SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000100620001-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 98
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 4, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: September 9, 1960
• Content Type: REPORT

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PB 131891 T-53
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
? SCIENTIFIC
INFORMATION REPORT
9 September 1960
Distributed Only By
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
OFFICE OF TECHNICAL SERVICES
WASHINGTON 25, D.C.
k,U~i~j ~?n~?l
Issued semi-monthly. Annual subscription $28.00 ($4 additional for
foreign mailing). Single copy $2.75.
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Use of funds for printing this publication approved
by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget July 31, 1958.
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PLEASE NOTE
This report presents unevaluated information extracted
from recently received publications of the USSR. The in-
formation selected is intended to indicate current scien-
tific'developments and activities and is disseminated as
an aid to research in the United States.
SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT
Table of Contents
Page
I.
Biology
1
Phytopathology
1
II.
Chemistry
Analytical Chemistry
2
Fuels and Propellants
2
Herbicides
7
Inorganic Chemistry
7
Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction Materials
8
Organic Chemistry
13
Physical Chemistry
15
Radiation Chemistry
Radiochemistry
18
Communications
20
Components
21
Instruments and Equipment
23
Materials
31
Ultrasonics
38
Wave Propagation
38
IV.
Engineering
39
Automatic Control Engineering
Electrical Engineering
"+3
Engineering Instruments
45
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Page
V.
Mathematics
h6
52
Aerospace Medicine
52
Bacteriology
54
Biochemistry
5!.
Immunology and Therapy
55
Oncology
59
Pharmacology and Toxicology
61
Physiology
68
Public Health, Hygiene)
and Sanitation
71
Radiology
72
Virology
75
Miscellaneous
82
VII.
Metallurgy
85
VIII.
Physics
87
Nuclear Physics
87
Spectroscopy and Optics
90
IX.
Miscellaneous
92
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I. BIOLOGY
Phytopathology
1. Tula Fungi as Plant Disease Agents
"Fungi of the Typhula Genus in the USSR," by Ye. G. Potatosova;
Moscow-Leningrad, Both skiy Zhurnal, Vol 4+5, No 4+, Apr 60,
PP 576-572
Phytopathologists in the USSR have in recent years discovered a new
snow mold which affecte winter grain crops, alfalfa, clover, and other
crops. The disease, as revealed by investigations, Is caused by fungi
of the Typhula genus. The article describes the species, growth, mor-
phology, and pathogenic properties of the fungi of tl~e Typhula genus
which are a part of the USSR flora.
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II. CHEMISTRY
Analytical Chemistry
2. Determination of Ozone at Hi h Concentrations
"Determination of High Concentrations of Ozone," by N. M. Morozov,
Physical Chemistry Institute; imeni L. Ya. Karpov; Moscow, Zhurnal
Analiticheskoy lKhimii, Vol 15, No 3, May-Jain 60, pp 367-368
The use of known methods for the determination of ozone is difficult
when its concentrations are high. A method for the determination of high
concentrations of ozone is described in this article using the reaction of
ozone with KI in the presence of a buffer solution (PH, 7)) but the absorp-
tion is carried out in an evacuated weighed flask. Due to this more favor-
able conditions for absorption of ozone are created and cutting down of
other reactions is secured. The determination of the weight of the mixture
analyzed instead of measuring its volume eliminates errors connected with
fluctuations of temperature and pressure, effects due to dissolution, etc.
Fuels and Propellants
3. Velocity of the Combustion of Ozone-Oxygeil Mixtures
"Velocity of the Combustion of CLonp~-Oxygen Mixtures," by N. A.
Slavinskaya, V. Ye. Kazakevich, S. A. Kezaenets)saya, V. M.
Cherednichenko, and S. Ya. Pahezhetsk-',.y, Physical Chemistry
Institute imeni L. Ya. Karpov; Moscow, Zhurnal Fizicheskoy
Khimiiy Vol 34, No 5, May 60, pp 973-97w."
In work done by S. A. Kamenetskaya and S.Ya. Pshezhetek y, it was
shown that the critical concl.itions of the ignition of ozone and of mixtures
of ozone with oxygen correspond to the kinet-? cs of the slow reacti-n of
the decomposition of ozone (Zhurnal. Fizicheskoy Ktiimii, Vol 32, 1958,
p U92). The calculated values of the lower ?.imi.t and of the ignition
criterion arrived at on the basis of N. N. Semenov's theory of thermal
ignition, proved to be in satisfactory agreement with the values correspond-
ing to kinetic data determined by S. Ye,. Pshezhetskiy and others (Zhurnal
Fizicheskoy Khimii, Vol. 33, 1959, p 2306) To determine whether there is
also conformity between the velocity of the combustion of ozone and the
kinetics of its slow decomposition, the velocity of the combustion of ozone-
oxygen mixtures in a horizontal tube was measured by a photoelectric method.
Calculations showed that there is a correspondence between the kinetics
of the slow decomposition of ozone and the velocity measured by this method.
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It was furthermore found that the relationship between the velocity of
combustion and the composition, calculated approximately by means of
Zel'dovich-Frank-Kamenetskiy-Semenov equations, corresponds to experi-
mental results, the calculated absolute values being somewhat lower
than the measured ones.
Data reported by A. V. Grosse and T. Karmen are compared with those
obtained by the authors.
The paper was submitted for publication on 25 May 1958.
4. Interaction of Ethyl Radicals With Molecular Oxygen
"Kinetics and Mechanism of the Interaction of Ethyl Radicals With
Molecular Oxygen," by L. 1. Avramenko and R. V. Kolesnikova,
Institute of Chemical Physics, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow,
Izvesti a Akademii Nauk SSSR, Otdeleniye Khimi.cheskikh Nauk, No 5,
May 60, pp 606-811
The absolute values have been determined of the velocity constants of
recombination of ethyl radicals at a constant pressure of 4+.2 mm and
temperatures in the range of 3119-575?K? Furthermore, the absolute values
have been determined of the velocity constants of the reaction of ethyl
re&"ca.l.s with molecular oxygen at the same pressure and different tempera-
tures in the range of 31+9-575?K?
5. An Arrangement for Determining Temperatures as a Function of the Height
of a Tongue of Flame
"An Arrangement for Determining Temperatures e,s a Function, of
the Height of the Tongue of a Gunpowder Flame," by P. F. Pokhil,
V. M. Mal'tsev, and L. N. Gal'perin, Institute of Chemical Physics,
Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal F1.zicheskoy Khimii Vol
3, No 5, May 60, pp 1131-1132
The design and construction of an arrangement are described by means
of which one can determine the true temperature (in the range of 1300-30000)
from the height of the tongue of a gunpowder flame (actually the height
of the point of minimum absorption or maximum transpoxency) as it is af-
fected by the pressure. The temperature relationships are investigated
by the method of the blue-red absorption ratio as applied, to a flame which
emits a continuous spectrum in the visible range. The experimental re-
sults obtained are in agreement with new concepts in regard to the com-
bustion of gunpowder (nitroglycerin oower) which had. been advanced by
the authors in earlier publications (cf. Dokiady Akademii Naak SSSR,
Vol 127, 1959, No 1; Vol 132, 1960, No 3j.
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6. Combustion of the Smoke-Gas Mixture Evolved By Nitroglycerin Powder
"Combustion of the Smoke-Gas Mixture Evolved By Powder," by
V. M. Mal'tsev and P. F. Pokhil, Institute of Chemical Physics,
Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Doltl.ad Akademii Nauk SSSR
Vol 132, No 3, 21 May 60, pp 616-
The physical properties of nitroglycerin powder flames were investi-
gated on the arrangement described by A. N. Gal'perin, V. M. Mal'tsev, and
P. F. Pokhil in Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 127, 1959, p 131. To deter-
mine the concentration by weight of the smoke-gas mixture, the absorption
at the wave lengths of 4050, 4950, 6700, and 7710 R was determined at 0.1
mm intervals along the height of the flame. A? powerful xenon lamp was used
as the light source. It was established that in the pressure range of
20-50 atmospheres the flame can be subdivided into three zones: (1) from
the surface of the flame to point Ko (the oint at which absorption is at
a minimum); (2) from point K. to point K1 p(the point at which the absorp-
tion capacity assumes a constant value); and (3) the zone of maximum
temperature. Characteristic for all three zones is reduction of the
absorptive capacity of the flame with increasing wave lengths and reduc-
tion of the geometric dimensions of the zones with increasing pressures.
On the basis of data obtained by measurements of the absorptive capacity,
the concentration by weight of the smoke-gas mixture along the height of
the flame can be estimated,. Curves showing weight concentrations of the
smoke-gas mixture along the height of the flame-at pressures of 20, 30,
140, and 50 atmospheres are given (Fig 2, p 647).
7. An Improved Method of Blasting
"Control of E losions," TASS dispatch; Moscow, Ekoaomicheskaya
Gazeta, No 481(720), 26 Jul 60, p ll.
A new method of applying explosives in blasting (to open up deposits
of ores or in connection with the construction of canals) was developed
by N. V. Mel'nikov, Corresponding Member, Academy of Sciences USSR, and.
L. N. Marchenko, Candidate of Technical Sciences.., in work done at the
Institute of Mining, Academy of Sciences USSR. By employing the method
in question, the efficiency of explosives can be increased by 40%.
Up to now, the opinion was held that the charge must completely fill
the hole (charge chamber) made in the rock or soil. Mel nikov and Marchenko
proposed that an air cushion be provided between the explosive and the walls
of the hole in which the explosive is placed. By using this method, a
considerable amount of energy can be saved which was formerly wasted in
dispersing the rock in the immediate vicinity of the charge and also the
charge itself. When an air cushion is provided, the energy of the explo-
ion is distributed over a greater mass of rock, which is broken up into
small pieces that are projected with a great force out of the site of the
explosion.
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Testing of the new method of blasting showed that conducting the ex-
plosion with an air cushion increases the volume of the funnel almost
by a factor of 1.4. The depth of the funnel produced by the explosion
increases on the average by 4+0%. The cost of blasting is reduced by ap-
proximately 20-30%. The inventors also succeeded in designing a charge
which makes it possible to achieve a more uniform size distribution as
far as the dimensions of the pieces of ore or coal are concerned. This
is very important from the standpoint of facility of transportation and
ease of subsequent treatment of useful minerals.
In the work described a method has been developed which increases the
efficiency of blasting because of the application of an improved design of
the charge. By using different thicknesses of the air space, the explosion
can be controlled more perfectly and its efficiency can be improved.
8. New Measures Proposed For the Elimination of Corrosion in Internal
Combustion Engines
"An All-Union Conference on the Elimination of Corrosion of
Parts of Internal Combustion Engines and Gas Turbine Instal-
lations," by M. S. Komskiy; Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i
Masel, Vol 5, No 7, Jul 60, pp 70-72
The All-Union Conference mentioned in the title was held on 22-25
March 1960 at Novokuybyshevsk. It was organized by the All-Union Council
of Scientific and Technical-Societies (VSNTO), the State Scientific Tech-
nical Committee of the USSR (GNTK SSSR), the Central Administration of
the Scientific-Technical Society of the Petroleum and Gas Industry (TsP
NTO NGP), and the Kuybyshev Sovnarkhoz.
In a report presented at the meeting introduction of gaseous ammonia
during the operation of diesel engines running on fuel that has a high sul-
fur content was recommended.
At meetings of the section on the use in gas turbines of fuels with
a high content of vanadium, several papers were presented dealing with
the best methods of employing fuel with a high vanadium content and also
with the production of fuels having a low vanadium content. The papers
dealing with the application in gas turbines of fuels with a high vanadium
content discussed problems pertaining to vanadium corrosion and the
application of special protective coatings to prevent this type of cor-
rosion. A recommendation was made to introduce on a larger scale thermo-
diffusion methods for the application of chromium and silicon coatings
to gas turbine parts so that these parts would be protected from vanadium
corrosion.
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9. The Kinetics and Mechanism of Methane Oxidation
"The Kinetics and Mechanism of Methane Oxidation, II.
