SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000100540001-4
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 134
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 4, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: May 6, 1960
• Content Type: REPORT

131891...T45 sanitized.AppliNCL,FISSIDF!,ER0-zio0SCIENTIFIC INFORP1RTION
REPORT
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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
SCIENTIFIC
INFORMATION REPORT
6 May 1960
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PLEASE NOTE
This report presents unevaluated information extracted
from recently received publications oftte USSR, Indonesia,
and Eastern Europe. The information selected is intended
to indicate current scientific developments and activities
and is disseminated as an aid to research in the United
States.
SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT
Table of Contents
Page
I. Biology 1
Radiobiology 1
II. Chemistry 5
Fuels and Propellants 5
High-Molecular Compounds 5
Inorganic Chemistry 8
Laboratory Instruments. 14'
Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction Materials 15
Organic Chemistry 28
Radiation Chemistry 30
Radiochemistry 32
III. Electronics 34
Communications 34
Components 36
Computers and Automation 40
Instruments and Equipment 40
Materials 42
Radar and Aids to Navigation 44
Wave Propagation 45
IV. Engineering 48
Aerial Surveying
Atomic Power Engineering
Civil Engineering
Heat Engineering
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48
48
49
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Mechaadal Engineering
Mineral Prospecting
Miscellaneous
V. Mathematics
Differential Equations
Numerical Analysis
Probability
Stability Problems
U. Medicine'
Epidemiology
Hematology
?,,IMMunplogy lihd:Thprapy
Oncology
Pharmacology and Toxicology
Physiology
PUblic Health, Hygiene, and
Sanitation
Radiology
Surgery
Virology
Miscellaneous
Metallurgy
Physical Metallurgy
Production Metallurgy
Welding
ViIr Physics
Atomic and Molecular Physics
Experimental Equipment and Techniques
Nuclear Physics
Optics and Spectroscopy
IX. Miscellaneous
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I. BIOLOGY
Radiobiology
1. Reparative Effect of Visible Light on Irradiated Tissue
"The Reparative Effect of Light After the Irradiation of
Tissue Cells by Short-Wave Ultraviolet Rays," by V. L.
Levin, Laboratory of Cellular Adaptation, Institute of
Cytology, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Tsitologiya,
Vol 1, No 6, Nov/Dec 59, pp 699-706
The purpose of this research was to discover a means of increasing
the resistance of tissue cells to the effect of ultraviolet rays by-expos-
ing the irradiated cells to visible light. The methodology is explained
in detail and various pertinent data are presented. The author presents
the following conclusions:
(1) Ultraviolet rays cause injury, which increases with time, to
the ciliated epithelium of the gilled pearl oyster (Unio crassus).
(2) It is possible to increase significantly the resistance of
ciliated epithelial cells to the injurious effect of ultraviolet light
following moderate doses of irradiation (600 microvolts per minute per
cm ), by subjecting them to the effect of visible light for the first 3
days after the irradiation.
(3) The partial reparation or the delay (caused by the light effect)
in the onset of radiation:, is compatible with a previously described
photoreactivation phenomenon.
(4) Experiments on maintaining the irradiated epithelium at various
temperatures indicated that the development of injury in the, cells of
irradiated epithelium both in the dark and in the light proceeds signif-
icantly faster when the epithelium is kept at 25 degrees rather than at
5 degrees.
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2. Localized Effects of Ultraviolet Rays on Living Cells by Micropuncture
Method
"The Study of Localized Effects of Ultraviolet Rays on the
Living Cell by the Mircropuncture Method," by S. S. Chalhotin,
Institute of Cytology, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow,
Tsitologiya, Vol 1, No 6, Nov/Dec 59, pp 614-626
The author reviews microdissection methods and cites many Soviet
and non-Soviet authors who have contributed to their development.
This article presents photographs and sketches of microphotosurgery,
and describes a micropuncture apparatus which operates by means of a
monochromatic beam of ultraviolet (UV) rays with a.280 millimicron wave-
length, with the diameter of the beam reduced to one micron. An essential
condition for success in the use of this method is the utilization of a
"microclinic" for keeping alive the cells which have undergone surgery.
The following examples of microexperimentation are presented: (1)
inducing parthenogenesis in the eggs of echinoidea by the local surface
micropuncture method; (2) teratolOgic surgery on individual blastomeres
and on their nuclei during the course of their development; (3) local
coagulation of proteins present in the cytoplasm of the amoeba at the
site ar irradiation by UV-hicropuncture; (4) shedding of cilia at the
site of radiation micropuncture on the surface of Infusoria; (5) protrw-
sion of the surface and local distortion followed by the leakage of a
certain amount of the cytoplasm; (6) irradiation of the stigma of .
euglena,linach Iiirde; (7) development of a conditioned reaction in the
paramecium, which makes it avoid the site of the UV-microPUncture in the
medium; (8) local change of the permeability'of the chitoidea eggs at
the site of the micropunctUre and the appearance of alkaline ions. at the
same site; (9) study of the role of the nucleus during cell respiration
by the combined use of a capillary micromanoneter and UV-micropuncture;
(10) prevention of vacuole contraction in the paramecium, which causes a
destructive swelling of the cell body and Which disappears after the
cilia 'in the cytostome cease to pulsate as a result of irradiation by .
UV-micropuncture; and (11) measurement by means of a photoelement of the
difference in UV-microbeam absorption after the local irradiation of a
point'in the nuCleus and in the cytoplasm.
4
The microphotooperations described above are possible because of.
the specific effect of UV-rays- on different cell structures and bio- ?
chemical processes within the cell. This effect is manifested by the
denaturation of the protein colloids, which causes differences in the
sorption of UV-rays by different parts of the cell, and subsequently
leads to the photochemical decomposition of the substances it these parts.
In a number of cases to differentiate the effects of micropuncture on the
nucleus and on the cytoplasm, it is necessary to stabilize the colloids
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of the surface layer of the cell by the addition of calcium ions to the
medium. Local change of permeability makes it possible to perform selec-
tive poisoning of individual cells in the embryo by means of various
substances.
The mechanism of the local effect of UV-micropuncture on permeability
can be explained by the sorption hypothesis which assumes cell coacerva-
tion, although it is possible that a thicker layer which conforms to the
established laws of membrane theory may surround the cell.
3. "Radiation Sickness" in Plants
".'.Radiation Sickness' in Plants'," by I. M. Vasillyev,
Institute of Biological Physics, Academy ofSciences
USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Obshchey Biologii, Vol 21, No 1,
Jan/Feb 6o, pp 12-19
The effect of ionizing radiations (3,000-100,000 r) on potato tubers
and winter wheat variety No 599 was studied from the standpoint of growth
suppression as a syndrome of "radiation sickness," the accumulation of
products of photosynthesis and of mineral substances, the external mani-
festations Of !'?adiatiotu.Sickne6s," the restoration of growth capacity,
and the period of "radiation sickness."
The author presefits the following conclusions:
(1) "Radiation Sickness" in plants is based on a disturbed correla-
tion between growth and other Physiological processes.. Growth is the
most radiosensitive process, and under the effect of ionizing radiation
it is the first to be disturbed when other processes, including photo-
synthesis, remain practically unchanged. As a result, products of photo-
synthesis and ,mineral substances accumulate in the irradiated plants, and
finally lead to its death.
(2) Growth of irradiated plants can be restored, to a certain extent,
by freeing the cells from excess products of photosynthesis and mineral
substances, and then by exposing the plants to the effect of light.
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4. 'Vitamin Content of Solutions, Vegetables, and Grain Products
Subjected to Gamma-Irradiation
"The Effect of Gamma-Radiations on the Content of Vitamins C
and PI in Solutions, Vegetables, and Grain Products," by N.
N. Krylova, Novyye, Fiz. Metody Obrabotki Pishch. Produktov
(New Physical Methods of Treating Food Products), GosINTII
(State Scientific Research Technical Institute), No 2, 1958,
pp 57-62 (from ReferatLnlyy Zhurnal--KhlEkT2 Biologicheskaya
Khimiya, NO 1, 10 Jan 60; Abstract No 583, by V. Barun)
CPYRGHT
"The ascorbic a4d-content of,potatoes after gamma- radiation by a
dose of-125,580 r'(46 hours of-irradiati0a) rOse to. 116 of the initial
valUe; after gamma-irradiation by 170,540 r (b5 hours or irradiation)
the ascorbic acid content amounted.: to 120% of 'Vile initial,
value) and after irradiation by 205,385 r (75 hours of irradiation) the
ascorbic acid content dropped to 102.4% of the initial value. In other
products (pearl barley, finely ground wheat,, buckwheat, millet groat,
and wheat flour) irradiated by 178,548 r doses, the author noted a pre-
dominance of processes of vitamin accumulation; but after higher doses
and prolonged irradiation (205,385 r) decomposition processes began to
predominate. The author is of the opinion that the increase in vitatin
activity is due to the intensification of cellular oxidation-reduction
processes which contribute to the biosynthesis of the vitamins. After
a 45-day storage, there is a sharp drop in the vitamin content, as com-
pared with the controls. Evidently, this decreased stability of the
vitamins results from the reaction of the vitamins with the products of
water ionization."
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II. CHEMISTRY
Fuels and Propellants
5. Ozone Determination
"New Methods for the Determination of Very Small Amounts of
Ozone," by E. A. Peregud and E. M. Stepanenko, State Scien-
tific Research Institute of Labor Hygiene and Occupational
Diseases, Leningrad; Moscow, Zhurnal Analiticheskoy Khimii,
Vol 15, No 1, Jan/Feb 60, pp 96-98
Highly sensitive quantitative methods for the determination of
ozone are presented, based on the extinction of the luminescence of
luminol and fluoreseine.
A line-coloristic method for determining ozone is developed, based
on the change of the color of silica gel saturated with a fuscine solution.
It is established that the determination of ozone is possible in the
presence of considerable amounts of nitrogen oxides.
Of a number of indicators proposed, the most sensitive to ozone --
and very inert to nitrogen oxides -- is an indicator on a luminol basis.
The authors begin the article by stating that an ever-increasing
interest in determination of small quantities of ozone is related to
problems of investigating the upper layers of the atmosphere, to the
use of ozone as a highly active oxidizer, and to checking the atmosphere
of industrial installations in connection with ozone's high toxicity.
High-Molecular Compounds
6. Polymerization at Low Temperatures With K.-Carbon Black Catalyst"
"Polymerization of a Potassium-Carbon Black Catalytt," by
V. A. rgin, V. A. Kabanov, and T. K. Metel'akaya, Chem-
istry Faculty, Moscow State University; Moscow, Vysokomo-
lekulyarnyye Soyedineniya, Vol 2, No 1, Jan 6o, pp 162-165
The low temperature polymerization of a number of monomers in toluene
over a K.carbon black catalyst has been investigated. The catalyst has
been found to bring about the polymerization of vinyl monomers with
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strongly electronegative groups (methylmethacrylate, methyacrylate,
acrylonitrile) at low temperatures (up to-85?C). It has been suggested
that polymerization in these systems takes place according to an ion..
radical mechanism.
In the presence of such a catalyst rapid polymerization of styrene
at 2Q? also takes place. An anionic mechanism has been proposed for b
this process.
7. Polysiloxane and Phenylenesiloxane Chains in Polymer Molecules*
"Comparison of the Properties of Polymers With Polysiloxane
'and Phenylenesiloxane Chains in the Molecules," by K. A.
Andrianov, V. E. Nikitenkov, and N. N. Sokolov, All-Union
Electrical Engineering Institute imeni Lenin; Moscow,
Vysokomolekulyarayye Soyedineniya, Vol 2, No 1, Jan 60,
pp 158-161
Pblyorganosiloxanes have been synthesized, in the primary chain of
which 50% of the oxygen has been replaced by phenylene radicals. Among
such polymers a low molecular phenylsiloxane with 8 Si atoms and 6 OH
groups has been obtained.
,Polyorganophenylenesiloxanes have been shown to possess a higher,
thermal stability and a lower thermal elasticity' than the corresponding
polyorganosiloxanes.
8. Polymers With Si-0-Ti Groups
"Pblytitanomethylsiloxanes end POlytitanoethylsiloxanes,"
by K. A. Andrianov, and E. 2. Asnovich, Institute of Organo-
elemental Compounds, Academy of Scierices USSR, All-Union
Electrical Engineering Institute imeni Lenin; Moscow, yyso!.]
kamolekulyarnyYS Soyedinen4a, Vol 2, No 1, Jan 6o,
.pp 136-140
New polytitanoorganosiloxanes with methyl and ethyl groups at the
silicon atom have been obtained by means of a double decomposition
reaction. The elementary composition and the infrared absorption
spectra of the polymers have been determined.
, Polytitanamethylsiloxane and polytitanoetbylsiloxane have been
found to be readily soluble in organic solvents and not to melt;:, at
5000 and higher. Based on the elementary ucompoditioninfraked
absorption data; and the properties of the new po7.ytitanoorganosiloxanes,
a linear-cyclic structure of the polymer molecules has been proposed.
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9. Adhesion of High Polymers to High Molecular Substrates
. "Adhesion of High Polymers. V. Adhesion of Synthetic
Rubbers to Various High Molecular Substrates," by S.
S. Voyutskiy, and V. L. Vakula, Moscow Institute of
Fine Chemical Technology imeni Lomonosov; Moscow;
Vysokomolekulyarnyye Soyedineniya, Vol 2, No 1, Jan 6o,
pp 51-60
The adhesion of a number of synthetic rubbers to various high
molecular substrates has been determined by means of a specially
developed ,method based on the separation of the elastomers brought
into contact.
The effect of the chemical composition and structure of the rubber-
like adhesives and high molecular substrates (size, shape and polarity
of the macromolecules, phase state of the polymer) on the adhesion has
been shown. The temperature influence on the latter has also been
investigated and it has been found that a rise in temperature mostly
leads to increased adhesion. The relative part played by the individual
factors determining diffusion may change significantly.
The results of the investigation have been interpreted in terms of
the diffusion theory of adhesion being developed by the authors.
10. Ultrasonic Quantitative Analysis of Polymers
"Application of the Ultrasonic Method Cn the Quantitative
Determination of the Components of Polyethylene-Polypro-
pylene Mixtures and of Ethylene-Propylene Copolymers," by
S. P. Kabin and 0. G. Usyarov, Leningrad Polytechnic
Institute imeni Kalinin; Moscow, Vysokomolekulyarnyye
Soyedineniya, Vol 2, No 1, Jan 6o, pp 46-50
In the paper the results are presented of a stUdY of the mechanical
losses occurring 2 Mc longitudinal ultrasonic vibrations in polyethylene-
polypropylene mixtures and ethylene-propylene copolymers' with various
concentrations of the components. For polyethylene-polypropylene mix-
tures within the temperature range of -60 to 800 c two regions of
mechanical relaxation losses, characteristic of each of the components,
are observed at -60 and -450 C. The magnitude of the losses is propor-
tional to the concentration of the respective component. For the copoly-
mer, relaxation losses take place in a single region at about 70 C. The
losses in this region are proportional to the propylene concentration
with the limits ranging from 0 to 14. From the nature of the temperature
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dependence of the mechanical losses one may judge whether the material
is a mixture or polymer. From the magnitude of the losses in this region
one may quantitatively estimate the composition of the copolymerization
products.
