SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000100410001-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 118
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 4, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: October 23, 1959
• Content Type: REPORT

~~~{~i?/i 1 ~~ ,Sanitized ~~~~alA-f~~01~1~~1~ L~ I I N~O~M~T I O~1
-1959 ~ ~1:'' O 2
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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
SCIEI~'TIFIC
INFORMATION REPORT
2a October 1959
Distributed Only By
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
OFFICE OF TECHNICAL SERVICES
WASHINGTON 25, D.C.
? "~"J~
Issued semi-monthly. Annual subscription 628.00 (S4 additionc(_ifor ?'? ~ ,, ~"""';'' nf.r
P /~
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tiC ~'(
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Use of funds for printing this publication approved
by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget July 31, 1958.
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PLEASE NOTE
This report presents unevaluated information extracted from
recently received publications of the USSR, Eastern Europe, and
China. The information selected is intended to indicate current
scientific developments and activities in the USSR, in the Sino-
Soviet Orbit countries, and in Yugoslavia, and is disseminated
as an aid to the United States Government research.
SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT
T.c~ble of Contents
I. Biology
TI:. C!~emistry
Aru~.lytical Chemistry
Fue:1s and Propellants
Industrial Chemistry
Industrial Hygiene
Inorganic Chemistry
Insecticides, Herbicides and Growth Stimulators
Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction Materials
'Organic Chemistry
Radiation Chemistry
Radiochemistry
Acoustics and Audio Frequencies
Antennas
Communications
Computers
Experimental Methods, Instruments and Equipment
Materials
V. Engineering
Automation, Control, Instruments and Computers
Electrical Engineering
Miscellaneous
Page
>+
5
8
10
to
12
18
21
28
29
33
3~+
3~+
34
35
36
.37
~~+o
~+8
~+8
5~+
56
~a~-
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Pa
~e
,
VI?
Mathematics
S$
VII?
Medicine
59
Aviation Medicine
59
Bacteriology
63
EpideniologY
65
Hematology
67
ImmuriologY and Therapy
70
oncology
77
pharmacology and Toxicology ~
85
Physiology
91
public gealth, Hygiene and Sanitation
93
Radiology
93
Vete~i~,ry Medicine
97
Virology
99
VIII.
Metallu~ gY
102
IX?
Physics
105
Me che,nic s
105
Nuclear Physics
107
Theoretical and Experimental Physics
M~.s cellaneous
109
110
NOTE: Items ~n this report are numbered consecutively.
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1? Idealism in Biology
"Against Idealistic Concepts in Biology," by Prof K. Kostyukova;
Moscow, Meditsfnskiy Rabotnik, No 49 (1797), 19 Jun 59, p 2
The author of this article states that the principle of partyism in
science always enters any discussion of the processes concerned with the
natural development of living objects. Sharp conflict, therefore, began
to arise between materialism and idealism and between dialectics and
metaphysics Prom the very moment that biology gained the status of a
science.
Scientists of many countries have been carrying on investi~tions
and discussions on the subject of heredity for a long time. Discussions
became heated about 30 years ago, bringing about a division of biologists
into Jwo irreconcilable camps. Members of one camp defended the auto-
genetic theory of inheritance; members of the other camp were those who
c.dvocated the teachings of I. V. Michurin.
The proponents of the autogenetic theory have voiced the opinion that
criticism of their theory is no longer valid because the criticism concerns
a hypothesis which their theory has already completely rejected. They
claim that the concept of the great stability of the gene, which lies at
the basis of Morgan's theory of genetics, has been proven to be not in
accordance with the new e:tperimental data. The concept of chance mut~-
tion is also on the verge of being rejected by representatives of the
autogenetic theory. Results of a number of investigations conducted
by the proponents of the genetic theory showed that the lack of a trend
in mutations is not substantiated by facts, and also showed that mutations
may be obtained by changing the characteristics of the acting forces.
All of this, of course, is not new. 41Yiat causes some perplexity is
that the new facts recently taken into consideration are very significant.
Une fact is that living or~.nisms can be molded: living crganisms respond
to environmental forces and undergo adequate changes. This became a
powerful weapon long ago in the hands of proponents of the Michurin theory.
Utilizing new discoveries, as a result of studies of nucleic acids and
mutation of microorganisms, advocates of Morgan's theory are modifying
their stand about the gene as the carrier of heredity. Desoxyribonucleic
acid is recognized as being such a carrier.
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Differences of opinion exist among the proponents of the gene theory.
They are united on one thing: to counteract the teachings of I. V. Mtch~-
urin. Their opposition to the Michurin theory is clearly directed against
materialistic biology, which deals with the inheritance of acquired char-
acteristics. Mor~zn's theory resolutely rejected the possibility of such
inheritance. Zhis is understandable because Mormonism failed to see the
irripor,tance of outside forces in the development of living organisms. Indi-
vidual representatives of a "new" theory of genetics do attribute signifi-
cance to the effects of outside forces; their position did not change,
however, on the question of the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
Lately, in connection'with great strides made in physics, the pro-
ponents of the genetic theory began to use terms which have been used in
cybernetics. For example, statements are made about "circulation of
information," i.e., the transmission of inherited characteristics in a
number of successive generations.
Biologists must not, in the course of their study of biological
phenomena, borrow the terms used in cybernetics, but must utilize all
known methods, including those used by physicists, chemists, and mathe-
maticians.
Michurin's teachings confirm the fact that organisms change in ac-
cordance with the changing conditions under which they develop. Sex cells,
which are the product of the development of organisms, are also subjected
to changes.. Generations that follow as result of fertilization, therefore,
can never be identical to preceding generations. If the development, and,
consequently, the inheritance of acquired characteristics in electronic
computing machines is impossible, then not only is it possible for living
bodies, but also, it is necessary.
The theoretical helplessness of proponents of the genetic theory lies
in the question of inheritance of acquired characteristics. Genetic, theory
always regarded division of cells, reduction division, and mitosis as its
most important proof . Considerable data, now destroy the theoretical founda-
tion of the "new" genetic theory that recognizes desoxyribonucleic acid as
the sole carrier of heredity. It~, is no accident that some sober voices
among the proponents of the genetic theory have been appealing ag~.inst
nla.lcing hasty, farfetched generalizations ,
Thus, the genetic theory is again in a stage of crisis. This is under-
standable. During its entire history, only.its form has changed: its
content has remained the same. This prevents the proponents of the genetic
theory from perceiving reality in an objective manner. ?his leads cor_-~
tenuously to a conflict between dialectic manifestations and metaphysical
concepts. The inclination, as yet, is to preserve the term "gene", albeit
with reservations. But soon the "gene" concept will be discarded as un-
necessary for scientific explanations.
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In conclusion, the author of this article states that the 21st Congress
of the CPSU indicated the path on which further medical research by Soviet
medical scientists must stay. Alien ideology is to be rejected. Armed with
dialectical materialism, Soviet medicine is proceeding forward along the
path indicated by the CPSU.
2. Prof N. A. Dimo, Soviet Soil Scientist, Dies
"Nikolay Aleksandrovich Dimo," (Lmsigned article); Moscow,
Pochvovedeniye, No 6, Jun 59, pp 108-110
Prof Nikolay Aleksandrovich Dimo, Active Member of the AZl-Union
Academy of Agricultural Sciences imeni V. I. Lenin; Doctor of Ge~logico-
Mineralogical Sciences; Director of the Soil Sciences Institute, Moldavian
Affiliate of Academy of Sciences L'SSR; Read, Chair of Soil Sciences,
Kishinev State University; and an outstanding Soviet agronomist and soil
scientist, died on 15 March 1959 in his 85th year.
Dimo, during the co~xrse of hia 6U years of scientific and pedagogical
work, published over 200 scientific works on the biology of soils, soil
conditions in Moldavia, geography of soil types, etc. Re was also inetru-
men?tal in the founding, of the Central Asian and Kishinev universities and
was active in scientific societies and politica'1 affairs of Moldavia.
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Anra,l ical Chemistry
3. A Method for Determination of R.aenium
"Detection acid Determination of Rhenium," by A. I? I,azarev,
Akmolinsk Agr:;.cultural Institute; Moscow, Zhurnal Analitiche-
skoy 1(himii, Vo]_ 1~E, Igo 3, May/Tun 59, PP 3 2?3
Procedures have been developed for the application of a new reac-
tion for .rhenium. This reaction is based on the fa.et that potassium
perrhenate forms a colored compound in the presence of hydrochloric acid,
bivalent tin, and sulfite. Conditions for the qualitative and quantita-
tive determizu~.tion of rhenium by this reaction were established. It has
been shown that rhenium is tetravalent iu the rhenium-sulfite complex that
:is formed and that the colored moiety is an anion.
ZE. Determiru~.tion of Rhenium With Methyl Violet
"Invest;iga,tion of the Reaction For Rhenium With Methyl Violet;
Part 2 -- Rea.ct3 ohs of Methyl Violet With Elements Accompanyi7~g
Rhenium," by A. T. Pilipenko a.nd V. A. Obolonchils,~Institute
of Powder Metallurgy, Cermets, and Special Alloys, Academy of
Sciences USSR; Kiev, Ukrainskiy Khimicheski Zhurna]_, Vol 25,
No 3, May`Jun 59~ pp 359-3~2
It was established in Part 1 of this investigation that the product
of the reaction of the perrhenate i.on with methyl violet can be extracted
with toluene . `.1'h.e reaction. h:,.s beer reconunend.ed fo:r the co'lorimetric
determination of rhenium. '!'he reactions of mei:hyl violet with ions of
elements accompanying rhenium a.nd. also with same anions were studied. It
was found that in the presence of complex-forming agents the Y~eaction f'or
rhenium is highly specific Methyl violet ca.n also be used for the color-
imetric determination of tantalum in the presence of large quantities of
niobium and for the colorimetric det-~ermination. of osmium in the presence
of other platintun me+;a.l.s .
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5. A Method for the Determination of Rhenium in Molybdenites
"Determination of Rhenium in Molybdenites by a Colorimetric
Method," by N. S. Poluektov and L. I. Kononenko, Laboratory
of Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of
Sciences Ukrainian SSR; Moscow, Zavodskaya Laboratoriya, Vol 25,
No 5, May 59; Pp 948-950
A method is described for the determination of rhenium in molybdenites
which is based on the application of a catalytic~~reaction with stannous
chloride and sodium tellurate. Ordinarily stannous chloride does not reduce
sodium tellurate in acidic solutions; however, in the presence of per-
rhena.tes, which act as catalysts, this reaction takes place with the separa-
tion of elemental tellurium. The latter is determined colorimetrically.
By using this method, rhenium present in quantities amounting to tens of
thousandths parts of 1~, can be determined.
Fuels and Propellants
6. Solid~Phases in System Strontium Hydroxide -- F~ydrogen Peroxide --
Water
"Investigation of Systems Containing Concentrated Hydrogen
Peroxide; Part 18 -- ;Physicochemical Characteristics of Solid
Phases in the System Sr (OH)2 - H2O2 - HBO," by S. Z. Makarov
and T. I. Arno1'd, Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry
imeni N. S. Kurnakov, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Izves-
tiya Akaaemii Nauk SSSR Otdeleniye Khimich,eskikh Nauk, No 5,
May 59, PP 77 ~-7 0
An investi~tion of the process of dehydration and thermal data ob-
tained with a recording pyrometer made it possible to identify the follow-
ing compounds : Sr 02; Sr 02 . 8 H2O; . Sr 02 H2 42 ; and Sr 02 2 F.202.
It was established that elimination of active oxygen fran perhydrates is
a.n exothermic reaction up to approximately 750; that elimination of active
oxygen fraan strontium peroxide is endothermic at approximately 4500; and
that water of dehydration. is eliminated stepwise (in the case of Sr 02.
8 H2O at -}~ 800 and at -}-1000) .
Dehydration of the hydrates and perhydrates of strontium peroxide that
have been investigated results in the formation of anhydrous strontium
peroxide. With the exception of the diperhydrate of strontium, all the
peroxidic compounds of strontium which have been investigated are stable
at room temperature. The diperhydrate of strontium Sr 02 2H2 02 decom-
poses at minus 5?. X-ray diffraction analysis and crystsl-optical data con-
firmed the identity of the peroxide compounds of strontium the existence
of which had besn established in the investigation described.