Kinetics of Accumulation of Intermediate Products," by
L. V. Karmilova, N. S. Yenikolopyan and A. B. Nalband-
yen; Moscow, Zhurnal Fizicheskoy Khimii, Vol 34, No 5,
May, 6o, pp990-?94
Hydrogen peroxide in addition to formaldehyde has been shown to form
in the oxidation of methane in a BF treated quartz vessel at 423-513?C.
Formaldehyde has been shown to be a primary intermediate and the peroxide
to form from oxidation of the formaldehyde.
The maximum yield of formaldehyde has been found to be a linear
function of the initial pressure of the reaction mixture and to be
independent of the oxygen concentration in the mixture over a wide
range of pressures.
The activation energy of formaldehyde formation has been determined
(ECH20 ^+7.8 Kcal/mol). The relative yield of hydrogen peroxide has been
shown to fall with increase in temperature.
10. The Thermal Cracking of Methane
"The Thermal Cracking of Methane," by P. S. Shantarovich and B.
V. Pavlov, Institute of Chemical Physics, Academy of Sciences.,
USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Fizicheskoy Khimii, Vol 34, No 5, May, 60.
pp 96o-965
The kinetics of the initial stages of the thermal cracking of methane
have been studied at 1200-1400?C, methane pressures 0.2-3.4 mm Hg and con-
tact times of the order of 10-3 - 10-? sec, using a flow method. It has
been shown that under such conditions this is a heterogeneous autoaccelera-
ting reaction. The primary product is ethane, the secondary, ethylene.
Autoacceleration is due to a momnolecular reaction, presumably the hetero-
geneous decomposition of methyl radicals.
11. Electrical Theory of Ozonizers
"Electrical Theory of Ozonizers, VII. The Effect of the Forma-
tion of Ozone on the Volt-Ampere Characteristics of Ozonlzers,"
by Yu. M. Yemelyanov and Yu. V. Filippov, Moscov State Univer-
sity; Moscow, Zhurnal Fizicheskoy Khimii, Vol 34, No 5, may 60,
pp 1083-1087
The effect of the formation of ozone in ozonizers on their volt-
ampere characteristics has been investigated oscillographically. The
burning potential of the discharge in ozonizers increases linearly with
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increase in concentration of the ozone. With increasing voltage a
change also takes place in the effective capacitance of the ozonizer
barriers found with the aid of the dynamic charge-voltage character-
istics.
The change in the effective capacitance of the ozonizer barriers
may be explained by the gradual spread of the charge over the surface
of the ozonizer electrodes, which also leads'to distortion of the static
volt-ampere characteristics.
Herbicides
12. N -Phenyl-N-Oxy-N1, N-Dimethyl Urea To Combat Weeds
"A Method or' Controlling Weeds," by N. N. Mel'nikov and Yu.. A.
Baskakov: Juthor's Certificate No. 126690; Moscow, Byulleten'
Izobreteniy, No 5, 1960, p 51+
The Author's certificate granted to the above named persons states
that N-phenyl..N-hydroxy-N1, N-dimethyl urea, a herbicide, can be used to
control weeds either in aqueous solution, suspensions, emulsions, or
solutions in organic solvents.
Inorganic Chemistry
13. New Methods For the Synthesis of Nitrosyl Fluoride
"Synthesis of Nitrosyl Fluoride and Some of Its Properties," by
G. A. Sokol'skiy and I. L. Knunyants; Moscow, Izvestiya Akademii
Nauk SSSR, Otdeleniye Khimicheskikh Nauk, No 5, May 0, pp 779-783
A new method for the synthesis of nitrosyl fluoride has been developed
which consists in the decomposition of a mixture of nitrosonium pyrosulfate
and potassium fluoride. Continuous fluorination of nitrogen oxide (NO) in
the gas phase was found to be of advantage as a method of synthesizing large
quantities of nitrosyl fluoride. The corrosive action of liquid nitrosyl
fluoride on some metals and alloys was investigated. It was found that
electrolytic nickel and the chromium-nickel steel 1Khl8N9T have the high-
est corrosion resistance to the action of nitrosyl fluoride.
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Nuclear Fuela and Reactor Construction Materials
14. Book on the Conversion of Uranium Concentrates Published
Tekhnologiya Pereabotki Kontsentratov Urana (Technology of
the Conversion of the Uranium Concentrates), by N. P Galkin,
A. A. Mayorov and Yu,V. Veryatin, (unsigned review); Moscow,
Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 8, No 6, Jun 60, p 583.
This book was published by Atomizdat at Moscow in 1960. It has 162
pages and its price is 6 rubles 50 kopecs. A brief review of the develop-
ment of the uranium industry is given in it. General information is out-
lined on hydrometallurgical processes for the extraction of uranium from
crude ores, the available deposits of uranium ores, and the scope of pro-
duction and applications of uranium. Particular attention is paid to the
technology of conversion of uranium concentrates to pure salts and metallic
uranium.
Methods are given for the preparation and production of the most im-
portant uranium compounds. Their chemical and physical properties are
listed. Technological processes applied in different countries for the
production of metallic uranium are discussed. One of the chapters deals
with safety procedures to be applied in the purification of chemical
uranium concentrates.
The book is to serve the needs of persons active intche uranium
industry and at scientific reseerch organizations. It can be used at
educational institutions in the training of specialists in these fields.
15. Nonmonotonous Changes in the Chemical Properties of Oxygen-Containing
Ions of Pentavalent Actinides With the Increase of the Order
Number of Elements
"Concerning the Nonmonotonous Changing of the Chemical Pro-
perties of Oxygen-Containing Tons of Pentavalent Actinides
With the Growth cf the Order Number of the Elements," by Yu.
A. Zolotov; Leningrad, Radiokhimiya, Vol 2, No 2, Apr 60, pp
192-196
Comparison of the behavior of ions in the sequence UO2+ ' - Am 02 '
made it possible to establish that there are nonmonotonous changes o?_
some properties of these ions with the growth of the order number of the
elements. It was found that there is a noticeable similarity between ions
of pentavalent uranium and plutonium, on the one hand, and ions of penta=
valent neptunium and americium on the other hand.
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16. A Chromatographic Method For the Separation of Niobium From Tantalum
"Separation of Niobium From Tantalum By a Chromatographic
Adoorption--Complex Formation Method," by L. S. Alekcandrova
and K. V. Chmutcv, Indtitu;,e of Physical Chemistry, Academy of
Sciences USSR; Moscow, Izvestizaa Akademii Nauk SSSR, Otdeleniye
Khimicheokikh Nauk, No 5, May 600 pp 801-F05
Because niobium and tantalum almost always occur together in ores and
are present as titanotantaloniobates or niobotantalatea of alkali, alkaline
earth, or rare earth metals in ore concentrates, the separation of these
two metals from each other is of importance. A chromatographic adsorption-
precipitation procedure is described for the separation of niobium from tan-
talum in a column filled with activated carbon that has been saturated with
phenylarsonic acid. The initial mixture consisted of niobium and tantalum
oxalate complexes contained in a solution in which hydrochloric acid was
present. Separation of this mixture at 950 resulted in complete retention
of the tantalum in the column, while the niobium went through with the
filtrate. Eventual application of this method, possibly with the use of
other precipitants, is regarded as promising.
17. Chromatographic Separation of Hafnium and Zirconium and the Deter-
mination of Hafnium by the Isotope -Dilution Method
"Chromatographic Separation of Hafnium and Zirconium and the
Determination of Hafnium by the Isotope-Dilution Method," by
G. M. Kolosova, Ch'eng Yuan-pang, and M. M. Senyavin, Insti-
tute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry imeni V. I.
Vernadskiy, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Analitia.
cheskoy Khimii, Vol 15, No 3, May-Jun 60, pp 364~-366
A method is proposed for the determination of hafnium in the pres-
ence of zirconium involving their separation with a cation-exchange resin
and the use of the isotope-dilution method.
The results for various mixtures are in good agreement with the data
of X-ray spectral analysis. The mean experimental error is 5-7% (relative).
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18. Analysis of Certain Zirconium-Base Alloys
"Analysis of Certain Zirconium-Base Alloys," by S. V. Yelinson,
L. I. Pobedina and N. A. Mirzoyan; Moscow, Zhuimal Anali-ticheskoy
Khimii, Vol 15, No 3, May-sun 6o pp 334-336--
Extraction of zirconium from 1 N sulphuric acid with a chloroform
solution of nitrosophenylhydroxylamic acid is proposed. It has been
shown that by two-fold extraction, the quantitative transfer of zirconium
into chloroform can be achieved, whereas the total quantity of aluminum,
beryllium, magnesium and other elements remains in aqueous solution.
The method can be applied for the determination of aluminum, beryllium,
uranium, magnesium and zinc in zirconium and in zirconium-base alloys.
19. Spectrographic Determination of Uranium by the Method of Isotope
Additions
"Spectrographic Determination of Uranium by the Method of Isotope
Additions," by N. P. Ivanov; Moscow, Zhurnal Analiticheskoy Khim~i,
Vol 15, No 3, May-Jun 60, pp 315-320
Precision-increasing modifications are described of the optical spectral
method of isotope additions which is used for the determination of uranium
in ores and by-products.
It has been shown that in carrying out the analysis by the equal
blackening method there is no necessity to take into consideration the
background, the properties of the photo-emulsion, and the effects of re-
absorption. The latter gives the possibility to determine uranium in
ores with the accuracy of ? 1 - 2% irrespective of the type of their
uranium mineralization and the composition of the enclosing rocks.
A method of two isotopes is discussed in detail. It has been shown
that by using this method it is possible to analyze samples containing
large quantities of calcium, tungsten, and certain elements which have
mul@:iline spectra (thorium, rare-earths, etc). The method is rapid and
sufficiently accurate.
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20. Photometric Determination of Micro-Quantities of Uranium With
Arzenazo III
"Photometric Determination of Micro-Quantities of Uranium With
Arzenazo III," by V. F. Lukyanov, S. B. Savvin and I. V.
Nikolskaya; Moscow, Zhurnal Analiticheskoy Khimii, Vol 15, No
3, May-Jun 60, pp 311-31
A rapid method for the determination of microquantities of uranium
has been developed. The method is based on the formation of colored
compounds of tetravalent uranium with arsenazo III in a 4 N HCl medium.
The reduction of uranium is carried out by means of granulated zinc in
the presence of ascorbic acid. The sensitivity of the method is 0.04+
' /ml of uranium. The limiting concentration of uranium which can be
determined in the test material is 0.002%.. Most accompanying elements
do not interfere (thorium is an exception). Zirconium can be selectively
masked by means of oxalic acid.
21. Photometric Determination of Small Amounts of Thorium With Arsenazo
"Photometric Determination of Small Amounts of Thorium With
Arsenazo," by V. I. Kuznetsov and I. V. Nikol'skaya, InEti-
tute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry imeni V. I. .
Vernadskiy, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Zhurnal Analiti-
cheskoy Xhimii, Vol 15, No 3, May-Jun 60 pp 299-305
A method has been developed for the determination of 1 X 10-4 to
1 X 10 -2% of thorium in 0.5 - 1.0 g samples.
A solution of rare-earth nitrates is added to the sample which is
then decomposed with a mixture of HF+ HN03. The dry residue is dis-
solved in 6 M HC1, diluted with water to 75 ml, and thorium is coprecipi-
tated with rare-earth oxalates by adding oxalic acid. The procedure is
repeated twice. The oxalates are decomposed by means of a mixture of HC10 ,
HN03 and HC1, arsenazo is added, and the photometric measurement is carried
out at a pH of 1.9 with the use of a spectrophotometer at 580 mu or visually
by the method of standard series.
It is possible to determine 1 to 175 Y of thorium without using an
aliquot.
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22. Photometric Determination of Yttrium With Stilbazo
"Photometric Determination of Yttrium With Stilbazo," by L. S.
3erdyuk and 0. P. Fedorova, Dnepropetrovsk State University;
Moscow, Zhurnal Analiticheskoy Khimii, Vol 15, No 3, May-Jun 60,
pp 287-290
The reaction of yttrium with s?L?ilbazo has been investigated at pH
7.0. The composition of the complex farmed during the reaction has been
established by the method of isomolar series. The effect of some foreign
ions and masking substances on this reaction has been studied. The pos-
sibility has been shown of using this reaction for the colorimetric deter-
mination )f yttrium in the absence and in the presence of lanthanum.