/TPOr additional information on high-molecular compounds, see
Radiation Chemistry:7
Inorganic Chemistry
11. Trends in USSR Work in Inorganic Chemistry
"Some. Tasks of Inorganic Chemistry in the Seven-Year Period
1959-1965," by A. V. Nikolayev, Institute of Inorganic Chem-
istry, Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences USSR; Mos-
cow, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR Otdeleniye Khimicheskikh
Nauk) No 11, Nov 59, pp 1675-1861
The contribution of chemists in the field bordering on nuclear physics
ib very significant; one must rememb..r that the discovery of the fission
of uranium was made by radiochemists. The classical method of employing
carriers is still of primary importance at present; for instance, in the
analysis of mixtures of splinter elements, the separation of newly syn-
thesized.nuclei from irradiated targets, etc. Promethium was separated
from solutions of splinter elements by using chromatography.
Major progress has been made in the preparation of ultrapure sub-
stances for applications in nuclear technology, thermonuclear reactions,
and as semiconductors and also in connection with the thorough purifica-
tion from radioactive impurities of elements synthesized at industrial
nuclear installations. Fcr instance, plutonium is separated from a large
amount of uranium and small quantities of 20 splinter elements. The
finished product, which is used as nuclear fuel, retains quantities of
splinter elements so small that their determination can be made only
because the total radioactivity is higher than that which would corre,,
spond to pure plutonium.
At present, nonradioactive (stable) isotopes of a number of elements
are available. Both the thermodynamic and the kinetic isotope ef:ectp
are being ,investigated. It has became possible to investigate and com-
pare isotopically pure compounds. Preservation of isotopic purity is
already of importance in some technological processes. Expansion of the
range of available isotopes and production of these isotopes in a state
of higher concentration together with the expansion of the production of. .
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more sensitive mass-spectroscopy equipment makes it possible to apply
tracer methods on a more extensive scale, particularly as far as light
elements are concerned, and obtain better rsults in work involving.'
the application of tracers.
Increased complexity of the structure of nuclei results in the,
radioactivity exhibited by heavy elements; radioactive isotopes of
light elements originate when the relationship between neutrons and
protons deviates from the equilibrium. Synthesis, isolation, and
investigation of ladioactive isotopes of all elements of the periodic
system is not only a task of nuclear physics and radiochemistry, but
also of inorganic chemistry as such. This merging of radiochemistry
with inorganic chemistry is characteristic for the present-day status
of both disciplines. Nuclear chemistry, which is concerned with the
radiochemical investigation of nuclear transformations, also employs
the whole armamentarium of inorganic chemistry.
The majority of chemists now, as heretofore, will be interested
principally in processes involving the electron shells of atoms. This
refers particularly to the theory of valency and of the chemical bond.
More attention should be paid to research in the field of quantum
chemistry. Interesting results are to be expected from the investiga-
tion of chemical bonds formed by transitional (4f and 5f) elements and .
also from further development of the theory of the crystal. field.
As far as structural determinations are concerned, the X-ray
diffraction method is comparable to chemical methods with respect to
speed of determinations made by it, if rapid computers are used. At
the Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Academy
of Sciences USSR, a center is being created where equipment for X-ray
diffraction analysis will be available and computers will be employed.
It is planned to conduct work on the preparation of single crystals,
particularly those of difficultly soluble substances, and also carry
out extensive investigations of physical characteristics comprising
optical, magnetic, and radiospectroscopic properties. The data obtained
in work of this type are of importance for characterizing the type of
bonding.
At the Department of Geological and Geographical Science, Academy
of Sciences USSR, important work is being conducted on the structure of
silicates, by using computers available at the laboratories where struc-
tural research is conducted (at the Institute of General and inorganic
Chemistry, the Institute of Metallurgy imeni A. A. Baykov, etc.) In
regard to structural investigations during the period of the Seven-Year
Plan, the USSR will occupy from the quantitative standpoint the place
in world science which is due to it. Work of the structure of liquids
and solutions must also be expanded. The importance of this type of
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work is not being realized. It is necessary to expand to a considerable .
extent the number of neutronographic investigations that are being con-
duCted. The publication of the special periodical Strukturnaya KhimizE
(Structural Chemistry) has been launched.
Because many rare elements are being applied in the industry at pres-
ent, much new work will have to be done on equilibria and the stability
of compounds.
V. S. Fedorov, chairman of the State Committee on Chemistry at the
Council of Ministers USSR, directed a complaint to Academician A. N.
Nesmeyanov, President of the Academy of Sciences USSR, in regard to the
difficulties Which the chemical industry is experiencing because of the
lack of information on physical and chemical properties of many compounds,
particularly organic compounds. In connection with this, the question
has been broached in regard. to the creation of an Institute for the Meas-
urement of Conitants [-Institut po Izmereniyu Konstang. This institute
would be similar to the American Bureau of Standetds. There can be no
doubt that the chemical community will support this suggestion and that
everything will be done to organize this institute within the scope of
the Seven-Year Plan.
In addition to the Institute of General and. Inorganic Chemistry and
a number of industrial institutes, the newly organized Institute of Inor-
ganic Chemistry of the Siberian Branch of the AcademY of Sciences USSR
will also conduct work on chemical equilibria.
In the field of kinetics and reactivity of inorganic compounds, work
win have to be eqxuxbd.cn totope extenge aad tbe vekeities of isabve exchange, particularly
as Air as coadtration cempcurde an concerned. In the field, of kinetics, partic-.
ular: attention should be paid. to the rates of redox reactions.
For many important fields of inorganic chemistry, such as the
separation of lanthanides and actinides, the application of new solvents
has been typical in recent years. Thus, extraction with organic Solvents
is being applied on an increasingly extensive scale in research and in
inorganic technology. Fused salts and metals are being applied as sol-
vents for the refining of lanthanum, the separation of plutonium from
uranium and fission splinter elements, etc. The scope of the work done
lately in this field is indicated by the fact that more than 500 organic
solvents have been tested for their suitability in the extraction of
uranium. The fundamental question in regard:to the theOretical aspects
of the selection of solvents (i.e., organic solvents, salts, metals,
liquefied gases, etc.) for different classes of inorganic substances
has arisen and assumed considerable importance. As far as Organophos-
phorus solvents for nitrates and other metal salts are concerned, an
approach from the standpoint of the acceptor-donor theory proved of
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advantage. The underlying concepts were developed as a result of the.
investigation of the extracting capacity of solvents the structure of
which was changed gradually (this refers to the sequence (110)1P = 9;
(no)2 RP = 0; ROR2 P = 0; R,P = 0). It was established that the extract-
ing capacity increases in tfiis sequence from the left to the right. This
finding led to the conclusion that the bond with the substance 'being.
extracted is established over the oxide oxygen rather than the ester
oxygen of the extracting solvent. Infrared spectroscopy confirmed the
truth of this assumption: after introduction of the salt, there is dis-
placement of the absorption maxima only for the P = 0 bond. The other
groups contained in the molecule contribute to extraction in the degree
in which they exhibit donor properties.
In the field of descriptive inorganic chdthAstry, the study of
polymorphism is of considerable importance. Research in thit field is
conducted in collaboration with crystallographers or instance, as far
as production Of diamondS is concerned) or in collaboration with phys4 -
icists (as far as work on the polymorphic varieties of phosphorus, helium,
and other elements is concerned). In connection with this, an appreciable
fraction of the total output of diamonds is now produced artificially: .
To conduct the important process of the separation of nuclear fuel
from fission splinters, one must know the chemical characteristics of
all elements from zinc to gadolinium. The major part of the radioactivity
of splinter elements is due to rare-earth elements, the chemistry of which
is inadequately known. In purifying thorium and uranium before these ele-
ments are subjected to irradiation in nuclear reactors, one must again
consider the rare-earth elements and also boron, cadmium, and others with
a large cross section of thermal neutron capture. The chthmistry- of
beryllium, carbon, graphite, and pure zirconium not containing agy.hafnium
is also of importance .from the standpoint Of applications in nuclear tech-
nology To summarize, a detailed knowledge of the chemistry of more than
50 elements is required from the standpoint of work in nuclear technology.
A number of elements must be 4iminated from nuclear materials until their
content is no higher than 1:100 or even lower.
In the field of semiconductor materials, the researCh that is to be
conducted must follow the recommendations made by Academician Ioffe.
Investigation or the properties of inorganic substances and of their
crystal structure. can eaSily be extended to cover Semiconductor materials.
The elements and clauses of compounds to be investigated fran this stand-
point will comprise (a) elemental substances (metals, such as gray tin,
and nonmetals); some alloys, including intermetallie compounds(daltonides
and bertholIideS); (b) nitrides, oxides, sulfideS, selenides, and tellur-
ides; (c) ionic crystals of the type of sodium Chloride; (a) solutions,
such as a solution of metallic sodium oropOtassium in liquid ammonia.
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More specifically, with regard to research on semiconductors, there
is a need to investigate equilibrium systems in which semiconductor
properties function as a characteristic.
The second circumstance to be noted is that it is necessary to work
with materials of very high purity. For this reason, methods for the:
purification of initial substances must be investigated very thoroughly
and different methods for the purification applied, such as extraction,
distillation, zone refining, the growing of single crystals, etc. It -
is of interest to know that an important semiconductor property, namely
electrical conductivity, may serve as a criterion of purity.
Inorganic chemists will have to continue work on standard materials,
such as ductile metallic titanium, inorganic foams, glass fibers, etc.
However, increasing attention will have to be paid to inorganic polymers.
Highly polymerized phosphonitrilic chloride (PVC12)n may serve as a sub-
stitute for rubber. Of interest are also compounds of the borazole ,
(B3N3H6)andalazole (Al3.) N,H6) type.
As for as rare elements are concerned, these are being applied in
many different ways at present. The application often determines the
level of technological advancement. Among rare elements it is necessary
to investigate the chemistry of technetium, rhenium, rubidium, cesium,
francium? gallium, indium, and thallium and also some others (for instance,
scandium). Applications must be found for some rare elements (rubidium,
strontium, and arsenic, to give a few examples) raw materials for the
production of which are available in large quantities.
To implement the current Seven-Year Plan as far as work in inorganic
chemistry is concerned, a number of existing institutes must be expanded
and new institutes created. This applies to the Institute of Inorganic
Chemistry of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences USSR, the
Institute of Rare Elements, and the Institute for the Measurement of
Constants. Furthermore, a network of hot laboratories must be developed,
X-ray structural determinations must be carried out with the aid of
rapidly acting computers, and new and modern equipment must be installed
at the institutes. Academician Chernyayev is of the opinion that every
element must form the subject of investigation by a separate institute,
the work of which is devoted solely to research on this element. There
is.an inexhaustible number of investigations to be conducted on problems
pertaining to every element and the results will never be useless unless
the work has been of low quality. For instance, work conducted in the
USSR in the 1920s on the temperature dependence of the solubilities,
specific weights, and other characteristics in systems formed by water
with zinc chloride, zinc bromide, and zinc iodide was of no practical
importance until quite recently. At present the results obtained in this
work form the basis for the designing and production of cheap transparent
protective windows filled with liquid that are to be used at radio-chemical
laboratories.
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In regard to work to be conducted in connection with development8.
in nuclear technology, the chemistry of elements capable of serving as
nuclear fuels must first of all be subjected to thorough investigation.
This refers to the actinides and also to hydrogen, lithium, and other
elements capable of participating in thermonuclear reactions. American
investigators exaggerate when they state that the chemistry of plutonium
is better known than that of sodium; there is almost a total absence of
information on aqueous and nonaqueous equilibrium systems, the solubility
of difficultly soluble compounds, temperatures of transitions, vapor pres-
sures, etc. as far as compounds of this elrment are concerned. The situa-
tion is still worse with respect to thermochemical and thermodynamic data.
If we consider the chemistry of protactinium, which is of importance in
connection with the production of uranium-232, we find that more remains
to be found in this field.
12. System CsF-Be F2
"X-Ray Diffraction Investigation of the System Cesium
Fluoride-Beryllium Fluoride," by 0. N. Breusov and Yu.
P. Simanov; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy
Vol 4, No 11, Nov 59, pp 2582-2590
In an investigation of this system by the thermal analysis method
conducted by the authors on an earlier occasion, the formation of four
compounds, namely Cs8 Be F5, Cs2 Be F4, Cs Be F3, and Cs Be2 F5, was
established. Their polymorphic transformations were investigated. The
results of the present investigation confirm that the four compounds
mentioned above are formed. The temperature of the polymorphous trans-
formation of Cs q Be Fq was found to lie above the stability range of -
silicate-free glass.
13. Ternary Systems Consisting of Fluorides of Lithium, Barium, Sodium,
and Potassium
"Fusibility Diagrams of Ternary Systems Consisting of the
Fluorides of Lithium, Barium, Sodium, and Potassium," by
V. T. Berezhnaya and G. A. Bukhalova, Rostov-na-Donu Engi-
neering and Construction Institute; Mbscow, Zhurnal ,
Neorganicheskoy Xhimii, Vol 4, No 11, Nov 59, pp 2600-2605
The ternary systems lithium fluoride-potassium fluoride-barium
fluoride and lithium fluoride-sodium fluoride-barium fluoride were
investigated. Ternary systems consisting of the fluorides of alkali
metals and alkaline earth metals are acquiring increasing importance in
connection with the extensive applications of salts of this type in the
welding and melting of light metals and as fluxes in the electrometal-
lurgical production of metals.
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14. New Equipment for Nickel Plating With Nickel Tetracarbonyl
"Nickel Plating by Thermal Decomposition of Nickel Tetra-
carbonyl Vapor," by A. M. Verblovskiy and A. L. Rotinyan;
Leningrad, Zhurnal Prikladnoy Rhimii, Vol 33, No 1, Jan
60, pp 102-110
As a result of an investigation of nickel plating by the thermal,
decomposition of nickel tetracarbogyl vapor on heated surfaces, a new
design of equipment for this process has been developed and the optimum
conditions of plating have been worked out which ensure the decomposilL
tion of high-quality nickel coatings that for all practical purposes are
free of pores. It was established that adhesion of the coating to the
support is achieved only after the nickel-plated article has been sub-
jected to thermal treatment. The principal characteristics of nickel
coatings obtained by plating with nickel tetracarbonyl from the gas
phase have been studied. It was established that these coatings
exhibit superior anticorrosion properties.
Laboratory Instruments
15. Logarithmic Photometer
"Logarithmic Photometer for the Range of 0.7-0.2 Micron,"
by V. I. Dianov-Elokov, Institute of Organoelemental Com-
pounds, Academy' of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Pribory I Tekh-
nika Eksperimenta, No 6, Nov/Dec 59, pp 91-94
A Photometric attachment to a monocbromator is described for meas-
uring the logarithm of the ratio of intensities of two light fluxes by
means of a "logarithming" diode operating as load of the Photomultiplier.
The operating scale range extends to a ratio of photocurrents of 104 : 1.
The recording of spectrograms is carried out by an EPP-09 potentiometer.
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Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction Materials
16. Compounds Formed by Uramyl With Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_Acid
"Investigation by the Solubility Method of the System 1J02
(NO3) Ethylienediaminetetraacetic Acid-Water," by k.