-5-
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7. Kinetics of Reaction of Methane With Nitro en Dioxide
"Kinetic Relations in the Reaction of Methane With Nitrogen
Dioxide," by A. B. Gagarina and t1. M. .Emanuel', Institute of
chemical Physics, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal
Fizicheskoy Khimii, Vol 33, No 7, Jul 59, pp 1641-16 +r7
Investigation of chemical systems which contain nitrogen oxides is of
great importance for an understanding of the mechanism of the action of
these oxides in chain reactions hanogenously catalyzed by them. It has
been established that addition of small quantities of I~02 to mixtures of..
gaseous hydrocarbons with air or with oxygen .greatly accelerates the proc-
esa: of oxidation of these hydrocarbons. Furthermore, it was found that
addition of NOS to the air with which liquid-phs,se oxidation of hydro-
carbons, mixtures of hydrocarbons, and liquefied gaseous hydrocarbons is
carried out has a strong stimulating effect on the oxidation (the so-called
gas initiation takes place). Relationships pertaining to the interaction
of N0~ with hydrocarbons also have a bearing on processes of the nitration
of hydrocarbons .
In the work described at present, a study has been made of the inter-
action of methane with NO2 on the basis of the rise i:~ pressure, which re-
flects a thoroughgoing oxidation process,, and also by determining the re-
duction in t;he pressure of N02. A zero order has been found for the rate
of the over-all rise in pressure and a first order with respect .to the
initial methane pressure. It was established that additions oP NO have an
ac~~lerating effect on the pressure rise and additions of oxygen a strong
inhibiting effect. The effective energy of activation of the process has
beef calculated and found equal to 42 kcal~mol.
8. Chain-Thermal Propagation of Flame With Two Active Centers Having Dif-?
ferent Diffusion Coefficients
"Theory of the Chain-!Thermal Propagation of Flame With T`wo .'
Active Centera?? Ba.ving Different Diffusion Coefficients, " by
L. A. Lovachev, Institute of Chemical Physics, Academy of
Sciences USSR- Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 125,
No 1, 1 Mar 59, pp 129-132
The subject of chain-thermal propagation of flame with two active
centers saving different diffusion coefficients is subjected?to theoretical
(mathematical) treatment. Two relationships are derived. The first makes
it possible to estimate quantitatively ,the leading role of one of the two
active centers when the two centers have different coefficients of diffusion.
The second ene.bles one to calculate the change in the velocity of flame
propagation when there are simultaneous changes in the coefficients of dif-
fusion of the active centers and in the heat conductivity of the mixture.
- 6 ?-
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9? Formation of High-Density Layer of C,a~s in Front of a Detonation Wave
Established by X-~Ra.y Method
"Investigation by the X-Ray Method of the Density Distribution
in the Detonation Front of Gas Mixtures," by M. A. Rivin
(deceased), Academician Ya. B. Ze1'dovich, V. A. T~ukerman,
V. V. Sof'ina, and A. S. Beregovskiy, Institute of Chemica'1
Physics, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Doklaay Akademii
Nauk SSSR, Vol 125, rro 6, 2l Apr 59, pp 1292-1293
It has been assumed for the past 15 years that matter contained in
a detonation wave undergoes. shock compression before being subjected to
ccanbustion. At any moment in the detonation wave there must be a layer
to compressed gas between the unexited gas mixture in its initial state
? and the products of combustion in a state that conforms to the demands
of thermodynamic theory. The thickness of this layer is proportional to
the time required for the evolution of heat by the compressed gas being
subjected to the chemical reaction. Attempts by G. B. Kistiakowsky and
coworkers too establish the presence of the layer of compressed gas 'by
means of an X-ray densimeter did not lead to a clear result becaue of
the insufficient resolution obtained by this method under the conditions
employed by them (cf Journal of C.hemieal Physics Vol 19, 1951, p 1611;
'Jol 25, 1956, P 82r+) . 'i'tie authors of the present article carried out
X-ray densimeter measurements on the detonation front of a hydrogen-
oxygen mixture to which hydrogen iodide had been added. The dist.ir.guish~~
ing characteristics of the procedure used by them were employment as a
source of X-radiation of a pulse needle tube with a zirconium anode mnd
addition of krypton to the gas mixture. The characteristic radiation
emitted by zirconium lies within the krypton absorption band. Combined
use of the radiation technique mentioned and of an absorbing ingredient
(krypton) made it possible to measure density changes in relatively'thi.n
gas layers. In the experiments conducted, formation in the front of the
detonation wave of a thin layer of gas the density of which is 3~~4~ times
greater than the initial density was established with certainty. 1:n the
majority of cases the thickness of this layer was 0.1-0.3, mm, which is
close to the limit of resolution attained by the method described.
10. Method for Measuring Coefficient of The~ma.1 Ionization of Geses Behind
Shock Wave
"News Item -- USSR" (unsigned item); Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya`,
Vol 7, No 1, Jul 59, pp 87-88 __r._
At the Physical lhculty of Moscow State University a method has been
developed: for measuring the coefficient of the thermal ionization of a
gas in the stream behind a shock wave which propagates in a shock-tube
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with a velocity of Ppproximately 3 kilometers per second. The measure-
ments were carried out by means oP. a volume resonator at a wave-length of
LO centimeters. The stream of ionized gas passes along the axis of a
cylindrical high-frequency resonator without any change in its gas-dynamic
characteristics. Changing the Q-factor of the resonator and displacement
of the resonance frequency while the gas passes through the resonator makes
it possible to observe directly the ionization process and to Conduct
quantitative measurements. The duration of the ionization process being
recorded depends on the velocity of the shock wave. Tt comprised ap-
proximately 200 microseconds. The method described makes it possible to
determine changes in the coefficient of ionization with a precision of
a.l~out 10~, at several intervals (10-15 ) of the process being investigated.
By applying this method, one can determine the duration of the ionization
pulse and the steepness of the leading and trailing fronts.
Industrial Chemistry
11. Treatment of Sea Water For Use at USSR Electric Power Plants
"Creative Collaboration of Workers in Science With Production.
Workers," by M. G.; Baku, Tzvesti V sshikh Uchebn kh Zave-
deniy -- Neft' i Gaz, PTo ,Jun 59, pp 133-13
With t e elp of he Azerbay z n Order of La or a Banner Institu e
of Petroleum and Chemistry imeni M. Azizbekov at Baku, work on the softE~n-
ing of sea water for technological purposes has been conducted at the
'Severnaya' State Regional Electric Power Station (GRES). This work must
be continued. According to Guseynov, director of the State Regional Elec-
tric Power Station, electric power stations located at Feoclosiya, K~.s~-
novodsk, Magadan, and elsewhere are also interested in it."
CPYRGHT
12. Desalting of Water by Simultaneous Cation- and Anion-E.YChange
"Desalting of Water by the Method of Combined Desionization
With Ion?-Exchange Resins," by A. B. Pashkov; Moscow, Khimiche-
ska~s. Promyshlennost', No 4, Jun 59 (published in July 1959),
pP 311-317
A new method of desalting water is by passing it through a mixture
of an anion-exchange resin with a cation-exchange resino. I~P the layer
of ion-exchange resions is thick enougYl, complete desalting of ~.ra.ter can
be accomplished by a single passage through. the ion-exchange resins of
the water to be treated. Regeneration of the resins can be carried out
in too ways, either by separating the anion-exchange rest n. from the
cation-exchange resin a.nd treating them separately or by treating
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(1) Complete desalination of rua.tural waters containing a sma11
c,~uantity of inorganic substances and of the condensate of steam tur-
bines .
(2) Final purification of water which has been subjected to multi-
stage ion-exchange demineralization, including purification of water which
ha3 a relatively high content of impurities.
(3) Production of water of high purity from fresh, water with an
average salt content (up to onE gram per liter) in cases when this type
of treatment is feasible from the economic standpoint.
Industrial $ygiene
13. New Wetting Agent for Dust-Collecting Investigated
"Investigation of the Dust-Collecting Properties of Wetting-
Agent Solutions in a Dust Chamber," by S. Kh. Zalciyeva and
A. B. Taubman, Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Academy
of Sciences USSR; Zhurnal Prikladnoy Khimii, Vol 32, No 4,
Apr 59, pp 797-~0
A special method of operating a laboratory dust chamber has been
developed which permits an evaluation of the effectiveness of the dttst-
collecting action produced. by solutions of surface-active substances
used as wetting agents in the collection of dusts forming a danger from
the standpoint of silicosis and anthracosis in connection with mining
operations.
Experiments conducted with PAS-Na, a new synthetic wetting agent,
showed that it effectively increases the dust-collecting action of water.
The new wetting agent was developed at the Petroletun Institute of the
Academy of Sciences U5SR by A. Ya. Larin.
Inorganic Chemistry
14. Complex Compounds of Rhenium With Pyridine
"Complex Compounds of Pentavalent Rhenium With Pyridine," by
V. V. Lebedinskiy {deceased) and B. N. Ivanov-Emin, Moscow,
Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 4, No 8, Aug 59, pp 1762-
1767
The compounds [Re 02 4 Py]Cl, [Re0(OH) 4Py~C12 and [Re02 4Py]2
[Re0C1~5 were synthesized. Their properties are described. It is noted
that the compo~.tnds in question are analogous to the ethylenedia.m:!,ne com-
le:tes of rhenium which were investigated ea,rl~.er.
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15. Reduction of Ammonium Perrhenate With ydrogen to Rhenium ana Some
Aceto Complex Compounds of Trivalent Rhenium
"The C osition and Thermal Stability of Acetocamplex Compounds
o:t' Re i," by Miao Ch'ing-shena and V. G. Tronev; Moscow,
Zhurnal Neorganiehesltoy ICh3.mii, Vol ~~, No 8, Aug 59, pp 1768-
177~E
The conditions of the reduction of ammonium perrhenate with hydrogen
under pressure at a temperature of 300-400o were studied with the purpose
of obtaining pure rhenium. The compound NHS ReC14 was synthesized and
found to be analogous in its properties to the salts RbReCll~ and CsReCl~
that were already known. It was established that compounds of the type
McReCl~ undergo disproportiona,tion in concentrated hydrochloric acid
solutions at 250? in an atmosphere of nitrogen of hydrogen under pressure,
forming Re II, Re N, and RevII. An attempt to synthesize compounds of
the type Me3 Re C13 by the iodide method did not succeed, because only
compounds with the composition Mc2 ReC16 were formed. It was established
that when compounds of the type McReC14 are heated in the dry state in a
nitrogen atmosphere, there is decomposition with the formation of Me2ReC16,
ReC13, and metallic rhenium. It was found that the thermal decomposition
of NH4ReC1~ takes place at 3650, of RbReC11~ at 3400, and of CsReCl~ at 3200.
In other words, the decomposition temperature drops as the radius of the
cation increases. '
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Insecticides, Herbicides, and Growth S~timulatore
16. _New Powerful Systemic Insecticide: Dimethyl Ester of
Isopropylurethane-N-~,hosphoric Acid
"Esters of Urethanephosphoric.Acids," by A. V. Kirsanov and
M. S. Makarets, Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Acad-
emy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR; Leningrad, Zhurnal Obshchey
Khitnii, Vol 29, No 7, Jul 59, pp 2256-2262
The dimethyl ester of methylurethane-N-phosphoric acid (preparation
"Kiev-20-35") was obtained directly from the methyl ester of trichloro-
phosphazocarbonic acid (with a yield of 80',x) and from the acid dichloride
of rrethylurethane-N-phosphoric acid (in a 76~ yield). A total of six
estez?s of trichlorophosphazocarbonic acid (type formula: ROCON~PC13)
were prepared and a method was developed for converting them into ~.cid
dichlorides of urethane-N-phosphoric acids by the action of water.
The temperature at which the thermal decomposition of trichlorophos-
phazocarbonic acid esters into alkyl halides and acid dichlorides of iso-
cyanatophosphorj.c acid occurs depends on the nature of the alkyl group.
With an increase of molecular .weight of the alkyl group, the decomposition
temperature goes up. The esters containing alltyls with an iso-structure
decompose at lower temperatures than their isomers containing alkyls with
a normal structure. A number of esters of urethane-N-phosphoric acids
were prepared, several of which are active systemic insectides nontoxic to
warm-blooded animals.
