 24, pp 446-451; (from Referativny Zhurnal --
Biologiya, No 3, 10 Feb 59, Abstract No 133d bp by A. D.
Zh.)
"Blood samples were taken from 53 donor mice one hour after total
body X.--irradiation by 1,500, 2,000, and 4,000 r. This blood was citrated
and administered intravenously to recipient mice in 0.2 ml quantitigs.
No le?ukopenia was observed, but leukocytosis developed in all cases..
Negative results were obtained also from the administration to mice, of
horse and mouse serum irradiated by 10,000 r in vitro. After the ad-
ministration of 0.2 ml of blood from animals that were irradiated by
1,500, 2,000, and 4,000 r, the number of thrombocytes increased. The
administration of the blood of nonirradiated animals caused a decrease
in the number of thrombocytes. Following the subcutaneous administration
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of 0.4 ml of serum from mice irradiated by 1,000 r, the results were
analogous to those obtained by the transfusion of citrated blood. The
formation of 'toxic' substances as a result of the irradiation of
animals and as a result of the effect of irradiation on serum in vitro
is postulated."
85. Genetic Effects of Small Doses of Ionizing Radiation Reviewed
"The Genetic Effect of Small Doses of Ionizing Radiation,"
by N. I. Shapiro, Institute of Biological Physics, Academy
of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Meditsinskaya Radiologiya, Vol 4,
No 2, Feb 59, pp 67-77..
This article reviews the problem of possible genetic sequelae of
the action of ionizing radiations on man; the information is taken from
Soviet and non-Soviet sources. The author summarizes the subject under
the following subheadings: Certain Reasons for Considering the Problems
of the.Genetic Effect of Radiations; Possible Genetic Sequelae From
Nuclear Weapon Testing; Medical and Radiological Studies and the Genetic
Effect of Radiations; Permissible Doses and the Effect of Radiation on
Heredity; Somatic Mutations and Their Role in the Genetic Effect of
Radiations; and the Prophylaxis and Therapy of Genetic Sequelae of Ir-
radiation.
86. Cytogenetic Effect of Small Doses of Ionizing Radiations on Rodents
and Monkeys
"Concerning the Cytogenetic Effect of Small Doses of Ionizing
Radiation on Mammals," by V. Parkhit'ko; Moscow, Atomnaya
Energiya, Vol 6, No 6, Jun 59, pp 690-691
The following is the summary of a talk between the author, special
correspondent to Atomnaya Energiya, and Yu. Ya. Kerkis of the Institute
of Cytology and Genetics, Sibirsk Department, Academy of Sciences USSR.
The effect of small doses of ionizing radiation on the heredity of
higher organisms, including man, is very important. Experimental re-
search of recent years indicates that there is no threshold for the
genetic effect of radiation. Therefore, the earth's background radia-
tion deserves special consideration.
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The radiation-genetic sensitivity of various mammals to the same
dose is of special interest not only for understanding the initial
mechanism of the genetic effects of radiation, but also for developing
rational protective measures. With regard to mammals, the problem of
the existe:ice of a parallelism between the degree of general sensitivity
of an organism to radiation and the sensitivity of the chromosome ap-
paratus of the sex cells and of the somatic cells is especially signifi-
cant. Tests conducted on guinea pigs, rabbits, mice, and rats have
shown that of the total number of changes arising due to the effect of
radiation, a significant portion are in the form of chromosome recon-
structions, i.e., bridges and fragments are seen in the anaphase stages
of mitosis.
Research conducted on the cytogenetic effect of a dose of 4 r to
establish a possible minimum effective dose proves that there is a
species specificity toward the effect of X rays on the sex cells of
rodents: the most sensitive are guinea pigs, then rats, rabbits, and
finally mi`ce.
According to the research by G. G. Tinyakov and M. A. Arsen'yeva,
chromosome reconstructions were demonstrated in the sex cells of
monkeys 2 years after irradiation. In guinea pigs, the disturbances
caused by doses of a few roentgens may be preserved for a significant
portion of the period of sex activity. Furthermore, a comparison of
the radiosensitivity of the sex cells of monkeys and mice toward 150
and 400 r doses indicates a higher radiosensitivity in the hereditary
structures of the monkeys. In guinea pigs the frequency of chromosome
reconstruction caused by the effect of the same dose of radiation is
50-100 times that of rabbits. All these results indicate that the
cytogenetic effect of radiation depends not only on the magnitude of
the dose but also on the cytological characteristics of the organism
being irradiated.
Data obtained at the laboratories of this same institute are of
great interest since they demonstrate the necessity for continuing to
work on the detailed study of radiation sensitivity of man's structures
of heredity. At present, one of the possible methods for this study
is the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the sequelae of ioniz-
ing radiation effects on cell nuclei in human tissue cultures. The
laboratory will also conduct its research for 1959 along these lines.
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87. Treatment of Skin Radiation Injuries With Fibrin Films
"The Problem of Using Fibrin Films in Radiation Injuries
of the External.Inte,ument," by S. N. Allaverdyan, G. T.
Grigoryan, Te. Kh. Sarkisyan, and S. A. Mazmanyan, Sci-
entific Research Institute of Blood Transfusion imeni
Prof R. 0. Yeolyan, Ministry of Health Armenian SSR,
Scientific Research Institute of Roentgenology, Radiol-
ogy,: and Oncology, Ministry of Health Armenian SSR, and
the Republic Oncological Dispensary; Moscow, Meditsinskaya
Radiologiya, Vol 4, No 2, Feb 59, pp 63-66
The use of radiation energy in therapy often causes a significant
amount of injury to healthy tissue. Changes caused by the effect of
radiation can be so great that they can bring about undesirable compli-
cations (dermatitis, uJ.,cers, indurative edemas, etc.) which limit, in a
number of cases, the use of radiation energy for therapeutic purposes.