Ye.laygin, I. D. Smirnova, and N. A. Nikol'skaya; Moscow,
Zhurnal Neorganiches;toy Khimii, Vol 4, No 11, Nov 59,
pp 2623-2629
The method of the investigation of solubilities at different values
of the pH has been scrutinized from the standpoint of its suitability
for the determination of dissociation constants of complex compounds and
of the composition of these compounds. Calculations that have been car-
ried out and results of experiments that have been conducted indicate
that the method in question can be used to determine the composition of
ions of complex compounds and the dissociation constants of such compounds.
The solubility product of the ethylenediaminetetraacetate of uranyl (002
H2 R) has been determined and found to be equal to (2.3 + 0.2).10-6 at
25?. It was established that under the experimental condition in question
the complex ion UO2 HR- is formed. At 25 this ion has a constant of dis-
sociation amounting to (7.4 4- 0.4)'10-1. No other complexes are formed.
It is indicated how the results obtained can be used in analytical chemistry.
Specifically, it has been established that gallium, yttrium, gadolinium,
lutecium, iron, scandium, indium, and thorium can be determined by titra-
tion with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid with a precision of up to 0.1%
in the presence of uranyl ions,
17. Solid Phase in System U04 ' 11,1120 .6.MOHmH202 .H20
"Investigation of the Solid Phase in the System U04 '4. 1(20 -
MOH-H202 - H20," by A. M. Gurevich and L. P. Polozhenskaya;
Leningrad; Radiokhimia, Vol 1, No 5, Oct 59, pp 573-580
As a result of an investigation of the solid phase in the system
U04 ? 4.H20 MOH-H202 -.H20 (4: Na, K), the following compounds were
identified: Na2 U06 ? x 1120; K2 U06'x H20; Na6 U2 013 13 H20;
K4U08* K20; K6 U4 022 15 H20; K6 U2 013?10.H20 u4024 ? 4
K4 U 08' 4 H2 02.420. Of the compounds listed above, the salts
Na6 U0.13' 12 H20; K8.U4022. 15 H20; and K8 U4. ?24" 4 H2 0 have not been
described in the literature hitherto. It was established that there is
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a lower limit of concentrations of uranium and caustic below which forma-
tion of the salts K6 U2 013 10 H20; Ke U4 022 ? 15 H20; and IW U4 024
? 4 H20 does not take place. It was also established that the compounds
N. U2 013 ? x 1120; Me 022 ? x H20; and 1,48 U4 024 . x 1120 are products
of the the decomposition of the anion MR . A probable mechanism of the forma-
tion of the solid phase is proposed ihat includes a stage in which soluble
complexes are formed. Formulas are given which describe the complex com-
position of the compounds that were inveStigated.
18. Distribution of Cesium Calcium) Strontium, and Lanthanum Between
Aqueous Solution and Methylbutylketon in Presence of Uranium
"Distribution of Cesium, Calcium, Strontium, and Lanthanum
Between an Aqueous Solution and MethylbulyUetone in the
Presence of Uranium," by V. M. Vdovenko, A. A. Lipayski4y,
and M. G. KUzina; Moscow, Zhurnal Neoganicheskoy Khimii)
Vol 4, No 11, Nov 59,. pp 2502-2504
The distribution of Cs, Ca, Sr, and La between aqueous solutions
containing nitric acid and methylbutylketones as affected by the con-:
centration of uranyl nitrate was investigated. It was established that
the coefficient of distribution of these elements becomes greater as
the concentration of uranyl nitrate in the dnitial aqueous solution
increases. This may be due to the extraction of the elements in ques-
tion in the form of salts having the composition MU02(NO3)3.
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19. Extraction of Thorium With Tributyl Phosphate
"The Effect of Sulfate Ions on the Coefficient of Distribution
of Microquantities of Thorium During the Extraction With Tri-
butyl Phosphate (TBP)," by Ye. P. Mayorova and F. F. Fomin;
Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 4, No 11, Nov 59,
pp 2511-2514
It ts shown that the values of the association constants of the ions
4-2k 4-j-2k
Th (NO3)ti Th (SO4)k 1 and Th (1103)J (SO4)k and the constants
of the r8action whereby the compound Th 003)4. 2 TBP Is formed, which
have been established in experiments with tracer quantities, make it pos-
sible to calculate the distribution coefficients for reighable quantities
of thorium at the same ionic strength.
20. Potassium-Thorium and Ammonium-Thorit4Fluorides
"Interactions in the Systems (Th (NO3)4 - KF (NH4F)-E20," by
I. V. Tananayev and Lu Chao-ta; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy
Khimii, Vol 4, No 12, Dec 59, pp 2796-2802.
The systems Th (N0.04 --KF (NH4F) -H20 were investigated by deter-
mining solubilities, thd electrical conductivity, the pH, and the appar-
ent volume of precipitate and also by subjecting individual phases to
X-ray diffraction analysis. It was found that in both systems, in addi-
tion to basic and normal fluorides, complex salts of the type MeTh2F9 and
Me9TbF6 are formed at ratios of MeF:Th(N004 higher than 4.5. The X-ray
diffraction diagrams of the salts isolated were taken by the Debye method.
The formation of thorium fluoride comR14xes was found to proceed according
to the scheme Th + ?p Th F3 4. (Th P ) -->Th4.x(OH)x Me Th2 F9
--3?Me2Th F6.
?
21. Phenylarsonic Acid as Reagent for SeRgration of Neptunium From
Plutonium
"Application of Phenylarsonic Acid for the Separation of
Neptunium from Plutonium," by I. Ye. Stank, A. P. Ratner
(deceased), M. A. Pasvik (deceased), and F. L. Ginzburg;
Leningrad, Radiokhimiya, Vol 1, No 5, Oct 59, pp 545-547
A method has been developed for the quantitative separation of
neptunium from plutonium based on the coprecipitation of neptunium with
zirconium phenylarsonate under conditions involving reduction of the
plutonium to the trivalent state.
(This investigation was carried out in 1952.)
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22. Some Properties of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid and Its Interac-
tions With Uranium and Plutonium
"Solubilities of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid in Ammonia and
Hydrochloric Acid and the Interactions of This Acid With Ura,.
nium (IV) and Plutonium (IV)," by A. Ye. Klygin? I. D. Smirnova,
and N. A. Nikol'skaya; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii,
Vol 4, No 12, Dec 59, pp 2766-2771
The solubilities of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (HO) in the re-
gion of pH = 0.8-3.0 were determined. It was established that on dissolu-
tion of HO in hydrochloric acid the ion HR 2 is formed, the dissocia-
tion constant of which at 250 can be expregsed as follows:
H [R4R]
Ko
1.24 x 10
-2
The constants of the acidic dissociatJion of HO were determined. At
25? these were found to be K1 : 6.13 x 10-3 and K2 - 1.71 x 10-3. It was
established that the preparation of HO from its sodium salt should be
carried out in solutions having a pH ti 1.6, because the solubility of
HO goes through a minimum at this point. It amounts to 3.05 x 10 4 mols
per liter at the minimum. The constant of the formation of a complex
compound of the nonhydiolyzed plutonium (IV) ion [PU (IV) which has not
been transferred into the colloidal state] was deA2rmined more precisely.
This constant was found to be equal to 1.38 x 10 The constant of the
formation of a complex compound of uranium (IV) with Hil.R:Vad determined,
Its value was found to be 4.2 x 1025. It was established that the sta-
bility of ethylenedUminetetraacetate complex compounds increases in the
sequence Th4 - U 4 - Pu 4 +.
23. Extraction of Plutonium Perchlorate With tri-n-Butylphosphate
"Extraction of Plutonium (IV) Perchlorate With tri-n-
Butylphosphate," by A. S. Solovkin, A. I. Ivantsov, and
E. V. Renard; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 4,
No 12, Dec 59, pp 2826-2827
It was established that Pu (IV) is extracted to a considerable extent
by tributylphosphate with the formation in the organic phase of neutral
complexes containing the perchlorate ion. This result, and also results
obtained earlier in experiments on the extraction of the perchlorates of
uranyl and zirconium, indicate that actinides exhibit a stronger degree
of association with the perchlorate ion than has been assumed earlier.
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24. Carbonates of Tetravalent Plutonium
"Simple and Complex Carbonates of Plutonium (IV)," by A. D.
Gellman and L. M. Zaytsev; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy
Vol 4, No 12, Dec 59, pp 2688-2696
The following three coordination compounds were isolated in the
solid state from green-colored carbonate solutions of Pu (Iv). and ana-
lyzed:
Ammonium plutoniumtetracarbonate -(NH4)4 [Pu(CO3)4]. R:20
Ammonium plutoniumpentacarbonate -(NH4) 6 .(P4(CO'3)5]. hH20
Ammonium plutoniumhexacarbonate -(NH4) '8 (Pu (c03)6 ]. n1120
The molecular conductance in aqueous solutions and the apparent
molecular weight were determined for the plutonium tetracarbonate salt.
The results obtained confirm that the compound in question is the coor-
dination type and that the formula proposed for it is correct. The
processes of the decomposition of complex carbonates of plutonium under
different conditions were investigated. The oxycarbonate.of tetravalent
plutonium, Pu 000.4 ? 2R20, was isolated and investigated. It was es-
tablished that under conditions which favor hydrolysis products poorer
in CO- form instead of the plutonium oxycarbonate. Products of the
latte24 type which were isolated have the formulas Pu 02.Pu 00O3 and
2.5 Pu 02.PU'OCOE'.n,H20.'
25. Chromatographic Separation of Rare-Earth Elements by Means of
Tributyl Phosphate
"Chromatographic Separation of Rare-Earth Elements by Means of
Tributylphosphate," by L. I. Martynenko, G. K. Yeremin, and
A. I. Kamenev, Chair of Inorganic Chemistry, Chemical Faculty
of Moscow State University; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy
Khimii, Vol 4, No 11, Nov 59, pp 2639
It was established that it is possible to separate rare-earth ele-
ments of the cerium subgroup by the method of distribution chromatography
using silica-gel and tributylphosphate. A sharp separation of the rare-
earth elements was Obtained and the concentration of these elements in
the eluate was high.
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26. Association Constant of YP 2 Ion
"Association Constant of the YP 2 Ion," by G. B. Seyfer;
Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 4, No 12, Dec 59,
pp 2832-2834
The association constant of the complex YF 2 ion was determined
experimentally. It was found that by plotting the association constants
of the ions ScF 2 4 YF 2 4 ) LaF2 .4,1 Ce F' and GdF' f against ionic
radii a smooth curve is obtained.
27. Complex Compounds of Rare-Earth Elements With Trihydroxyglutaric Acid
"Complex Compounds of Trihydroxyglutaric Acid With Cerium,
Neodymium, and Samarium," by N. K. Davidenko; Moscow, Zhurnal
Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 4, No 11, Nov 59, pp 2I69-2475 work done earlier by the author, the interaction of trihydroxy-
glutaric acid with lanthanum was investigated. In the present instance,
the systems cerium chloride (or neodymium or samarium chloride) - tri-
hydroxyglutaric acid were investigated in aqueous solutions by the
methods of potentiometric titration, measurement of the pH, and deter-
mination of the transfer of ions during electrolysis. It was established
that depending on the pH, cationic, electrically neutral, and anionic
complex compounds are formed in. mixtures of the reacting components hav-
ing a molar ratio of 1:1. The compounds Ce2 (C5 H6 07)3, wa2 (e5 H6 07)3,
Ce c5 H7 08, Nd c5 117 081 NiC5 HT 0A, and Na Nd C5 H6 08 were isolated. Sane afithe
properties of these compounds were determined. Their structure was es-
tablished. The dissociation constants of cationic complexes of the type
Ln C5 H6 07+ were determined in the cases of lanthanum, cerium, neo-
dymium, an samarium. These constants are practically he same in all
four cases and have a numerical value of 1 + 0.6 x 10-'.
28. Electrolytic Separation of Europium
"Electrolytic Reduction of Europium," by D. I. Ryabchikov,
Yu. S. Skylanrenko, and N. S. Stroganova, Institute of Geo-
chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences USSR;
Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 4, No 12, Dec 59,
pp 2682-2687
The chemical processes were investigated which take place in aqueous
splutions when europium acetate is subjected to electrolysis in the pres-
ence of potassium citrate and europium is isolated in the form of its
amalgam. The effect of the initial acidity of the electrolyte on the
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yield of europium was investigated. Furthermore the effects of the quan-
tity of potassium citrate and of the initial concentration of europium ani
of the temperature on the yield of europium were determined. The results
obtained were compared with those pertaining to ytterbium and samarium.
As compared with ytterbium and samarium, europium can be separated elec-
trolytically with relative facility. A high yield of this metal is Ob-
tained without great difficulty.
29. Interaction of Nitric: Acid With Tributyl Phosphate (TBP)
"Interaction of Nitric Acid With Trfbutyl Phosphate (TBP)," by
Z. A. Sheka and Ye. Ye. Kriss; Moscow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy
Vol 4, No 11, Nov 59, pp 2505-2540 .
By applying methods of physicochemical analysis and determining the
dielectric permeability, it was established that the compounds
HNO3 ? TBP and 3 HNO1 ? TBP are formed in the system HNO3 TBP when TBP
dissolved in carbon etrachloride is used. On the basis of the distri-
bution of nitric acid between the aqueous and nonaqueous phase, the con-
stants of the reactions by which these compounds are formed were deter-
mined. A comparison of the experimental curve of distribution plotted
against the concentration of nitric acid with theoretical curves for the
two compounds mentioned above indicated that the first complex compound
is predominantly present at concentrations of nitric acid below 4- nois
per liter of water, while the second complex compound is predominantly
present at concentrations of nitric acid between this point and 9 mols
per liter of water. At concentrations still higher than this, there is
in addition to the nonchemical solution of nitric acid in the nonaqueous
phase formation of complexes of the type nHNO3-TBP (n > 3).
TBP is used as a solvent in industrial procedures for the separation
of rare elements, lanthanides, and actinides by extraction.
30. Extraction of Metals With Acidic Alkyl Phosphates
"The Problem of the Extraction of Metals With Acidic Alkyl
Phosphates," by A. S. Chernyak and M. L. Navtanovich, Irkutsk
State Scientific Research Institute of Rare Metals; Leningrad,
Zhurnal Prikladnoy Khimii, Vol 33, No 1, Jan 60, pp 85-89
To investigate the composition of products resulting from reactionu
between alcohols and phosphoric acid anhydride, separation of acidic from
neutral esters followed -by the titration of alkylphosphoric Acids and
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quantitative determination of phosphorus in the products being investi-
gated was applied. It was established that only acidic alkyl phosphates
are formed in this reaction, and that the quantity of monosters increases
and the quantity of diesters decreases when the molar ratio of alcohol to
anhydride increases from 2 to 6. Under the conditions which are typical
for the synthesis of alkyl phosphate extracting agents (f..e., synthesis
by the interaction of 2 mols of alcohol with 1 mol of phosphorus pentox-
ide), disubstituted esters (dialkyl-phosphates) form predominantly (to
the extent of 87.7-90.5%). It was established experimentally that the
extraction of metals will] acidic alkyl phosphates proceeds by an ionic
mechanism. On the basis ot the results obtained, one may assume that
acidic alkyl phosphates can be used for the extraction of metals both
from strongly acidic and weakly acidic solutions.