23. Radioactivation Method for Determining Beryllium in Mineral Raw
Materials and Hydrometallurgy Products
"Radioactivation Method for Determining Beryllium in Mineral
Raw Materials and Hydrometallurgy Products," by Kh. B. Mezhibor-
skaya; Moscow, Zhurnal Analita.cheskoyr Khimii, Vol 15, No 3,
May-Jun 60, pp 281-286
A design of the installation and gamma-source for determining beryllium
by the radioactivation method is described.
The influence of some effects distorting the results of the analysis
(such as self-absorption of photoneutrons, absorption of gamma-rays) is
considered and recommendations are given as to the elimination of errors
caused by these effects.
24+. Separation Factors of Boron Isotopes in the Equilibrium
Vaporization of BF3
"Separation Factors of Boron Isotopes in the Equilibrium
Vaporization of BF3," by N.:+. Seveyugova, 0. V. Uvarov and
N. M. Zhavoronkov; Moscow, Zhurnal Fizicheskoy Khimii, Vol
34, No 5, may 60, pp 1001+-100
The temperature dependence of the isotope ,aparation factor of boron
in the equilibrium vaporization of BF; has been determined at 157 to 1680
by the Raleigh distillation method. he following equation for this
dependence is given: & u 1.01+88e-6.17/T. Within the above range of
temperatures the volatile component is B11 F3.
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Organic Chemistry
25. A Method For the Preparation of 1,4-Dinitrobutadiene-1,3
"A Synthesis of 1,4-Dinitrobutadiene-1,3," by S. S. Novikov,
N. S. Korsakova, and K. K. Babiyevskiy, Institute of Organic
Chemistry, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Izvesti,aaAkademii
Nauk SSSR, Otdeleniye Khimichoskikh Nauk, No 5, May 60, pp 945
In earlier work done by the authors (Dokiady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol.
125, 1959, p 560, and Izvesti a Akademii Nauk SSSR Otdeleniye Khimicheskikh
Nauk, 1959) p 1480; 1959, p 18I7) the reactivity of 1- and 2-nitroalkenes.'
in Michael's condensation was investigated. It appeared of interest to
investigate reactions of this type using nitrodienes. Published informa-
tion on the synthesis of nitrodienes is very meager. For this reason, a
procedure for the synthesis of 1,4-dinitrobutadiene-1,3 was developed.
Glyoxal was condensed with two molecules of nitromethane to form 1,4-
dinitrobutanediol-2,3, as shown in the following equation:
CHO-CHO + 2 CH3NO2 02N - CH2 - CH - CH - CH2 - NO2
I I
OH OH
The total yield of 1,4-dinitrobutanediol-2,3 was improved, as com-
pared with published data. Furthermore, the two diastereoisomers of this
dinitrodiol were separated, with the result that a product melting at 134?
was obtained in a quantity corresponding to 40.5% of the theoretical yield
and another product melting at 89.5 - 900 in a quantity corresponding to
4O% of the theoretical yield. The two isomers were acetylated separately
with acetyl chloride to the corresponding diacetates. Boiling of 1,4-dinitro-
2,3 - diacetoxybutane in dry chloroform in the presence of anhydrous potas-
sium bicarbonate resulted in the formation of 1,4-dinitrobutadiene-1,3
(m. pt. 146.5-147?). The conversion to 1,4-dinitrobutadiene - 1,3 was
quantitative.
26. Nitrocompounds in Diene Syntheses
"Nitrocompounds in Diene Synthesis," by S. S. Novikov, G. A.
Shvekhgeymer, and A. A. Dudinskaya, Institute of Organic
Chemistry, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Uspekhi Khimii,
Vol 29, No 2, Feb 60, pp 187-219
The mechanism of the Diels-Alder reaction, nitrodienes in diene
syntheses, nitrodiolefins in diene syntheses, and methods for the hydro-
genation and reduction of addition products obtained in this type of
syntheses are discussed. Work in this general field is reviewed, mainly
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on the basis of non-USSR publications. A paper by S. S. Novikov, G. A.
Shvekhgeymer, and A. A. Dudinakaya to be published in Iz ves tiya Akadcmii
Nauk SSSR, Otdeleniyo Khimicheakikh Nauk is mentioned, in which the
synthesis of compounds exhibiting insecticidal activity is described.
These compounds were prepared oy the addition of nitroe?thylenc, 2-nitroethyl
eater of acrylic acid, 2,2-dtnitropropy1 ester of acrylic acid, 2,2,2-trini-
troethyl ester of acrylic acid, and 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl eater of acrylic
acid to hexachiorocyclopentadiene.
27. Organosilicon Compounds Containing, Phenylene
"Organceilicon Compounds Containing Phenylene," by V. S. Chugunov,
Institute of Silicate Chemistry, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow,
Izvestt a Akadcmii Nauk SSSRO_tdelenye Khimicheskikh Nauk, No 5,
May 60, --~, pY 912-9 3
Organosilicon compounds with alternating atom groupings of the type
\ 1 I
- Si - C - Si - are subsLailces which exhibit a rather high thermal
/ I \
stability and distill without decomposition at high temperatures. Com-
pounds containing a phenylene group between two silicon atoms have a
particularly high heat stability. By the condensation of sodium triphen-
ylsilanolate with symmetrioal ?tetramethyldichlorosilyl-1.4-phenylene,
bis-(triphenylsiloxy) tetramethyldisilyl-1,1E-phenylene has been synthesized
for the first time. This is a crystalline substance with a melting point
of 237-2380, which distills without decomposition at 1r65-1E750.
28. Rapid Method for Quantitative Determination of the Total Amount of
Isomers of DDT and Hexachlorocyclohexane
"An Accelerated Method for the Quantitative Determination of the
Sum-Total of Isomers of DDT and Hexachlorocyclohexane in a Pure
Preparation and in Powders," by P. P. Suprun, Director, Konotop
Analytical Control Laboratory, Sumyy Oblast Pharmaceutical Admin-
istration; Moscow, Aptechnoye Delo, Vol 9, No 3, 1960, pp 19-22
An argentometric procedure for the quantitative analysis of the total
amount of DDT and hexachlorocyclohexane in undiluted products and dusting
powders is proposed. The basis of the method is the splitting off of
organically combined chlorine in the above preparations which is effected
by zinc dust in a sulfuric acid medium and the subsequent determination of
the chloride ions with silver nitrate according to Voihard's method.
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When this method is used there apparently occurs, first, a dissoc-
iation of DDT into chloral and chlorobenzene with the subsequent splitting
off of all three chlorine atoms from chloral. Under the same conditions,
in the case of hexachlorocyclohexane splitting off of all six chlorine
atoms occurs.
The procedure is recommended as preferrablc to the method accepted
at present because of its speed, convenience, fairly high accuracy and
reduced consumption of ethyl alcohol.
Physical Chemistry
29. Effect of Chemical Structure of Alkylbenzenes on Their adsorbability
on Silica Gel
"The Effect of the Chemical Structure of Alkylbenzenes on Their
Adsorbability on Silica Gel," by Ye. A. Mikhaylova, E. N.
Smirnova, V. A. Petukhova and B. A. Kazanskiyr? Moscow, Zhurnal
Fizicheskoy Khimii, Vol 34, No 4, 1960, pp 824-832
Under the conditions of adsorption chromatography the adsorption of
the alkylbenzenes investigated has been found to depend upon the chemical
structure of the hydrocarbons and upon the nature of the solvent. Alkylben-
zenes arrange themselves in a definite order with respect to diminishing
adsorption capacities on silica gel, the chromatographic separation of
binary mixtures of equal volumes of these compounds being better the
farther in the series the components of the mixture are from each other.
It has been suggested that the order of adsorbabilities found for the
alkylbenzenes is determined primarily by the adsorption potentials of the
sites occupied by the adsorbed molecules, rather than by the donor-acceptor
nature of the adsorption process due to the basicity of the aromatic
hydrocarbons and acidity of the adsorbent of by the dipole moments of the
adsorbate molecules.
30. Equilibrium States of Ti - H and Zr - H Systems at Low Pressures
"Equilibrium States of Ti-H and Zr-H Systems at,Low Pressures,"
by V. V. Sof'ina and N. G. Pavlovskaya; Moscow, Zhurnal Fiziche-
skoy Khimii, Vol 34, No 5, may 60, pp 1104-1109
Equilibrium states of the systems Ti-H and Zr-H have been investigated
over the pressure range 10-3 to 10-7 mm Hg. Isosteres, isotherms and
isobars have been obtained for both systems. From these it follows that
equilibrium states in the Zr-H system are 130-160?C higher or the pressures
by 3-4 orders of magnitude lower than in the system Ti-H.
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The heats of formation of titanium and zirconium hydrides have been
calculated. They vary with the temperature, pressure and hydrogen concen-
tration in the hydrides within the following limits: 19 to 1E4 kcal/mol for
Ti-H and 29 to 42 kcal/mol for Zr-II. Curves for the temperature dependence
of the heats of reaction for various hydrogen concentrations are presented
for both systems.
Data obtained in the work described are of practical importance from
the standpoint of understanding the behavior in accelerators of metal tar-
gets saturated with hydrogen isotopes. Furthermore, the application of
high-vacuum pumps utilizing absorption of gases by powdered or heated tita-
nium requires a knowledge of relationships between the temperature of the
titanium layer and the pressure of residual gases.
Radiation Chemistry
31. The Effects of Ionizing Radiation On the Oxidation and Ignition
of Butane
"The Effect of Ionizing Radiation On the Kinetics of the Oxida-
tion and Ignition of Butane; Part 1, Formal Kinetics," by N. A.
Slavinskaya, S. A. Kamenetskaya, S. Ya. Pshezhetskiy, and L. A.
Vasil'yev, Physical Chemistry Institute imeni L.-Ya. Karpov;
Moscow, Zhurnal Fizicheskoy Ihimii, Vol 34, no 6, Jun 60, pp
1169-1175
It was established that irradiation with electrons accelerates the
chain reaction of the oxidation of butane, shortens the period of the
induction of this reaction, and reduces the effective energy of its activa-
tion. Under the experimental conditions described, the effective energy
of activation was found to drop from 45 to 15 kilocalories per mol with
increasing intensities of irradiation. It is concluded that the observed
effect of irradiation on the kinetics of the reaction studied is due to
electron-initiated formation of active centers for a chain reaction as a
result of direct ionization and excitation of molecules and also because
of subsequent reactions of atomic oxygen with the hydrocarbon. Analysis
of the results obtained from the standpoint of N. N. Semenov's branched
chain reaction theory showed that they are in agreement with that theory.
It was found that irradiation decreases the induction period of ignition
(under the conditions studied, from 30 sec to 1 sec) according to a rela-
tionship which corresponds to that pertaining to the action of the radia-
tion of the kinetics of the oxidation reaction. The ignition temperature
was also found to drop (absorption of 4.4 X 10-17 eV/cm3. sec resulted in
a decrease of the ignition temperature from 515? to 920).
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In the work described, changes in the reaction velocity were measured
by determining the increase of pressure in time. More precise ideas on the
kinetics of the reaction can be arrived at on the basis of data in regard
to the composition of reaction products as it is affected by time. This
data will be reported in a subsequent paper.
32. Gamma Dosimetry on the Basis of Changes in Optical Activity of
Carbohydrates as a Result of Irradiation
"Gama-Radiation Dosimetry on the Basis of Changes in the Optical
Activity of Some Carbohydrates" by S. V. Starodubtsev, Sh. Ablyayev,
and V. V. Generalova; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 8, No 3, Mar
60, pp 264-265
Measurements which have been carried out indicated that under the
action of gamma radiation there is a considerable reduction of the angle
of rotation of the plane of polarization in solutions of glucose and
saccharose. It is proposed that such solutions be used as dosimetric
liquids. Because of their greater stability, glucose solutions are pre-
ferable to saccharose solutions for this application.