In the research reported in this article, the authors attempted to
discover ways of preventing the onset of complications and to treat the
injuries resulting from radiation therapy.
Results of the treatment of 50 patients with :'.grin films after
deep X-ray therapy were favorable both in superficial and deep injuries
with regard to alleviation of pain, shortening of the period of healing,
prevention of secondary infections, and improvement of nutrition of the
affected area. Fibrin films can be preserved for long periods, and the
method of treatment is simple.
88. Postgraduate Course in Medical Radiology Recommended for'.Physicians
"The Problem of Training Personnel in Medical Radiology in
Institutes for the Advanced Training of Physicians" (under
study), by V. A. Ankudinov, Central Institute for the Ad-
vanced Training of Physicians; Moscow, Meditsinskaya Radio-
logiya, Vol 4, No 2, Feb 59, pp 80-85
The development of medical radiology and the extensive use of
atomic energy in various fields require special preparation of medical
;personnel doing diagnostic and therapeutic work and require the plan-
ning of work conditions for people who come in contact with ionizing
radiations.
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The following program is recommended by the Central Institute for
the Advanced Training of Physicians, in Moscow:
An advanced-training cycle in clinical radiology, 3 months (4 months
for specialization); this includes 104 hours of lectures and 364 hours
of practical experience.
An advanced training cycle on the use of radioactive isotopes in
biology and medicine 2 months (67 hours of lectures and 240 hours of
practical experience).
An advanced training cycle on radiation hygiene, 3 months (164
hours of lectures and 304 hours of practical experience).
Each of these three subdivisions of medical radiology is explained
separately and in detail, and various tables outline the pertinent
components of the courses. The author presents the following conclu-
sions :
1. The specialization and advanced training of physicians in
medical radiology must be directed along three lines: clinical radiol-
ogy,: use of radioactive isotopes in biology and medicine, and radia-
tion hygiene.
2. Regardless of the main direction of all course cycles, it is
necessary to include the training of personnel in nuclear physics and
dosimetry, radiology, radiation therapy, and labor protection.
3. The selection of the basic direction is determined by the spe-
cialty of the physician.
4. For the successful specialization and advanced training of
physicians in medical radiology, the -Proper assembling of the course
cycles is essential.
5. Compulsory teaching of radiology for at least 7? hours, with
the sr,&cific nature of each course cycle taken into account, should be
introduced into the program of specialization and advanced training
of roentgenologists, therapists, and surgeons.
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Surgery
89. Surgical Application of Electronic Devices
"Cybernetics in Surgery," by A. A. Vishnevskiy, L. L. Shik,
and B. I. Khodorov, Eksperimental'naya ?{hirurgiya, 1959,
1, 6-11 (USSR) (from Medltsinskiy Referativnyy Zhurnal)
No 7, Jul 59, p 3)
"The great progress which has been made in the physicomathematical
sciences and in technology will entail and bring about serious shifts in
the realm of medicine. in connection with the progress made in cyber-
netics, it is possible to expect that technology will come to the aid
of medicine in a number of processes associated with the mental activity
of a physician. Surgery offers a fertile field for utilization of elec-
tronic computing and control devices. The need for such devices is
deterin'ned by the e cbraordtnary nature of surgery itself, which is often
conducted under circumstances in which not hours or minutes, but seconds,
determine the success or failure of operative procedures used. Indi-
vidual examples are given in the article of those possibilities which
become clear in the light of the progress made in cybernetics."
Veterinary Medicine
90. New Method for Preserv_'na Animal Semen
"Drying -- a New Method for Preserving the Semen of Animals,"
by Candidate of Biological Sciences N. Yushchenko; Moscow,
Naulzl i Per. ed.ovoy C7pyt v Sel'skom Khozyaystve, No 3, Mar 59,
pig
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lmpraving the application and the search for new methods for
the long-term preservation of semen of agricultural livestock is one
of the real, problems in the biology of breeding. Much theoretical
and practical. interest has been evinced in preserving semen in the
dry state.
Between 1951+ and 1957 in the Department of Biology of Livestock
Breeding of the All-Union.. Scientific Research Institute of Animal
Husbandry, which is under the scientific leadership of Academician
V. K. Milovanov, experiments have been conducted on drying semen
obtained from bulls, rams.,, and rabbits . The author claims to be
able for the first time to keep alive a small number of dried sperma-
tozoa after storage for a long time under vacuum, and has succeeded
in preserving the ability of these spermatozoa to fertilize.
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From nine experiments involving 55 rabbits, three tests showed
positive results. A total of 41 rabbits were born as a result of in-
semination by dried, 62-day stored spermatozoa, the longest time
reported.
Miscellaneous
91. Medical Research in RSFSR During 1958
"In the Ministry of Health RSFSR" (unsigned article);
Moscow, Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, 7 Jul 59
At a meeting of the members of the Ministry of Health RSFSR, Prof
D. A. Zhdanov, chairman of the Scientific Medical Council of the Ministry
of Health RSFSR, reported that during 1958 scientific research was con-
ducted in 47 medical vuzes (higher educational institutions) and 73 sci-
entific research institutes under the Ministry of Health RSFSR. Nearly
14,000 scientific associR; es were engaged in research in laboratories,
clinics, libraries, etc. DuxIng the year, 84 doctor's and 533 candidate's
dissertations were completed, and 141 monographs, 184 collections of
scientific works, and 35 texts were published.