The most active systemic insecticide from this group is the dimethyl
ester of isopropylurethane-N-phosphoric acid, whose activity is several
tunes as great as that of preparation K-20-35 the dimethyl ester of mEthy-
lurethane-N-phosphoric acid, CII30CONHPO (OCH~~2, according to tests con-
ducted by G. A. Yefimov at the Laboratory of Insecticide Chemistry, Insti-
tute of Organic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR.
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17. New Insecticides: Amidoestersof.Thid~hosphoric and D3-thiophosphoric
Acids
"Organophoephorus Insecticides. VI. Amidoesters of Thiophos-
phoric and Dithiopho8phoric Acids WI'.ich Contain the beta-
Ethy]mercaptoethyl Group," by M. I. Kabetchnik, N.N. Godovi-
kov, D. M. Paykin, M. P. Shabanova, L. F. Yefimova, and
N. M. Gamper, Institute of Organoelemental (Compounds,
Academy of Sciences USSR; Leningrad, Zhurna,l Obshchey
Khimii, Vol 29, No 7, Jul 59, pP 2182-2190
The object of the research was to prepare and investigate the insecti-
cidal activity of amidoesters of thiophosphoric and dithiophosphoric acids
which contain the beta-ethylmercaptoethyl group. The authors assumed that
such compounds would exhibit strong systemic insecticidal activity. None
of these compounds had previously been synthesized.
The starting materials used for the synthesis of these compounds were
ethyldimethylamidochlorothionophosphate (I), ethyldiethylam3.dochlorothiono-
ph~sphate (II), and tetramethyldiamidochlorothionophosphate (III). The
first two acid chlorides were obtained by the action of dimethylamine or
diethylamine on ethyldichlorothionophosphate. Tetramethyldiamidochloro-
thiophosphate was synthesized both by the reaction of d.imethylamine with
thiophosphorylchloride and by heating tetramethyldiamidochl.orophosphate
with phosphorus pentasulfide.
By the action of beta-hydroxyethylsulfide on the above-mentioned acid
chlorides in the presence of sodium hydroxide powder, 0-ethyl-0-beta-
mercaptoethyldimethylamidothiophosphate (Gd-50), 0-ethyl-0-beta-ethylmer-
captoethyldiethylamidothiophosphate (Gd-52) and~0~.beta-ethylmercapto-
ethyltetramethyld3amidothiophosphate (Gd-64) were synthesized.
After heating for 8-10 hours at 160-170oC, the previously obtained
compounds isomerized correspondingly into 0 -ethyl-S-beta-ethylmereapto-
ethyldimethylami.dothiophosphate (G~-53), 0-ethyl-S-beta-ethylmercapto-
ethyldiethylamidothiophosphate (Gd-~y4) and S-beta-ethy]mercaptoethyl-
tetramethyldiamidot'hiophosphate (Gd-66).
Furthermore, by the interaction of ethyldimethylamidochlorothiono-
phosphate and ethyldiethylamidochlorothionophoephate with the sodium
derivative of beta-mercatodiethylsulfide the corresponding 0-ethyl-S-
beta-ethylmercaptoethyldimethylamidodithiophosphate (Gd 55) and 0-ethyl-
S-beta-ethylmercaptoethyldiethylamidodithiophosphr~,te (Gd 56) were obtained.
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The physical constants and yields of the newly obtained insecticides
are listed in a table.
Laboratory tests of ?the compounds synthesized, both for their action
as insecticides and acaricides, were conducted on the harmful pentatomidae
insects, farinaceous scale insects, and the arachnoid tick.
Several amidoesters of thiophosphoric and dithiophosphoric acids
(Gd-53, Gd-54 and Gd-56) were found to be active sys?temjc acaricides against
the arachnoid tick and deserve further study. 'they aid not approach thi-
ophos in insecticidal activity.
1f3. Insecticidal Properties of Antibiotics
"The Use of Antibiotics Against Insects. -- Plant Pests,"
by A. G. Kuchayeva, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of
Sciences USSR; Moscow, Vestnik Sel'skokhozyaystve.inoy
Nauki, Vol IV, No 7, Jul 59, pp 13 -1 0
A report on the results obtained in the use of antibiotics for control
of the-gypsy moth -- Portheria dispar L. -- whose caterpillars are very
harmful to agricultural and forestry plants, is given. Thirty-four anti-
biotics derived from actinomycetes, bacterial, fungus, and synthetic origins,
were tested. Solutions of the antibiotics were applied to the leaves of
plants infested with gypsy moth eggs and caterpillars. The experiments
established that on the basis of their effectiveness the antibiotics may
be divided into four groups: the antibiotics in the first group had no
noticeable effect on th.e development vi the caterpillars; the second group
comprised antibiotics which had an inhibiting effect on the growth of the
caterpillars, without killing them; the third groupdcontained antibiotics
which had a stimulating effect on the development Of the caterpillars; the
fourth contained antibiotics which exhibited specific insecticidal properties
when applied to the plants. These included: antibiotic preparation 2703,
which killed an average of 35 percent of the caterpillars on the eighth day
after its application; actinomycin, which killed 46 percent of the insects;
preparations 1205, 119, 194, 819, and 1'(75, from which 73 percent of the
caterpillars perished; and preparation '(19, which killed 100 percent of
the insects 6 days after its application.
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19. Triefiran-4 -- An Agricultural Insecticide
"Agricultural Insecticide 'Triefiran-~+, "' by Sh. A. Mamedov
and G. Ya. Lerner (Invention No 121121); Moscow, ~lleten'
Izobreteniy, No 14, 1959, PP 9-10
Dibuty~.acetal. trichloroacetaldehyde has found use as an agricul-
tural insecticide, which is called "Triefiran-4." It has been used to
control insects which attack citrus crops (the Chinese waxy pseudo-scale
insect) and those which attack cotton plants (aphids and web mites).
20. Chlorophenoxyacetic Acid Esters as Effective Herbicides
"Research in the Field of Herbicide Synthesis," by V. V.
Dovlatyan, Chair of General Chemistry of the Armenian Agri
cultural Institute; Yerevan, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Arm-
yanskoy SSSR, Vol 12, No 3, 1959, PP 201-20
The synthesis and properties of previously unknown gamma=chlorocrotyl
esters of aryloxy- and halo-acetic acids are described in this report.
Chloro-, trichloro-, and some aryloxyacetic acids are easily ester-
ified by a slight excess of gamma-chlorocrotyl alcohol without the use of
catalysts.
The synthesis of the above-mentioned esters (by the action of the
sodium salts of the aryloxyacetic acids on 1, 3-dichlorobutene-2) can be
performed in the presence of pyridine as a catalyst.
From among the compounds synthesized, high herbicidal'.activity was
exhibited by the gamma-chlorocrotyl esters of 4-chlorophenoxy- and 2-
methyl-l+-chlorophenoxyacetic acids (against broad-leaved weeds) and tri-
chloroacetic acid (against grasses).
Laboratory and vegetative tests were conducted at the Institute of
Soil Cultivation of the Ministry of Agriculture Armenian SSR by G. A.
Darbinyan.
21. "Krotilin" -- A New Herbicide
"A Neer Herbicide -- 'Krotilin, "' by Docent N. Karapetyan,
Armenian Agricultural Institute; Moscow, Nauka i Peredovov
Opyt v Sel'skom Khozyaystve, No 6, 1958, p 5
V. Dovlatyan, Associate of the Chair of General Chemistry of the
Armenian Agricultural Institute, has synthesized a nera herbicide which
he calls "Krotilin." According to the author, it surpasbes 2,4-D and is
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not inferior to .the butyl ester of 2,4-D in its herbicidal properties.
Although its chemical formula is not given in the article, it is said
to be an ester of 2,4-D with low volatility. It is said to be prefer-
able to the butyl ester of 2,4-D in some respects.
22. S thesis of Gamma-Chlorocrot 1 Ester of 2 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic
Acid Krotilin -- A New Herbicide
"Research on the Synthesis of Herbicides. Report 1. The
Gamma-chlorocrotyl Ester of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid
('Krotilin')," by V. V. Dovlatyan, Chair of General Chem-
istry of the Armenian Agricultural Institute; Yerevan,
Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Armyanskoy SSR-Khimicheskiye Nauki,
Vol 12, No 2, 1959, pp 125-131
For the purpose of finding new and superior substitutes for the butyl
ester of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), the hitherto unknown
gamma-chlorocrotyl ester of this acid was synthesized.. "Krotilin," as it
has been named, differs from the butyl ester by its comparatively low
volatility and its ease of manufacture; "Krotilin" surpasses 2,4-D as a
herbicide, and in comparison with the sodium salt of 2,4-D, which is used
in agriculture, it is three times more active.
The gamma-chlorocrotyl ester of 2,4-D ,can be obtained by four
methods: preparation of the ester starting with the acid chloride of
2r4-D or the free acid and gamma-chlorocrotyl alcohol; by the action of
the gamma-chlorocrotyl ester of chloroacetic acid on sodium 2,4-dichloro-
phenolate; and by the interaction of the sodium salt of 2, 4-D with 1, 3-
dichlorobutene-2.
2,4-D is easily esterified with a slight excess of gamma-chlorocrotyl,
butyl, anti. isoamyl alcohols without the use of a catalyst.
Thc:~odium salt of 2,4-D reacts smoothly with 1,3-dichloro-butene-2
only in the presence of pyridine, which exerts a pronounced catalytic
effect on the formation of the ester.
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23? Growth Stimulants Beneficial to Pro agation by Cuttings
"Application of Growth Stimulants During the Propagation of
Fruit, Berry, Forest, and Decorative Plants by Means of Cut-
tings," R. Kh. Turetskaya,'~nstitute of Plant Physiology
imeni K. A. Timiryazeva of the Academy of Sciences USSR, Mos-
cow, Fiziologiya Rasteniy, Vol 6, No 4, 1959, pp 494-499
A great number of physiologically active chemical substances can be
used as plant growth stimulants, as experiments conducted in the Soviet
Union and abroad have shown. The most effective chemicals stimulating
root formation processes appear to be beta-indolylacetic acid (hetero-
auxin), beta-incblylbutyric acid (1IvIIS), and alpha-naphthylacetic acid (NUK),
as well as salts derived from these acids.
The effectiveness of growth stimulants with respect to the intensifi-
cation of the root growth of cuttings depends on the physiological state
and rooting capacity of the cuttings. Most young plants can be propagated
b y means of cuttings, but this ability disappears with age. Green cutting
is the most frequently used method of vegetative reproduction. Woody cut-
tings should be used only for the propagation of plants which take root
easily.
To facilitate the rooting of plant cuttings which take root with dif-
ficulty, it is desirable to condition the plants preliminarily by using a
mixtuxe of the growth stimulant and ascorbic acid.
24. Two Patented Processes For S thesizin Growth Stimulant Beta-
Indol lacetic Acid Heteroauxin
"Methods of Synthesizing Beta-Indolylacetic Acid (Hetero-
auxin)," by A. P. Terent'yev and N. A. Dzbanouskiy (Invention
No 12(.'217 and 120219); Moscow, Byulleten' Izobreteniy, No 11,
1959, pp 16-17
Invention No 120217: The process of synthesizing beta-indolylacetic
acid by the condensation of indole with formalin and alkaline cyanide is
characterized by the fact that, to increase the yield, the process is car-
ried out in two stages so that foi~nalin and alkaline cyanide are condensed
initially in an anhydrous medium up to the formation of the potassium (or
sodium) metal derivative of hydroxyacetonitrile, and then this derivative
is condensed with indole in the presence of a stoichiometric quantity of
water.
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Invention No 120219: The process for synthesizing; bet~Z-indolylacetic
acid (hetei?oauxin) from indole is characterized b~ the fact that, to ?,sim-
plify ?the process, indole is converted by the action of anhydrous formalin
into beta-indolylmethylanilirie, which is further treated by a solution of
alkaline cyanide a?t an elevated temperature.
25. Preparation of Plant Growth Stimulant alpha-Naphthjrlacetic Acid and
Its Methyl Derivative
"The Preparation of alpha-Naphthylacetic Acid and Its Methyl
Derivative," by yu. A. Baskalov, V. N. Volkov, and N. N.