31. Thermodynamics of Compounds Formed by Chlorides of Tantalum, Niobium,
Titanium, Zirconium, Hafnium, and Aluminum With Chlorides Of Alkali
Metals
"Thermodynamics of Compounds Formed by Chlorides of Tantalum,
Niobium, Titanium, Zirconium, Hafnium, and Aluminum With
Chlorides of Alkali Metals," by I. S. Morozov and D. Ya.
Toptygin, Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry imeni
N. S. Kurnakov, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Izvestiya
Akademii Nauk SSSR Otdeleniye ladmicheskikh Nauk, Noll,
Nov 59, pp 1920-1927
The thermal stability of compounds formed by the chlorides of tanta-
lum, niobium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, and aluminum with chlorides
of alkali metals was investigated. A Hy AS, and AF of the reac-
tions of decompositions of the compounds in question were calculated. It
is stated that the dodple chlorides mentioned are being investigated, be-
cause electrolysis of double chlorides and fluorides of the metals enu-
merated is an advantageous method for the production of these metals.
32. Zirconium and Hafnium Tungstates
"The Tungstates of Zirconium and Hafnium," by Academician V. I.
Spitsyn, L. N. Komissarova, and V. A. Vladimiroval Moscow State
'University; Moscow, Doklady Akademii NaukSSSR, Vol 127, No 1,
1 Jul 59, pp 120-123
Anhydrous zirconium and hafnium tungstates and hydrated tungstates
of zirconyl and hafnyl were synthesized. Their chemical and physical
properties are described.
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33. Tashkent Conference on Nuclear Energy
"The Tashkent Conference on Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy,"
by A. Kiev and E. Parilis; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 8,
No 2, Feb 60, pp 167-168
A Conference on Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy was held at Tashkent,
28 September-3 October 1959. The conference was organized by the Academy
of Sciences Uzbek SSR and the State Scientific Technical Committee at the
Council of Ministers Uzbel' SSR. The beginning of the conference corre-
sponded to the starting of the nuclear reactor of the Institute of Nuclear
Physics, Academy of Sciences Uzbek SSR. This reactor was put into opera-
tion on 10 September 1959.
About 1,000 persons participated in the conference. Among them were
400 persons from localities outside the Uzbek SSR. The conference had
the scope of a major all-union meeting.
At the first plenary session of the conference U. A. Arifov, direc-
tor of the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Academy of Sciences Uzbek
SSR, gave a report on the progress of work conducted at this institute.
P. S. Savitskiy and V. I. Sinitsyn, representatives of the Main Adminis-
tration on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, Council of Ministers USSR,
presented a report dealing with prospects of the peaceful utilization of
nuclear energy in the USSR.
At the same session S. V. Starodubtsev, Vice-President of the Acad-
emy of Sciences Uzbek SSR, gave an extensive review report dealing with
research on the changes of properties of matter exposed to the action of in-
team rurleqr relation fields. This report summarized research on the physics
of radiation effects conducted at laboratories of the Academy of Sciences
Uzbek SSR.
At meetings of the Section of Nualear and Radiation Physics, 50
papers were presented. The papers on nuclear physics dealt principally
with nuclear reactions and the dispersion of neutrons as a result of
interaction with neutrons. Several reports were concerned with reactions
taking place under the effect of alpha particles and deuterons and also
with results of the investigation of fission splinters.
A number of reports dealt with results of investigations on the
photodisintegration of nuclei. Results were reported that were obtained
in investigations of excited splinters and in the study of spectra of
conversion electrons.
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The majority of reports on radiation physics dealt with the modifica-
tion of optical, electric, magnetic, elasticity, and adsorption properties
of crystals under the action of gamma radiation.
In this section, the radiolysis of hydrocarbons under the action of
gamma radiation was discussed. At a special meeting of the sectiou,
methods of investigation, specifically physical methods of investigation
employing radioactive isotopes, were considered. At this particular
meeting, information was given on mass-spectrometric methods, nuclear
magnetic resonance methods, and the application of radioactive isotopes
in nuclear and molecular physics as well as electronics.
At meetings of the Section of Radioactive Isotopes and Applications
of Nuclear Radiation in Chemistry, 44 reports and 5 communications were
presented. The reports dealt with diverse problems of radiochemistry and
radiation chemistry, the application of radioactive isotopes in chemistry,
and the chemical analysis of radioactive isotopes. Radiation-chemical
methods for the preparation of various pure substances,were,discussed.
Furthermore, reports were given on the investigation of the kinetics of
chemical reactions by methods involving the application of isotopes, the
effects of nuclear radiation on chemical compounds, and the application
of spectral analysis in connection with the production of radioactive
compounds. Furthermore, problems of gamma-spectroscopy and of the syn-
thesis of compounds containing two different species of tracer atoms, as
well as many other problems, were discussed.
The transactions of the conference will be published in the form
of a book in 1960.
34. Production and Application of Nonradioactive Isotopes
"Production and Application of Stable Isotopes in the USSR," by
S. P. Potapov; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 8, No 2, Feb 60,
pp 160-164
The production and application of nonradioactive isotopes in the
USSR are discussed in detail. No information is given on the production
of hydrogen and uranium isotopes. It is stated that the electromagnetic
method is principally applied in the usaR for the concentration and
separation of nonradioactive isotopes produced in quantities from a few
milligrams to several kilograms. In cases when larger quantities of
isotopes are required, more efficient methods such as distillation,
chemical exchange, low temperature distillation, diffusion of
vapor, etc. are applied. Installations have 'beenbuilt for the
separation of. the isotopes of boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and
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some other elements by the methods mentioned. At present there is a
trend toward the development of full-scale industrial processes for
the production of isotopes. The most common application of nonradioac-
tive isotopes is as tracers. In the field of the construction of elec-
tronic and physical equipment, the specific nuclear characteristics .9t
nonradioactive isotopes are taken advantage of in designing radiation
detectors. Furthermore, these isotopes are used in nuclear technology
(e.g., B10).
It is stated that 222 iifferent nonradioactive isotopes were pro-
duced and supplied in the USSR in 1958, as compared with 55 isotopes in
1955. The quantity of isotopes supplied to research institutes for sci-
entific investigations amounted to 25,000 grams in 1958, as compared
with 2,500 grams in 1955.
Nonradioactive isotopes supplied in quantities larger than one gram,
isotopes used as radiation targets, and radioactive isotopes produced
from nonradioactive isotopes are listed in three tables which accompany
the article. The degree of enrichment and (in two tables) the method of
production are indicated for every isotope listed.
35. Uranium Separation
"Separation of Uranium From Accompanying Metals by Ton Exchange
Chromatography," by D. I. Ryabchikov, P. N. Paley, and Z. K.
Mikhaylova, Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry
imeni Vernadskiy, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal
Analiticheskoy Khimii, Vo1:.15, No 1, Jan/Feb 60, pp BU=g5--
Uranium can be separated from accompanying elements by ion exchange
chromatography using different ability of uranium and other elements to
form compounds with complexone III.
Separation is possible in two cases:
In acid mediums, where uranium is present as a positive ion, the
majority of accompanying elements form an anion complex with complexone
III and are not sorbed with cationite.
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In almost neutral mediums uranium is present as an unstable anion
complex and can be sorbed with carboxylic resin after the decomposition
of this complex.
Depending on the nature and quantity of accompanying elements, two
modifications of the analysis were used.
Separation of uranium from solutions at pH 1.7-1.9 on KY-2 cationite
in sodium form can be applted to materials rich in uranium.
Separation of uranium from solutions at pH 5-8 on adberlit IRC-50
cationite in sodium form can be applied to rich uranium ores and to poor
ores and uranium solutions as well.
36. Uranium Determination
"Determination of Uranium by Araperometric Titration," by V. F.
Yeskevich and L. A. Komarava; Moscow, Zhurnal Analiticheskoy
Khimii, Vol 15, No 1, Jan/Feb 60, pp 84-87
A method is suggested for the amperometric titration of uranium (up
to 1 ug/l) with ammonium vanadate solution. The accuracy of the method
is 2-3%. The titration is carried out without applying the external po-
tential vs the bismuth reference electrode. The sample is prepared by
the hydrosulphite-phosphate or chromium-phosphate method.
37. Zirconium Determination
"Complexometric Determination of Zirconium," by V. F. Lukyanov
and Ye. M. Knyazeva; Moscow, Zhurnal Analiticheskoy
Vol 15, No 1, Jan/Feb 60, pp 69-72
A sample of material to be analyzed (ores, concentrates, cakes, al-
loys, etc.) is decomposed by a suitable method, zirconium is precipitated
with NH4OH or NaOH, and the precipitate is dissolved in 2N HC1 and boiled
with excess of complexone III; the solution is brought to pH 2.3-2.4 and
the excess of complexone is titrated with Th (B02)4 with the use of
uranon (arsenazo) as an indicator. The experimeetal error does not ex-
ceed 0.6% relative.
The method was applied to the determination of zirconium in ores,
cakes, and concentrates, containing 2 to 40% of zirconium, with satisfac-
tory results. ?
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38. Scandium Determination
"Quantitative Determination of Scandium With the Use of
Mandelic Acid," by I. P. Alimarin and Shen Han-Si, Moscow State
University; Moscow, Zhurnal Analiticheskoy Khimii, Vol 15,
No 1, Jan/Feb 60, pp 31-35
A new method for the quantitative determination of scandium with
the use of mandelic acid und a method for separating scandium from rare
earths and thorium are developed. The precipitate composition corre-
sponds to the formula Hz [Sc (C8 HA 0)] ? n H20. This compound, as
was shown by the thermodravigram, decdmIdoses at 2800. Scandium mandel-
ate dissolves in ammonia with the formation of (11H0f? 3 [Sc (C8 03)3].
4
"Quantitative Determination of Scandium by Spectrographic
Analysis," by V. M. Alekseeva and A. K. Rusanov, All-Union
Institute of Mineral Raw Materials; Moscow, Zhurnal
Analiticheskoy Khimii, Vol 15, No 1, Jan/Feb 60, 27-30
The use of an ac is stabilized with strontium carbonate as an excita-
tion source enables the direct determination of scandium in the range
0.001% to 0.1% in silicate ores of variable composition. The mean error
of a single determination is + 10%.
39. Determination of Aluminum in Uranium
"Spectrographic Determination of Aluminum in Uranium," by
Ye. A. Vernyy and V. N. Yegorov; Moscow, Zhurnal Analiticheskoy
Khimii, Vol 15, No 1, Jan/Feb 60, pp 24-26
A spectrographic method for determining small amounts of aluminum in
uranium is based on the phenomenon of fractional distillation with a
carrier. Some experiments have been carried:but with the aim of studying
the effect of barium and carbon powder on the intensity of aluminum lines.
The infleunce of third elements on the results of the aluminum determina-
tion has been studied.
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40. Formation of Mixed Uranyl and Alkali Element Ferrocyanides
"Potentiometric Study on the Formation of Mixed Uranyl and
Alkali Element Ferrocyanides," by V. D. Ponamarev and I. V.
Tananayev, Moscow Engineering Physics Institute; Moscow,
Zhurnal Analiticheskoy Khimii, Vol 15, No 1, Jan/Feb 60,
pp 10-15
It is estalished that the position of the equivalent point corre-
sponding to the bend of the oxidation-reduction potential curves in sys-
tems of the type U0224. - I?14 [Fe(CN)6] - E20 OA : Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs)
depends'on the nature of the alkaline element present in the solution.
#When lithium ferrocyanide is present, a normal uranyl cyanide
' (UO2)2[Fe (CN)6] is formed. .
Mixed ferrocyanides Na2 (UO2)5 [Fe (CN)], 2'(UO2)2 [Fe (CN)63.
K4 [Fe (0N)6]; 3(UO2)2 [Fe (0N)6] ? 2 Rb4 [Fe (CN)2]; 3 (UO2)2
[Fe (CN),] ? 2 Cs, 4 [Fre (CN6] are formed in the presence of other alkali
elements
In the presence of an excess of alkali element ions, the equivalent
point shifts to the formation of compounds containing large quantities of
alkali elements; whereas in the presence of very large concentrations of
the solutions of alkali element chlorides, a mixed uranyl ferrocyanide is
formed;
4 (UO2)2 [Fe (CN)6] ? 3 M4 [Fe (CN)6]
The mixed uranyl ferrocyanides are suggested tit) be considered as
polynuclear molecules of the polymer type.
Organic Chemistry
41. "Synthesis of Perfluorovinylhalophosphines
"Perfluorovinylhalophosphines," by I. L. Knunyants, R. N.
Sterlin, R. D. Yatseako, and L. N. Pinkina; Moscow,
Khimicheskaya Nauka i Pramyshlennosti, Vol IV, No 6, 1959,
pp 810-811
Until recently, the only known fluorinated phosphines were trifluoro-
methyl derivatives. In an earlier work the authorsdemonstrated that
perfluorovinylmagnesium iodide reacts with silicon .tetrachloride forming
tetra-(trifluoroviny1)-silane. Application .of thil3 reaction to phosphorus
trichloride led to the formation of tri-(fluorovifiy1)-phosphine:
3CF2=CFMgI + PC13 (CF2:CF)3P t 3MgC1I
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Primary and secondary perfluorovinyl derivatives could not be ob-
tained by this reaction. However, they were obtained by the action of
perfluorovinylmagnesium iodide on the acid chloride of the tetraethylam.ide
and the acid dichloride of the diethylamide of phosphorous acid:
CF2=CFMgI + C1P[N(C2H5)2]2 -+
CF2=CFP[N(02H5)2]2 + MgClI
2CF2=CFMgI 4C12PN(C2H5)2-+
-4 .(CF2=M2PN(C2H5)2 2MgC1I?
Cleavage of amides of the type RIP(NR,), with dry I.M1 leads to the
formation of primary and secondary chloro-Dhbsphines; in this manner
C2H5PC/ CF2=CFPC12 and (C2F2=CF)2PC1 were obtained. By substituting
the chlorine with fluorine in the two latter compounds CF2=CFPF2 and
(CF2=CF)2PF were obtained.
42. Synthesis of Fluorinated Ketones
"Fluorinated Ketones. Bis-(trifluoromethyl)-glycolic Acid," by
I. L. Knunyants, Ye. M. Rokhlin,.N. P. GaMbaryan, Yu. A. Chebur,
kov, and Ch'en Ch'ing-Yun, Institute of Organoelemental Com-
pounds, Academy of Sciences USSR; Khimicheskaya Nauka'i
Promyshlennost', Vol IV, No 6, 1959, pp 802-804
,This report describes the preparation of bis-(trifluoromethyl)-
glycolic acid, the first representative of completely fluorinated
A-hydroxyacids. eSeveral stages are involved in this preparation,
The nitrile of bis-(trifluoromethyl)rglycolic acid is obtained by
reacting hexafluoroacetone with hydrocyaz3ic acid in the presence of
plveridine,,which acts as a catalyst. The nitrile is hydrolyzed with
concentrped sulfuric acid by mild heating, forming the amide of bis-
(trifluoromethyl)-glycolic acid (II). Under more severe conditions of
hydrolysis, the free bis-(trifluoromethyl)-glycolic acid (III) is formed..