It, was also pointed out at the meeting that during 1958 there was
considerable curtailment of research on nutritional hygiene and the
hygiene of agricultural labor. Prof A. I. Nesterov and Prof S. N.
Cherkinskiy indicated in their reports that interest in the development
of the problems of prophylaxis cf enteric, cardiovascular, and other
diseases had decreased during 1958.
92. Statistical Data on Outpatient Establishments and Dispensaries of
se USSR
"Statistical Data" (unsigned article); Moscow, Sovetskoye
Zdravookhraneniye, Plc 8, Aug 59, pp 59-64
Statistical data prepared by the Division of Medical Statistics,
Ministry of Health USSR, give the number of outpatient establishments
and dispensaries of the USSR in the following categories as of 1958:
Antituberculosis establishments total number, 5, 562, of which
1,254 are dispensaries.
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Skin-venerealogical establishments (rural and urban) -- total
number, 5,619, of which 615 are dispensaries.
Ontological establishments (rural and urban) -- total number,
1.,1198) of which 225 are dispensaries.
First-aid medical stations (rural and urban) -- total number,
1,889.
Medical-physical culture dispensaries and dispensary departments
(rural and urban) --? total niunber, 1,160.
Public health points (independent units and those which are part
of other establishments) including medical public health points --
total number, 7,262; and feldsher public health points -- total number,
15,596.
Feldsher-midwife stations and kolkhoz lying-in-homes in rural
areas, including feldsher-midwife stations -- total number, 73,993;
and kolkhoz lying-in.-homes -- total number, 11,1i'?i.
93. 27th AU-Union Congress of Surgeons To Be Convened in 1960 in
Moscow
"On the Convocation of the 27th All-Union Congress of
Surgeons" (unsigned article); Moscow, Meditsinskiy
Rabotnik, 28 Aug 59
The Board of the All-Union Society of Surgeons has announced that
the 27th All-Union Congress of Surgeons will be held in Moscow from
12 to 18 May 1960.
The program will include problems concerned with the diseases and
injuries of the esophagus (excluding cancer); conservative and surgical
treatment of endarteritis; pathogenesis, clinical course, and treatment
of burns; and bone tumors. The congress will also take up organizational
issues, elect the board of directors, etc.
:Enquiries should be sent to the Organizational Committee, Moscow
G-21, Tepiyy per., 16.
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94. Soviet Infectious Diseases Institutes fleorganized
"Reorganization of Scientific Research Institutes" (unsigned
article); Moscow, 111edit:si:askiy Rabotnik, 1 Sep 59
The Ministry of Health USSR has decided to reorganize a number of
scientific research ins.tit'.1tes. As of 1 January 1960 the Institute of
Virology, Academy of Medical Sciences USSR, will be restricted to con-
ducting research only on influenza and other respiratory diseases, as
well as on problems of general virology.
The Institute [fo_ the study] of Poliomyelitis [Academy of Medical
Sciences USSR] will be renrai,m,.d tare Institute of Ncuroinfections (In-
stitut 1,1eyroinfektsiy) amid will have winder its Jurisdiction all labora-
tories concerned with thr r?t'ar'ly of neuroinfections which have been under
the Institute of Virology.
The Institute of Rp.dam.ol.ogy and. Microbiology, Ministry of Health
RSFSR, will be reorguni col into the Institute of Children's Infections
(Institute Detskikh Infektsiy) amid will be concerned with the study of
diphtheria, whooping cough, s;;a_let fever, etc.
95. Lenin's Concept; of tita heria'! :;.smr~. and Empiriocriticism
"Philosophical Problem:; n Nat;u,al Science and Medicine,"
by M. Mirskiy (a :Yreo: e L ca], conference devoted to the
discussion of the br.,1.11arst work of V. I. Lenin entitled
Materialism and Dnplriorrt;,icisml; Moscow, Meditsinskiy
Rabotnik, 15 May 7959, p
from the most important discove4.es in natural sciences."
The author of th 1s axt.cle reports that a theoretical conference
arranged by the Proletsrsk.y Rayon Party Committee and the Chair of
Philosophy of the Academy of MecU.cal Sciences USSR was held in commemora-
tion of the book Materialism and, LF~rrpiriocriticisrn written by V. 1.
Lenin. This book wac publishr~cl 9 May
r e~.i a.90.q. The subject of the con-
ference was the Marx ..st-Leni.nl.s?t; Theory of Knowledge and some Philo-
sophical :?oblerns in Na+,~tral Sc?.once and Medicine. It aroused great
in`,.erect among physic.ans and workers of scientific research institutes.
A. M. Pegov, the Brat sec-r-_?tary of the rayon party committee,
delivered the opening address. Fe stressed the significance of the
book Materialism. and A. M. Pegov said, Lenin e- CPYRGHT
i
ve ope in ..s bow: a now conce of Marxist philosophy aAl thoroughly
substantiated the prin:iZ.1e of - .e Coimnunist nature of p ' losophy;
from the viewpoint of dialer is materialism Lenin drew ' ferences
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further.' stated that the significance of this book in our time consists
of the fact that V. I. Lenin mercilessly criticized the most influential
representatives of idealistic philosophy dominant toward the end of the
19th Century and at the beginning of the 20th Century, stripped the
disguise of the most important arguments of the bourgeois philosophy,
and formulated the principle of scientific criticism of the reactionary
philosophy of the imperialistic bourgeoisie, and philosophical retidsk sm.