Mel'nikov; Moscow, Zhurnal Px?ikladnoy Khimii,. Vol 32, No 6,
Jun 59, pp 1409-12
Alpha-naphthjrlacetic acid and several of its derivatives have found
a variety of uses in agriculture. The potassium salt is an active stimu-
lant of root-formation and it is used in grafting and t'ransplant'ing of
raature trees. Another derivative, alpha-naphthylacetamide, has been used
frith success for preventing the falling of fruit frog trees. However, of
greater value to the national economy is the method of retarding the sprout-
ing of potatoes and other vegetables during longs storage. At present, ?the
methyl ester of alpha-naphthylacetic acid is used t'or this purpose. Its
chief advantages ovez? other,preparati~ons are its high effectiveness and
practically complete absence of any toxicity to man.
The authors. have, developed a method whereby a '~0 o yield of alpb3,-r~pht}~ylacetic arid.
can be obtained under op?tiiut~l condi?Lions by the condensation of naphthalene
~.~.i.?~ii iuonochloroacetic acid in the presence of a catalyst consisting of
iron powder and potassium bromide. The esterification of alpha-naphthaly-
lacetic acid with methyl alcohol in the presence of sulfuric acid at room
temperature gives an almost quantitative yield of the methyl ester. The
method developed is suitable for the preparation of the compounds in ques-
tion in large quantities.
Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction Materials
26. Internal Circulation of Extractable Materials During Extraction With
Tributylphosphate
"The Internal Circulation of Extracted Substances and the Cal-
culation of Columns For Extraction With Tributylphosphate,"
by A. M. Rozen; Moscow, A_tomnaya Energiya, Vol 7, No 3, Sep 59,
PP 277-281
Displacement of one extracted substance by another in tributylphosphate
and the resulting "internal circulation" of extracted substances are con-
sidered. from the standpoint of the concentration gradients which arise and
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the effects which the phenomena in question have on the design and opera-
tion of extraction columns. The extraction of uranyl nitrate i.n the pres-
ence of nitric acid and of extractable microimpurities and the separation
of plutonium from uranium are discussed in deta9.l.
2'~. Separation of Zirconium From Niobium by Method of Distribution
ChromatograpYiy With Reversed Phases
"Separation of Mixtures of Zirconium With Niobium by the
Method of Distribution Chro~~,atography With Reversed Phases,"
by S. Sekerski and B. Ko~;linaka, Radiochemical Laboratory
of the Institute of Nuclear Research, Polish Academy of
Sciences (Warsaw); Moscow, Atomnaya Ener~;iya, Vol 7, No 2,
Aug 59, pp 160-162
A method has been developed ?or separating zirconium from niobium by
a method of distribution chromatography, using tributyl phosphate adsorbed
on siliconized silica-gel. The ca:?rier-free radioisotopes Zr95 and Nb95
were used. Hyflo Supercel with grains having a diameter of approximately
0.08 mm was siliconized with dimethyldichlorosilane.~ Separation of zir-
conium from niobium was carried out with ~.6 M nitric acid. In the separa-
tion by this method, ~~~ery pure niobium may be obtained rut the r~:d ~-
chemical purity of zirconium is no higher than 98?b: To' improve the
separation of niobium from zirconium, the capacity of niobium to form com-
plexes with hydrogen peroxide wad utilized. Tt was established that the
best results are obtained when a solution of 0.1-0.3gb of hydrogen peroxide
in 1~.6 M nitric acid is used. In the procedures described, zirconium is
washed out of the column, while niobium remains adsorbed.
It is concluded on the basis of the results obtained that separation
of cations .having chemical properties close to each other can be a.ecomplished
b y appl~~in~r distribution chromatography and using tributyl_ phosphate as the
stationary phase. Because many cations present in the form of different
salts (nitrates, chlorides, and bromides) are extracted by tributyl pl~.os-
phate, it may be e :pected that 1-,he method described can be applied quite
generally. A't present, work is being conducted on the application of this
method for the separation of rare-earth elements.
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?8. Concentration of B10 by Distillation of Boron Chloride
"Separation of Boron Isotopes By the Distillation of Boron
Chloride," by N. N. Seveyugova,,0. V. Uvarov, and N. M.
Zhavoronkov, Corresponding Member, Academy of Sciences
USSR, Scientific Research Physical Chemistry Institute
imeni L. Ya. Karpov; Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk
SSSR, Vol 126, No 5, 11 Jun 59, pp 10 I? I?-lq~
Separation of boron isotopes can be accomplished b y a number of
methods, i.e., electromagnetically, by thermal diffusion, vapor diffusion,
chemical isotope exchange, and distillation. Among the methods enumerated,
distillation appears to be of the greatest advantage from the economic
standpoint. On the basis of the experiments described, which were con-
ducted in equipment especially designed~~for the purpose, calculations were
made indicating that enrichment of B10 by the distillation of BC13 can be
carried out at a cost low enough to warrant industrial application of the
method. It appears from the calculations that the maximum separation
capacity of a column for the distillation of boron trichloride corresponds
to 800 theoretical plate. Under these conditions, a product containing
'75 mol ?~ of B10 C13 can be obtained.
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Organic Chemist
29? SY?:+~hesis of Ally1 Esters of Some Alkane-, Alkene-, and
Chloroalkane hosphinic Acids
"A11y1 Esters of Several Alkane-, Alkene-, and Chloroalkane-
phosphinic Acids," by L. Z. Soborovskiy and Yu, M. Zinov'yev;
Leningrad, Zhurnal Obshche Khimii, Vol 29, No 7, Jul 59,
pp 2152-54
The allyl esters of alkanephosphinic acids have acquired importance
as starting materials for the synthesis of polymers. The esters of
various alkane- and alkenephosphinic acids are obtained by the action
of allyl.'alcohol on the acid chlorides of the corresponding phosphinic
acids or by reacting according to the Arbuzov method triallylphoaphite
with halogenated alkanes. The allyl ester of octanephosphinic acid is
obtained by the interaction of free acid with 811y1 alcohol in boiling
toluene .in the presence of 1.396 Para-toluolsulfonic acid. The allyl
esters of chloroelkanephosphinic acids have been described by several
authors. in the past.
In the present investigation, the allyl esters of several alkane-,
alkene-, and chloroalkanephosphinic acids have been synthesized using
the acid dichlorides of the corresponding acids which were obtained by
the oxidative chlorophosphination of paraffinic, and olefinic hydrocarbons
(heptane, cyclohexane, propylene, and 1-butene).
Since several acid dichlorides obtained by this method are mixtures
of isomeric compounds, the esters synthesized from them are made up of
isomers, differing by the position of the ;phosphorus-containing radical
in the hydrocarbon group.
By the dehydrochlorination of the acid chloride of chloropropane-
phosphinic acid, the acid chloride of propenephosphinic acid was obtained
which was later converted into the a11y1 ester of propenephosphinic acid
(the latter may possibly contain admixtures of isomeric compounds).
The properties of the synthesized diallyl esters of heptane-,
cyclohexane-, chloropropane-, chlorobutane-, and propenephosphinic. acids
are listed in a table.
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30. Research on RCdX Cadmium Compou~~ds
"Crystalline Aliphatic Organocadmium Compounds of the RCdiC
Type," by N. I. Sheverdina, I. Ye. Paleyeva, Ye. D. De3inskaya,
and K. A. Kocheshkov, Corresponding Member of the Academy of
Sciences USSR, Physical Chemistry Institute imeni L. Ya.
Karpov; Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 125, No 2, 1959,
pp 3'+8-35e
Up to now, organocadmium compounds had not been isolated in an
? individual crystallized form. The authors in this article ha~~ shown
the possibility of synthesizing organocadmium compounds and isolating
them on the basis of the reaction between dialkylcadmium and cadmium
salts according ~;o the equation:
R2Cd _ -~~ CdX2 --~ 2RCdX
The reactions were carried out in absolute ether using anhydrous cadmium
halides. The following compounds were obtained in a cryst alline form:
ethylcadmium chloride, ethylcadmium bromide, ethyl~admium iodide, and
n-butyl-cadmium bromide.
31. Process for Preparing Mixture of Unsymmetric Tetraal.kyl-
dithiopyrophosphates and Trialkyldithiophosphates
"Method of Obtaining a Mixture of Unsymmetcic T~atraalkyldi-
thiopyrophosphates and Trialkyldithiophosphatea," by N. N.
Mel'nikov, K. D. Shvetsova-Shilovskaya, any. M. Ya. Kagan
(Invention No 120216); Moscow, Byulleten' I;tobret~sniy,
No 11, 1959, p 16
The process of preparing a mixture of unsymmetric tetraalkyl-
dithiopyrophoaphates and trialkyldithiophosphates is characterized by
the fact that tetraalkyldithiophosphondisulfide, in the presence of a
solvent or without it, is mixed with trialkylphosphate and the mixture
is heated thereafter.
iu.: ., ,.
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~. ~s ter _ ~ Q Q-II Il- Ci ~~ ~ ~D- 3-
~~ ~ ~ S, ,.. -~'iPf~ ~*ta. Q j,~1 ~.a~c~"~+~i'~~p ~1~~ p ~~ J~
1--0-~-Crr-{v~-IIjj~t~-TTT"tm~~P3*~'z'T.r)~` ~-'-~tay~' ,"~D n }~ll~Tl? IG..
~,~,?^~~, Y$-. 17 .. ~l LL$~fi Li.. ~ L".~L..~t Rf}'TL?3p rC'J~. ii.r~ 1V.~~8~~
,, ~ Sr ~. Sam (Izr~atfcs ~,c r:.~.~~~b ~~sr ~?n?~:~,
~= r"'JC~SS ?L'i C~.t.BiZ~ ti.YIL' C III~L" ~ '.~ '.~~5.'~~.~' '~.'8
~C~'...1Z.:'~G~~"S~"'L`~ ~ 'fie i'6.Cti `x.}28` ~'f~' C'tiQ
tr~+~-P jS '~ ri~~.L* FS~-*.Lftrrsr~trarrr-l! ~ +`a' rr~ ~3' '~3a1.~3~1~3IlC
~-
;~ ~ Tr~~araa~zm ~au~~
"'~~ s'~L+~~C~ ~ $ina= trsrnr~ F~,scri+~T~rrr~f'r',p ~~ ~.Tfi'1-nr~ $an
8~ T.~~S'`..8"S Q~i ~'~T ~?~Q~'=rrnrr-F;rr fin' $~ ~'~. ~'i.
I~~~, Z_ 1f_ Z?mxrcyl,~~~.T a~ ~_ W ~r~?*?**:*p~y,~~,~~1,~~~,~,~e~m~+~~
Qf i... r' ~ ~ W1Sa.LiGL.i1:JtCiLI ~.L7ZZ1y
~~ ,T
~~' ~~ Lii `u.~~ff rraassssr~sr, ~~ ~ ~'`u$L ~~1'~t?t'1~1~ ~ a~.~'121-
~--m ~ "~,,_io ~~?t~rTrr-~rrta~r_~tff2rs ?,~^-,~1 ~.~ ~L1$ ~.'~!a
u--.~ S~?3~-~ j~+~rvrtsnr{ r?~e~r'f ~^ g~g ~T - ~ ?'~rfti'~m
r---r--
~~i Q~~J/~ }~~~ ~~~~y~ ~~~~}~~ ~yy~y
~' ~~ oY~. R..~ +~a. .....iii, r~sr- : ? ~Y'T~+ y ~yy~. A11:Yi1
..S L"'-:~.ZL~.~ Q~ Cam,. ~~y ~II:2 ~T-'Si..a~s"~ i;~t~ *-)il'W?`,yYrr~s~~nR~ T~ r .$L''~.~
~ y~Z3 ~ ~ ~ ij ~ f ~~ g~5 ~ ~f -s.'y'~~?a ~ ~~1 ~L }~CT~Z
~~y.L,....,~~ ~-~Kia-%-Tn.?.,=i;n_g*~-f~*,~'j.~,~mnm~~~ ~ =~~~IIZ2L'~L ?1C~ 8'~
'~'~~y~ ,"'L' '- r' .~. D..~Q~..~ ~'..~F~ii~IL T~.'t`IZ1 4?~""~- ' ~ "~"~ ~ ~Z
~1.-'~t~r*a~frir=~S~_.'"_ E~;..~'3,. ffiTov-~rT~aer, r~-Q, ' _ .."'~ C1L 'liL~i ~L'~'9.'~ ~II~JS't.~f.~IItiB
_......~.t? ~?~ '~~L ~~.,G2 S~Ht~~ ~"~ - ~~.."' ~r 3i'~~.'DII i~~~ Z'LS~SL"t
~ ::tea .~`'~a.~ ~^3BII ~ ~~T'S`~..