33. Investigations of Aerosols Formed During Radiochemical Reactions
"Investigations of Aerosols Formed During Radiochemical
Reactions" b V. S. Bogdanov; Moscow, Zhurnal Fizicheskoy
Khimii, Vol 34, No 5, May 60, pp 1044-1079
The formation and subsequent changes of aerosols arising during the
irradiation of gaseous organic substances by fast electrons under various
conditions have been investigated by the light beam method. Aerosol
particles formed from methane have been found to possess radii several
microns long and carry both positive and negative charges from 1 to 31
elementary units, the majority (66%) being charged with from 1 to 3 units.
The weight concentration and aerosol yield (molecules Cl4 per 100 eV)
with respect to the absorbed energy has been investigated for aerosols
obtained from methane. It has been shown that the yield in the case of
ethylene is 32 times as high as the maximum achieved in the case of
methane.
Information on aerosols of the type investigated is of importance
in the radiation chemistry of gases, because radiation-chemical reactions
take place not only in the gas phase, but also in aerosol droplets.
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Radiochemistry
34. Coprecipitation of Americium and Europeum With Lanthanum Oxalate
"Investigation of the Coprecipitation of Am and Eu with
Lanthanum Oxalate," by V. I. Grebenshchikova and R. V.
Bryzgalova; Leningrad, Radiokhimiya, No 2, Apr 60, pp 152-
158
It was established that coprecipitation of Eu with lanthanum oxalate
is due to combined crystallization involving the formation of mixed
crystals. The magnitude of the crystallization factor does not depend
on the acidity of the solution (in the range of 0.1 - 0.5 N ENO ) and has
a value of 3.8. It was observed that there was a reduction of the crystal-
lization factor with increased concentrations of oxalate ions in the
solution. The decrease of the factor is due to a reduction of the active
concentration of Eu (III) because of the formation of a complex with
oxalate ions which presumably takes place under the conditions involved.
It follows from the values of the crystallization factors of Am(D a 4.8)
and Eu (D - 3.8) which have been determined that separation of Am from
Eu by fractional crystallization of lanthanum oxalate is practically
impossible.
35. Coprecipitation of Y (III) With Lanthanum Oxalate
"Investigation of the Coprecipitation of Y (III) With Lanthanum
Oxalate," by V. I. Grebenshchikova and R. V. Bryzgalova; Lenin-
grad, Radiokhimiya, No 2, Apr 60, pp 159-163
It was established that Y (III) coprecipitates with lanthanum oxalate
under formation of mixed crystals. The magnitude of the crystallization
factor was found to be independent of the acidity df the solution within
the range of 0.1 - 1.5 N HNO and to be equal to 3.7. Reduction of the
crystallization factor with increased concentrations of oxalate ions in
the solution was observed. This can be ascribed to a reduction of the
active concentration of Y (III) because of the formation of a complex with
oxalate ions which is rather probable under the conditions involved. The
sharp decrease in the crystallization factor of Y with increased concentra-
tions of free oxalate ions indicate that Y has a greater tendency to form
complexes than Eu (III) or Am (III).
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36. Effect of the Formation of Complexes in Melts on the Crystallization
Factor
"Investigation of the Effect of Formation of Complexes in Melts
on the Crystallization Factors in the Systems PbCl2 - Th X Cl -
KC1 and CaCl - CdCl - KC10" by V. R. Klokman, K. G. Myakishev,
and V. S. Smirnov; Leningrad, Radiokhimiya, Vol 2, No 2, Apr 60,
pp 175-182
By studying the distribution of ThXC12 and CdC12 between the melt and
crystals of lead chloride and calcium chloride, respectively, it was estab-
lished that formation of a complex compound with the macrocomponent in the
liquid phase leads to an increased magnitude of the crystallization factor.
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Communications
37. Mechanisms for the Scattering of Waves in Meteor Tracks Examined
"On the Nature of Scattering of Radio Waves in Long-Lived
Ionized Meteor Tracks," by V. P. Dokuchayev, Scientific
Research Radiophysics Institute under Gor'kiy University;
Gor'kiy,Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zayedenly -- Radio-
fizika,, Vol III, No 2,, May 60, pp 199-207
Two different mechanisms for the scattering of radio waves in long-
lived (stable) ionized meteor tracks are discussed and compared. The
first is that developed by Herlofson, Kaiser, and Closs which proposes
that a track with a high electron concentration scatters radio waves in
a manner resembling a metallic cylinder. The second mechanism, developed
by Booker and Cohen, suggests the presence of small-sized inhomogeneities
of electron concentration in the region of the track which appear as a
result of turbulent movements in the surrounding medium. Scattering of
radio waves in the inhomogeneities has an incoherent character.
The author shows that a comparison of theoretical and experimental
data indicates that the mechanism of incoherent scattering does not
correspond to experimental data on the distribution of radio reflections
in length. It is asserted that, during a large part of the time of their
existence, ionized meteor tracks scatter waves according to the theory of
Herlofson and Kaiser.
The author also suggests that fading of signals reflected from
meteor tracks represents a quasiperiodic change in amplitude of the
reflected signals and that the period of these oscillations lies between
0.1 and one second.
The author expresses his thanks to B. N. Gershman for his assistance.
38. Recent Soviet Patents in the Field of Electronics
"Class 21. Electrical Engineering" (unsigned); Moscow,
Byulleten' Izobrete , No 10, 1960, pp 25-33
Class 21a1, 3235. No 128+92. By V. M. Lyubin and I. K. Malakhov-
Kamartan. Device for Transmission of Television Image in Systems of
Single-Lane Scanning.
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Class 21a4, 13. No 128499. by V. M. Kandykin and G. M. Mal'ko.
Semiconductor Generator of Square-Form Voltage.
Class 21a4, 42. No 128500,, by G. F. Ignat'yev and I. M. Torgovitskiy.
Phase Detector.
Class 21a4, 6601; No 128502. by V. N. Uryaidko. Vertical Linear
Radiator.
Class 21a4, 70. No 128503. by S. E. Gorodetskiy, K. B. Norkin, and
L. N. Fitsner. Device for Automatic Loading of a Radio Transmitter Output
Stage.
Class 21a4, 71. No 128504. by N. L. Sosenskiy. Device for Measuring
Small and Fast Frequency Deviations of a Frequency Modulated Voltage with
a Background of Slow and Large Frequency Changes.
Class 21e, 3610-. No 128535. by A. Ye. Konstantinouskiy. Device for
Measuring the Time-Dependent Parameters of Telemetering and Telesignaling
Equipment.
Components
39? Silicon Photocells
"Theory of Silicon Photocells," by M. Azizov and G. M.
Avak'yants, Physicotechnical Institute, Academy of Sciences
Uzbek SSR and Central Asian State University; Tashkent,
Izvestiya. Akademii Nauk Uzbek SSR Seri Fiziko-
Matematicheskikh Nauk, No 2, 1960, pp 76-b3
The absence of saturation current in silicon photocells under recti-
fying operating conditions is a phenomenon that has not yet been fully
explained. The determination of the causes of this phenomenon is impor-
tant from the standpoint of finding a means for practical control of
silicon photocells.
The authors attribute the absence of saturation current to imper-
fection of transition at the junction of the electron-type and hole-type
silicon. During the diffusion of boron into electron-type silicon, it
often segregates in the vicinity of the electron-hole junction. If the
concentration of the boron atoms reaches an order of 1020 per cu cm, the
electron-hole junction becomes very abrpt and the electric field within
the junction very high (of the order 106 v/cm), `which in turn leads to
tunnel leakage through the electron zone from the electron-type silicon
into the hole-type silicon and vice versa. The volt-ampere characteristics
of a silicon photocell were measured experimentally and plotted on a graph.
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The authors conclude that, despite the anatnolous reverse character-
istics of the silicon photocells, a somewhat modified theory of the
electron-hole transition can be successfully applied for the study of
silicon photocell behavior.
40. Semiconductor Amplifiers With Relay Outputs
"Semiconductor Phase-Sensitive Amplifiers With Relay Output,"
by N. S. Nikolayenko, Leningrad Electrical Engineering Insti-
tute imeni V. I. Lenin; Leningrad, Izvesti a V sshikh Ucheb ath
Zavedeniy ??- Priborostroyeniye, Vol 2, No 6, 1959, pp 17-22
The circuits and principles of operation of two semiconductor ampli-
fiers with relay outputs are described. The first is a three-stage ampli-
fier with an RP-4 polarized relay at the output and operates from a 50-
cycle, 127-volt network in an ambient temperature range of -30? to + 60? C
The threshold of sensitivity of the amplifier is 0.5 millivolt. The first
two stages are ordinary a-c amplifiers with an amplification factor of
55 db and a common point at the emitter, and the third stage is a phase-
sensitive circuit. The stages are transformer-coupled and use low power
P-13 triodes.
The second amplifier is similar to the first but has two relays at
the output. The amplification factor of the first stage is 30 db, and of
the second stage, approximately 27 db. The last stage is phase-sensitive
and is formally analogous to a phase-sensitive circuit using electron
tubes. Efficiency of the circuit is 75%. The amplifier is quite sensi-
tive to temperature, and its threshold of sensitivity decreases by a factor
of 2 with a change of ambient temperature from +20?C to +50?C.
41. Characteristics of New Helical Cathode Investigated
"New Type of Tungsten Cathode for High-Power Oscillator Tubes,"
by M. D. Gurevich, Leningrad Institute of Precision Mechanics
and Optics; Leningrad, Izvesti a Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy --
Priborostroyeniye, Vol 2, No 6 , 1959, PP 5 O
A new helical tungsten cathode, developed at the Chair of Radio Engi-
neering of the Leningrad Institute of Precision Mechanics and Optics, is
a combination filament-heater cathode. It consists of a tungsten wire
core of designation VAZ on which is tightly wound along its entire length
a thorium-tungsten wire VT-10 or VT-15. The diameter of the core wire is
three or more times greater than the diameter of the wire wound on it.
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'ii helical catmac offer.n a greater surface area than other cathodes
of is ~.--t'ir.n1 dimenuioruu (a ratio of approximately ?'n/2) and requires con-
uiderably :Less filament current. The significance of the latter property
led to a comparison and inveatigation of several uarnple GU-10B high-power
ultrauhort-wave tubeu, some of whose cathodes were replaced by a helical
cathode. 'tabular data presented showing improved emission properties for
the helical cathode tubcu.
Inrltrumento and Equipment
42. 1Iijh--Speed Switch for Electronic Computers
"Ilighr-Speed Semiconductor Switch and Trigger for Electronic
Coniputeru," by Ya. N. Bapat and I. L. Kaganov, Moscow Power
Engineering Institute; Moscow, Elektrichestvo, No 6, Jun 60,
Pp 76-131
The speed of operation of electronic computers built with semicon-
ductor switching components depends to a great degree on the rise time
of input and output voltage pulses. For saturable transistors, it is
difficult to attain a switching rate higher than 2 Mc, since the satu-
ration of the transistor base depends on the dissipation time. To
eliminate this undesirable condition of saturation, a circuit with fast
responding capacitance has been designed. Such circuits are assembled
on the principle of common emitter configuration. Positive- and
megative-polarity square pulses are used to trigger the switching circuit.
The type P-402 transistors were incorporated in the switching circuit,
with a rise-time of 4.10-9 sec. The triggering circuit build on the
described principle permits computer switching at a rate of 10 Mc.
43. Infralow Frequency Oscillators
"Sinusoidal Wave Oscillator for a Frequency Range of 10-4 to
100 cps," by A. A. Valilov, A. I. Solodovnikov, and F. F.
Kotchenko, Leningrad Electrical Engineering Institute; Lenin-
grad, Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebn kh Zavedeniy Priborostroyeniy
Vol 3, No 1, 19 0, pp 10-17
The article describes a new type of pscillator which generates ?raves
of infralow frequency in a range from 10- to 100 cps. This two-phase
;.nfralow frequency oscillator consists of a power source, oscillatory
circuit with attenuator, relay control unit, and feedback proportional
to a derivative of the output. Such an arrangement permits oscillations
of desired amplitude and frequency.
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A ,rcnerator of ini'ralow frequency can be built with three operational
runpi:L C:tcru having electromagnetic or electronic relay element.,. It was
found that stability of voltage amplitude depends primarily on the
charactoristics of the capAcitors. Such capacitoru should have low
polarization and insignificant 1ctka3e losses. Thu switch-over from one
frequency range to another is easily accomplished by proper changes in
the parameters of aperiodic and integrating circuits. This oscillator
can generate two sinusoidal voltages of equal amplitude, but shifted 90
with respect to each other. The maximum output voltage of the oscillator
is 100 v.