The author of this article further states 'that V. I. Lenin, in ex-
posing the agnostic essence of empiriocri.ticism, based the Marxist theory
of knowledge on the theory of reflection. Doctor of Medical, Sciences
I. A. Stankevich, in his address, said that present-day knowledge of the
brain offers new evidence which confirms the Lenin theory of reflection
from the viewpoint of natural science. This Lenin theory is based on
great scientific discoveries, including those of I. M. Sechenov and I. P.
Pavlov, who established the physiological mechanism of psychic processes.
The basic principles of the theory of reflection bear out the fact that
psychic activity is possible only because the brain reflects the external
environment; that is, the result of the effect of objective reality on
the sensory organs -- the human and animal brain..
T. P. Mering stated that the agnostic formula, "we don't krrow and
will not know," because one of the slogans of bourgeois reactionaries.
In his book Lenin unmasked the reactionary nature of empiriocriticism
and smashed its proponents. Physiological evidence collected to date
proves the insolvency and ideological impoverishment of the proponents
of agnosticism. The combined efforts of physiologists, psychologists,
morphologists, and philosophers will be needed to clarify the processes
through which perception, imagination, and consciousness are formed.
T. P. Mering said that there 'is no doubt in his mind that sooner or
later science will solve these problems.
Candidate of Medical Sciences A. S. Raben outlined the reactionary
nature of present-day Freudianism. He said that Freudianism is one of
the manifestations of reactionary bourgeois idealism which, despite its
theoretical and practical insolvent y, has gone beyond the limits of pure
medicines it is utilized in the West as some sort of universal philo-
sophical doctrine counterpoised against dialectical materialism. In
the US and in a number of other capitalistic countries, there exists a
so-called psychological (Freudian) trend in sociology. This trend
considers all social phenomena, including the class struggle, as problems
of subjective psychology of the personality. Freudian sociologists,
said A. S. Raben, reject the objective laws of the develapment of
society. e mighty weapons in the struggle against Freudianism in
the realm f natural science and medicine are the Marxist and Leninist
theory an the Pavlovian materialistic teachings which serve as a founda-
tion for vanced medical science."
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No other science has made such great advances in the past 10 years
as physics. Physics is acquiring an important role in biology and
medicine. Further progress in these sciences is connected with the
study of the physical mechanisms in a living organism. Modern physics
creatively utilizes the rich Lenin legacy,on the theory of knowledge.
Lenin's ideas concerning the inexhaustibility of the atom and electron
maintain that physics will find a way out of the crisis on the basis of
dialectical materialism only. These statements are credited to Docent
A. N. Krongauz.
Prof S. A. Kosilov discussed occupational activity and its role in
the process of human thought and cognition. The physiology of work
offers the only correct answer to the question of the mechanism of
formation of the second signal system characteristics. Guided by this
theory; physiologists state that work is the natural source from which
the higher quality of the second signal system springs and develops.
Conversion of work into conscious indispensability presents a qualita-
tive jump into the evolution of work and mental activity.
In his writings Materialism and Empiriocriticism, Philosophical
Notebook, and others, V. 1. Lenin analyzed profoundly the problem of
mental activity. Lenin connected this problem with the fundamental
problem of philosophy: the relationship between consciousness and ex-
istence. The question of interrelationship between language and mental
activity is also attracting great interest. This was discussed by
Junior Scientific Worker G. M. Lyamina. The ability to form ideas,
to be guided by them, and to form scientific abstractions is the most
important difference between human mental activity and the highest
forms of psychic activity in animals. The tongue being an instrument
of thinking at the same time serves as an instrument for sharing ideas.
Prof S. M. Leytes spoke on the subject of the Lenin theory of
development. The dialectic law of unity and the struggle between con-
trasts, and the law of negation connected with it, are of great sig-
nificance in understanding a number of problems in modern endocrinology:
they also serve as a guide in the contest against idealistic concepts.
The so-called theory of equilibrium, which is widespread among scien-
tists abroad, considers rest as a normal condition and rejects internal
contradictions in the process of regulation and interrelationship of
glands of internal secretion. This theory cannot stand criticism,
because equilibrium is only an element of motion; it is relative and
temporary. The dialectic idea concerning the interdependence of en-
docrine glands makes it possible to understand correctly and to evaluate
the tangible interrelation of the glands of internal secretion.
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V. I. Lenin proved the absurdity of the application of biological
laws, particularly the law of "struggle for existence," in the human
society. Cand:'_d.ate of Medical Sciences R. A. Kalyuzhnaya, however,
stressed that Marxism by no means rejects dialectic interaction between
social and biological laws. Medicine studies the interaction between
biological and social laws; it is impossible to separate human beings
from their social environment with which they are linked organically.
The problem of interaction between social and biological laws is espe-
cially important in pediatrics. A socialist society produces a signif-
icant positive influence on the growth, development, and formation of
the personality of children and adolescents.
Lenin's philosophical principle of party loyalty is very important
to medical scientific progress. Prof A. V. Kozlova and Scientific
Worker T. P. Bolotova discussed this in their reports. They said that
the fierce struggle between two irreconcilable philosophical camps lies
at the base of party loyalty and that the general theory of Marxist
dialectics about the irreconcilability of antagonists is beginning to
take root.
