SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000100650001-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 98
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 5, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: October 21, 1960
• Content Type: REPORT

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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
SCIENTIFIC
INFORMATION REPORT
0001--'~
PB 131891 T-56
21 October 1960
Co
Distributed Only By U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE C.-
,~ 7)
OFFICE OF TECHNICAL SERVICES -Y , 1,~ ~rflar l l!+o
WASHINGTON 25, D.C.
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Issued semi-monthly. Annual subscription $28.00 ($4 additional for
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Use of funds for printing this publication approved
by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget July 31, 1958.
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PLEASE NOTE
This report presents unevaluated information extracted from
recently received publications of the USSR. ,The information
selected is intended to indicate current scientific developments
and activities and is disseminated as an aid to research in the
United States.
SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION REPORT
Table of Contents
I. Biology
Genetics
Marine Biology
Radiobiology
II. Chemistry
Analytical
Electrochemistry
Fuels and Propellants
Herbicides
Industrial
Inorganic
Insecticides
Nuclear Fuels and Reactor Construction Materials
Organic
Physical
Radiation Chemistry
Technology
Communications
Components
Instruments and Equipment
Materials
Radar
Ultrasonics
IV. Engineering
Automatic Control Engineering
Electrical Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
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Antibiotics
Epidemiology
Immunology and Therapy
Oncology
Pharmacology and Toxicology
Physiology
Public Health, Hygiene, and Sanitation
Radiology
Surgery
Miscellaneous
VII. Physics
Nuclear Physics
Solid State Physics
Spectroscopy and Optics
Page
55
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65
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68
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74
79
80
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Gene.-ics
1. Philosophical Approach to Genetics
"Philosophical Problems of Genetic:s," by V. Icaganov, Institute
of Philosophy; Moscow, Meditsinskiy Re.botnik, 23 Aug 60, p 3
The author introduces this discussion with the statement that the
study of genetics, herein defined as the law of heredity and its modifia-
bi.l.ity, is faced with the resolution of a number of complex problems with
biological and philosphical-theoretical. significance. Re cites the
questions of whether there exists in the body a "substance of heredity"
independent of the body and its living conditions or whether heredity is
one of tlue~ fundamental properties of the entire living body; what the
determining factors of hereditary mutations are and whether they are
within the organism or in its environment; and whether characteristics
are acquired due to the effect of environmental changes.
These questions form the basis of the ideologi cai. confElict between
the Michurinist and the Weisman-?Mendel??Mor ;an concepts of heredity.
Soviet scientists, the author continues, are united in opposition. to the
idealistic philosophy, although some still do not thoroughly comprehend
the idealistic elements of these concepts, particularly the gene theory.
The Lenin philosophy is offered as the only prospective resolution.
The author reiterates the gene theory briefly, gt;otea some o.' its
proponents, and notes its fallacies. Certain proponents of tie gene
theory, notably N. P. Dubinin, have recently trund it neeaxsa?.*y to
CPYRGHT e ec some points o the au .oger,e . c theory ani to r. cognize the pri.^cip I
CPYRGHT r nce of the nature of mutations on the nabu cf the conditions
actin upon them. Various qualifications of this viewpoint are noted. PYRGH
The Michurin theory states that there is a r~u.cs .srce of heredity in t1ae
CPYRGHT body: not n epen en o it; ere y 1s a roperty of the entire living
body; the conditions under which organic f is live play a large part in
the genesis of hereditary Thanes." The sut'aor further asserts that in CPYRGH
CPYRGHTal-l cases of the emergence of new orgak2ic forms by directed training of
organisms under suitable environm.ental conditions, the hereditary changes
observed had not a casual, but a regalar, stable chexact,~r; they were
consecutively repeated, reproduced In the progeny of the altered organism.
T. D. Lysenko's conclusion that a hereditary change in a living body is
attributable to the action of the environmental conditions if these con-
ditions are assimilated by the living body i:.> mentioned.
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According to this r.rti:.le, they _.ontrol of heredity is possible only
on the basis of regular, adequate when.. the investigator is
firmly convinced that definite hered.es.ry changes can be produced by
creating suitable conditions; not only Michurinit.t genetics, but the
latest achievements of all allied branches of experimental biology,
verify this premise. The most direct pathway to objective truth, as
defined by Lenin, in the field of genetics is Michurinist science rigidly
connected with and substantiated by selection-genetic practice. New
experimental biological data, particularly concerning the connection of
hereditary phenomena with the presence of DNA and other nucleic acids in
the cells, attest to this position. These "new data" are, in the author's
opinion, achievements of biochemistry and microbiology; they have been
obtained in experiments on the transformation of bacteria, and not only
have nothing in common with the gene theory, but also explode the notions
that hereditary phenomena can occur independent of o,sv:tr, ommer,.tal in flueacces
and that directed changes cannot be obtained. Transformation, the trans-
mission of characteristics from one variant to another with the aid of
DNA, is rigid and regular, but not casual, and thus cannot serve to verify
the gene theory.