Thio new infralow frequency oscillator should find practical
application in various measuring arrangements or automation controls.
44. Scintillator for Study of Diesel Ermine. Wear
"Scintillation Device of the TsNIDI for Measuring the Radio-
activity of Liquids," by 0. Ye. Kalinovskiy, Primeneniye
radioaktivnykh izotopov pri issledovanii dvi atele vnutren-
nego sgoraniya. TsNIDI 35 (Use of Radioactive Isotopes in
the Study of Internali.Combustion Engines. TsNIDI 35),
Moscow 1958, pp 28-34 (from Referativn Zhurnal -- Elektro-
tekhnika, No 6, 25 Mar 60, Abstract No 4.4961)
After a brief historical survey of the development of scintillation
counters, a detailed description is given of a device used by the Central
Scientific Research Diesel Institute (TsNIDI) for measuring the radio-
activity of the products of wear of engine parts in oil samples. The oil
sample is in a vessel located inside a separable lead container. A
crystal of NaI (TI) is placed in the center of the oil sample. The
counter makes use of a FEU-19 photornultiplier connected to a cathode fol-
lower. The impulses from the output of the cathode follower go to a
three-stage wide-band amplifier (K-100) and then to a dark background
discriminator. The impulse tabulation is done by a PS-64 conversion
instrument with an electromechanical computer. The "Fialka" instrument
can also be connected to the system. The photornultiplier is fed by a
VSE-2500 rectifier. With directed gamma radiation (energy quanta of one
million electron volts), the system has an efficiency of 27 percent; the
maximum counting rate is 6,000 impulses per minute. Comparative tests
have shown that this scintillation counter is seven times as sensitive as
an instrument which uses a Geiger-Mueller counter.
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45. Charactcrintics of Logarithmic Instruments
''r;iruphoanalytical Method of Matching the Characteristics of
I garithrnic Instruments," by Yu. M. Pyagir., Nauchn. Tr. Moak.
Vysah. Tekhn. Uch-uhehe im. N. E. Baianana (Scientific Works
of the Moscow Higher Technical; .School imeni N,..E. Bauman),
No 87, 1958, pp 182-191 (from Referativn Zhurnal:. -- Elektro-
tekhnika, No 6, 25 Mar 60, Abstract No 4.4597)
Those characteristics of a logometer are investigated which determine
the design parameters of the instrument. When these characteristics are
considered in conjunction with the stability factor, it is possible to
determine what effect is exerted on the characteristic of the indicator
scale by a change of the opening angle of the winding, a change of the
number of turns of thc: winding, a change of the parameters of the
electrical circuit and of the magnetic system, the choice of stiffness
of the conductor, etc. An analysis of the influence of a change of the
opening angle of the winding of the logometer on the characteristic
scale is given.
46. Thermo-Acoustic Temperature Recorder for Mineral Samples
"Simplified Automatic Thermo-Acoustic Recorder," by A. I.
Zekharchenko, N. S. Lazarevich, G. I. Moskalyuk, and A. A.
Moskalyuk, Tr. Vses, n.-i. in-ta p'yezooptich. mineral'n.
syr'ya (Works of the All-Union Scientific Research Institute
of Piezo-optical Mineral Raw Materials), Vol 2, No 2, 1958,
pp 33-41 (from Referativn Zhurnal -- Elektrotekhnika No 6,
25 Mar 60, Abstract No 4.4614)
A description is given of a simplified automatic thermo-acoustic
recorder for determining the temperature of mineral objects by the bursting
of liquid inclusions in the minerals during heating. The pulverized test
material. in a quartz tube 25-50 millimeters in diameter is inserted into
a soundproof furnace at a temperature of 800 deg C. A DEM-type microphone
is fastened at the open end of the tube. The decrepitation sounds picked
up by the microphone are converted into electric impulses and arnplifed by
a three-cascade amplifier with a passband of 100-3,000 cycles per second
and an amplification factor of 30,000.. At the output of the amplifier is
connected a TG-2050 thyratron, the plate circuit of which is connected to
an RP-6 polarized relay which controls a special electromagnetic automatic
recording device; the impulses are recorded at a rate not in excess of
4-5 impulses per second.
Results are given of a number of experiments with various mineral
specimens.
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47. Ap2lication of Paramagnetic Resonance in Chemist
of Electronic Paramagnetic Resonance in
Chemistry," by V. V. Voyevodskiy, Institute of Chemical
Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian. Branch, Academy of
Sciences USSR; Moscow, Kinctika i Kataliz, Vol 1, No 1,
May/Jun 60, pp 45-54
The phenomenon of electronic paramagnetic resonance, discovered in
1944 by Ye. K. Zavoyakiy, is that paramagnetic particles located in a
steady magnetic field are capable of absorbing energy from a high-frequency
,field, if these fields are perpendicular to each other and when certain
other conditions are observed. The appearance or absence of electronic
paramagnetic resonance in an investigated sample provides useful infor-
mation on its structure.
Research carried out during the past few years has shown that
electronic paramagnetic resonance is very useful in studying free redicals
in condensed media. The field of application of the paramagnetic
resonance method is steadily expanding, and there are good indications
that during the next few years great achievements will be attained in this
field.
48. Analysis of Differential Cascades
"Analysis of Differential Cascades," by Ye. P. Sogolovskiy,
B. I. Shevtskiy, and G. A. Shevtsov, Voprosy Elektronnoy
Izmeritel'noy Tekhniki, (Problems of Electronic Measuring
Technique), No 1, L'vov, 1958, pp 12-28 (from Referativnyy
Zhurnal -- Elektrotekhnika, No 6, 25 Mar 60, Abstract No
4.4588
The formula expressing the amplification factor and an analysis of
the circuit of a push-pull amplifier cascade are given. Its use in
measurement technique is defined by a number of examples. The conditions
which guarantee minimum interference are discussed, and the suitability
of the cascade as an indicator of balance in an AC bridge circuit is
pointed out.
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49. F',lectrical Aviation Instruments
"Curtain Practical Conclusions From the Theory of Magneto-
Elcctric Electrical Measuring Instruments," by A. V. Poval-
yn,yev, Tr. Lening. in-t aviats. ~riborootr. (Works of the
Leningrad Institute of Aviation Inctrurnent:Building), No 19,
1958, pp 73-83 (from Referativn Zhurnal -- Elektrotekhnika
No 6, 25 Mar 60, Abstract No 4.4599)
A now variety of magneto-electric instrument is suggested, which is
a provisionally designated instrument with moving pole piece. Both active
elements of the instrument, the permanent magnet and the current carrying
winding, are immobile. The counterforce is produced either by a spring
or by a fixed magnet. The advantages of the new design include: large
moment of rotation, low weight and low moment of inertia of the moving
system, and the atinence of current conductors to the moving part. Results
are given of comparative tests on a series logometer with moving magnet
and a model of a logometer with a moving pole piece.
50. Stability of Base-Metal Thermocou-ies
"On Increasing the Stability of Thermocouples Made of Base
Metals," by A. K. Mikhaylov, B 1. tekhn. -ekon. inform.
Sovnarkhoz L'vovsk. elton. adm. r-na, Bulletin of Technical-
Economic Information. Sovnarkhoz of the Lvov Economic
Administrative Region), No 8, 1958, pp 38-41 (from Refer-
ativn Zhurnal -- Elektrotekhnika No 6, 25 Mar 60,
Abstract No 795
A test was made of the stability of Chromel Alumel Thermocouples
exposed for periods of 1,580-2,750 hours in an oxidizing air atmosphere
(without protective covering) in a temperature range of 300-1,000 deg
C and of Chromel-Copel thermocouples in a temperature range of 300-700
deg C. It was found that these thermocouples do not conform with the
stability limits proscribed by GOST 3044-45, since a change of chemical
composition takes place in the above temperature ranges. Thermocouples
which have been stabilized by annealing have better electrode properties,
both chemical and structural, and a satisfactory operational stability.
It is recommended that the Chromel-Alumel type be annealed for 8-10
hours at 1,100-1,150 deg C or for 6-8 hours at 1,200 deg C and that
Copel be annealed for 8-10 hours at 850-900 deg C. The annealing atmos-
phere for both Chromel and Alumel should be neutral or-slightly oxidizing,
but should be slightly deoxidizing for Copel.
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51. Method of Comnutinrr Error of Vacuum-Tube Voltmeter
"un the Influence of the Configuration of the Curve of the
Measured Voltage on the Indication of a Vacuum-Tube Class A
Voltmeter," by R. S. Krat-tsov and R. A. Shcvtsov, Vopr.
Elektron. izmerit. tekhn. (Problems of Electronic Measure-
ment Techniques , No 1, Lvov, 1958, pp 5-11 (from Refer-
at y Zhurnul Elektrotekhni1ca, No 6, 25 Mar 60,
Abstract No 27
A method is proposed for estimating the error resulting from the
influence of the form of the curve for a vacuum-tube voltmeter with
detector operating in class "A" (with 180-degree cutoff angle). The
plate voltage increment of the detector is determined by expanding the
input voltage into a Taylor series. Coefficients (determined according
to the terms of the series expansion, beginning with the third) are
introduced which characterize the form of the voltage curve. These
coefficients are computed for 11 different curve configurations. The
error of the voltmeter, stipulated by the nonsinusoidal character of
the measured voltage, is determined according to the coefficient for a
particular curve configuration and according to the derived transconduct-
ance characteristic of the vacuum tube. A concrete example is demonstrated.
52. Reliability of Thermocouples of Platinum and Platinum-Rhodium Alloy
"Some Data on the Stability of Thermocouples Made of Platinum
and a Platinum-Rhodium Alloy," by N. N. Ergardt, Tr. Vses,
n.-i. in-ta Metrol. (Works of the All-Union Scientific-
Research Institute of Metrology), No 35 (95), 1958, PP 87-91
(from Referativn Zhurnal'.-- Elektrotekhnika No 6, 25 Mar
60, Abstract No .793
Thermocouples made of platinum and .a platinum-rhodium alloy guarantee
an error limit of plus-minus 1-2 degrees in the 300-1100-degree range
and plus-minus 10-12 degrees in the 1100-1600-degree range. Practice has
shown that, with operation, a heterogeneity of the elecrodes occurs,
followed by a change of the thermoelectric :characteristics of the thermo-
couple and an increase of the measurement error as a result of the effects
of high temperatures, ambient media, and impurities. In 1,054, the High
Temperature Laboratory of VNIIM (All-Union Scientific-Research Institute
of Metrology) produced and calibrated 51 first-class standard the thermo-
couples, which were used for a period of 1-3 years. It was found that the
change of the calibration characteristic was equal to or less than 6
microvolts at the solidification point of copper (about 1,083.1 degrees),
which is within the norm limits. Accordingly, the platinum-rhodium and
platinum thermocouple can serve as a standard thermocouple of the first
class for the 300-1,100-degree range for a period of 3 years.
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53. Testing Crucial Parts of Electrical Measuring Instruments
"Testing and Checking; Certain Crucial Parts of Electrical
Measuring Instrunents," by Z. A. Timofeyeva, Osnovyyc
Voprosy Tochnocti, Vzaimozamenvayemosti I Tekhniki Izme-
reniyy v Mashinoctroyonii (Basic Questions of Accuracy,
Interchangeability, and the Technique of Measurements in
Machine Building), Moscow, 1958; pp 311.7-351 (from Refer-
n.?tivnyy 211urno.1 -- Elektrotekhnika) No 6, 25 Mar 60,
AbOtract Yo 4.4610)
A description is given of the operating principle and design of the
U.-11.19 dynamometer, the moving part of which is tensioned. This affords
the poccibilitty of measuring arbitrarily small spring moments with :.t
relative measurement error less than plus-minus one percent. Insti?uments
for determining the elastic properties (residual deformation and. elastic
aftereffects) of springs and tensioned devices are also treated. They
may be used for quality control in production processes and for laboratory
tests. The principle of operation of the instruments is mechanical. The
elastic properties of the springs and spring devices are characterized by
a value of nonreturn to zero position following twisting, which may be
determined with an accuracy of 0.010.