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Diphenoxychlorophosphazoaulfonaryls nre formed by the reaction of
phosphorus pentachloride with the diphenyl esters of arylsulfonamido-
phosphoric acids. The reaction is independent of the nature and the ~ ~~;.
position of the substituents in the aromatic nucleus of the sulfonic acid.
34. thesis of Trialkylgermanium fluoride
"Synthesis of Trialkylgermanium Fluoride," by B. M. Gladshteyn,
V. V. Rode, and L. Z. Soborovskiy; Leningrad, Zhurnal Obshchey
Khimii, Vol 29, No 7, Jul 59, pp 2155-2156
A new method is reported for obtaining trialkylgermanium fluoride by
the direct action of liquid hydrogen fluoride on tetraalkylgermane:
GeR4 -~~ HF --~ R3CeF -f- RH
where R = CH3 and C2H5.
The reaction takes place smoothly under mild conditions and results
in a quantitative yield of monofluarotrialkyl-germane. Earths: action of
the hydrogen fluoride on trialkylgermanium fluoride even under more'
vigorous conditions does not cause splitting off of additional alkyl
groups. Thus, this reaction permits the synthesis of pure trialkylgermanium'
fluoride without admixtures oP di- and trifluorogermanes.
The initial tetraalkylgermanes were obtained by organomagnesium
synthesis from germanium tetrachloride and the corresponding alkyl-
magnesium halide. By means of this method, tetramethylegermane was
obtained in a practically quantitative yield under the given conditions
in absolute dibutyl ether.
35? Neoplatyph lliile : A New Cholinolytic and Spa,smolytic Alkaloid
"A New A:kaloid Igome~ is Witb. Platyphylline," by A. V. Danilova,
L. M. Utkin, G. V. Itozyreva, and Yu. I. Syrneva, All-Union
Scientific Research Chemical Pharmaceutical Institute imeni
S. Ordzhonikidze, Leningrad, Zhurr~g~l Obshchey Khimii, Vol 29,
No 7, 3~u1 59, pp 2432-2436
Neoplatyphylline was obtained by the treatment of alcoholic mother
liquors under i:~dustrial conditions in connection with the process of
separation and crystallization of platyphylline btta,r~rate. Neoplatyphyl-
line has the same over-all composition and the same functions], groups as
platyphylline. The infrared absorption spectra of the two alkaloids
differ only slightly. Nevertheless, neoplatyphylline and its salts differ
from platyphyl].ine and its salts in their physical properties.
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Pharmacological tests showed that naoplatyphylline exhibits pronounced
cholinolytic and spasmolytic activity. It causes dilation of the pupils
and relaxation of smooth muscles. 1t is quite close to platyphy111ne in
its action and activity, but its toxicity is twice that of platyphylline.
36. S thesis of Ali hatic Carb~laminohalides
"Carbylaminohalides. I. Aliphatic Carbylaminochlorides," by
? K. A. Petrov 2nd A. A. Neymysheva; Leningrad, 7rhurnal Obshchey
I4Zimii, Vol 29, No 7, Jul 59, pp 2165-2168
Very little is known about aliphatic carbyl8uminochlorides. Only
three compounds of this type are known up to the present t one: ethyl-,
beta-chlcroethyl-, and trichloromethylcarbylaminochlorides. The first
substance was prepared by the chlorination of ethyl3eonitrile; the second,
by the chlorination of beta-chloroethylisothiocyanate; and the third, by
the thermal decomposition of trichloronitrosomethane. Only general :[ndica-
tions with regard try their reactivity are available, as far as knowledge
of the chemical properties of these compounds is concerned.
Tn this article, the authors describe the hitherto unknown methyl-
carbylaminochloride, give information on a method for the preparation of
intermediate products :For the synthesis of trichloromethylcarbylamino-
chloride, and report results of a study of some of the properties of .
aliphatic carbylszninochlorides.
Methylcarbylamirochloride was obtained by the chlorination of
methylisothiocyanate iri ether at 0? C. Methyl- and trichloromethyl-
carbylaminochlorides de not react with hydrogen sulfide, sod~.um sulfide
or copper sulfide. Methyl.carbylaminochloride liberates iodine quantita-
tively from acidified solutions, of potassium iodide. Complete substitu-
tion of chlcriiz? atoms wit~~ the emine rasidues takes place by the action
of aniline on trichloro:nethylcarbyla.-~inochloride..
37? Synthesis of New Phosphorous A,.id Esters
"2'he Prepara* to:~ a~+.3 Iso~~eri::atiol of Mixed Esters of Di-beta
beta'-dicb.laroicopropylph.osphorous Acid. V.," by V. K. Khay- ~
. rulli.n, A. I. .Ledeneve., a_nd V. S. Abramov, Kazan Chemico-
tec~;~oi~~gical Irst:~tute; Jleningrc~d, Zhurnal Obshchey Khiinii,
Vol 2g, Nc 7, Jul 59, pp 2355-?359 - .
The stated purpose of this re3e;arch was to obtain mixed eaters of
phosphorous acid possessing =1alogen-containing ester radicals and to
study the effect of halogens on their properties.
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The reaction between glycerol alpha, gamma-dichlorohydrin and
phosphorus trichloride was studied. It resulted in the formation of the
following products: the acid dichloride of beta, beta'-dichloroiso-
propylphoaphorous acid, the acid monochloride of beta, beta'-dichloroiso-
propylphosphorous acid, and the di-beta, beta'-dichloroisopropyl ester
of beta, gamma-dichloroisopropylphosphinic aci~? which formed by the
isomerization of tri-beta, beta'-dichloroisopropylphosphite.
The mixed dielkyl-beta, beta'-dichloroisopropyl eaters of phos-
phorous acid were synthesized and characterized.
Isomerization of the mixed phoaphites by the corresponding alkyl
iodides takes place smoothly with the splitting off of the unsubstituted
aliphatic alkyl and the formation of alkyl-beta, beta'-dichloroisopropyl
esters of alkylphosphinic acid.
38. Hammett's Equation to Establish Ionization Constant of Organophosphorus
Acids -
"The Application of Hammett's Equation to the Ionization
Constant of Organophosphorus Acids in 7 and 8096 Alcohols,"
by T. A. Mastryukova, T. A. Melent'yeva, A. E. Shipov, and
M. I. Kabachnik, Institute of Organoelemental Compounds of
the Academy of Sciences USSR; Leningrad, Zhurnal Obshchey
Khimii, Vol 29, No 7, Jul 59, pp 2178-2182
The ionization constants of a number of organophosphorus acids in
7 and 8096 alcohol were determined. Using these constants, the authors
established that in accordance with Hammett's equation the ionization
constant indexes are linearly related to the constants 6- which were
calcule~ted earlier and are specific for organophoaphorua compounds.
The G constants were determined for the C6H50- and p-CH3C6H40-groups
bound to the phosphorus atom.
39? Synthesis and Characteristics of Atropine-Like Substances
"The Synthesis of Cyclic Amino-Alcohols Possessing Cholinolytic
Activity," by S. G. Kuznetsov and. N. M. Libman, All-Union
Scientific Research Sanitary-Chemical Institute of the Academy
of Medical Sciences USSR; Leningrad, Zhurnal Obshchey Khimii,
Vol 29, No 7, Jul 59, PP 2421-2428
S. G. Kuznetsov, in his report (presented at an all-union conference
held at Riga, 26-2g June 1957) entitled "On the role of several physico-
chemical and structural factors in the interaction mechanism of atropine-
like substances with M-cholinoreactive systems" advanced the hypothesis
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that cholinolytic substances which act similarly to atropine and belong
to the group of aminoalkyl eaters of carboxylic acids interact in the
organism with cholinorer~ctive systems while in a cyclic ionic form
in which the distance between the nitrogen atom and the carbon atom
associated with the cyclic radicals is fixed to a considerable degree
by intramolecular ion-dipole interaction and is approximately equal to
3.7 R.
From this, the corollary follows that a distance equal to or
relatively close to 3.7 ~ should be the distance between some definite
points of a cholinoreactive system and that this distance is essential
for cholinolytic molecules.
To find experimental confirmation of this hypothesis, the authors
undertook the synthesis of cyclic structures analogous to~that of
dimethylaminoethyl ester of benzoic acid but with a more rigidly
fixe?~ distance between the N and C because of the presence of a covalent
bond instead of the comparatively weak ion-dipole interacting pair.
Synthesized for the first time were: 1-methyl-diphenylmathylol-pi-
perideine-3 and 3-diphenylmethylol-dLnethylaminocyclohexene-2, several
oP their salts and the ethyl ester of 3-dimethylamino-l-cyclohexene-
carboxylic acid which formed as an intermediate product of the synthesis.
On the basis of a comparison of the cholinolytic activity of the
obtained substances, the conclusion was reached on the substantial effect
on the physiological activity mentioned of the distance between the nitrogen
atom and the carbon atom which is bound to the cyclic radical.
~+0. Synthesis of Secondary Amines Containing Trifluoromethyl Gro
"Carbylaminohalides. II. The Synthesis of Secondary Amines with
a Trifluoromethyl Group," by K. A. Petrov and A. A. Neymysheva;
Leningrad, 7~hurnal Obshchey Khimii, ~Tol 29, No 7, Jul 59,
pp 2169??2173
The only example of a secondary amine with a trifluoromethyl group
on the nitrogen known at present is hexafluoro-d9methylamine, which was
first obtained in small yields by the fluorination of cyanogen iodide
with iodine pentafluoride, and later by the addition of hydrogen fluoride
to trifluoromethylcarbylaminofluoride while heating the reagents to 150? C
for 15 hours. The second method is recommended as a general procedure
for obtaining secondary amines with a trifluoromethyl group. Nevertheless,
owing to the inadequate availability of carbylaminofluorides, it likewise
has very limited possiblities. Carbylaminofluorides are usually obtained
by the thermal decomposition of tri-(perfluoroalkyl)-amines. The per-
fluorocarbylaminofluorides formed in this manner can,be rearranged by the
addition of hydrogen fluoride only into secondary amines containing per-
fluorinated radicals.
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Petrov and Neymysheva have developed a new method for obtaining
secondary amines containing the trifluoromethyl group, which is based
on the interaction of hydrogen fluoride with carbylaminochlorides. As
a result of the successively occurring reactions of addition of hydrogen
sulfide to carbylaminohalides and splitting off of hydrogen chloride
from the resulting substances, secondary amines containing a trifluoro-
methyl group are finally obtained:
C1
R.-N -CC].2 + HF ANHCCL2F ~-HCl RN-C -1_ HF~
_,~ RNHCCIF2 -HC1 }
RN= CF2 ~-HF
-----~
RNHCF3
The reaction of carbylaminochlorided'with hydrogen fluoride takes
place energetically in the cold. and, depending on the reaction conditions,
secondary amines or polymers of carbylaminofluoridea are formed. Thus,
when the reaction is conducted in ether with an excess of hydrogen fluoride,
all~yltrifluoromethylamines are formed, but when the reaction is carried
out in ethyl chloride or without a solvent, the chief products of the re-
action are polymers of carbylaminofluorides.
The reactions between hydrogen fluoride and phenyl-, p-tolyl; beta-
chloroethyl-, and trichloromethylcarbylaminochloridea were studied. The
following compounds were isolated: phenyltrifluoromethylamine (68.s0 ,
p-tolyltrifluoromethylamine (7086), hexafluorodimethylamine (8596), and
the acid fluoride of beta-chloroethylcarbamic acid.
Radiation Chemistry
41. Control of Composition of Enrichment Products oP }3ryllium Ores a;~d
Fluorites by Bombardment With oC-Particles
Quantitative Control of Products of the Enrichment of Beryllium
and Fluorite Ores by 0~-Bombardment," by I. N. Plaksin, Cor-
responding Member, Academy of Sciences USSR; V. N. Smirnov; and
L. P. Starchik; Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 127,
No 3, 1 Jul 59, pp 618-619
The photonucleax reaction (0(,n) had been proposed by A. M. Gaudin
and G. H. Pannel for the quantitative determination of beryllium in ores.