These reactions can be formulated as follows:
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(CF3)2C0 HCN -* (CF3)2Cx
CN
/OH
OH i0H
(CF
(CF3)2CN\ -4 (CF3)2C/ 3Cf\ 2
CN CONH2
COOH
(In)
The physical properties of the synthesized compounds are listed in
one table.
Radiation Chemistry
43. Radiation Intensity Influence on Kinetic Process Rate
"Kinetic Processes in Irradiated Substances," by 14. A.
Mokul'skiy; Moscow, Vysokomolekulyarnyye Soyedineniya, Vol 2,
No 1, Jan 60, pp 119-129
A theoretical treatment has been presented of the previously proposed
mechanism for the acceleration of kinetic processes by irradiation. It
is believed that the anomalously large number of "hot" atoms in the ir-
radiated substance is the probable cause of the acceleration. The pos-
sible concentration of the "hot" atoms has been estimated. The effect of
temperature, of stress, and of radiation intensity on the rate of kinetic
processes has been stied using the example of mechanical stress relaxa-
tion. Formulas have been derived for the change in the time spectrum of
relaxation, in the dynamtc modulus, and in other properties of a body
subjected to the action o' a radiation field.
Mechanical Properties of Irradiated Polymers
"Investigation Into the Mechanical Properties of Polymers
Undergoing Irradiation. I. The Strength and Ultimate Forced
Elasticity of Solid Polymers in the Process of Irradiation in
a Nuclear Reactor," by M. A. Mokulskiy, Yu. S. Lazurkin, M. B.
Fiveyskiy, and V. I. Kozin; Moscow, Vysokomolekulyarnyye
Soyedineniya, Vol 2, No 1, Jan 60, pp 103-105
This study is devoted to an investigation into the mechanical prop-
erties of materials being irradiated in a nuclear reactor. The apparatus
for the measurement of the strength, yield value, and the creep of the
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materials is described. The strength of polymethylmethacrylate and the
ultimate forced elasticity of polyvinyl chloride have been determined. A
reversible decrease in the values of these quantities under irradiation
has been revealed.
"Investigation Into the Mechanical :i'roperties of Polymers
Undergoing Irradiation. II. Creep of Solid Polymers and
Rubbers in the Process of Irradiation in a Nuclear Reactor,"
by M. A. Mokul'skiy, Yu. S. Lazurkin, and M. B. Fiveyskiy;
Moscow, Vysokomolekulyarnyye Soyedineniya, Vol 2, No 1, Jan 60,
pp 110-118
The paper presents the results of experiments on the creep of vari-
ous polymers during irradiation. In the case of strength and ultimate
forced elasticity measurements a reversible change in the mechanical
properties has been revealed. The rate of creep increases sharply in
the process of irradiation and falls after its termination. A great num-
ber of various formations -- electrons, ions, excited molecules, free
radicals, etc. .7- occur in the process of irradiation. .
45. Radiation Polymerization of Isoprene
"Radiation Polymerization of Isoprene. I,", by V. S. Ivanov,
M. A. Sokolova, S. V. Aver'yanov, V. F. Yeydokimov, and
I. S. Gurlyund, Leningrad State Universiti; Moscow,
Vysokomolekulyarnyye Soyedineniya, Vol 2, No 1, Jan 6o,
PP 35-37
Radiation polymerization of isoprene by r-rays from a Co6? source
leads to the formation of polymers in yields proportional to the dosage.
The yield has been observed to increase with decrease in radiation inten-
sity.
The order of magnitude of the mean molecular weights is independent
of the dosage within the limits of experimental error. The weights in-
crease as the irradiation intensity decreases.
The addition of a sensitizer (5 mol. % CC14) considerably raises
(approximately doubles) the polymer yield without changing the mean molec-
ular weight.
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It is highly noteworthy that the ratio of the microstructural ele-
ments of polyisoprene (1.2; 3.4; 1.4 units) is practically independent
of the irradiation dosage, radiation intensity, presence of vensitizer
(CC14), and irradiation temperature within the limits of 40 to 200.
Radiochemistry
46. Application of New Continuously Produced Equipment for Radiometric
Control of Boundaries Between Petroleum Products in Pipelines
"Application of Series-Produced Scintillation Equipment in the
Radiometric Control of Boundaries Between Petroleum Products
in Pipelines," by L. N. Posik; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya,
Vol 7, No 6, Dec 59, pp 553-554
B. Z. Votlokhin and others recommended the application of a radio-
metric method for the determination of boundaries between petroleum pro-
ducts in pipelines (cf. Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 4, No 5, 1958, p 475).
Sbl24 is used as a tracer in the procedure described. This radipactive
isotope is contained in a triphenylstilbine solution. Since the publica-
tion of Votlokhin's paper, scintillation counter equipment of the RSU
type, which is series-produced and with which superior results can be
obtained, has become available for application in connection with the
procedure recommended in that paper. This equipment is described.
47. Separation of Radioactive Isotopes of Tin Antimony, and Tellurium
by Means of Anion-Exchange Resins
"Separation of Tin, Antimony, and Tellurium by Means of Anion-
Exchange Resins," by V. N. Rybakov and I. I. Stronski, Labora-
tory of Nuclear Problems at Dubna, Joint Institute of Nuclear.
Research, and Laboratory of Nuclear Physics at Krakow, Institute
of Nuclear Research, Polish Academy of Sciences; Moscow, anima
Neorganicheskoy Khimii, Vol 4, No 11, Nov 59, pp 2449-2451--
In connection with the investigation of light isotopes of tellurium
and antimony formed from iodine under the action of high-energy protons,
it was of interest to develop a method for the separation of these ele-
ments by means of ion-exchange resins. In procedures which had beep.
applied for this purpose the strongly basic anion exchange resin Dowex-1
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was used. The elements were adsorbed from hydrochloriA acid solutions in
the form of the anions (Sn Clg)2 (Sb C16)'" (Sb C16)'-, and (Te C16)c".
In the experiments conducted /n this instance, small queAtities of anti-
mony and tellurium were separated by using the anion-exchange resins
EDE-10 P and ASD-2. Tin, antimony, and tellurium were separated using
the anion-exchange resin ASD-2. These ion-exchange resins are produced
in the USSR. It was established that the strongly basic anion-exchange
resin ASD-2 can be used to advantage instead of Dowex-1 X-8 for the sepa-
ration of tin and tellurium from each other.
4.8
Thulium-170 Sources of Gamma Radiation
"TU17? Gamma Radiation Sources," by Ye. K.; Moscow, Atomnaya
Energiya, Vol 8, No 2, Feb 60, pp 177-178
The characteristics of TU17? and the advantages of applying it as a
source of gamma radiation are discussed. It is pointed out that be9ause
of the relatively soft radiation emitted by it, as compared with Co?0,
Cs137? and Ir192, thulium-170 is better suited as a source of radiation
in the defectoscopy of light metals and alloys and also of relatively
thin parts and products consisting of steel and other heavy metals. The
characteristics of Tu170 radiation sources produced in the USSR are
listed in a table. It is stated that at present large quantities of
different types of thulium-170 sources are being produced in the USSR.
49. Focusing Ion Exchange Separation of Isotopes
"Separation of Some Fission Isotopes by the Focusing Ion-
Exchange Method," by V. P. Shvedov, Ten Ten, and A. V. Stepanov,
Leningrad Technological Institute imeni Lensovet; Moscow,
Zhurnal Analiticheskoy Khimii, Vol 15, No 1, Jan/Feb 60,
pp 16-19
Separation of mixtures Sr9? - Y9?, Sr9? Y9? _ ce144, ce144 La140
without carriers, as well as the mixture Ce - Pr by the focusing ion
exchange method, has been stuaAed. T-khas been,e0dbliftd that the
mixtures Sr9? - Y90, Sr9? - Ce'", and Ce'" - Le'tv can be
separated in 5 min with the use of citric acid or complexone III; the
separation of the Ce - Pr mixture at concentrations up to 0.5 mg/ml is
not complete.
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III. ELECTRONICS
Communications
50. Evaluation of Equipment Reliability
"Estimation of Mean Time for Reliable Operation of Equipment,"
by M. A. Sinitsa; Moscow, Radiotekhnika, No 3, Mar 60, pp 58-
66
The mean operating time between two successive failures of radio-
electronic equipment serves as a convenient criterion for evaluation of
its reliability. This operating period, however, changes considerably
with the time-in-use of the equipment, especially in aircraft practice.
The exponential law of probability was used in estimating the mean
time between two successive failures in the case of extended exploitation
of the equipment. The author states that a great number of (Soviet ?)
radio-engineering components for general use have a life of about 1,000
hours and that only such components as magnetrons, klystrons, and certain
superhigh-frequency electronic vacuum devices have a service life con-
siderably exceeding this figure; however, the number of the latter type
of devices is not great.
An evaluation of the derived approximation formulas is given, and it
is shown that such approximations lead to inaccuracies of only a few per-
cent.
51. TV Receiver "Druzhba"
"TV Receiver Truzhba" (unsigned article); Moscow, Promyshlenno-
Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, No 34, 20 Mar 6o
The new TV receiver "Druzhba" was designed by the workers of the radio-
engineering industry of Leningrad. The set incorporates a wide-angle pic-
ture tube in which the electron beam is deflected by an angle of 110?. The
use of a wide-angle kinescope, elliptical loudspeakers, miniature tubes,
solid-state diodes, vertical chassis with printed circuits, and miniaturized
subassemblies and parts has made it possible to hold the over-all dimensions
of this 360 X 270-mm-screen TV set within reasonable limits. The set has
high sensitivity and is equipped with a number of automatic controls which
assure high brightness, contrast, and resolution of the image. The set will
be provided with a remote-control device.
The "Druzhba" receiver will appear on the market toward the end of 1960.
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52. Equations for Selecting Parameters of an ANC System
"The Influence of an Amplitude-Modulated Signal on a Two-Loop
System of Automatic Volume Control," by V. V. Shirokov; Mos-
cow, Radiotckbalka i Elektronika, Vol V, No 2, Feb 60, pp 218-
223
An integral equation is derived which describes the processes in an
AVC (automatic volume control) system under steady-state conditions. This
equation is used to obtain a solution for the spectrum of the signal en-
velope at the output;of a receiver device with two-loop AVC, using a method
of successive approximations. A detailed analysis is made of the passage
of a signal with a sinusoidal envelope through a receiver with AVC. The
equations which are obtained make it possible to select the parameters of
an AVC system, proceeding from minimum distortions of the sinusoidal signal
envelope since it contains the received information or proceeding from the
necessity for obtaining the best possible signal demodulation in those
channels of the receiver not having amplitude modulation.
53. Soviet Video Tape Recorder
"Apparatus for MAgnetic Recording of Images," by R. M. Kasher-
ininov, V. V. Rakovskiy, and V. G. Komar; Moscow, Tekhnika Kino
I Televideniya, No 2, Feb 6o, p 57
A laboratory model of a set of equipment for the recording of moving
images on magnetic tape has been developed and manufactured by the Lenin-
grad plant "Kinap," in conjunction with the All-Union Scientific Research
Cinemaphotography Institute and the All-Union Sbientific Research Institute
of Television, with the participation of a number of organizations (Central
Design Bureau of the Ministry of Culture USSR, Scientific Research Insti-
tute of Ferrous Metals, Cinema Film Factory No 3, dnd others).
The recording is made by a
70-mm-wide magnetic tape moving
The principle of recording
and using wide film by a method
proposed by the Soviet inventor
filed on 14 May 1932).
Use of 70-mm-wide magnetic
increase the amount of recorded
tape used abroad at the present
disc with four special heads across a
at a speed of 380 mm/second.
with a rotating disc with commutating heads
of dividing it into transverse bands was
K. L. Isupov (Authors Certificate No 34173,
tape makes it possible to substantially
information compared to the 50.8-mm-wide
time.
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To secure the most rapid design and manufacture of the laboratory
sample of the set of equipment, a method of parallel work arrangement
was conducted in which the scientific research and experimental design
work, as well as manufacture of the model, were carried out at the same
time that the separate structurally independent elements of the set were
being produced.
In design of the equipment, particular attention was paid to the
problem of the manufacturing technology in that it was considered that
this equipment would be series produced. In this connection, already
in the experimental model a large number of units of technological equip-
ment was designed and manufactured, and a large amount of experimental
technological work was carried out.
In the design process, a number of original circuits and construction
solutions assuring the required operational quality of the set and the
possibility of rapid introduction of it into production were found.
The laboratory model of the equipment was tested with specially
designed and produced magnetic tape and showed satisfactory results.
Recording of the image can be made by picking up the video signal from
the air or from an optical pick-up.
At the present time, further work is being carried out in widening
the recorded frequency band, perfecting the design for series manufacture,
and improving the electronic part of the set. .
The work was carried out under the direction and participation of
M. G. Shul'man, Ye. Ya. Akinin, V. F. Vorob'yev, P. G. Tager, G. V. Merings
T. A. Khinchuk, and others.
Components
54. Stability of Transistorized Amplifiers to Temperature Changes
"Thermal Stability Equation for Voltage Amplifiers Built With
Different Types of Transistors," by Yu. H. Nosov and B. I. Kba-
zanov; Moscow, Radiotekhnika, No 31 Mar 60, pp 38-
The stability of transistorized voltage amplifiers to temperature
changes can be determined by establishing the dependence of the voltage
amplification factor on the transistor parameters and the dependence of
the amplification, factor on temperature. The thermal stability equation
is derived for the general case and can be applied to different, standard
types of germanium and silicon transistors. The derived equations show
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that amplification-factor stability can be attained by an appropriate
increase in the emitter current with temperature rise. These formulas
relate temperature increments, and consequent changes in the transistor
characteristics, to circuit parameters which would ensure thermal sta-
bility of voltage amplifiers.
The types P13, P14, P150 P13A, P8, P9, P10, P11, P401, P402, and
P403 germanium transistors and the type P101 silicon transistor were
stuclied with the aid of the derived formulas. This study led to the
interesting conclusion that silicon-transistor thermal stabilization can
be attained at constant emitter current. This fact should lead to the
construction of a temperature-stabilized transistorized dc-current ampli-
fier.
55. Hall-Effect Transducer
"Voltage Multiplication With Hall-Effect Transducer," by V. V. Ko-
bzev; Moscow, Elektiosvyazi, No 3, Mar 60, pp 9-16
The Hall effect manifests itself in such a manner that under the action
of a magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of current flow through
a narrow semiconductor bar with high current-carrying mobility, an emf per-
pendicular to the direction of current flow and the field appears at the
side edges of the bar. This enf is proportional to the product of current
flowing through the bar and the magnetic field intensity perpendicular to
the bar surface. Such a phenomenon leads to the expectation that, by
utilizing the Hall effect, it is possible to obtain linear amplification
of voltage.
Various types of germanium and InSb Hall-effect transistors were
examined for voltage multiplication. A series of experiments carried out
In this field confirmed the theoretical conclusion that it is possible in
practice to utilize Hall-effect transducers for linear multiplication of
two voltages. For a germanium Hall-effect transducer incorporating a steel
core having a gap of 0.6 mm and induced field of 1,000 oersteds, it is
possible to produce an open-circuit voltage of about 30-50 millivolts.