511.. Stabilizor With Pre-Heat Resistance
"Stabilizor With Preheat Resistance," by V. S. Popov, Sbornik
Rabot o Voprosam Elektromekhaniki. Institut Elektromelkhaniki
AN SSSR (Collection of Works on Problems of Electromechanics.
Institute of Elect romechanics, Academy of Sciences USSR), No 2,
1958, pp 52-63 (from Referatin? Zhurnal -- Elektrotelthnika
No 6, 25 Mar 60, Abstract No . 6i
The AC.-DC voltage and current stabilizer is based on the use of a
preheating resistance made of a tungsten wire 12 microns in diameter
wound on a glass form. Inside the form is a nickel-chromium heater wire
20 microns in diameter. The preheat resistance is connected to one of
the arms of a bridge circuit, and the heater, to the output diagonal
through an amplifier. The bridge is fed by AC. Because of the dependence
of the resistance of the tungsten coil on the current in the heater, a
negative feedback is produced which guaranthes an automatic stabilization
of the voltage in the output diagonal of the bridge. The load is applied
parallel with the heater stabilizer voltage) or in series with it
(stabilizer current). DC is obtained by the additional application of
the load to a rectifier. The stability factor of the system amounts to
1+00-500 at an amplification factor of 20-25 for the amplifier. The
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u3eful power of the stabilizer is 4-5 watts, which can be increased to
20 watts by hooking up an AC source in series with the output transformer
of the amplifier. The stabilizer characteristics remain practically
unchanged over long periods of operation; it can be used to supply
measuring instruments.
CPYRGHT
55? On the Electrostatic Field of a System of Flat Diaphragms
"Calculation of the Electrostatic Field of a System of Flat
Diaphragms With Circular Openings," by G. A. Grinberg and
E. N. Kolesnikova; Moscow-Leningrad, Zurnal Tekhnicheskoy
Fiziki, Vol 30, No 6, Jun 1960, pp 723-733
"In the first part of this work, a solution of the electrostatic
problem is found for a diaphragm with a circular opening in the presence
of a ring coaxial with the opening and equally charged around its pe-
riphery; an expression is derived for the surface density of charges
induced on the diaphragm. On the basis of obtained results, as well as
the known free distribution of surface charges on the diaphragm, a system
of integral equations of the second kind is formed for the densities of
surface charges in diaphragm systems. The general equations are applied
to the calculation of a number of concrete examples.
"The concluding part of the work presents a generalized method for
the case in which the system of diaphragms is placed ?n some kind of
external field created by any given axially symmetrical :'istribution of
charges."
56. Transistorized Frequency Meter
"Universal Electronic Tachometer Using Semiconductor Triodes,"
by V. T. Derevyanchenko and A. A. Kasatkin; Leningrad,
Izvesti a V sshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy -- Priborostro eni
Vol 3, No 3, 19 0, pp 17-22
A description is given of a universal capacitor-type frequency meter
with direct reading, having a measuring accuracy on the order of 3% and
a frequency range of 5 to 18,000 cycles. The power to the meter is
supplied by a separate pocket flashlight battery type KBS-0.5,, which
facilitates operation under field conditions, as well as in the laboratory
and shop. A photoelectric pickup attachment permits the instrument to
be used as a tachometer. Dimensions of the frequency meter are 250 x 200
x 100 mm, and its weight is 2.2 kg.
The instrument consists of an input unit, a three-stage amplifier-
limiter, an electronic switch, and a measuring unit and is designed
exclusively with transistors and semiconductor diodes.
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57 ? Hwy Accurate Frequency Meter Developed
"Transistorized Instrument for Highly Accurate Frequency
Measurements," by Ya. V. Novosel'tsev (Deceased], Ye. Ye.
Afanas'yev, N. A. Smirnov, and Ye. P. Ugryumov; Leningrad,
Izvectiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniv -- Priborostroyenive
The article presenter the theory and description of an instrment
designed for measuring the frequency of a signal by free nuclear induc-
tion, obtained as a result of measuring the intensity of the earth's
magnetic field by nuclear-resonance methods. The instrument was designed
at the Chair of Computer Engineering of the Leningrad Electrical Engi-
neering Institute imeni V. I. Ulyanov (Lenin) at the request of the
All-Union Institute of Prospecting Methods and Techniques. The instru-
ment uses 195 type P-13 triodes and 165 type D-2V diodes and is designed
for measuring frequencies in a range of 1800-2200 cycles with an accuracy
of 0.002% and a signal duration of not less than one second.
Basic components of the instrument are an amplifier, frequency
converter, time interval shaping unit, an "and" gate circuit, pulse
counter, control unit, display unit, and a counter for the ordinal number
of the measurement.
Materials
58. Magnetic Characteristics of a Ferromagnetic Examined
"On the Magnetic Characteristics of a Ferromagnetic in an
Oscillating Regime," by L. G. Ipatov; Moscow-Leningrad,
Zhurnal Tekhnichesko Fiziki Vol 30, No 6, Jun 1960,
pp 685-689
The reason for the discrepancy between the dynamic magnetic charac-
teristics of a ferromagnetic under oscillating conditions and character-
istics obtained during damping of oscillations is explained by the
reaction of the mechanical system on the magnetic and electrical circuit
of the ferromagnetic. Thus, magnetic values are dependent on the
mechanical properties of the ferromagnetic material.
Theoretical and experimental relationships are obtained which may be
used to determine the dynamic magnetic characteristics of a ferromagnetic.
The concept of magnetostrictive permeability is introduced, the value of
which should be used in computing magnetostrictive instruments and appa-
ratus. This value takes into account the mechanical, as well as magnetic,
characteristics of the material, and must be determined for conditions
under which the material will operate. Operating frequency, magnetic para-
meters and the external load must be considered.
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59? Synthetic Mica
"Information About New Materials," by K. Akhtyrskiy; Moscow,
Prom shlenno-Ekonomicheaka a Gazeta, Vol 5, No 44 (652)
13 Apr 60, p'.4
The motion picture "Mica," produced by the Moscow Studio of Popular
Science Films (scenario writer, A. Iglitskiy; director, N. Belov), gives
information on the properties of synthetic mica and the extensive research
that led to the industrial production of this material. Synthetic mica 1
is required because the deposits of natural mica in the world are not
extensive. Besides, more effective dielectrics than those found in nature
are needed in present-day technology.
Although naturally occurring mica contains as many as 40 elements,
only 6 elements (silicon, aluminum, magnesium, oxygen, and hydrogen) are
necessary for building up its lattice. Synthetic mica is obtained if
hydroxyl in the crystal lattice is replaced with fluorine. Synthetic
mica is produced by heating a charge; consisting of magnesium fluoride,
magnesium oxide, potassium fluoride, aluminum oxide, and quartz sand to
a temperaturelof 1,400?, at which the charge melts. Then the temperature
is lowered very gradually (by 1-2 degrees per hour)), and the melt is
allowed to crystallize. A product corresponding to natural mica results
on crystallization.
A film of artificial mica having the same thickness as that of
natural mica can stand a potential of 7,000 volts, in contrast to 4:500
volts for natural mica. The dielectric properties of artificial mica are
preserved up to a temperature of 6000, while natural mica loses its
dielectric properties at 3000.
The availability of synthetic mica made it possible to develop
entirely new insulation materials. One of them is novomicalex (novomi-
kaleks), which is a mixture of molded glass. and mica. This material
does not lose its dielectric properties even at 900?. Another is mica
ceramic. This material is not affected by sharp fluctuations of the
temperature. If it is heated until it glows and then submerged in water,
no destruction takes place. Foam mica is still another new material.
Its characteristics comprise stability at high temperatures, a low
specific weight, and a capacity to transmit radio waves. Synthetic mica
will find the most extensive applications in electronic computers, radio
tubes, high-frequency vacuum appliances, capacitors, and radioelectrbnic
equipment. Extensive prospects are being opened up so far as applications
of synthetic mica in rocket technology are concerned.
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60. Determination of Some Impurities in High-Purity Selenium
"Determination of Some Microimpurities in High-Purity ' ..
Selenium; Part 3," by 0. Ye. Zvyagintsev and V. I. Shamayev,
Moscow, Chemico-Technological Institute imeni D. I. Mende-
leyev; Moscow, Zhurnal Analitichesko Khimii Vol 15, No 3,
May/Jun 60, pp 325-328.
A radioactivation method for determining microquantities of silver,
mercury, cobalt, chromium, calcium, and indium in selenium has been
developed. The accuracy of the determination of individual elements is
10-30%.
61. Work on the Development of Microcystalline Glasses With Superior
Mechanical Properties
"Vitreous-Crystalline Materials,"*by S. I. Sil'vestrovich,
Candidate of Technical Sciences, and E. M. Rabinovich;
Moscow, Zhurnal Vseso zno o Khimichesko o Obshchestva imeni
D. I. Mendeleyeva, Vol 5, No 2, May 60, pp 166-191
USSR work on glasses sensitive to ultraviolet radiation is described.
It is stated that by using fluorides as microcrystallization promoters
(dampeners or quenchers a "glushiteli"), Rumanian investigators developed
vitreous-crystalline materials derived from glasses of the composition
SlO - A120 - RO -R20. These materials exhibit superior mechanical
properties (e.g., a transverse or bending strength of 2,000 kg/cm 2 in
contrast to 1,000 kg/cm2 for glass and 800 kg/cm2 for porcelain; a tensile
strength of 1,500 kg/cm2 in contrast to 1,000 kg/cm2 for glass and 700"
kg/cm 2 for porcelain; and an inpact strength of 8 kg. cm/cm2 in contrast
to 2 kg. cm/cm2 for glass and porcelain). As a result of crystallization
taking place in a material of this type, crystals of muscovite and phiogo-
pite (i.e., mica crystals) are finally formed (see "Fine Ceramic Masses
Obtained by the Crystallization of Glass -- Production of Porcelain From
Glass" by St. N. Lungu and D. Popescu-Has, Industria Usoara, No 2, 1958,
pp 63-65 -- reported in Khimiya i T'ekhnologiya Silikatov, Vol 5, No 1,
Jan 59, pp 66-71)
The crystallization of three different types of SiO2 - A120 - MgO -
Na2- O (K glass to which NH F had been added was studied by the Russian
authors. They describe in detail the results obtained by them, noting
differen'; stages of enrichment with muscovite.
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62. Recent USSR Work on Seignettoelectrieity
"New Work on Seignettoelectricity (Ferroelectri^ity)," by
L. A. Shuvalov; Moscow, Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSiR1 Vol 30,
No 5, May 60, pp 92-94
One of the characteristic trends in the development of technology
after World War II is increased application of new crystalline materials,
including semiconductors, ferrites, seignettoelectrics, piezoelectrics,
and artificial crystals exhibiting either; a high degree of hardness, a
capacity to luminesce, or specific optical properties. Results obtained
in research on solid state physics and crystal physics are being introduced
into technology on an extensive scale.
The discovery by B. M. Vul of the seignettoelectric properties of
barium titanate ceramic induced a rapid expansion of research in this
field of physics. At present, the study of seignettoelectricity and
antis eignettoelectric ity has advanced considerably; the number of known
seignettoelectrics and antiseignc.ttoelectrics amounts to many scores and
continues to increase.
Neither the common nature of the phenomena studied (as in the case
of the physics of dielectric substances) nor that of research methods
applied (as in the case of electronography), but rather the uniform
nature of the subject of investigation: forms the distt,ngAishing character-
istic of the science of seignettoelectricity as a discipline: a definite
class of solid dielectrics and the diverse specific properties of. these
dielectrics are being investigated. The science of seigneftoelectricity
involves research on solid state physics and crystal chemistry, the
physics of dielectrics and crystal physics, the theory of transducers
and oscillations, etc. All of these individual lines of research are
closely intertwined and stimulate each other in research on seignetto-
electricity.
At the present stage of development, it is difficult to overestimate
the practical value of seignettoelectric materials that have found numerous
applications in radio engineering, electronics, hydroacoustics, electro-
acoustics, automatics, and measurement techniques. There can be no doubt
that the importance of seignettoelectrics from the standpoint of practical
applications will increase still further in the future. and that the field
of their application will expand.