Prof P. P. Bondarenko summed up the proceedings of the conference
by saying that V. I. Lenin's book Materialism and rmpiriocriticism, is
permeated with the greatest optimism and faith in the invincibility of
advanced science. Dialectical materialism affirms the omnipotence of
the human mind and has the power to delve into the secrets of nature and
to present a scientific, objective. and accurate picture of the universe.
He said that the immortal ideas of V. I. Lenin, embodied into the his-
C PYRG HT or c ec ions of the 21st Congress of the Communist Party of the
Soviet Union give the Soviet people a good view of the road leading to
Communism." GIIYRGHT
96. Prof V. I. Skvortsov, Soviet Pharmacologist, Dies
"Vladislav Irinarkhovich Skvortsov (1879-1959)" (unsigned
article); Moscow, Vestnik Akademii Meditsinskikh Nauk SSSR,
No 5, May 59, pp 93-
Prof Vladislav Irinarkhovich Skvortsov, Active Member of the
Academy of Medical Sciences USSR, Honored Worker of Science, and one
of the old-time pharmacologists of the USSR, died on 30 January 1959
in his 80th year.
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Skvortsov graduated from the Military Medical Academy in 1902, and
after obtaining his degree of Doctor of Medical Sciences in 1909 he
held several academic positions as processor of biochemistry and pharma-
cology. In 1924 he became head of " ie Chair of Pharmacology, Second
Moscow State Medical Institute :hneni N. I. Pirogov; he retained this
position for the rest of his life.
Skvortsov was the author of numerous important pharmacological
monographs and texts. Under his supervision 11 persons received their
doctoral degrees and 34 their candidate degrees.
Skvortsov was the editor of the periodical Farmakologiya i Toksikol-
ogiya from 1940 to 1948, and was awarded the Order of Lenin, the Order
of Labor Red Banner, and medals.
9'7. Prof A. M. Grinshteyn, Soviet Neurologist, Dies
"In Memory of A. M. Grinshteyn" (unsigned article); Moscow,
Meditsinskiy Rabotnik, 11 Aug 59
Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Grinshteyn, Active Member of the Academy of
Medical Sciences USSR, Honored Worker of Science, and an outstanding
Soviet neurologist, died in his 78th year.
Grinshteyn graduated from the Medical. Faculty of the Moscow Uni-
versity in 1904 and began his scientific work at the Nervous Diseases
Clinic of the university. After completing his dissertation he became
head of he Chair of Nervous Diseases at Khar'kov and Voronezh, and
finally in 1940 at the Second Moscow Medical Institute.
He was the author of over 150 scientific works, many of which are
well known in foreign countries. During his academic years Grinshteyn
was a member of several neurological periodicals and a member of the
All-Union and Moscow Societies of Neuropathologists and Psychiatrists.
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c)8. Some Work Done at the Institute of Powder M.etal.lur Cermets and
Special Alloys of the Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR
"In Step with Life," by P. Lilthodin; Moscow, Promyshlenno-
Dkonomicheskaya Gazeta, Vol 1+, No 89 (544.), 31 Jul 59) p 1+
The Institute of Powder Metallurgy, Cermets, and Special Alloys
of the Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR was originally a small laboratory.
It grew within a few years into one of the largest scientific research
institutions of the Ukraine. The scientists active at this institute have
made a major c orrtxibuJ.on to the development of powder metallurgy and to the
introduction of powder metallurgy into industrial applicatiob..
The Division of Physicochemical Research of the institute is not
engaged merely in theoretical research. At the laboratory of this division
new carbide-chromium and carbide-titanium alloys are being developed which
exhibit superior physico-chemical and mechanical characteristics. Machine
parts made of materials of this type are pressure-molded at 1,200-1,1+000
Centigrade. The carbide-chromium materials developed at this division
exhibit a high degree of hardness and great strength. They are resistant
to the corrosive action of acids,, solutions of alkalis, solutions of salts,
petroleum, gasoline, and other agents. Carbide-chromium machine parts were
found to last 11.0-50 hours under conditions at which annealed carbon steel
deteriorated in 1E hours. The useful life of carbide -.cchromtum pressure
molds and dies for drawing steel pipes is 10 times greater than that of the
corresponding parts made of carbon steel.
Parts made by powder metallurgy processes are used in automobiles,
planes, machine tools, diesel locomotives, electrical machines, tractors,
instruments, and laboratory equipment
At the Technological Division of the institute which is headed by
I. Fedorchenko, Corresponding Member Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR,
work is being done on the possibilities of expanding the applications of
powder metallurgy in machine building. According to X. K. 1Costyrko,
chief technologist of this divisi.ou, a method has been developed for
producing powders with spherical grafts having c.imens,icns from 30 to 250
microns. Depending on the di ame er of the spherical grains, pores ranging
in size from 2-3 to 50 microns result in the metal. The degree of porosity
of the alloy is controlled by. adjusting the arrangement of the spherical
grains. Procedures of this type are very i.mpor.,a:L , for the production of
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filters required in building machines and in the chemical and metallurgical
industries. Powder metallurgy is used extensively in the production of
porous antifriction parts. Bearings and bushings produced by powder metal-
lurgy methods are not inferior to cast parts as far as their mechanical
properties are concerned. At the same time, they wear in better, have a
lower coefficient of friction, and last longer. The porosity of parts of
this type facilitates automatic lubrication. This applies particularly to
machines which operate under water and are difficult to lubricate for this
reason..