The best results are obtained by feeding a low-frequency signal to the
magnetizing circuit and a signal of higher frequency to the input circuit
of the transducer.
Eve- at the present stage of development, Hall-effect transducers
may be used in the construction of a great number of electric circuits;
thus, further improvement of this type of components should be given due
consideration.
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56. Thermoresistors With Indirect Heating
"Thermoresistors With Indirect Heating," by P. M. kak:AAM.w,
Primeneniye Poluprovodnikov v Priborostr. (T;;(1
conductors in Instrument Building), Moscow, Mashgiz, 1958,
pp 65-77 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal Mashinostroyeniye,
No 2, 25 Jan 60, Abstract No 6746)
Indirectly heated heaters with semiconductor resistances, consisting
of two electrically different circuits (semiconductor and resistor), are
discussed. The semiconducting and resistance elements mostly are placed
into an evacuated or gas-filled envelope. These heaters are characterized
by various parameters, such as cold resistance (generally around 20 de-
grees), constant, dependence of resistance on temperature, and temperature
coefficient. The characteristics of thermoresistors with indirect heating
are dependence of resistance of the element on power, diffusion in the
heater, and the dependence of the voltage at the semiconducting element
on the current passing through it. The preparation of indirectly heated
heaters from two-component mixtures of TiO2 and MgO is treated in detail
and involves a study of the influence of the percentage content of TiO2
on the electrical conductivity and nominal resistance at various annealing.
temperatures, the dependence of the temperature coefficient on the TiO2
content, and the influence of temperature and length of annealing period
on nominal resistance and conductivity. The technology of preparation of
thermoresistors TKP-300, TKP-50, and TKP-20 is treated in detail, and the
basic parameters of these types are tabulated. Thermoresistors with
indirect heating are used in industry for automatic control) amplitude
amplification in oscillators, measuring low-frequency power, low pressures,
and analyzing gases.
57. Thermoelectric Cooling in Instrument Building
"Thermoelectric Cooling and Its Use in Instrument Building," by
Ye. A. Kolenko, Primeneniye polyprovodnikov v priborostr. (Use
of Semiconductors in Instrument Building), Moscow, Mashgiz,
1958, pp 213-230 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal Mashinostroyen-
iye, No 2, 25 Jan 6o, Abstract No 6749)
A practical application of thermoelectric cooling, based on the Pelt-
ier effect, has come about only with the advent of semiconductors. Semi-
conductor thermocouples which ensure a temperature drop of 25-60 degrees
between the hot and cold junctions are generally used for the purpose.
The effectiveness of the operation of thermocouples depends on the dif-
fusion of heat at its hot'end, for which purpose radiators with either
natural or artificial cooling are used. This article gives a technological
procedure for the manufacture of the thermocouples and battery. Some in-
struments in which thermoelectric cooling is employed are described: a high-
vacuum trap with thermoelectric cooling; semiconductor cooling of the stages
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for a freezing microtome, which affords the possibility of lowering the
temperature of the tissue placed in it to 8-10 degrees (power supply,
2 watts); microthermostat for lowering the temperature of photoresistances
50-60 degrees below that of the ambient medium; a thermostat for the com-
ponents of radioelectronic installations; "artificial zero" instrument
for keeping the temperature of a free thermocouple at zero; a visual
microscope stage with thermoelectric heating and cooling to allow obser-
vation of objects in a temperature range of from minus 10 to plus 70
degrees; a thermoelectric instrument for calibrating thermometers in the
below-zero range; a thermoelectric instrument for cooling photomultipliers;
a thermoelectric ultrathermostat for maintaining the temperature of stand-
ard cells with an accuracy of plus-minus 0.001 degree; and a condensation
thermoelectric hygrometer.
58. Application of Indium-Germanium Diode
"Application of a Fused Indium-Germanium Diode as a Temper-
ature Converter," by R. Ye. Smolyanskiy; Moscow, Pribory
Tekhnika Eksperimenta, No 6, Nov/Dec 59, pp 83-85
A device using industrially produced semiconducting diodes is de-
scribed. The device permits measurement of temperature within the range
of 20 to 600c with an accuracy of tenths of a degree. As a temperature
converter, an indium-germanium diode in a hermetic version may be used.
The width of the forbidden zone of the germanium is computed in relation
to the inverse current of the diode.
59. Czechoslovaks Produce Solar Battery
"Solar Battery of Czechoslovak Manufacture" (unsigned item);
Prague, Obrana Lidu, 15 Mar 60, p 2
According to a brief announcement in source, the "A.S. Popov" Re-
search Institute of Communications Technology in Prague (Vyzkumny ustav
pro sdelovaci techniku) has developed the first Czechoslovak solar
battery. Although giving no details, the article stresses that the
Czechoslovak product meets world standards and is capable of converting
solar energy into power to be used in transistorized radio receivers and
other similar appliances and that larger solar batteries Pare used in
CPYRGHT
communications equipment which is, for example, installed in automatic
interplanetary stations, meteorological instruments, etc. The possibili-
ties of utilizing solar batteries in Czechoslovakia are currently in a
stage of promising development."
CPYRGHT
[For additional information on components, see Physics, Optics.]
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Computers and Automation
60. Proposal for Further Increase of Computer Speed
"Superhigh-Frequency Application to Discrete Computers," by
M. S. Neyman; Moscow, Radiotekhnika, No 3, Mar 6o, pp 7-12
In modern electronic computers operating with dc pulses (video-
pulses), the time intervals for the relaxation processes are of such
duration as to limit the over-all speed of the computer. However, appli-
cation of superhigh-frequency radio techniques to discrete computers,
especially the introduction of superhigh-speed triggers, should raise
performance to several billion elementary operations per second, i.e.,
many times the speed of modern computers operating with video pulses.
Obtaining transfer capacity in an electronic computer similar to that
obtained in television practice is, in principle, even more simple
because maintenance of the desired passband is less rigid.
Application of superhigh-frequency techniques to the automation of
computers promises, in addition to the increase in speed, an improvement
in the flexibility of the system since both the oscillation amplitude
and the frequency (or phase) change can be utilized. Superhigh-frequency
technique will also facilitate the repeated, sequential use of the same
discrete elements of the computer, thus reducing the total number of
these elements neoded.
[For information on automatic control, see Mathematics, Stability
Problems.]
Instruments and Equipment
61. Effect of Limited Electron Stream on Gas Discharge Plasma
"Interaction of an Electron Stream With Plasma," by
Ye. V. Bogdanov, V. Ya. Kislov, and Z. S. Chernov; Mos-
cow, Radiotekhnika i Elektronika, Vol V, No.2, Feb 6o,
pp 229-238
The question of the interaction of a limited electron stream with
plasma is examined. A dispersion equation is obtained, and the build-up
conditions for a high-frequency signal are analyzed, An experimental
study is made of a system in which the modulated electron stream inter-
acts with a gas discharge plasma located in a longitudinal magnetic
field. Plasma gains up to 4o db were obtained in a range of 30 to 3 cm.
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The authors conclude that there is the possibility of obtaining the
required high electron concentrations and the effective interacgon of
plasma with electron streams. This, in turn, should lead to the\develop-
ment of other effective devices for amplifying and generating sho*,t waves,
based on the use of the osillatory properties of plasma.
62. Photochronoscope for Pkecise Recording of Tine'
"Photochronoscope -- an,Instrument for the Precise Recording
of Moments of Time," by C. V. Pruss, Tr. Vses. n.-i in-t fiz.-
tekhn. i radiotekhn. izm reniy (Works of the All-Union Scien-
tific Research Institute of Physicotechnicalavi Radio- -
Engineering Measurements), No 1, 1958, pp 60,71 (from
Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Mashinostroyeniyel No 2, 25 Jan 60,
Abstract No 6917)
The Central Scientific-Research Bureau of Unified Time Service has
devised an instrument called the photochronoscope, which produces a
numerical record of moments of time. The principle of operation of the
instrument is based on the instantaneous photographing of portions of
a numbered dial rotated by a synchronous motor fed by an alternating
voltage with precise frequency stabilization. The moment of the photo-
graphing is determined by the flash of a neon bulb activated by a pulse
arriving from the main instrument (clockwork or passage device). The
maximum error is plus or minus 0.16 microsecond. Diagrams of the cine-
matic and electrical circuits and drawings of the photochronoscope are
given.
63. Amplitude Analyzer
"Multichannel Amplitude Analyzer With d Mechanical Commutator;"
by IL L. Grigorov, V. Ya. Shestoperov, and V. A. Sobinyakov,
Scientific Research Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State
University; Moscow, Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, No 6,
Nov/Dec 59, pp 67-69
A block diagram and a brief description of the device is given.
It is applied for a simultaneous amplitude determination in many clan-.
nels. The basic element of the device is a mechanical commutator. The
time resolution of the circuit is 0.25 sec. The circuit consists of a
few electronic tubes and is reliable in operation.
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64. Sensitive Radios ectrometer
"High Response Paramagnetic Radiospectroneter on 9000 Md
Frequency," by Ya. L. Shamfarov, Institute of Radiophysics
and Electronics, Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR; Moscow,
Pribory I Tekhnika Eksperimenta, No 6, Nov/Dec 59) PP 57-61
A high-response paramagnetic superheterodyne spectrometer operating
on 9000 Mc is described. The spectrometer circuit applies stabilizatiun
of a signal klystron to a measuring resonator, as well as a self-tuning
of the local heterodyne frequency. The system permits the observing of
the signal of the paramagnetic resonance absorption in pure form (elimi-
nates dispersion) and attenuates noises connected with the fluctuations
of the signal klystron and of the measuring resonator.
Materials
65. Photoelectric Processes in Semiconductors
"Investigations of Kinetics of Photoelectric Processes in Semi-
conductors," V. A. Romanov, Physics Institute, Adademy of Sci-
ences Ukrainian SSR; Moscow, Pribory i Tekhnika Fksperimenta,
No 6, Nov/Dec 59, pp 70-74
An apparatus using sinusoidal modulation of light by Kerr cell is
described. The method of measurement is based on the compensation prin-
ciple and permits investigation of the kinetics of photoconductivity,
volume photoelectromotive force, and photomagnetic electromotive force
in semiconductors with high accuracy in .a wide range of frequencies
(20 cycles to 1.5 Mc). A method is devised to eliminate spotting by the
Kerr cell, occurring during light modulation at frequencies of over 100
kc.
66. Study of Semiconductors
"Measurement of Specific Resistance and Hall's Constant in High
Resistance Semiconductors," by Ch'iang Pi-huang, Leningrad
Polytechnic Institute; Moscow, Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta,
No 6, Nov/Dec 59, pp 81-82
The method and equipment for measuring the specific resistance and
Hall's constant of semiconductor samples are described. The specific
resistance of samples was found to be within the limits from 102 to 109
ohm?cm.
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67. Life and Velocity of Current Carriers
"Computation of Volume Lifetime and Velocity of Surface Re-
combination of Current Carriers," by V. N. Dobrovol'skiy and
V. G. Litovchenko, Kiev State University; Moscow, pribory i
Tekhnika Eksperimenta, No 6, Nov/Dec 59, pp 78-80
A nomogram is suggested for computation of volume lifetime (r) and
velocity of surface recombination (s) from two values of effective life-
time corresponding to two values of the sample thickness. The conditions
are derived under which it is possible to measure rt and s by methods
described by D. Navon, R. Bray, and H. Fan (Proc. IRE, 40, 1342 (1952))
for an arbitrary value of s.
68. Current Noises
"Investigation of Current Noises in Semiconductors," by ,
D. N. Mirlin and L. S. Sochava, Institute of Semiconductors,
Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Pribory i Tekhnlka Eksperi-
menta, No 6, Nov/Dec 59, PP 75-77
Equipment for studying current noises in semiconductors in the range
of 20 to 20,000 cycles, with an equivalent noise resistance of 10 ohms,
Is described.
69. The System Antimony-Tellurium
"Investigation of the System Antimony-Tellurium," by
N. Kh. Abrikosov, L. V. Poretskaya, and I. P. Ivanova; Mos-
cow, Zhurnal Neorganicheskoy Elimii, Vol 4, No 11, Nov 59,
pp 2525-2530
Compounds with a tetradymite structure are of interest as semi-
conductor materials. In a preceding work by the authors, the system Bi-Te
was investigated. The work reported in this instance dealt with the in-
vestigation of the system Sb-Te. In this system, the compound Sb2 Te3
Is formed, which has a tetradymite structure. The physical properties
of this compound were investigated a short time ago. However, adequate
data on the constitutional diagram of the system Sb-Te were not available.
The data on this system have been supplemented, revised, and brought up
to date.
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70. Constitutional Diagram of the AlSb-GaSb System
"Constitutional Diagram of AlSb-GaSb," by A. S. Borshchevskiy,
I. I. Burdiyan, E. Yu. Lubenskaya, and Ye. V. Sokolova, Physico-
technical Institute, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal
Neorganicheskoy Khimil, Vol 4, No 12, Dec 59, pp 2824.-2826
It was established by chemical analysis that the composition of
alloys in the system AlSb-GaSb, after zone leveling, shifts toward a
greater degree of enrichment with the high-melting component, which
corresponds to a constitutional diagram that is given. A more complete
homogenization of the alloys was achieved by having the liquid zone move
at two velocities and by using purer initial materials. A constitutional
diagram of the system which corresponds more closely to condition's en-
countered at the state of equilibrium was constructed.
[For additional information on electronics materials, see Chemistry,
High-Molecular Compounds and Inorganic Chemistry.]
Radar and Aids to Navigation
71. Interference of Radio Stations on Direction Finders
"The Errors of Automatic Radio Direction Finders With Servo-
system in the Presence of Interferences From Radio Stations,"
by V. I. Bykov and Yu. I. Nikitenko, Tr. Leningr. basseyn.
pray. Nauchno-tekbn. o-va vodn. transp. (Works of the Lenin-
grad Basin Administration of the Scientific Technical Society
of Water Transport), No 4, 1958, pp 9-12 (from Ref erativnyy
Zhurnal Mshinostroyeniye, No 2, 25 Jan 6o, Abstract No
6803)
14 type ARP-50 automatic radio direction finders, the field intensi-
ties of radio stations operating on adjacent frequencies cause a steady
deflection of the servosystem loop from the true bearing by an angle G.
At input of the controls which rotate the servosystem loops, the sum of the
voltages of the direction-finding and interfering station entering the pass
band of the, receiver is eval to zero. This produces a direction-finding
error of A-Q- Sin r/(vvv2 cos 0. With a signal-to-noise ratio of
10 (20 db) and an angle of 90 degrees between the direction-finding and
interfering stations, during aural reception the error in the reading of
the direction finder, Li9 m 5.73 degrees, becomes inadmissible for marine
navigation. The interfering station produces a tone which is different in
frequency from the tone of the direction-finding station, thus its presence
is easy to verify.
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72. Radio Range Finders
"Dynamic Characteristics of Automatic Radio-Pulse Range Finders
With Two Integrators," by Ye. P. Nikitin and A. G. Saybel';
Moscow, Radiotikhnika, No 3, Mar 60, pp 25-30
Radio-pulse range finders with two integrators are analyzed, and
their dynamic characteristics are determined, taking into account the
effect of the pulsed nature of control. The performance characteristic
of a control unit with two integrators is the continuous voltage change
during the whole control cycle. It was shown that an automatic range
tracking system with two integrators can be described by a second-degree
difference equation.