The Third Conference on Seignettoelectricity, which was held in
Moscow on 26-30 January 1960, illustrated the increased scope of USSR
work on the production, investigation, and application of seignetto-
electrics. It also demonstrated that the number of organizations which
are engaged in work in this field has increased significantly. The
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conference was organized by the Institute of Crysta).lography and the
Physics Institute imeni P. N. Lebedev. About 300 representatives of
academic institutions, higher educational institutions, and specialized
branch scientific research institutes located in various parts of the
country participated in the conference.
Interest was evinced toward work done by G. A. Smolenskiy, V. A.
Bokov, I. G. Ismailzade, and others which dealt with newly discovered
seignettoelectrics and antiseignettoelectrics with a structure of the
perovskite type or a more complex structure of the layer type. These
substances (PbMg Nb 0 , PbNi , Nb , PbCo Ta 0 , PbMg
1/3 2/3 3 1/3 2/303 1/3 2/3 3 1/2
W 1/2 0 3 _' PbBi 2 Nb 2 0 9 ) PbBi 2 Ta 2 0 9 , and others) were investigated both in the
form of single crystals and in a polycrystalline form. For some of these
compounds, the diffusion of phase transition boundaries and the simul
taneous occurrence of seignettoelectric and relaxation phenomena are
typical.
An extensive group of reports (those by V. A. Koptsik, V. P. Kon-
stantivanova, and'others) dealt with the growing of crystals of new water-
soluble seignettoelectrics and the investigation of the domaine structure
and properties of these seignettoelectrics. The substances in question
included ammonium sulfate, ammonium fluoroberyllate, sodium nitrite,
lithium hydroselenite, ordinary triglycine sulfate, and triglycine sulfate
containing deuterium. Particular attention was paid to triglycine sulfate
crystals in connection with the possibilities o~ their application in
memory devices and selector switches (I. S. Zheludav, Ye. I. Maimnov,,
I. S. Rez, and others). Work was.;reported that dealt with the pulse
reversal of the polarity of triglycine sulfate (ordinary and deuterized),
construction and testing at model installations of seignettoelectric
matrices for information storage, and the development of equipment for
the investigation of polarity resersal characteristics of seignetto-
electrics.
Several reports (by A. L. Khodakov, 0. P. Kramarov, and others)
described methods for the production of single crystals of perovskite
seignettoelectrics and results of the investigation of their properties.
The conference demonstrated that work is not being conducted to a
sufficient extent in a number of important fields. This refers, above
all, to the theory of seignettoelectricity, aosubject on which only a
few papers were presented. Among these papers, one must note those on
t:-e :microscopic and general thermodynamic theory of seignettoelectrics
and antiseignettoelectrics presented by V. L. Ginzburg, V. L. Indenbom,
and others. These papers initiated lively discussion.
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The papers on X-ray investigations (G. S. Zhdanov, Yu. N. Venevtsev,
A. 1. Agranovskaya, and others) were concerned principally with seignetto-
electrics and solid solutions formed by these seignettoelectrics. Results
of the investigation of a number of organic seignettoelectrics by the
nuclear magnetic resonance method, the electronographic investigation of
the structure of thiorea, and other subjects were also discussed in a
number of papers.
In two reports (by N. N. Kraynik and T. S. Zhdanov et al.), a theo-
retical calculation was made of the inner fields in perovskite seignetto-
electrics and antiseignettoelectrics. Results were also reported of the
experimental investigation of the inner fields in these substances on
the basis of their luminescence and absorption spectra upon introduction
of impurity ions. Reports on the electrical conductivity of BaTiO3,
Pb2Nb206,and solid solutions based on BaTiO3 (S. V. Bogda.nov, Ye. V.
Sinyakov, and others) reflected the recent increase of interest in the
semiconductor characteristics of seignettbelectrics.
In several reports (by E. V. Stauer, L. A. Shuvalov, V. A. Yurin,
and others), problems were discussed that - are related to the study of
different phenomena taking place in seignettoelectrics and being newly
investigated at present. This refers to the electroluminescence of BaTiO3
and the anomalous damping of the oscillations of seignettoelectric piezo-
resonators, the swinging of dielectric pendulums, the creation of stable
monodomaine and polydomaine states by exposure to radiation emitted by
radioactive substances and by the introduction of impurities added during
the growing of crystals, modification of the properties of triglycine
sulfate by the action of ultraviolet radiation, etc.
At present, seignettoelectrics of the ceramic type are used most
extensively in technology. Under the circumstances, it is not surprising
that many reports (those cy V. M. Vul, S. V. Bogdanov, T. N. Verbitskaya)
R. Ye. Pasynkov, and others) dealt with the investigation of the proper-
ties of new two-component and three-component solid solutions based on
BaTiO3, Pb2 Nb206, PbTiO3, PbZrO3 and other seignettoelectrics with a
structure of the perovskite type and also with the study of effects
produced by additives, different oxides, and salts introducdd into these
seignettoelectrics for the purpose cf producing new ceramic materials
capable' of being madufdotured in idt7stiia. ly'::andiexhibitint. improved and
more stable characteristics so far as dielectric, nonlinear, piezoelectric,
and electroacoustic properties are concerned. Some papers by Ye. T.
Smazhevskaya, P. L. Strelets, and others reflected progress in the indus'-+
trial production of new seignettoelectric ceramics and shed light on a
number of technological problems. Work was discussed that is related to
the preparation and investigation of the properties of thin seignetto-
electric films (with a thickness of 2-4 microns) and also the practical
application of new seignettoceramics in the capacitor industry, as non-
linear components, in wide-band filters, in acceleration data units,.,and
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The conference passed a rem3ution requesting the Presidium of the
Academy of Sciences USSB,to organize a section of seignettoelectrico
attached to the Commission on Semiconductors. It is planned to hold the
next conference on seignettoolectricity at Leningrad in the beginning of
1962.
63. Use of Ca SO,.. Mn in Luminescence Dosimeters
"Luminescence Dosimeters of a -Radiation, -Particles,
and Neutrons Employing Ca SO1}. Mn Phosphor," by V. A.
Arkhangcl'bkaya; V: 1: i'nberg, V. M. Kodyukov, and T. K.
Razumova; Moscow, Atomnaya Energiya, Vol 8, No 6, Jun 60,
pp 559-561
The capacity of Ca SO4. Mn to accumulate energy supplied by th:.!
a -radiation of radium has been i,nown since 1951; however, the quanti-
tative characteristics of this phosphor had not been investigated. This
was done in the work described at present. It was established that in
addition to being suitable for the dosimetry of a -radiation., the Ca SO 4'
Mn phosphor can be applied for the recording of n-radiation..and..of:.thertrLl,
as well as fast, neutrons. Techniques for growing single crystals of this
phosphor have been described by the authors of the article in 1958. As
distinguished from the SrSEu.Sm phosphor, Ca SO4. Mn is resistant to the
action of moisture.
64. Radioactivation Anal sis of Semiconductor Silicon by Means of a
Multichannel Gamma -S ectiWeter
"Radioactivation Analysis of Semiconductor Silicon by Means o
of a Multichannel Gamma-Spectrometer," by I. Ye. Makasheva,
I. A. Maslov, and A. P. Obukhov, Institute of Technical
Physics, Academy of Sciences USSR, Leningrad; Moscow, Zhurnal
Analiticheskoy Khimii, Vol 15, No 3, May-Jun 60, pp 329-333
A method for the radioactivation analysis of silicon after chemical
treatment of the sample has been developed.
The use of a gamma-spectrometer for measuring the activity of impuri-
ties makes unnecessary the radiochemical purification of the precipitates
separated and permits identification of most of the impurities by a single
measurement of their activity.
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Ultrasonics
65. Diffraction of Light by Ultrasonic Waves
"Use of Piezoelectric Barium Titanate for Ultrasonic Radiation
in Diffraction Modulators of Light," by I. I. Adrianova, Yu. V.
Panov, and B. A. Rotcnberg, State Optics Institute, Leningrad;
Moscow, Akuatichoskiy Zhurnal, Vol 6, No 2, 1960, pp 162-170
Barium titanate ultrasonic radiators operating in the frequency range
of 3-15 Mc were studied in conjunction with their use in the high-
frequency diffraction light modulators. The ultrasonic radiators examined
were in the form of 35 X,22 mm,25 X 22 mm rectangular plates having
thickness from 6.28 to 1.5 mm. Commercial grade barium titanatb material
(95% BaTiO3 +. 5% Pb304) was used in preparation of these plates.
A series of tests has shown that barium titanate was the best material
available for ultrasonic radiators in the frequency range of 3-15 Mc.
To obtain wide-band radiators with high piezoelectric constant, it is
advisable to polarize them in succession at a field intensity of 12 kw/cm
and at 16 kw/cm for 20 min. It was also found that a considerable change
in frequency response occurs during the first 4 days after polarization;
however, after this, it remains constant for more than a year. Ultrasonic
fields of piezoelectric radiators have high uniformity within the limits
of frequency response about each resonant frequency.
The author thanks V. G.,. Vafiadi for his valuable assistance.
Wave Propagation
66. Helical Wave. Guide With Anisotropic Dielectric Studied
"Electromagnetic Waves in a Helical Wave Guide With Aniso-
tropic Dielectric," by V. P. Shestopalov, V. A. Slyusarskiy,
S. D. Andrenko, and E. I. Chernyakov; Moscow-Leningrad,
Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoy Fiziki Vol 30, No 6, Jun 1960,
pp 644-652
Propagation of symmetrical and nonsymmetrical waves in a helical
wave guide with an isotropic dielectric tube, within which is an aniso-
tropic dielectric, is examined. Dispersion equations necessary for
determining the conditions of space resonance of the system are derived
and studied.
A method of probe-graphing the standing wave field is used to made
experimental measurements of dispersion of the system. A comparison of
theoretical and experimental characteristics shows that the formulas
describing the system are sufficiently accurate to compute the phase
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IV. RNG "RING
Automatic Control Engineering
67. Self-Adjusting Automation Systems
"Self-Adjusting System,,," by A. Turner; Moscow,
Ekonomicheskoyaa~ zeta, 22 Jul 60
Application of self-adjusting automation systems to industrial
processes has only Just begun; therefore, the extent of such application
at present is still rather limited. There is a great need for self-
adjusting automation systems in various fields of industry. The purpos6
of such a system is to attain highest possible efficiency of the controlled
process under changing operating conditions. Such an automatic control is
adaptable to processes occurring continuously, periodically, or sporadically.
The multichannel optimizer designed at the Institute of Automatics
and Telemechanics, Academy of Sciences USSR, utilizes the principles of
combined search. These combined systems which perform the calculation
of optimal conditions and carry out the automatic search are the most
promising self-adjusting systems at the present time. Here. the optimal
operating conditions are very speedily determined in their first approxi-
mation by a computer on the basis of information describing the conditions
which are subject to positive control. Other, less accurate information
about the characteristics of the controlled process is introduced into'
the system beforehand or is stored in the system permanently.
At the Institute of Automatics and Telemechanics, Academy of Sci-
ences USSR, a self-adjusting system was designed for automatic control
of the tube welding process. Application of self-adjusting and-'-self-
organizing systems permits complete automation of such industrial processes
as rolling of metal, smelting of pig iron and steel, and various chemical
processes.
The multichannel automatic optimizer of the Institute of Automatics
and Telemechanics is also capable of solving the problems concerning
the choice of the best control system for servodrives with two control
responses.
Soviet scientists and engineers are working with great success in
the field of designing new systems of automatic controls which may com-,
pletely transform the character of human labor.
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68. Meusure"Ient Of Random Errors in Automatic Control Systems
"Instrument for Measuring Errors of Automatic Control Sys-
tems," by 0. P. Sitnikov, Yu. A. Perminov, And V. A. Gubin,
Ural Polytechnic Institute imeni S. M. Kirov; Leningrad,
Izvc tiya Vyssliikh. Uchebnykh Zavedeniy -- Priborostroycniye,
Vol 2, No 6, 1959, pp 23-25
The Problem of determining the basic characteristics of random func-
tions (assembly average) dispersion, and correlation functions) in automa-
tic control systems arises, for example, in the study of servo systems
operating in the presence of noises from the measuring device. In this
case, the system error is examined as the sum of the systematic error,
depending mainly on the useful signal, and the random error, which
arises as a result of the action of noise. The first may be quantita-
tively evaluated as the mean value of the fluctuating error; and the
second, as the root-mean-square value of the random error of the system,
caused by noises.