On the basis of the investigation carried out by the authors of this
article, the reaction
9 ~+ i2 i
Bed -~- Het -~1 C6 ~.. n0
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for the determination of beryllium in the quantitative control of beryl-
lium ore concentrates, and the reaction
F919 + He24 22
-~ Nall + n01
for the control of fluorite ore concentrates are proposed. When these
reactions are applied, the yield of neutrons is proportional to the con-
tent of beryllium or fluorine or concentrates in question. Po-210 was
used as a source of 0~-radiation. The method in question can also be
used for the determination of boron.
Radiochemistry
42. All-Union Symposium on Radiochemistry
"An All-Union Symposium on Radiochemistry," by V. N. Shchebet-
kovskiy; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 7, No 2, Aug 59, pp 175-
176
A symposium dealing with the state in which microquantities of radio-
active elements are present in solutions was conducted at Leningrad
3-5 March 1959? More than 200 representatives of scientific research
institutes located at Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev, Novosibirsk, Tbilisi, and
Gor'kiy participated in the symposium.
In a report by I. Ye. Starik entitled "The Problem Concerning the
Molecular State of Microquantities of Rad.ioelements in Solutions," it was
pointed out that until recently the molecular state of radioelements in
solution received very little attention: only the conically disperse,
colloidal, and pseudo-colloidal states were investigated. By using the
method of adsorption on hydrophobic nonionic surfaces such as those of
f'toroplast-4 or paraffin in combination~?with the investigation of the
effect exerted by different salts on adsorption, it was possible to
establish the presence of molecular forms of zirconium, polonium, americium,
and promethium j.n different solutions containing these elements in micro-
quantities.
Several reports (by I. Ye. Starik, N~. I. Ampelogova, F. L. ~inzburg,
L. I. I1'menkova, I. A. Skul'skiy, and L. D. Sheydina) .dealt with the
results of investigations of the state in which ultrasmall quantities of
radioelements are present in solutions. By using a number of methods
(those of adsorption and desorption, ultrafiltration, centrifuging, electro-
phoresis, and deposition on metals), the authors of the reports determined
the pH regions in which radioelements occur in the ionic, colloidal, and
pseudo-colloid states. Tt was established that zirconium is present in
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an ionically disperse state up to pF~ _. 1.5, americium up to pHs 5, and
protactinium up to pH = 3. Transition of zirconium into a truly collodial
state takes place at pH= 4, of americium at pH ~ 9, and of protactinium
at pH = 5, The states which polonium assumes in an extensive range of pH
values (1-14) were also investigated.
M. N. Yakovleva and M. A. Shurshalina proposed to use the dialysis
method for the investigation oP the state of uranium carriers in natural
waters. An advantage of this method is its simplicity and applicability
under field conditions.
Several communications dealt with the investigation by the ion-
exchange-method of the state of radioelements in solutions. A paper,:by
V. I. Paramonova and Ye. F. Latyshev reported results obtained in work
on complexes formed by tetravalent ruthenium with .chloride ions. A
report by K. B. Zaborenko, A. V. Zaval!skaya, and V. V. Fomin dealt with
the application of the ion-exchange method for the determination of dis-
sociation constants of oxalate complexes of cerium. By applying the
method of ion exchange in combination with determinations of solubility,
A. I. Moskvin established that formation of complexes by plutonium and
americium with anions of oxalic, phosphoric, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic
acid takes place stepwise in such a manner that the rat'~io between in-
dividual types of complex ions depends on the concentration of the comple;~-
forming component. It was furthermore established that the tendency ~~to-
ward complex-formation exhibited by different ions of plutonium drops as
the ionic potential of these Ions becomes smaller.
A. M. Trofimov and L?. N. Stepanova proposed a new method for the
determination of the magnitude of the charge of ions of radioelements
in solutions by using ion-exchange resins with different capacities
for swelling. The method in question was applied to determine the
dependence of the charge of zirconium in nitric acid solutions on the
acidity of these solutions. It was established that by using the method
mentioned, one can follow the course of the polymerization of ions of
radioelements in solutions. '
When the process of extract ion is investigated, it is very important
to determine the state which the compound being extracted assumes in the
organic phase. It was established that the degree of hydration of uranyl
nitrate in a number of ethers as~d esters drops with the transition from
the first member of a homologous series to subsequent (higher) members.
It was also found that addition of benzene or chloroform brings about
a lowering of the degree of hydration (V. M. Vdovenko and Ye. A. Smirnova).
The degree of hydration of nitric acid in diethyleneg]ycol dibutyl ether
was found to be equal to 1.72 (V. M. Vdovenko and N. F. Alekseyeva), while
its degree of solvation wds found to be equal to unity in determinations
made by the dilution method (V. M. Vdovenko and A. S. Krivokhatskiy).
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A. K. Lavrukhina reported that a determination of the dependence of
the coefficient of distribution between the organic and aqueous phase on
the concentration ~f the elements makes it possible to establish the state
in which substances are present in solutions and also to determine the
concentration regions in which formation of complexes, polymerizations or
dissociation of the substances being extracted takes place. In an in-
vestigation of the extraction of hexavalent tungsten with aniline from
hydrochloric acid solutions, V. I. Kuznetsov and P. D. Pitov established
that there is a sharp rise in the coefficient of distribution after
molybdenum or vanadium has been added to the solution. The phenomenon
of combined extraction which tykes place and results in an increase of
the coefficient of distribution was explained by the authors of the paper
by assuming that there is formation of mixed isopolyanions. The pheno-
menon of combined extraction can be applied for the investigation of the
state in which substances are present in dilute sol~xtions.
A special session of the symposium dealt with investigations pertain-
ing to the state of hot atoms and related problems in radiation chemistry.
A. N. Nesmeyaaov reported on the substitution of hydrogen atoms in benzene
by the recoil atoms P32, As76~ dnd ~12~, He succeeded in demonstrating
that the formation of phenyl derivat~.ves may take place by reactions of
the superthermal type. V. Q. Dzantiyev reported on chemica~ reactions with
cy lanes of r coil atoms formed in the nuclear react~lons Li (n, OC) T and
Nl~ (n, p) C1~. It was established that in addition to the formation of
tagged molecules of the initial compounds9 tagged products of decomposi-
tion and condensation are obtained. The coefficient of the chemical con-
version of hot atoms is as high as 30-~+0~, in the case of tritium and 60-
8096 in the case of carbon. P. I. Artyukhin9 in investiga-Ling the effects
of N03 and H '~' on the velocity of the reduction of hexavalent plutonium
under the action of its own alpha-radiation was led to the conclusion that
the reduction takes place as a result, of reactions with hydrogen peroxide
and nitrous acid formed because of irradiation.
In the course of the general discussion, it was pointed out that in-
vestigation of the state in which x?ad.ioei_ements occur in solutions is of
first-rate importance for the present day theory of radiochemistry sad
also for practical applications of radiochemistry. ~.e methods by means
of which the problems in question are being investigated were subjected
to critical discussion. The participants at the symposium noted the
necessity of a more rigid thermodynamic approach ead of the simultaneous
application of several methods iii order that the question in regard to
ciae state of every element may be solved in an unequivocal manner. The
importance of further investigation of the molecular state of radioactive
elements in solutions was pointed out and also the necessity of developing
new methods for establishing that the elements are in this state. The
desirability was emphasized of comparing results that apply to microquanti-
ties with results obtained when macroquantities of the same substances are
investigated by the same method. It was pointed out that work on the
state in which hot atoms axe present in solutions must be expanded. Closer
coordination of work on the chemistry of hot atoms with work on radiation
chemistry was recommended.
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[SIR Note: This repdrt supplements the information given in Item
31, SIR T-29.]
43. Development of Indicators and Controllers Based on Use of Radioactive
Isotopes
' Item -- USER" (unsigned item); Moscow, Atomnaya EnerBiye,
Vol 7, No 3, Sep 59, p 299
The Yellin Experimental Plant of Control and Indicator Devices
(Estonian SSR) is engaged in the development of 12 types of devices
the operation of which is based on the use of radioactive isotopes. The
devices in question axe to be employed in the automation of processes in
the metallurgical, chemical, mining and smelting, food processing, and
other industries, as well as in transportation. The first shipment of
automatic controllers of the level of petroleum products has gone out.
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III. EARTH SCIENCES
44. Activities of Hungarian Geologists Discussed, International Mesozoic
Conference in September
"Zbe Achievements of the 'Scientific Miners' -- Geologists From
17 Countries Participate in Jubilee Conference of the [Hungarian]
Geological Institute," by Istvan Vig; Budapest; Magyar Nemzet,
1Sep59~P3
In 1859, the Hungarian State Geological Institute celebrates the,90th
anniversary of its founding. On this occasion, a very important inter-
national Mesozoic conference will be held in the institute [in September].
We spoke about the work of our geologists and about the significance
of the international Mesozoic conference with Dr Karoly Ferencz, chief
geologist and deputy director of the Hungarian State Geological 7nBtitute.
Zbe most important research areas of the institute are the Mecsek,
Matra, and Esperes-Toka~i ranges, the Bakony Mountains and environs, and
the Doxvg coal basin. The researches in the Mecsek are aiming primarily
at an increase in coal r^serves; but they are also looking for uranium
and iron ore. The moat recent iron ore strike was near Zengovarkony.
Our bauxite and manganese ore deposits in the Balcony are significant.
Most recently, traces of magnetite and magnetite have been found in the
serpentines near Felsocsatar in Vas Megye. Traces of rare [inert] gas
have been found near Szombathely, and there is also the possibility of
tapping hot medicinal watera~here.
Ttie institute has done significant work on water supplies, on supply
of volcanic rock, and on limestones and dolomites for cement. A great
master in research on road building atones is Dr Laos Jugovics, a
university instructor, who works at the institute.
Hungarian researchers are now traveling in the deserts of China and
Mongolia, and the ~teputy director of the institute spent 2 years in
Albania.
Outstanding scientists from 17 European countries will attend the
9-day international Mesozoic conference. About 50 papers will be read
concerning this geological period. Papers will be read by the following
Hungarian geologists: Elemer Vadasz, Ference Horusitzky, Kalman Balogh,
Jeno Poszki, and Laszlo Ma~zon. Foreign speakers will include 0. Sh.
Vielov and M. Makhel of the Soviet Union.
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Acoustics and Audio-Frequencies
45. Infrasonic Hydrophones.
"Calibration oP Infrasonic Hydrophones by the Reciprocity
Method in a Small Water-Filled Chamber," by A. N. Golenkov;
Moscow, Izmeritel'naya Tekpnika, No 8, Aug 59, PP x+7-51
The A]1 Union Scientific Research Institute of Physicotechnical and
Radio Engineering Measurement? has developed a device for calibrating in-
frasonic piezoelectric hydrophones, utilizing the reciprocity method.
Calibration in the range of infra- and low-sonic frequencies was carried
out in a closed, small chamber filled with water. The determination of the
parameters of reciprocity is reduced to the measurement of acoustic yield -
ing of the system, involving a chamber and transducer which~at low fre-
quencies (up to the first resonant frequency of the system), has a flexible
nature. The water-filled measuring chamber was in the form of a thick-
walled (40 mm) steel cylinder having an internal diameter of 130 mm and a
length of 200 mm. Inside the chamber were mounted a reversible transducer,
auxiliary sonic radiator, and the examined hydrophone. The auxiliary radi-
ator and reversible transducer were fed from the same oscillator.
Calibration was carried out in the range of frequencies froa},5 to 400
cycles and was conducted for various conditions. Despite the fact that the
dynamic flExibility of the system was fluctuating between the values?oP
0.19710-6 to 0.276.10"6 cm4?sec2~ , reproducibility was better than 0.5 db.
Calibration error did not exceed 2,~.
Antennas
46. Slotted Rod Surface Wane Antenna as Radar Antenna
"Investigation of the Technical Applicability of Cylindrical
Surface Wave Antennas as Radar Antennas," by R. Jaehn, Berlin;
Berlin, Nachrichtentechnik, No 9, Sep 59s PP 418-426
The article discusses the applicability for radar of a type of surface-
wave antenna consisting of a cylindrical metal rod with circular parallel
grooves. The advantages of this type of antenna are the light weight, low
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aerodynamic drag, and relatively simple manufacture. The surface wave can
be excited preferably by means of a horn radiator at one end of the antenna.