A series of formulas and graphs are given which permit the determining
of the stability of the system, its behavior in the transient state, and
the systematic dynamic errors. The two-integrator system possesses a
"memory" which helps to maintain the automatic range tracking of the tar-
get even during short fadings of the reflected signals.
Wave Propagation
73. Generation of Sub-Millimeter Wave
"Experimental Generation of Energy in the Sub-Millimeter Range
With a Magnetic Undulator," by I. A. Grishayev, V. I. Kolosov,
V. I. Myakota, V. I. Beloglazov, and B. V. Yakomov, Physico-
technical Institute, Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR; Moscow,
Dollady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 131, No 1, Mar 60, pp 61-63
The undulator employed in this experiment to generate a sub-millimeter
wave utilized the principle of the double Doppler effect for frequency con-
version. The undulator consisted of several separate electromagnets which
were capable of setting up a magnetic field of 1,500 oersteds. The imput
current to the undulator travels through a wave guide having a cross-section
of 10 X 23 mm. The electrons were accelerated in the undulator to 17 Mev.
An electromagnetic wave in the range of 50 to 67 microns with an average
power of 10 (w was generated in this experimental undulator.
The authors thank K. D. Sinel'nikov and Ya. G. Faynberg for their
assistance.
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74. Investigation of Resonance Phenomenon in Ferrite Wave Guides
"Resonance Ferrite Systems With a Large Gating Ratio, by
A. L. Mikaelyan, A. K. Smolyarov, and M. M. Koblova; Moscow,
Radiotekhnika ? Elektronika, Vol V, No 2, Feb 60, pp 269-277
Some results of an experimental study of resonance phenomena in
rectangular wave guides containing ferrites are presented. It is shown
that the gating properties of the system may be significantly improved
by the proper selection of parameters and dimensions of the ferrite
layer in the wave guide. The characteristics of two gates are given.
One of these, designed for operation in the 8-cm band in radio relay
lines, has a gating ratio of more than 500. The second gate may be
used for operation at high power levels and has a gating ratio of 170.
Results show that the displacement phenomena of resonance fields
for direct and backward waves may be strengthened and used for improving
the gating ratio in wave guides.
75. Methods for Determining Pulse Time Position of Signals
"On the Optimal Method for Determining Pulse Time Position,"
by B. M. Mityashev; MoscoliRadiotekhnika i Elektronika, Vol V,
No 2, Feb 6o, pp 206-213
Conditions and methods for realizing limiting accuracy and greatest
limiting signal-to-noise ratio in the determination of pulse time position
of signals are refined bythe author. One method examined is the use of a
square pulse time discriminator with optimum filtration for determining
discrimination time error and limiting signal-to-noise ratio. Another
method is proposed for finding pulse time position according to the posi-
tion of maximum signal values
76. Wave Excitation in Dielectric Films
OPYRGHT
"Excitation of Surface Electromagnetic Waves in Flat Dielectric
Coatings," by M. D. Khaskind; Moscow, Radiotekhnika I Elektronika,
Vol V, No 2, Feb 60,41p 188-197
"The author examines a conducting surface covered with a dielectric
film and studies the electromagnetic field above the surface which is
excited by given sources.
"In solving the problem, a simplification is made of the boundary
conditions on the surface of the dielectric coating, and a method is
derived for determining the total wave field which, in a simplified form,
is used to separate the surface waves. A general method is applied to
the analysis of excitation of surface waves by electric and magnetic
dipoles and their distributions. The results obtained may be used for
improving the design of flat, surface-wave antennas."
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77. Effect of Ionospheric Inhomogeneities on Radio Waves
"The Statistical Properties of Large Inhomogeneities in the
Ionosphere," by V. D. Gusev; Moscow, Radiotekhnika i Elek-
CPYRGHT tronika, Vol V, No 21 Feb 60, pp 179-187
"An examination is made of the statistical and correlation properties
of the phase of a wave reflected from an ionosphere containing large in-
homogeneities. The analysis is made on the basis of the solution of an
eikonal equation. It is shown that only under the normal law for the
distribution of angles of arrival of a wave does the law of the distribution
of changing speed of phase in time not depend on the distance to the iono-
sphere. The author studies the statistical nature of the phenomenon of
focusing by large ionospheric inhomogeneities, which is strongly influential
in the use of the phase method for studying these inhomogeneities."
78. Generator of a Pulse Group
"A Generator of a Pulse Group of Nanosecond Duration," by
V. V. Udalov and Yu. I. Tunin, Institute of Radio Engineer-
ing and Electronics, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow,
Pribory I Tekhnika Eksperimenta, No 6, Nov/Dec 591 pp 62-64
A generator of pulse groups of nanosecond duration is described. The
group consists of four pulses of about 20 nsec duration (at the base), each
with independent amplitude control of each pulse from 0 to 30 v. The dura-
tion of the pulse group is from 60 to 140 nsec; the polarity is positive.
79. Electromagnetic Wave Reflection From Plasma
"Reflection of Electromagnetic Waves From Plasma Moving in Slow-
Wave Guides," by 0. G. Zagorodnov, Ya. B. Faynberg, and A. M.
Yegorov; Moscow, Zhurnal Eksperimental'noyi Teoreticheskoy
Fiziki, Vol 38, No 1, Jan 60, pp. 7-9
An experimental investigation of electromagnetic wave reflection from
moving plasma has been conducted. It is sham that with the wave greatly
slowed-down (1/200-1/375 c), the double Doppler effect observed in reflec-
tion increases the frequency by 11-20%. The measurements were made at
24.75 Mc. A helix was used as the damping' system. It is indicated that
this effect can be utilized for microradiowave amplification, frequency
multiplication improvement of plasma dynamic stability, and measurements
in plasma.
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IV. ENGINEERING
? Aerial Surveying
80. MethoeLof Controlling and Improving Alt Survey Closures
"Aerotopographic Method of Controlling Closure ofAir.Survey
Strips in Asrogeophysical Surveys)" by V. F. Davydov) Irkutsk
Asrogeophysical Expedition; Moscow, Razvedka i Okhrana Nedr,
No 1, Jan 60, pp 51-53
An aerotopographic method of more effectively controlling and im-
proving closure of air survey strips has been developed by the Irkutsk
Asrogeophysical Expedition since 1956. The method consists in Comparing
the local relief along the course on a map and the actual flight path of
the airplane. The relief in the locality of the course is easily photo-
graphed with topographic base, assisted by a special grid, and according
to the actual path determined on the data of continuous recording of the
alrplane's line of flight and its true altitude over the Earth.
It is claimed that the method not only permits checking, but also
improves the accuracy of closure in aerogeophysical measuremnts for a
locality without the need for additional flights. It can, however, be
applied only for absolutely flat regions. Wide introduction pf the me-
thod in aerogeophysical surveys is recommended on the basis of the re-
sults obtained in the experimental work.
Atomic Power Enigneering
81. Construction ot the Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Plant
"Construction of the Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Plant" (TABS dis-
patch); MbscaW, Sovetskaya Rossiya, 14 Feb 60, p 4 '
Notwithstanding the low temperatures And snowstorms ithich prevail in
the Ural Mountains at present, work on the construction of the Beloyarsk
Nuclear Power Plant imeni I. V. Kurchatov is proceeding at an undithinish6d
rate. An electric power substation supplying currents of1130 and 220
kilovolts has been put into operation..., The consttUctiondof a high-voltage
transmission line has been completed) so that the nuclear power station
which is being built is included in the Ural power network. Up to now the
construction works received electric power from the network. In the near
future, when the first nuclear power plant section with a capacity of
200,900 kw has been completed, the nuclear power station will supply cur-
rent to the network over the line from which it receives power at present.
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The main building of the power plant where the turbogenerator units
will be placed is being rapidly constructed of prefabricated reinforced
concrete. The use of this type of construction made it possible to mech-
anize all work. Few personnel can be seen; but powerful cranes in oper-
ation. Assembly of the engine room is being completed and foundations
are being prepared for the first turbogenerator units. Notwithstanding
the cold weather, energetic work is being done by the constructors who
are erecting the heart of the nuclear power station, namely, its?reactor
department. Complicated operations are being conducted in connection with
the placing of the concrete which will serve as biological shield protecting
the service personnel of the power station from radiation. Erection has
been started of the walls of the control room where the instruments nec-
essary for the operation of the power will be located. Not far from the
station a huge water reservoir is being constructed. On the day when the
power plant is started the water from this reservoir will spread over 4o
square kilometers. Filling of the reservoir has already been begun..
[For additional information on atomic power engineering, see Chemistry,
Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction Materials.]
Civil Engineering
82. Sea Silt as a High-Grade Construction Material
"Sea Silt as a High-Grade Raw Material for Kermazitlu by P. P.
Stupachenko; Moscow, Stroitelinyy Materialy, No 2, Feb 60, pp
16-17
Kermazit is a coarse porous concrete aggregate (gravel substitute)
originally developed in the USSR, which is manufactured by sintering a
mixture of clay and sand.
The bays of the Primorskiy Kray are rich in silt which is suitable
for the production of high-grade keramazit without any further adjust-
ment of its composition. The first experiments in sintering and 6we1ling
of silt from the Amurskiy Cove were conducted by A. A. Stolyar and G. I.
Trofimuk. In 1959 detailed laboratory tests on 42 samples of silt from
the Ugolinaya Cove were made at the Laboratory of Construction Materials
at the Far Eastern Polytechnic Institute. The silt composition varies as
follows: S102, 60 - 78%, A1203,6.5 - 18.5%; Fe2O3, 2.2 - 5.6%i CaO, 1.4-
3.6%. The best sintering temperature for greatest swelling of Kermazit
was 1,250?C. The coefficient of swelling varied for different materials
from 2 to 3.8.
The great coastal areas of the USSR offer favorable factors for the
development of the kermazit industry utilizing ocean silt.
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Heat Engineering
83. Generalization of Gretz Solution to Radiant Heat Exchange
"Generalization of the Gretz Solution for the Case of Radiant
Heat Exchange," by E. A. Sidorov, Moscow; Moscow, Izvestiya
Akademii Nauk SSSR) Otdeneliye Tekhnicheskikh Nauk, Energetika
Avtomatika,'No 6, Nov/Dec 59, pp 18-3-185
The calculation applies to the laminar motion of a fluid in the sta-
bilized portions of a tube. The calculation of the radiation of a liquid
or gaseous medium moving along the tube assumes that the temperature drop
of the medium and the amount of heat given off by the medium change ab-
ruptly along the tube. It is shown that, if the radiation is not taken
into account, this temperature drop is in accordance with one exponential
law, and is in accordance with another exponential law if the radiation
is taken into account. This applies, in a qualitative sense, even for
turbulent flow. Only numerical power factors, however, are subject to
quantitative changes.
84. Scale for the EOP-51M Pyrometer of 6,000 and 10,000 Degrees
"Increasing the Scale of the EOP-51M Pyrometer to 6l000 and
10,000 Degrees," by V. Ye. Finkelishteyn, Ye. S. Shpigeliman,
and V. V. Kandyba, Tr. Vses. n.-.i in-ta metrol. (Works of
the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Metrology),
No 35, (95), 1958, pp 60-69, (from Referativnyy Zhurnal--
Mashinostroyeniye, No 2, 25 Jan 601 Abstract No 6735)
The widening of the scale was done with two absorbers made of PS-2
glass. The first wds,4.71 millimeters thick and had a pyrometric atten-
uation of 430.7 x 10-? lumen per degree and increased the scale to 6,000
degrees. An additional absorber, one millimeter thick, with a pyrometric
attenuation of 87.7 x 10-6 lumen per degree increased the scale to 10,000
degrees. With the use of light filters made of various S3S-glasses, the
variation of the pyrometric attenuation of the absorber during a change
of the apparent brightness temperature with the scale widening was found
to be 0.3 x 10-6 lumen per degree.
The pyrometric attenuation value for the first absorber was deter-
mined by sighting with a temperature lamp with a light filter made of
PS-5 glass. An electric arc was used as a light source in the measure-
ment of the second absorber. An estimate was made of the error involved
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in the determination of the pyrometric attenuation. A description is
given of the method of devising the high-temperature scale, the mean
quadratic error of which does not exceed 50 degrees at 6,000 degrees,
and 160 degrees at 10,000 degrees.
Mechanical Engineering
85. Coefficient of Evacuation of Two-Stage Piston-Type Vacuum Pump
"The Coefficient of Evacuation of a Two-Stage Piston-Type
Vacuum Pump," by Ye. S. Frolov, Moscow Higher Technical
School imeni Bauman; Moscow, Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh
Zavedeniy?Mashinostroyeniye, No 4, 1959) pp 20-24
A method is described for determining the evacuation loss of a two-
stage piston-type vacuum pump with slide valve. Experimental data were
obtained for the components of the coefficient of evacuation, and equations
are given for computing certain of these components.
86. Determining Efficiency of Piston-Type Compressed-Gas Engine
"Determination of.the Efficiency of a Piston-Type Compressed-
Gas Engine," by A. G. Golovintsov, Moscow Higher Technical
School imeni Bauman; Moscow, Izvestiya- Vysshikh Uchebnykh
Zavedeniy?Mashinostroyeniye, No 4) 1959, pp 3-9
A new approach is described for the determination of the efficiency
of a piston-type compressed-gas engine. All internal losses are considered
in two categories) grouped according to their origin. The adiabatic effi-
ciency is presented as the product of the two efficiencies.
87. Use of Direct-Flow Actuator in Compressed-Gas Engine
"On the Use of a Direct-Flow Actuator in a Compressed-Gas
Engine," by V. B. Gridin, MOSCOW Higher Technical School
imeni Bauman; Moscow, Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zave-
den*. - Machinostroyeniye) No 4, 1959, pp '25-37
On the basis of thermodynamic theory and experimental data, proof is
given of the feasibility of employing in a compressed-gas engine a new
direct-flow method of operation which makes possible a sharp increase
in the number of revolutions per minute together with a radical reduction
of the dimensions and weight of the machine, with guaranteed high efficiency.
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88. Machining of Stainless Sheet Parts
"The Machining of Sheet-Metal Parts of Stainless Steel,"
by K. P. Malyshkin, Sb. statey. Utallskiy z-d tyazh.
mashinostr. im. S. Ordzhonikidze (Collection of Articles
of the Ural' Heavy Machine BUilding Plant imeni S.
Ordzhonikidze), No 7, 1958, pp 185-190 (from Referativnyy
Zhurnal--Mashinostroyeniye, No 2, 25 Jan 60, Abstract No
3-5-53)
A report is given of the practical machining of sheet-metal parts
made of stainless steel 1iCh18N9T at the Ural' plant. Methods of storing
and transporting such parts are also described, and examples give rational
designs for transporting equipment. The technology of mechanical pro-
cessing of the sheet-metal parts is explained; it calls for a single oper-
ation on a number of parts at one time instead of the machining of indi-
vidual parts, and the design of a cutting tool used for facing, edging,
drilling, reaming, and countersinking.
89. Experimental Study of Combined Wheel-Blade Vibrations in Turbine
Wheels
"Influence of the Transverse Vibrations of a Turbine Wheel
on the Vibration of the Blades," by S. I. Bogomolov, Tr.