For measuring the systematic error, the authors propose and describe
a simple, low frequency decoupling amplifier with a comparatively wide
dynamic range.
The instrument used to measure the rms value of error is based on
the same mathematical principles as the first and contains a preamplifier,
detector, squarer, operational amplifier, and integrating amplifier.
Random.error caused by noise was determined by simultaneously
recording the'systematic and rms errors. Accuracy of the instruments
was checked by comparing computed and measured values of the functions.
69. Automation of AC Compensators
"Problems of Automating Alternating-Current Compensating
Devices," by A. M. Melik-Shakhnazarov, Tr. Azerb. industr.
in-ta (Works of the Azerbaydzhan Industrial Instituter
No 20, 1958, pp 59-68 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal --
Elektrotekhnika, No 6,.25 Mar 60, Abstract No 4.763)
The principles of design for automatic AC compensators are discussed,
and a description is given of the rectangular coordinates of an automatic
compensator with phase-sensitive amplifiers and asynchronous-type actuator
motors (astatic system), an autocompensator with induction-type trans-
former (static system), and an autocompensator designed on the basis of
a purely electronic circuit. A compensator in which. the phase and
amplitude of the compensating voltage are changed simultaneously is
considered as a system which operates on the principle of dynamic
equilibrium.
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70. Multistage Filters for Corrections in- Reproduction? Pyatpwo
Korrcktai Vou roizvodyashch1kh System Pri Pomoshchi
a upe c ny rov orroc ion of Reproduction
Sys ems y Means, 0? r ui ti tagor Filters), by V.., L.
Gukov (author's abstract of dissertation for
tho degrdb of Candidate of 'Techn:tcal Sciences,
Inatitrte of Automatics and Telemechanics, Academy of
Sciences USSR), Moscow, 1958 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal
-- Elektromekhanika, No 6, 25 Mar 60, Abstract No
4 .502,( p. ,
A correction method was devised using multistage filters designed
on the basis of delay units. The multistage filters afford the possibility
of carrying out processes of finite duration which cannot be done with
any other correction methods. It is necessary to determi.fie the structure
and parameters of the multistage filter, i.e., its coefficients of tra;zs-
fer functions Xk and Yk, which ' may be represented in the following fora;
where T is the delay time of the filter elements. These coefficients
can be determined'by various methods, depending" on which characteristic
(time, frequency, or transfer function) is recorded by the correction
system. These methods are analyzed and couiared, and their areas of
application are specified.
The effectiveness of the multistage-filter correction system is
illustrated by a number of examples, such as the correction of a shaky
oscillograph, the correction of aperture distortions, etc. The discus-
sion also considers the problems involved in the designing of the multi-
stage filters on the basis of existing delay elements.
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71. Accuracy of Remote Control Mechanisms Analyzed
"Analysis of the Accuracy of Remote Control Mechanisms for
Radio Stations on Moving Objects," by A. I. Pimenov, Moscow
Order of Lenin and Order of the Red Banner of Labor Higher
Technical. School imeni N. E. Bauman; Leningrad, Izyestiya
Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy -- Priborostroyeniyc, Vol-2,
No 6, 1959, pp 29-37
The article examines the remote control mechanisms of radio stations
and their basic components and presents formulas for computing the angular
errors of such components. Reconffncndations are made for designing mechan-
isms with consideration for their accuracy characteristics.
Basic principles of operation are given for the four general types
of remote control mechanisms used in multichannel radio stations: (1)
line or rack and pinion drive, where no more than 6~conununieation channels
are required, (2).mechanisms' with a presetting roller, used where no more
than 6 channels are required, (3) a revolving type mechanism,, where no
more than 12 channels are required, and (4) a mechanism with a commutating
memory device.
The accuracy in the operation of each element is examined, and
recommendations are made on the design of remote control mechanisms.
These recommendations include the,need to decrease the number of elements
and decrease the errors caused by each element, the need to eliminate
manual tuning and setting of adjustable elements, and the advantage of
making parts of mechanisms from materials having identical or similar
coefficients of expansion in order to reduce the effects of temperature
on accuracy.
72.
CPYRGHT
US Book on Automation Reviewed
Handbook of Electronic Control Circuits, by J. Marcus,
McGraw-Hill, 1959, 347 pp, reviewed by V. A. Ivanov; Moscow,
N vyye Knigi Za Rubezhom, Seriya -B, Tekhnika, No 7, Jul 60,
pp 71-73
This review contains the following passages:
"The book contains extensive and valuable material covering a wide
variety of problems. The book may serve as a useful guide to technical-
engineering personnel engaged in various fields of industry and working
on the development and application of electronic automation systems. It
greatly facilitates the search for required circuits or else for circuits
that might serve as a basis for the design of some other practical
device....
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"In conclusion, we must state that the translation of this book
into Ruosian, after some abridgement and certain additions to the
description of individual circuits, is to be considered as quite
expedient."
73. MD-322 Temperature Control Modified
"Modification of the MD-322 Temperature Control," by V.
S. Nikonov, B . tekhn. inform. Sovnarkhoz Kurskogo ekon.
adm. r-na, (Bulletin of Technical Information. Sovnarkhoz
of the Kursk Economic Administrative Region), No 6, 1958,
pp 47-1E8 (from Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Elektrotekhnika,
No 6, 25 Mar 60, Abstract No 1+.5212
The MD-322 temperature controls designed for the automatic regula-
tion of temperature in fermentation tables used in the alcohol industry
function poorly. Their design characteristics prevent the attainment of
the required temperature control. A description is given of changes made
in the fundamental design of the instrument. The /ertical-tub constant-
pressure thermometer was replaced by an inclined-tube constant-pre ssre
thermometer with electrical indicator. A diagram and description of the
operating principles of the modified control are given. The short period
(2 months) the modified system had been in use at the time of the report
already showed clearly its advantage over the MD=322.
Electrical Engineering
71. High-Voltage DC Instruments
"Some Features of Measuring Instruments for DC Transmis-
sion Lines," by A. M. Ryvkin; Moscow, Vestnik Elektro-
promyshlennosti, No l+, Apr 6o, pp 22-2
The reliable exploitation of do transmission lines calls.for pre-
cise control of a number of electrical quantities which are not encoun-
tered at substations of conventional ac power lines. At the rectifier
substation, it is necessary to measure do high voltage with a high degree
of accuracy.
In connection with the construction of the do transmission line
from Stalingrad Hydroelectric Power Plant to Donbass, the design of
various new instruments for measurement of high-voltage do current
are now in progress.
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The article discusses in detail the features of high-voltage do
instruments installed at the rectifying substations of the experimental
Kashira-Moscow high-voltage do transmission line. High-voltage do
instrument transformers are the basic elements of the instrumentation
that ensures the reliable exploitation of such power lines. The do
instrument transformer consists of a magnetic amplifier with its ac
windings connected in series in such a manner that the ac current is
proportional to the do bias. The performance of other high-voltage
do instruments used on the ICashira-Moscow experimental power line is
described and evaluated.
75. Investigation of Current Distribution in Electric Furnace
"Distribution of Electric Current in the Metal Bath as
Displayed by a Three-Dimensional Model of a Furnace," by
A. I. Lenshin, Kuybyshev Industrial Institute, Minsk,
Izvestiya V sY shikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy, Energetika, No 5,
May 60, pp 70-79
In modern, large-capacity, electric-arc, steel-melting furnaces,
stirring of molten metal is accomplished by a rotating magnetic field
which induces eddy current in the bath. Efforts are now being made to
apply electro-magnetic stirring to installations other than electric
furnaces.
Determination of current distribution in the molten-metal bath,
for the purpose of utilizing the electrode current in stirring the bath,
is of great practical importance. Such a determination of current dis-
tribucion cannot be made by calculation alone, since no satisfactory
theory of current distribution in a molten bath has yet been developed.
The only practical method for determining the distribution of current
in a bath is by utilizing the principle of the electrical analog.
At the institute, two grid-type, three-dimensional models of the
metal bath were built with the aid of 2.5-mm copper wires. An oval-
shaped model has 1,008 simulating cells, and a round model has 660
simulating cell_ The three-dimensional models were built with nine
layers of horizontal grids. The ac electric power supply'to the grid
analog was applied at, the points corresponding to the actual position
of the electrodes in the furnace.
This three-dimensional grid-type model permits determination of
the distribution of current in the furnace bath for various systems of
electrode connection and for various depths of electrode immersion.
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Engineering Instruments
76. Resort on GD-300 Light Range Finder
Testing of the GD-300 Light Range Finder," by V. A.
Voronin, L. I. Pik, and S. S. Plonekiy; Moscow,
Geodeziya i Kartografiya, No 6, Jun 6o., -.pp 14-23
Geodetic testing of the G]T--300 model light range finder conducted
by the Gidroproyektkof the Ministry of Electric.Power.Station Construc-
tion in the fall of 1959 is described. A description of the apparatus,
the test program, and results is given. Based pA the test results,
recommendations for design improvements are made. Effective use of
the instrument is foreseen for topographic surveys made as a basis
for designs of hydroenginee ring installations and for surveys in the
construction of such installations. Photographs of various components
of the apparatus are included. L
77. Electromechanical Profilometer Calibrator
"Electromechanical Equivalent Surface Finish Used for the'
Absolute Calibration of Profilometers,I by A. S. Kruglov,
Tr. Leningr. in=t avi~Lts. priborostr."(Works of tie ,anin-
grad Institute of Aviation Instrument Building), No 27,
1958, pp 15-24 (from Referati Zhurnal -- Elektrotekhnika,
No 6) 25 Mar 60, Abstract No 4.4b37)
A description is given of a profilumeter-calibrating instrument con-
sisting of a vibrator, sound generator; and device for measuring the
amplitude of the vibrations of the vibrator armature. The vibrator,
which is fed by the, sound generator, imparts to the needle of the pro-
filometer vibrations which can be changed in amplitude and frequency.
The 'distinguishing feature of this instrument; by comparison with others
of similar purpose, is, the electromechanical device for measuring the
amplitude of the vibrations of the armature of the vibrator (contact
hammer method). This device is made up of a half-frame spanned by a
wire attached to the hammer which is in'contact with the''vibrator arma-
ture, a micrometer screw with which the-semiframe can be turned, and an
indicator which shows the contact disruptions of the 'hammer and armature
(a telephone connected. to the plate circuit of the tube, the grid 'cir-
cuit of which. is connected with the contact hammer and armature). It
is shown that this iiethod can. be used to obtain amplitude measurements
in hundredths of a microti'with an error of about 3.5 percent.
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78.
SSSR Seriya Matcmaticheskaya, Vol 221., No 2, Mar Apr 60,
pp 213-242
V. MATIIEMATICS
Approximation of Differentiable Functions
"Concerning the Approximation of Differentiable Functions
by Linear Means of Their Fourier Series," by S. A.
Telyakovsktiy, Mathematics Institute imeni V. A. Steklov,
Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Izvesti a Akademii Nauk
Certain asymptotic formulas are obtained for the upper bounds of
the deviations of a function from the means of its Fourier series, where
the upper bounds are distributed in the Wr and Wr , r;= 1, 2, ... classes.
With the help of these formulas, the asymptotic behavior of the
corresponding upper bounds during approximation by Vallee Poussin sums
is studied.
79. Approximation of Bounded Functions
"Concerning Several Estimates for the Coefficients of
Bounded Functions," by Ya. L. Geronimus; Moscow,
Izvesti a Akademii Nauk SSSR.Seri Matematicheska a,
Vol 24, No 2, Mar Apr 60, pp 203-212
Inequalities are considered in the work for coefficients of a func-
tion, regular, and not exceeding a modulus one in a unit circle. The
class of functions
00
f (z) = E als zk
k=0
is considered in the regionlzl