According to Kostyrko and other workers of this institute, modern
machines develop very great pressures per square centimeter of the friction
surface because of the high velocities of braking. The metal is heated
instantaneously to 1,000-1,1000 C under the circumstances. This puts tough
requirements to the materials which are subjected to the friction. For
operation under these conditions, dense materials have been developed which
have a high coefficient of friction (0.17-0.7), are resistant to rapid
heating, and do not seize during operation.
The less the clearance between the housing and the vanes of a turbine,
the more efficient the operation of the turbine. However, it is very dif-
ficult to use a minimum clearance in the construction of turbines, because
the vanes expand at high temperatures, so that damage to the turbine result
during operation. I. Fedorchenko and A. Lyapunov, anotherworker at the
institute, proposed that a soft alloy be used for lining the inside of
turbine housings. When this is done, a very small clearance between the
vanes and the housing can be maintained and expansion of the vanes still
does not result in any damage. Tests conducted at Leningrad and Kharkov
plants proved that the efficiency of gas turbines can be considerably in-
creased in this manner.
Work on the development of materials for electric contacts was also
done at the institute. The temperature generated when the current is switched
on or off brought about fusion of contacts made of copper or silver. With
large currents, contacts of these materials could be used only once. Prof
I. Frantsevich did research aimed at the replacement of these metals with
materials produced by the powder metallurgy method. The purpose of his
research was to develop materials which combine a high melting point with
high heat conductivity and a high electrical conductivity. Materials of
this type were actually developed. They consist of tungsten alloyed with
copper or tungsten alloyed with silver. The alloys in question are hard,
resistant to erosion, have a high tensile strength, and exhibit a high
resistance to fusion. Contacts made of these alloys are used in high-
capacity oil and air switches, magnetic starters, throw-over switches, and
contacters. An additional advantage of the new alloys is the much lower
cost in comparison with contact materials used formerly.
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Multicomponent Nickel Alloys Containing Titanium Carbide
"Investigation of Metal Compounds in Multicomponent Nickel
Alloys With Varying Contents of Titanium Carbide," by
R. B. Golubtsova and L. A. Mashkovich, Institute of
Metallurgy, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Izvesti
Akademii Nauk SSSR Otdeleni a Khimicheskikh Nauk No 6,
Jun 59, pp 971-97
A six-component nickel solid solution containing 0-95% of titanium
carbide had been investigated by Kornilov, Pryakhina, and Ozhimkova
(cf Zhurnal Neoganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 3, No 3, Mar 58, pp 708-716).
In the work described at present, the principal phases were studied
which are formed by a system of this type. The electrolytic method of
phase analysis described by R. B. Golubtsova and L. A. Mashkovich in
Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 3, No 39 Mar 58, PP 717-721, was used
to investigate the composition of a six-component nickel alloy containing
chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, niobium, aluminum, and titanium carbide in
a quantity ranging from 0.1 to 7.5% of TiC. Electrolytic investigation of
the phases showed that dissolution of an alloy containing 0.1% of Ti C did
not result in the separation of a predominant phase. This finding was
confirmed by data on the microstructure and the results of x-ray diffraction
analysis. Investigation of alloys containing 1.0%, and 7.5% of Ti C indi-
cated that only two phases are present: a gamma-nickel solid solution and
a complex carbide phase of the composition Ti (Nb, W. Mo, Cr) C. According
to the data of x-ray diffraction analysis, the carbide phase that separates
has a cubic face-centered lattice which corresponds to that of titanium
carbide and a cell dimension ranging from 4.33 to 4.38 kX depending on the
relative content of Nb, C and Ti C.
99. Some Develo
ents in the Field of Nonferrous Metallurgy in Kazakhstan
"As Told by Kazakhstan Scientists," by A. Mirkina; Moscow,
Nauka i Zhizn, Vol 26, No 8.9 Aug 599 p 2-8
According to V. D. Ponomarev, Corresponding Member, Academy of Sciences
Kazakh SSR, the electrical smelting of lead concentrates in the presence
of soda is regarded as very promising. At present quartz and iron ore are
used as fluxes in smelting lead concentrates; when the soda method is ap-
plied, soda will function as a flux.
Application of the new method will make it possible to produce techni-
cally pure lead in one step. During the smelting copper, zinc, and other
valuable ingredients concentrate in the melt formed by the fused matte and
slag, which are later converted by hydrome sllurgical methods.
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Of importance is also the cyclone method of cmelting. When this method
Is applied, a mixture of air and small particles of material containing
lead is blown into an appliance called the cyclone. The mixture moves along
a spiral in the cyclone. The solid particles are projected to the wall of
the cyclone while the air blows around them. Intensive oxidation takes place
as a result of which the temperature is raised sharply. During the process
some substances are distilled or sublimed (they are transformed into small
solid particles subsequently to condensation), while others are transferred
into the crude lead, matte, and slag.
The cyclone method is at present also being tested at the Balkhash
Mining and Smelting Combine, where it is used for the conversion of copper
concentrates.
All the new methods being applied for the conversion of materials con-
taining nonferrous and rare metals will make it possible to recover more
completely every valuable ingredient contained in them.
New branches of nonferrous metallurgy will also be developed in Kazakh-
stan. This applies primarily to the production of light metals.
They will be produced at nonferrous metallurgy plants located at
lst s-Kamenogorsk and also at a plant which is being built at Pavlodar. Work
is being done at present on the development; of an efficient method for the
electrolytic production of titanium. Titanium is a new metal which is
superior in many respects to aluminum and other metals. It is irreplace-
able as a material for the building of aircraft, ships,, and rockets.