Khar'kovsk. politekhn. in-ta (Works of the Khar'kov Poly-
technic Institute), No 14, 1958, pp 23-41 (from Referativ-
nyy Zhurnal--Mashinostroyeniye, No ?, 25 Jan 60, Abstract
No 7195)
The combined vibrations of a turbine wheel and its blades are con-
sidered in detail, and a special study is made of the influence of the
transverse vibrations of the wheel on the vibrations of the blades. A
mathematical analysis of the vibrations of the wheel and of the blades
attached to it leads to a solution of a system of differential equations,
assuming boundary conditions and wheel-to-blade-couplirg conditions to be
fixed. The obtained system provides homogeneous equations with arbitrary
constants and, by successive elimination of them, is transformed into a
frequency equation for a wheel of constant thickness with blades of con-
stant profile, which is then solved by trial and error method. Once the
frequency of the system is established on the basis of the obtained ex-
pressions, a determination is made of the forms of the free vibrations of
the wheel and blades. The influence of the transverse vibrations of the
turbine wheel on the vibrations of the blades was studied experimentally
with the aid of a sand figure on a model of L wheel with blades. The
diameter of the wheel was 855 millimeters; the blades were made of 8-
millimeter rolled sheet, were 227.5 millimeters long and 30 millimeters
wide. The vibrations of the model were excited with an electromagnetic
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vibrator. For transverse resonant vibrations, the frequencies of which
were determined by computationsIsand figures were observed which per-
mitted the determining of the number and distribution of nodal diameters
of the wheel and of the wheel-to-blade junctions. On the basis of theo-
retical investigations of the simultaneous vibrations of the system, and
on the basis of model experiments, the following conclusions were drawn:
When the number of nodal diameters increases asymmetrically, the
frequencies of the vibrations of the system approximate the axial fre-
quencies of the individual blades. When the frequency of the vibrations
was 'increased, and increase of the number of nodal diameters of the wheel
was observed, which repeated itself following the emergence of one, and
then two, etc., nodes on the blade. The degree of excitation of the vi-
brations of different forms depends on the length of the blade; for com-
paratively long blades, the oscillations are more readily excited in ac-
cordance with higher forms. The blades located precisely between the
nodal diameters of the wheel perform axial bending vibrations; the blades
coinciding with the nodal diameters of the wheel undergo torsional vibra-
tions; all remaining blades exhibit complex bending-torsional vibrations.
Photographs show sand figures obtained by pouring sand over models
of bladed wheels.
90. Computing the Bending of Turbine Wheels
"Calculation of the Bending of Turbine Wheels," by V. A.
Strunkin, Tr. Kazansk. aviats. in-ta (Works of the Kazan
Aviation Institute), No 40, 1958, pp 53-62 (from Refer-
ativnyy Zhurnal--Flashinostroyeniyel No 2, 25 Jan 60, Ab-
stract No 7194)
A method is described for calculating the axially symmetrical bending
of turbine wheels under the effect of an externally applied load and with
radially discontinuous temperature conditions. The influence of elongation
on bending is not taken into account; the radial fluctuation of temperature
is assumed to be linear. A differential equation of bending is given for
sheets of constant thickness and is solved specifically for external loads
and for nonuniform radial heating of the wheel. The wheel configuration
is divided into the required number of sections of constant thickness, and
the values of the bending moments and of deformation are determined for
each section.
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91. Vibration Damping in Turbine Rotors
"On the Problem of Increasing the Accuracy of the Dynamic
Balancing of the Rotors of High-Speed Turbomachines on
Anblfriction Bearings," by A. A. Chistyakov, Tr. Mosk.
aviats. tekhnol. in-ta (Works of the Moscow Aviation
Technology Institute), No 32, 1957, pp 169-204 (from Re-
ferativnyy Zhurnal--Mashinostroyeniye, No 2, 25 Jan 0,
Abstract No 6132)
Since rotors of modern high-speed turbines are subject to consider-
able vibration, a detailed investigation was made of the additional dis-
tortion of dynamic equilibrium caused by the lack of precision in the
manufacture of and contact deformations in rotor journals and antifriction
bearings. The resultant supplementary vibrations of the center of gravity
of the rotor are aperiodic, and their amplitude varies as a lemniscate.
A study of the fitting of antifriction bearings of rotors is reported,
and recommendations are made for such operations.
Mineral Prospecting
92. New Method of Geophysical Prospecting
"New Method of Geophysical Prospecting"; Baku, Izvestiya
Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy, Neft' i Gaz, No 2, 1960,
P 58
A new method of geophysical prospecting has been developed in the
Lvov Institute of the Geology of Mineral Resources, Academy of Sciences
Ukrainian SSR. The method is based on the use of the n-tural pulsatLons
of the Earth's electromagnetic field. Its advantage lies in the elimina-
tion of the need of a cumbersome power supply. This greatly reduces the
cost of prospecting operations in comparison with existing methods re-
quiring the creation of an artificial electromagnetic field.
93. A New Neutron Pulse Device for Petroleum Prospecting
"General Meeting of the Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences
USSR," by A. K. Chernenko; Novosibirsk, Izvestiya Sibirskogo
Otdeleniye Akademii Nauk SSSR, No 11, Nov 59, pp 107-108
At the regular general meeting of the Siberian Branch, Academy of Sci-
ences USSR, held on 23-24 September 1959, V. G. Yerozolimskiy, Chief of
Sector at the Institute of Nuclear Physics, Siberian Branch of the Academy
of Sciences USSR, presented a report entitled."A Well [logging] Neutron
Pulse Generator to be Used in Prospecting for Petroleum and Gas." The
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device described by Yerozolimskiy has been subjected to industrial scale
tests at the Bashkir Petroleum Fields. It has been developed by the In-
stitute of Nuclear Physics in collaboration with the Institute of Geology
and Prospecting of Mineral Fuels, Academy of Sciences USSR. Use of this
device can reduce considerably the cost of determining the available quan-
tity of petroleum and gas in deposits and solve problems arising in con-
nection with petroleum prospecting which hitherto could be solved only
with great difficulty.
CPYRGHT
Miscellaneous
94. Conference and Exposition on Engineering and Administrative Work
Mechanization
"Mechanization of Engineering-Technical and Administrative
Work," by B. Veyze; Moscow, Nauchno-Tekhnicheskiye Ob,
sixbestva SSSR, No 1, Jan 60, pp 1k15
The article contains the following passages:
"At the initiative of the All-Union Council of Scientific and Tech-
nical Societies, and with support from the State Scientific and Technical
Committee USSR, it was decided to conduct in Moscow during May 1960 an
All-Union Conference on mechanization of engineering-technical and
administrative-supervisory work, and to organize an exposition of modern
engineering control equipment.
"The State Committee on Automation and Machine Building, the Cen-
tral Statistical Administration, a number of ministries, administrations,
Sovnarkhozes and other organizations will participate in organizing the
conference and exposition.
"In addition to the initiating organizations, representatives from
Gosplan USSR and RSFSR, Academy of Sciences USSR, and the Exposition of
USSR National Economy Achievements will also be represented in the organi-
zational committee of the conference.
"The Organizational committee has selected an exposition Commission
under the chairmanship of the Deputy Director of the Exposition of USSR
National Economy Achievements, V. E. Novakovskiy, to conduct the work of
actual organization of the exposition."
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V. MATHEMATICS
Differential Equations
95. Uniform Approximation for the Solutions of a S stem of Differential
Equations
"On the Structure of a Uniform Approximation for Solutions
of Systems of Differential Equations Having a Small Para-
meter in Largest Derivative," by A. B. Vasil'yeva; Moscow,
Matematicheskiy Sbornik, Vol 50 (92), No 1, Jan 60, pp 43-
58
Systems of differential equations having the form
frk .ccirzt- m F(z, x, t) 1
clx = f(z, x, t),
dt
(1)
where /4;>0 is a small parameter, have been repeatedly considered from
various' points of view. The present work is devoted to obtaining'an
asymptotic formula in terms of u for the solution of the problem of sys-
tem (1) with initial conditions having a uniform character with respect
to t over a certain finite interval of definition (0, Ti. This paper is
an application of the methods of the work by the author appearing in Matem.
sb., Vol 48(90), 1959, pp 311-334. However, the author states, the for-
mulation of the results in the present work represent independent interest,
and the material is presented in such a manner that it is not necessary
to refer to the above mentioned work unless the reader wishes to devote
himself to the details. of the proof.
96. Linear Differential Operator Investigated
"Solution by the Method of Fourier of Nonself-Conjugate
Mixed Problems for Hyperbolic Systems on a Plane, Part
.2," by V. F. Zhdanovich; Moscow, Matematicheskiy Sbornik,
Vol 48(90), No 4, Aug 59, pp 447-498
The linear differential operator
L y(x) = A(x) yf(x) + B(x) y(x) (1)
having its region of definition 610, consisting of the vector function
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y(x) ECM (0, Z) satisfying the boundary value condition
hy MA(0)y'(0) + EMB(0) t 11)3)(0) :PA(:i )yi( z )+.
+ [PB( 2) + QJy(2 ) = 0 is investigated.
The writer denotes by Loy(4,an operator, in contrast to (1), defined
for all functions y(x) 6 Ck ) (0,Z). It is assumed that the matricies
A(x), B(x), M, NI P and Q satisfy all the requirements placed on them
in the first part of the current work (see V. F. Zhdanovich, Matem. sb.
Vol 47(89), 1959, pp 307-35)4.). Imposing several auxiliary conditions
on the matricies M, N, P and Q, the nonsatisfaction of which has the
cl-xtracter of degeneration, the author investigates the resolvent of the
operator Lo and the convergence of the expansion of the initial function
f(x) from the condition (3): part 1, according to eigen and adjoint func-
tions of that operator in two cases, when f(x) e (90 and when f(x) 6 D2
(0, 2).
(2)
97. Differential Equations in Banach Spaces
"Concerning Differential Equations in Banach Spaces," by M.
Z. Solomyak, Leningrad Shipbuilding Institute; Kazan', Iz-
vestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy, Matematika, No 1(14),
53717Peb 60) pp 198-209
The equation
du ,
+ Au = f(t) (1)
dt
having the initial conditions
ul Uo) (2)
=
to
is investigated in the present work where u u(t) and f(t) are elements
of a complex Banach space 3e depending on the numerical parameter
t s [0,t]; A is a closed unrestricted operator acting from X to X
with a dense region of definition D(A). Equations containing a weaker
operator B, which may depend on t, instead of A are also considered.
The problem (1)-(2) in the Hilbert space has been studied by a series
of authors and extremely complete results have been obtained for it
(where dependence of A on t is permitted). However, the methods ap-
plied there are not applicable on arbitrary Banach spaces.
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For investigation of the problem (1)12) in Banach spaces it is
natural to employ the theory of subgroups see E. Hille, R. S. Phillips,
"Functional Analysis and Semigroups" Amer. Math. Soc. Coll., Publ. 31,
1957).
If the operator A is generating for a certain semigroup T( ) of
linear restricted operators, then the formal solution of problem (1)-(2)
may be described in the form
u(t) = T(t) 110 + jr. T(t-T) f(T) dD. (3)
Nevertheless, it is still necessary to investigate for which restrictions
on uo and f(t) the constructed function is real, and in what sense it is
a solution for the presented problem.
The character of these restrictions depends on those properties which
the subgroup generated by the operator A possesses. In the work of R. S.
Phillips, "Perturbation Theory for Semigroups of Linear Operators" (Trans.
Amer. Math. Soc. Vol 74, 1953, pp 199-221), as well as in the work of
M. A. Krasnoseliskiy, S. G. Kreyn, and P. Ye. Sobolevskiy, "Concerning
Differential Equations With Unrestricted Operators in Banach spaces,"
(DAN SSSR Vol 111, No 1, 1956, pp 19-22), it was assumed that the semi-
group T( ) is uniformly continuous for 0. This restriction on f(t)
and uo proves to be extremely rigid.
Problem (1)-(2) is investigated in the present work under the hypoth-
esis that the semigroup T( ) is anialytic in a certain sector of the com-
plex plane, containing the positive real semiaxis. This gives the possi-
bility to extend to Banach spaces several results analogous to those ob-
tained by M. A. Krasnoserskiy, S. G. Krein, and P. Ye. Sobolevskiy in
their work "Concerning Differential Equations With Unrestricted Operators
in a Hilbert Space," (DAN SSSR Vol 112, No 6, 1957, pp 990-993) for
equations with self-conjugate positive definite operators in a Hilbert
space. In comparison with the work of Hille the conditions on f(t) and
uo are significantly weakened. However, the author did not succeed in
giving these conditions in as complete form as in the case for a Hilbert
space.
An analogous semigroup T( ) for the case when A is an elliptical
operator with homogeneous boundary conditions of the first type considered
in the Lp (p 1) spaces was established in the work by M. Z. Solomyak:
"Analogy of Semigroups Generated by an Elliptic Operator in Lp Spaces"
(DAN SSSR, Vol 127, No 1, pp 37-39). In the 'present work investigation
of the problem (1)-(2) was limited to an abstract form.
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Numerical Analysis
98. Integral Function Approximated
"Concerning Integral Equations of the First Kind," by M. M.
Lavrent'yev; Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 127,
No 1, Jul 59, pp 31-33
The equation
A y f (1)
is considered where A is a complete continuous operator. As is known,
the problem concerning definition of a function clp in terms of a given
function f is not correct in the classical sense, since variations as
small as desired of the function f can be made to correspond to varia-
tions as large as desired of . However during consideration of the
Cauchy problem for elliptical equations, (see M. M. Lavrent'yev? Izv. AN
SSSR, Ser. Matem., Vol 20, No 6, 1956), the problem becomes correct if
we restrict the class of considered functions. The classes having cor-
rectness will depend on the operator A.
In the present work a method is proposed for the effective solution
of (1), where the classes of correctness and estimation, characterizing .
the correctness of the solution, are assumed known. An effective method
of solution is understood to be an algorithm which yields the possibility
of calculating the values of the function with a certain guaranteed de-
gree of accuracy in terms of the approximate values of the function f
(see M. M. Lavrent'yev, Izv. AN SSSR? ser. Matem., Vol 20, No 6, 1956).
The case is considered when the class having correctness is in the
form of a sphere in the Hilbert space, after the application to the space
of a complete continuous operator.
Probability
99. Wandering With Return to Initial Point
"On One Problem of Random Wandering:" by E. I. Vilkas, Insti-
tute of Physics and Mathematics, Academy of Sciences Lithuan-
ian SSR; Vilnyus, Trudy Akademii Nauk Litovskoy SSR Seriya B,
Vol 2(18), Apr/Jun 59, pp 31738
A theorem of G. Polya concerning wandering is generalized by the
method of characteristic functions. Let X = (xl, Ixn) and X, de-
signate unit points of the n-dimensional Euclidean space; p(X,X0j be
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the probability that a particle of unit mesh from the point X0 coincides
with the point X; and p(X) X0) = 13(( X0), 2:P(X) = 1) 'D() 1.1 0,75 =
X
(0) ... ,0). For such wanderings the probability of returning to the
initial point is found, and with the additional condition EVp(x)