Antenna properties are computed for two variations, one with a strictly
radial polarization and a second with a strong conical radiation diagram,
having a sharp indentation in the direction of the elongated antenna axis.
Possible uses of each type and of combinations of the two types are discussed.
Cr~mmunications
47. USSR Aiming at 25,000 Amateur Radio Stations in 1861
"Aiming at 25,000 Amateur Radio Stations" (unsigned article);
Moscow, Radio, No 8, Aug 59, pp 1-2
The article contains the following passages:
"T~aere should be 25,000 Soviet amateur radio stations on the air at the
end of 1961. The Volunteer Society for Cooperation With the Army, Air Force,
and Navy (DOSAAF), a patriotic defense organization, is now struggling to
Fulfill the aims of the resolution of the Fourth Conference. The problem
of substantially increasing the number of amateur radio stations today is
not merely a sporting effort; it is of great significance to the national
economy.
"During the past few years, our radio amateurs have achieved substan-
tial success in their effort to establish 25,000 radio stations. The number
of short wave and ultrashort wave stations has increased several times in
the USSR; ,tens of thousands of young men and women have fulfilled the norms
as prescribed by the unified sports classification during participation in
various competitions. There are more than 50 radio clubs in the USSR which
possess 100 transmitters or more.
"From 1 September 1959 on, the Soviet radio amateurs will operate on
somewhat revised frequency ranges: 7 -7.1, 3.5 - 3.65, 28-29.7, 11~- 1~6,
and X20-?+35 Mc. This will require a considerable improvement in the qual-
ity of radio station operation. The club councils, the bureaus of short-
wave and ultrashort wave sections should begin a decisive struggle for the
maintenance of radio equipment in the best possible conditions. Instability
of transmitter frequency, low quality of modulation, the ac background noise,
and other defects which interfere with the operation of adjacent stations
should be looked upon as an unpermissible occurrence in'the air."
CPYRGHT
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4 8. Television Receiver "Yenisey-2"
"Television Receiver 'Yenisey-2'" (unsigned article); Moscow,
Radio. No 8, Aug 59, pp 42-43, 59
One of the plants of the Krasnoyarsk Sovnarkhoz is producing a 12-
channel television receiver "Yenisey-2." 7.'he set has 16 tubes, 8 semi -
conductor diodes, and the picture tube 35LK2B, with a 280 x 210 mm screen.
Sensitivity of the set is not less than 200 microvolts, and selectivity
with respect to adjacent channel is not less than 20 db. The fineness of
definition varies from the center to the edge of the screen in the follow-
ing manner: in horizontal direction, from 400 to 350 lines; and in verti-
cal direction, from 450,to 350 lines. The power amplifier output is 1 w,
and the sound reproduc?lon is in the range of 100 to 6,000 cycles. The
"Yenisey-2 television receiver is assembled on the principle of the common
circuit. The radio frequency amplifier, mixer, and local oscillator are
incorporated in the unified 12-channel selector switch unit. The video
TF amplifier is built with three pentode tubes of type 6Zh1P. Si
detection is accomplished with semiconductor diodes D2-V. The twos-stage
video amplifier is built with tubes 6Zh1P and 6P15P.
The over-B11 dimensions of the receiver are 525 x 450 x 415 mm, and
it weighs. 24 kg. The power consumption is about 150 w from a 127- or 220-v
ac power line.
Computers
-~_
49? Operator Method for the Synthesis of Algorithmic Systems I'rovosed
"Operator Method for the Synthesis of Algorithmic Systems,"
by A. D. Zakrevskiy; Gor'kiy, Izvesti Vy~sshikh Uchebnykh
Zavedeniy, .Radiofizika, Vol 2, No 2, Mar Apr 59, 30 -315
Peculiarities of a sequence of information transformations are con-
sidered, and the requirements are determined for the automat converting
the information. A method is proposed for the synthesis of digital auto-
mats introducing the formal transition from the conditions of operation,
given in the form of an algorithmic resolution of the convertor operator,
to the structure of the automat.
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52. Discharge in Nonuniform Field
"Discharge Ignition in Nonuniform Fields at Low Gas Pressure,"
by L. G. Guseva, All-Union Electrical Engineering Institute;
Moscow, Radiotekhnika i Elektronika, No 8, Aug 5g, pp 1260-1266
In this work, the voltage of discharge ignition was investigated Por
five different types of nonuniform fields and for various ratios oP geo-
metrical parameters of these f3,elds. The effect of electrode polarity on
the voltage of discharge ignition was also determined. The nonuniform
Fields in the discharge gap were created with the help of electrodes of
various configurations. Such electrodes were mounted on specially de-
signed anode leads able to withstand a voltage of 100 kv. The field in-
tensity distribution in the gap between the electrodes was determined by
plotting equipotential surfaces.
The results of measurements of all investigated types of nonuniform
fields contain the following common elements: for highly nonuniform fields,
when both electrodes have different configurations, a decided dependence of
ignition voltage on the polarity of electrodes is observed; the ignition
voltage is not determined by the distance between the most remote spots on
the electrodes, but by the length of the path fulfilling the conditions for
maintenance of independent discharge, i.e., requiring that a considerable
portion of positive ions formed by the primary electrons fall on the same
section of cathode from which the electrons were emitted; dielectric strength
of the discharge gap at lower pressures is limited 'by the field emission
phenomenon, beginning with the anode voltage between 200-500 kv~cm. The
pressure range investigated was from 0.12 to 0.002 mm Hg.
53. Charge Concentration in Plasma of High Frequency Discharge
"Checking the Validity of the Probe Method for Measurement of
Charge Concentration in High Frequency Discharge," by S. M.
Levitskiy, and I. P. Shashurin, Kiev State University; Moscow
Radiotekhnika 1 Elektronika No 8, Aug 59, pp 1238-123
An experiment was conducted to check the validity of the probe method
for measuring the charge concentration in a high-frequency discharge. The
method of the cavity resonator was selected for control purposes. The in-
vestigation was conducted on a discharge initiated in a cylindrical glass
tube 3.6 cm in diameter, which wes placed in a demountable toroidal re-
sonator. The self -resonant frequency of the resonator, in absence of dis -
charge, was x+65 Mc. At the top and bottom ends of the tube were mounted
two pairs of cylindrical probes 5 mm long and 0.2 mm in diameter. The
probes were placed parallel to the axis of the tube and at a distance of
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5 mm from it. The resonator was excited with an adjustable decimeter wave
oscillator. The cathode end of the tube consisted of a heated tungsten
cathode and a tantalum ring. Ado discharge was induced between the hot
cathode and anode and a high-frequency discharge between the cold ring and
anode. The tube was filled with saturated mercury vapor. The temperature
of the equipment was maintained at 25oC with the aid of a special chamber..
The probe measurements of the de and high-frequency discharge were conducted
with the aid of single and double probes. '
The results of the experiment have shown that the method of the single
probe is fully adaptable for measurement of charge concentration in the
plasma of high-frequency discharge.
54. Zeiss High-Speed Oscilloscope Measures Millimicroseconds
"On Measurements in the Millimicroaecond Range," by W. Meinel,
Jena; Berlin, Nachrichtentechnik, No g, Sep 59, pp X05-~10
A description is given of a laboratory lastrument developed at Carl
Zeiss, Jena. The electrical process to be measured passes successively
through the attenuator, delay circuit, and pulse amplifier, the latter
connected to the vertical deflection plate of the display tube. The the
same time, the trigger amplifier and pulse sha~;er activate the time-base
section and the brightness control. The delay circuit guarantees that the
process to be measured reaches the vertical-deflection plate only aver the
time-deflection plate has been triggered.
With the sweep generator in current use, time scales of three milli-
meters line length per 1 10-9 second can be attained with a beam voltage
of 10 kv. Time differences of about 1/3 millimicrosecond can then be read
off .
The iterative amplifiers now in use have a band width of 100 cps to
120 Mc, which permits the handling of rise times of 2.9 millimj.croseconds.
If the rise times of the cathode-ray tube are also considered, the resultant
value is 3.4 10-9 second. The rise time of the delay circuit can be neg-
lected in the first approximation.
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Materials
55? Some Work on Semiconductors Being Done at Ukrainian Institutes
-_.
"Automatic Control and Semiconductors," by Ye. Borisov;
Moscow, Znaniye-Sala, Vol 3~~, r:o 8, Aug 59, pp 28~3~
The great economic importance of semiconductors is emphasized in the
Seven-Year Plan and reflected by it. A semiconductor industry is coming
into being. Durin the past year, the production of semiconductors in the
US increased by 80~ and to a still greater extent in the USSR'. The ap-
plication of semiconductors in automatic control devices is of particular
importance.
Work on semiconductor thermocouples is being conducted at the Institute
of Powder Metallurgy, Cermets, and Special Alloys of the Academy of Sciences
Ukrainian SSR (G. V. Samsonov, Deputy Director). This institute is located
at Kiev. P. F. Kislyy, an engineer and scientific associate at the institute,
demonstrated a thermocouple consisting of an outer tubular shell made of
molybdenum silicide and a core of boron carbide located inside this shell.
At one of the ends, the two components of the thermocouple are welded to
each other, forming a rounded tip. At the other end, two wires are connected
to the thermocouple, one to the molybdenum silicide tube sad the other to
the boron carbide core.
About ?. years ago, Academician A. F. Ioffe stated that the vary hard
carbides, borides, nitrides, and silicides with high melting points have the
properties of semiconductors. According to Ioffe, if the properties of
compounds of this type can be controlled, new means will be available for
the solution of technological problems involved in the employment of very
high temperatures and high pressures. Research that is being conducted on
the subject at the Institute of Powder Metallurgy, Cermets, and Special Al-
loys is carried out from this standpoint.
A thermocouple consisting of platinum and a platinum-rhodium alloy is
suitable for measuring temperatures which do not exceed 16000. The moly-
bdenum silicide boron carbide thermocouple developed at the Institute of
Powder Metallurgy, Cermets, and Special Alloys can be used for temperatures
up to 18000. Furthermore, this couple develops a thermal electromotive
force reaching 40 microvolts per degree, which is fur times higher than the
thermal E1~iF of the platinum platinum-rhodium couple. Because of the high
thermal EMF developed by the new thermocouple, its application makes it
possible to make much more precise measurements. Furthermore, the new
thermocouple has the advantages of low cost and simplicity of production by
powder metallurgy methods from readily available materials.
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The tiew thermocouple is being tested at the Alchevsk Metallurgical
Plant for measuring the temperature of waste gases and of heated air in
t-,he vex~tical channel of an open-hearth furnace. Meastu.ement of tempera-
+:ur~es close to 18000 are involved in this application. The tests, which
care being c0riducted with the active participation of the Institute of Auto-
r~t~ics, closplan of the ~ainian SSR, have already yielded positive results.
The new thermocouple will also be applied at machine-building planet (for
Ghe measurement and automatic control of the temperature in heating furnaces),
in the gl.aas industry, and in the nonferrous metallurgy industry. Other
e~pplic.at~.ons are for the control of the temperature of the melt in electro-
lytic c:e11s used for the production of aluminum and measurement of the tem-
Pei"e.ttu~e of liquid steel in open-hearth furnaces. When the thermocouple is
tisr'.3 for the measurement of the temperature in aluminum electrolysis cells,
i+, is protected by a sheath of silicon nitride. When protected by a sheath
o:f ?t t?tanium nitride, the thermocouple can be kept in liquid steel fur 3
Yi~au~ ;; o This time must be doubled to attain a 1Qn
xng~ to the period required for melting steel. ? At~h of immersion correspond-
present, sheaths made of
zi?rcvn.ium boride or titanium boride, to which molybdenum has been added,
Yt~,~rp been developed o When protected by a sheath of this type, the thermo~
c:v~~iple can remain for 30 minutes in the molten iron of a blast furnace.