100. Boron Trichioride in Magnesium Alloy Casting
"On the Use of Boron Chloride in Casting Magnesium Alloys,"
by. D. A. Kuznetsov, Candidate of Chemical Sciences and
A. 1. Malakhov, Candidate of Technical Sciences; Moscow,
Liteynoye Proizvodstvo, No 5, May 59Y p 32
Information from foreign patents on the use of a boron triflouride
protective agent in sand mold casting of magnesium and its alloys is used
as the basis for tests to determine if boron trichioride could produce
analygous results. A cylindrical pattern 80 mm in diameter and 306 mm in
length for an 820-gram casting of magnesium alloy ML 5 was formed in a
165 x120 x 150 mm mold box with Tambov sand PO1A (P 100/200) and P0063A
(P 140270) having a 4 to 6% moisture content. Piant conditions were
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approximated in melting and pouring the alloy. Boron trichloride was
supplied to the mold cavity through a pouring gate until a white vapor
produced in the formation of hydrochloric acid through the reaction of
'boron trichloride and water vapor appeared ac the overflow gate. Pouring
followed immediately. In separate tests, jets of boron trichloride were
directed at the molten metal stream entering the pouring gate. Positive
results were obtained by both methods.
The protective action of boron trichloride during casting may be
explained by the following reactions:
1. Boron trichloride reacts with water vapor and surface moisture
within the mold cavity --
2BC13 + 2H20 H3B03 + HBCl1 ' 2HC1;
2. Oxygen not displaced by boron trichloride within the mold
cavity oxidizes molten magnesium to MgO which reacts with HC1
MgO } 2HC1 MgCl2 .f H2O
3. Boron trichloride also reacts with molten magnesium
3Mg + 2BC13 7 3MgCl2 ?} 2B.
The solid solution of magnesium-boron or aluminum-boron and magnesium
chloride formed on the surface of the metal prevents reaction of magnesium
with oxygen, nitrogen, and water vapor.
101. Production-of Fine Wire by Molten Extrusion
"A Perspective Technology -- Production of Fine Wire by
a Method of Molten Extrusion," by S. Bogoslovskiy, chairman
of the Temporary Commission of the State Scientific-
Technical Committee USSR; Moscow, Promyshlenno Ekonomicheskaya
Gazeta, 1 Jul 59, p 2
Oshchepkov, Rybalka, Shpirnov, Troyanovskiy, and the author conducted
experiments at the Institute of Metallurgy imeni Baykov, Academy of
Sciences USSR, in 1956 to produce fine wire by a method involving ejection
of a molten metal through a gauged orifice into a cooling stream of air or
atomized water. Molten metal was poured into a crucible set in a resistance
furnace housed by a steel container. The steel container was then capped
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by a hermetic lid containing a special nozzle made of heat resistant
material and a valved coupling for a source of gas or air pressure.
One end of the nozzle opened externally and the other just above the
crucible bottom. A baffle plate with a gauged orifice was located within
the nozzle. When molten metal and nozzle temperature reached a fixed
point pressure was switched in and molten metal ejected from the nozzle
in the form of a fountain. Ejection speeds up to 14 m/sec were obtained
depending on the specific weight and temperature of the metal, pressure
and orifice diameter. Cooled by air or a water spray, the molten jet
(having a diameter equal to that of the nozzle baffle orifice) was trans-
formed into a wire which fell in the form of a so-called "tangle."
Over 300 tests were conducted with aluminum and its alloys, magnesium,
copper and its alloys, zinc and lead. Wires with lengths of 0.2 to S
meters and diameters of 0.6 to 001 mm were produced at extrusion speeds
of 5 to 14 m/sec and pressures of one to 8 atm. Highest speeds were ob-
tained with magnesium and aluminum and the lowest with lead and copper.
Wires produced by the above method are contemplated for application
in. the production of filters, shells, reinforced plastics a:'d numerous
other items. Positive results were obtained 'by using "tangles" of fine
oxidized aluminum wire for high-temperature items usually prepared with
oxidized aluminum powder involving complex and hazardous techniques. Lead
wires of 001 mm diameter were tested in storage batteries but it is con-
sidered that best results would be obtained by using 0.05 mm diameter wire
also considered possible by this method.
Sufficient facilities do not exist for refinement of the process and
development of wire-catching and reeling techniques. It is the opinion of
1.-he author that an industrial technology and facilities could be completed
in 3 to 4 years if the experimental facilities were available. Economy
of this method is obvious when considering that the pro3.u.~:tjon, of 0.2 mm
aluminum wire by present methods involves 46 individual rolling and draw-
ing passes.
[For additional information on Metallurgy see also under Chemistry,
Electrochemistry and Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction Materials.]
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102. Corona Discharge Counters
"The Pattern of the Electric Field in Corona Counters," by
Yu. M. Tolchenov; Moscow, Pribory i Tekpnika Eksperimenta,
No 3, May-Jun 59, pp 40-43
The electric field pattern is computed for counters of strongly
ionizing particles, operating in the region of a stabilized corona dis-
charge. The results were experimentally tested by measuring the transit
time of ions through the counter and by comparing these values with those
obtained by computation. In all cases, good agreement between theoretical
and experimental results was found.