Still higher temperatures must be measured in connection with the
:t,rdustrial production of hard alloys. For this type of application,
~-~kr~ainian scientists have developed a semiconductor thermocouple which can
?be used at 2,000-2,300?. The outer tube for this thermocouple is made of
tif~anium carbide and the core of boron carbide. This thermocouple has a
t~k~ermal EMF of 45 microvolts per degree. Thermocouples of this type can be
used only in a chemically inactive medium, such as vacuum, inert gases, or
h~~lrogen. However, this does not constitute s difficulty because vacuum or
e, protective atmosphere must be used anyway in a furnace in which hard
P:Lloys are produced
A? the same 3,nst:itut:e, a thermocouple has been developed which consists
o:f' boron carbide and s:L:Licon carbide and which develop an unusually high
thermal EMF, namely, up ?to 500 microvolts per degree. An appliance equip-
;~ec with a thermocouple of this type is not an indicator or control instru-
ment, but a transducer which transforms heat into electric ener
t?hermagenerators being developed at Leningrad and Moscow under the direction
bi" Acmdemician A, Fo Ioffe are low-temperature appliances in which the the~no-
elements are not heated higher than to x+00-5000. At present, installations
with a temperature ceiling of 17000 will become available for the work in
queatio:n~ This opens up extensive possibilities as far as generation of
electric power by means of semiconductor appliances is concerned.
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4~ile ordinary thermistors stand heating to approximately 3000, ther-
mistors newly developed at the institute can be heated to 1000? or ever: as
high as 13000. They are not affected by moisture, oxygen, or acids. Only
hydrofluoric acid exerts an action on them, but not at temperatures below
1,3000, The thermistors in question are made of silicon. nitride.
It is 'true that they cannot be used at room ?tempera?ture. This applies
?L-o almost all the devices mentioned above and, quite generally', to all
high-temperature semiconductors; they have the characteristics of insulators
below 300-1E00?. However, this only means that dif;c'erent types of devices
must be used in technology for different applications, thus supplementing
each other. A?t the Institute of Powder Metallurgy, Cermets, and Special
Alloys, work is also being done o7 silicon carbide radiodetectors and heat -
ing elements and resistances i'or hig}Z~temperature applications.
At the Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR, work is
being conducted on bolometers. Research on bolometers is conducted at a
laboratory headed by D. Konozenlto, which is located at Kiev (work on the
subject is also being done a~t other cities of ?the USSR). Although one can
make bolometers of metal, semiconductor bolometers consisting of metal
oxides are particularly sensitive. Among applications which became possible
with the use of bolometers, orie may mention the development of ceramic
radiators to be used for the heating of buildings (a suitable ceramic ma-
terial could not have been developed wi;;hr~ut the use of bolometers), auto-
matic control of the temperature of bearings of turbogenerators {thermistors
can also be used for this purpose), automatic control of the temperature in
connection with the produc?:;ior_ ~f' ceramic products, and detection of intra-
red rays emitted by ?tar..ks, planes, aut;omutiti?e vehicles, and ships.
L1crk on photoconductors is also being done at the Physics Institute of
t;he Ukrainian llcademy of Sciences. One of the applications of photocells
coztair.~ing these photor_onductox~s is 1:: the automatic loading, switching,
ar:d unloading of lorries used for the transportation of, coal in Donets
Basin mines.
Single-ez?ystal cadmium sulphide photoconductors were developed for the
f3.rst time iri the USSR by Ukrainian physicists G. A. Fedorus and A. I.
Skopenko. Polycrystalline photocondta.ctors of the same material were developed
in Leningrad by B. T. Kolomiyes. The advar_tage of single-c;,ystal devices
is that their specific activity (i.~?,, the sensitivity per unit of crystal
surface ) is higher than that of pe:l.y-crystalline devices .
The work on bolometers and photoconductors at the Division of Semi-
conductors of the Physics Institute, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences USSR,
is being done under the direction of V. 1'e. Lashkarev, Active Member of the
Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR, In work done at this division, parti-
cular attention is being paid to photoelectric phenomena. By using the
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same method applied for the production of cadmium sulfide, single crystals
of cadmium selenide,.cadmium telluride, and zinc sulfide are produced. These
substances have different properties. By growing mixed single crystals from
vapors consisting of more than one of the substances mentioned, semiconduc-
tors for photoresistances exhibiting definite pre-determined characteristics
can be produced.
Physicists active at Kiev have also developed semiconductor photocells
based on the use of silver sulfide. These photocells are 20 times more
sensitive than selenium cells and 100 times more sensitive than vacuum
photocells. Silver sulfide photocells are used for controlling the purity
of the air in mines (the purer the air, the more transparent it is), for
the control of production processes at chemical plants (by measuring the
transparency of solutions), for optical measurements, etc.
The experimental production division attached to the Institute of
Physics, Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR, produces thousands of photo-
conductors and photocells and scores of bolometers. However, production
there is not on an industrial scale: it does not, by far, satisfy the de-
mand for the products and devices in question. AlthougY~. the Instiute of
Powder Metallurgy, Cermets, and Special Alloys also has a production divi-
sion, neither thermocouples nor any of the other devices mentioned are
manufactured there. Mass production of resistances and heaters at indus-
trial enterprises has already been organized. High temperature thermo-
couples and thermoresistances~as yet, are not being produced anywhere.
At the 21st Congress of the CPSU, P. Ye. Shelest, Secretary of the
Kiev Oblast' Party Committee, noted the succes;;ful work done by Ukrainian
scientists in the field of semiconductors, making particular reference to
the Institute of. Physics and the Institute of Powder Metallurgy, Cermets,
and Special A1].oys. He also stated that it is necessary to create at Kiev
an enterprise producing semiconductor devices.
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56. Organization of USSR Work on Thermal Elements
"(}rganization of Work on Thermoelements" (unsigned item);
Moscow, Vestnik Akademii Naulc SSSR, Vol 29, No 8, Aug 59,
p 7~+
"Attaching particular attention to the organization of scientific
research work on the development of thermoelements with s high efficiency,
the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences TJSSR resolved to organize, at the
Electrophysical Laboratory of the Institute of Metallurgy imeni A. A, Baykov,
theoretical and experimental research on scientific and technical problems
pertaining to thermoelectronic conversion and to the creation of thermo-
electric devices which operate on the cascade principle and have a high
efficiency."
CPYRGHT
57. Expansion of USSR Research on Semiconductors
"About the Expansion of Scientific Research Work on
Semiconductors'' (unsigned item); Moscow, Vestnik
Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 29, No 8, Aug 1959, p 7r
"As noted by the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences USSR, a review
of the execution of a series of chemical, physico-chemical, and physical
investigations in the field of semiconductors indicated that work has been
successfully completed nn a considerable number of aub~ects in this field.
Investigation of a number of these subjects was concluded in 1958. At the
same time, work must be expanded on the preparation and investigation of
semiconductors having a complex composition, as well as work on crystal-
chemical and structural properties of semiconductors.
"C~ncrete measures have been outlined which have the purpose of
creating suitable conditons for the expansian of research on semiconductors
at the institutes of the academy in such a manner that the accumulated ex-
perience will be utilized and reliable high-quality results assured as far
as purification and synthesis of semicondutor materials, development of
processes of semiconductor metallurgy, research on the surface properties
of semiconductors, and research on other aspects of work in this field
are concerned. A laboratory for the investigation of the structure of
semiconductor alloys is being organized at the Institute of Metallurgy imeni
A, A. Baykov.
"An expansion in 1959 of the staff of divisions and laboratories which
conduct work on semiconductors has beer_ recognized as necessary."
CPYRGHT
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58.
Expansion of USSR j~ork on Ferrites
"Aevelopment of Scientific Research on Ferrites" (unsigned
item); Moscow, Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR. Vol 29, No 8, Aug
59, p 71~
"The problem of Ferrites is a cardinal one in the physics of the solid
state. Research in this Field is of particular interest From the scientific
standpoint because phenomena observed on Ferrites are on the borderline be-
t~ween the physics of semiconductors and the physics of magnetic phenomenon.
For this reason, increased knowledge of the phenomena in question will con-
tribute to our knowledge of the properties of matter. Without extensive
application of Ferrites, progress in same of the most important fields of
technology (those of computers, radioelectronics, and electrical acoustics)
and also in a number of fields of experimental physics (radioastronomy,
r~diospectroscopy, accelerators of elementary particles, etc.) will be im-
possible.
"As has been noted in a resolution passed by the Presidium of the
Academy of Sciences USSR, progress has been made i,n the Soviet Union in
research on Ferrites, the production of Ferrites, e,nd the development of
ferrite materials.
"The Presidium has outlined measures which are to be taken to further
expand theoretical and experimental work on Ferrites. The Laboratory of
Ferrites and Seignettoelectrics of the Institute of Semiconductors has been
rvharged with the investigation of a number of problems pertaining to the
development and investigation of Ferromagnetic semiconductor materials, as
well as with the coordination of research in this Field.
"The Institute of Metal Physics has been charged with theoretical
research on Ferromagnetic semiconductors and materials with a rectangular
hysteresis loop and also with the experimental investigation of the prop-
erties of Ferrites and materials with a rectangular hysteresis loop.
"Expansion of research on Ferrites at other scientific research
institutes is also Foreseen."
CPYRGHT
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59. Photocells With Deposited Alkali Metal Cathodes
"Data on Parameters and Technological Peculiarities c:~ Photo-
cells WitY~ a Cathode Made by Deposition of Several Alkali
Metals," by T. A. Habotnova and L. V. Kononchuk, Moscow
Nlectric Bulb Plant; Moscow, Svetotekhnika, No g Sep 59,
pP 1-7 .
Tn the Soviet Union, photocells with a cathode made by depositionz of
several alkali metals were developed for the first time by A. A. Mosto?vskiy,
0. B. Vorob~yeva, and K. A. Mayskaya. Similar photocathodes were previously
described by A. Sommer in the US. The photocells have an effective sensi-
tivity up to 200 microamperes per lumen; maximum sensitivity is obtained in
the range of 4,300 angstroms. Thermal current at room temperature is about
10"16 a per cm2. The multialkali cathodes were prepared by deposition of the
three alkali metals, sodium, potassium, and cesium, over a layer of antimony
previously deposited on one side of a 38 ~mn diameter bulb. The anode, which
also serves as an atomizer of antimony, is mounted at the center of the bulb.
The transverse resistance was measured for 23 photocells and was found
to be of the order of 105 ohms per em. The nonuniformity of sensitivity
over the whole area of the cathode (20 x 30 cm) was found to vary not over
10~.
The results obtained iu this experiment bring us to the conclusion that
photocells with a multialkali cathode will find wide application in various
fields of physics and erAgineering. Similarly, wide application will be in
store for photoelectron multipliex?s with multialltali cathode and emittex?.
60. Influence of Sintering Temperature on Ferrite Parameters
"Orl the Dependence of Physical Measurement Values on Sintering
Temperature in the base of Ferrites," by H. Hultachig, Vffi WNB
"Carl von Ossietzky;" Teltow; Berlin, Nachrichtentechnik, No 9,
Sep 59, pP 390391
Tn the case of ferx?omagnetism, the theoretical interpretation of meas-
urements is very difficult. Tt is not possible to compute, for ferrites,
an n-d3.mensional surface far a particular property in relation to n-.
parameters nor can such. a surface be determined on the basis of data giver
in the literature, since each author wudis on only that portion of such a
surface which is most suitable and, in most cases, does not vary all the
parameters.
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Physical measurements are, therefore, necessary; many of them, however,
involve considerable difficulty. The measurement of the specific resistance
of ferrates is difficult because of the occurrence of boundary layers with
rectification effect during contacting. The determination of porosity
(volume, form, and distribution of pores) under the microscope can involve
considerable error as a result of the enlargement of pores during polishing.
In the case of Ni-Zn ferrates and sintering temperatures under 1,200?C no
polished surface could be produced with a porosity value equal to that com-
puted on the basis of density.
Experiments were conducted on the dependence of permeability, specific
resistance, water density, mercury density, eddy current, and quality of
polished surface on sintering temperature, All ohter parameters were kept
as constant as possible. The results showed a stong increase of permeability,
a strong decrease of specific resistance, and an improvement of polished
surface quality with increasing sintering temperature.
[For additional information on materials, see Physics, Nuclear
Physics.]
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V. EN~'?1;NE.ERTNG
Atttc~~~a~l;ion, Cotlt,::a.l, Tnst.ruments, ~znd Computer. ~~
61. A4ari;ixi of ,":+t.