103. Measurements of Ultraviolet Radiations
"Photon Counters for Accurate Measurements of Ultraviolet
Radiation," by L. S. Shelkov, I. A. Prager, and A. G. Kostin,
Pnysics Institute of the Academy of Sciences USSR and Moscow
Electric Bulb Plant; Moscow, Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta,
No 3, May/Jun 59, pp 50-56
Electric and photometric characteristics of self-quenched photon
counters with photocathodes of various materials are studied. The study
was carried out at relatively high counting speeds ensuring -a small statis-
tical error in the measurements ( ti one percent) for a limited exposure
time ( one min). The design of a photon counter with a photocathode of
Cu Be alloy provided with a shielding screen of tungsten wire was developed.
This design provided a substantial increase in the stability of the
sensitivity of the photocathode.
104. Gas-Discharge Counter
"Gas Discharge Scintillation Counter," by L. S. Sorokin;
Moscow, Pribory i Tekpnika Eksperimeutay No 3, May/Jun 59,
pp 57-58
The possibility of applying a complex photocathode ;antimony-cesium)
in a self-quenched counter is shown. The effectiveness of the antimony-
cesium photocathode with a slight retarding electric field at its surface
in eliminating thermoelectron flow from the photocathode and the flow of
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positive ions to the photocathode is established. The possibility of
recording scintillations from such crystals as NaJ (Ti) with a self-
quenched gas-di$charge counter is demonstrated. By using a NaJ (Tl)
crystal 10-mm thick, the response of the counters to gamma-quanta of
Co-60 was increased by 14.5 times in comparison with usual counters of
the type BC-4.
105. Solution of Equations for Shock Waves Discussed
"On the Theory of Shock Waves," by G. Ya. Galin,
Moscow State University imeni M. V. L'omonoso?r; Moscow,
Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 127, No 1, 1 Jul 59,
pp 55-5
The existence of a continuous solution to the equations for the form
and width of a shock wave, which take into account viscosity and heat
conductivity, is examined for the case of a medium with arbitrary equation
of state; the consequences of considering shock transitions as the limit
of the continuous solutions are discussed.
106. Motion of Body Containinz Liquid Studied
"On the 't'heory of the Elastic Oscillations of a Body
Containii:g Liquid," by N. Ti. Moiseyev, Computing Center.
Academy c.f Sciences USSR; Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk
SSSR, Vol 12'(, No 1, 1 Jul 59, pp 51-5
The oscillations of an elastic body inside which there is a liquid
are studied. The liquid may partially or entirely fill the body. The
simplest case is considered when the elastic body is schematized as a'
beam with a rectilinear axis of rigidity. Infinitely small bending and
twisting oscillations of the beam are assumed to produce a potential motion
in the liquid. The equation of motion of the system is derived.
107. G. S. Landsberg Memorial Volume
Trudy Fizicheskogo Instituta, Vol 9 (1958)
Dissertations completed in the Optical Laboratory under Academician
G. S. Lands?:erg and defended at the Physics Institute imeni Lebedev of
the Academy of Sciences USSR are published in this issue of the Trudy,
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 u l m4r 1.31891-131
.O`CT.O~ER
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;REPORT
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together with an obituary and eulogies delivered by Academicians Tamm,
: ndau, Kazanskiy, professors Mandelshtam and Dobrotin and corresponding
member V. I. Veksler, on the occasion of Landsberg's demise on 2 February,
1957. Dissertations by Kh. Ye. Sterin, T. S. Velichkina, A. A. Shubin,
I. L. Fabelinskiy and I. I. Sobel'man "defended between 1949 and 1955 and
having maintained their scientific value" are presented, and are titled
as follows:
"Study of Shape and Width of Lines of Combination Scattering of
Light," Kh. Ye. Sterin (defended 1949)
"Molecular Scattering of Light iti Viscous Liquids and in Solid
Amorphous Bodies." by T. S. Velichkina (defended 1954)
"Molecular Association of Carbonic Acids and Their Infrared Spectra,"
by A. A. Shubin (defended 1954)
"Molecular Scattering of Light in Liquids," by I. L. Fabelinskiy
(defended 1955).
Some Problems of the Theory of Spectral Lines," by I. I. Sobel'man
(,defended 1955).
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IX. MISCELLANEOUS
1080 New Institute Established by Odesskiy Sovnarkhoz
"A New Institute for the Introduction of New Technology Estab-
lished" (unsigned article); Moscow, Promyshlenno EkonomicheslmWa
Gazet 24 May 59
The Odesskiy Sovnarkhoz has established a Planning-Design Technological
Institute (Proyektno-Konstruktorskiy Tekhnologicheskiy Institut). The
institute's principal studies.. will concern the development and introduction
of progressive technological processes and means of automation and mechani-
zation at various establishments of the Odessa Economic Region.
109. New Armenian Scientific Research Institutes Established
"New Scientific Research Institutes" (unsigned article);
Moscow, Izvestiya, 12 Aug 59
"A new scientific research center" has been established in the Academy
of Sciences Armenian SSR, which consists of the Institute of Electrical
Engineering (Institut Elektrotekhniki) and the Laboratory of Physical
Chemistry (Laborator$ya Fizicheskoy Khimii), The Institute of Electrical
Engineering will work on solving the problem of unification of the Power
syatems of Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaydzhan into a single Transcaucasian
system,, The Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, which is the 30th scientific
establishment of the Academy of Sciences Armenian SSR, will work on problems
of the physics of chemistry.
Other new establishments include the Problem Laboratory concerned with
the study of the genetics of polymerization processes of physicochemical
polymers, organized at the Yerevan State University, and the Institute
of Archaeology and Ethnography (Institut Arkheologgii i Etnografii).
USCOMM-DC.6),186
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