The article concludes with the following paragraph;
"In his remarkable speech at the June plenum of the Cent'r'al Committee
of the CPSU, N. S. Khrushche1, referring to the role of science in creating
the material-technical base for Communism, noted in particular that the
decisivE factor between the two trends in contemporary genetics Ii; ?pre,ot.iceP
life. fut practice speaks in defense of the biological school of Mi:chu?is.:. ?1
CPYRGHT
Marine Biology
2. Ultrasound Effects on Various Marine OraanIFsms
"Live Components of Water and Ultrasound," by Marczed Edward
and Mazur Zygmunt, Gaz. Woda i Techn. Se.nit. (Journal of Waters
and Sanitation), Vol 33, No 2, 1959,9 pp 555 (from Referati~rnyy
Zhurnal ?-- Biolo i a, No l4, 25 Jul 60, Abstract No ~270,, ty
L. Braginskiy)
"Tests were run on the degree of resistance of orga-rki:irss to u1tra.zound
and on maximum fluctuation frequencies which are tolerated by various
species. Organisms most sensitive to the effect of ultrasound prc-:red to
be infusoria, copepodas, and the larvae of trematodes; and among the uon?-
plankton forms, the most sensitive to ultrasound were caddis flies, the
tendipedidae, oligochaeta, and certain nematodes and sponges."
CPYRGHT
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Radiobiology
3. ACTH Content of Adenohypophysis Decreases Three: Hours Post Irradiation
"Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH) Content of the Adenohypophyses
of Control and Irradiated Rats," by M. A. Lar:Lna, Radiation Labora-
tory, All-Union Institute of Experimental Endocrinology; Moscow,
Problemy Endokrinologii i Gormonoterapii, Vol 6, No 3, May/Jun 60,
pp 18-21
The purpose of the research described was to study the ACTH content of
the hypophysis in rats 3 hours after whole-body irradiation by minimum
certain lethal doses (newly born rats subjected to 700 r).
Resulta show that the weight of the rat hypophysis 3 hours after
irradiation by minimum certain lethal X-ray doses did not differ from the
hypophysis weight of the controls; however, the ACTH content of the anterior
lobe of the hypophysis of irradiated rats was slightly less than the ACTH
content in the normal animals.
11. ACTH Fluctuations in Peripheral Blood Following X-Irradiation
"The Effect of Ionizing Radiation on Adrenocorticotrophic Activity
of the Peripheral Blood," by E. R. Bagramyan, Radiation Laboratory,
All-Union Institute of Experimental Endocrinology; Moscow, Problemy
Endokrinologii i Gormonoterapii, Vol 6, No 3, May/Jun 60, pp 27-3.i.
The purpose of the research described was to study the adrenocortico-
trophic activity of the peripheral blood of rats subjected to X-irradiation.
The method of cross-circulation of blood as described by Brodish
and Long was used to determine the ACTH activity and ascorbic acid level
in the peripheral blood of hypophysectomized and intact animals.
Results show that the ascorbic acid content was diminished in the
hypophysectomized side of unirradiated rats by 12.8%. Acute blood loss
or nerve stimulation by an electric current were accompanied by an increase
in ACTH activity of the peripheral blood. Three hours after Irradiation,
the blood ACTH activity sharply decreased, and 5 hours postirradiation,
almost no ACTH could be detected in the peripheral blood.
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5. 111poftysectomy and Adrenelectam Lover over Blood Pressure of Irradiated
Animals
"The Role of the Hypohysis arid Adrenals in Regulating Systolic
Blood Pressure of Irradiated Rats." by A'. A. Grafov; Moscow,
Problemy Endolsrinolegii i Gormonoterapii, Vol 6, No 3. May/June
60, pp 22-26
rests were conducted on rats subjected to whole-body X-irradiation
by 100, 300, and 600 r to determine the role of the hypophysis and the
adrenal glands in the development of radiation hypotension.
Results show the follo'ing:
1. The hormones of the hypopLiyols and the adrenals take part in regu-
lating blood pressure, not only under normal conditions;, but also after
irradiation. Against a background of radiation sickness, a blood pressure
decline is sharper due to the absence of the regulating influence exerted
by these glands.
2. The degree of blood pressure fall in hypophysectomized rats
irradiated by 100 r corresponded, esssentia.11y9 with the degree of blood
pressure fall in uncperated rats irradiated by 600 r dories.
3. In the adrenale.tomized rats irradiated by 100 r, the blood
pressure fall corresponded to that observed in the?unoperated animals
irradiated. by 600 r.
4+. The value of the syetolic pressure change is proportional to the
general radioresistance9 which decreases sharply in hy-pophysectomized and
adrenalectomized animals.
6. Threshold Determinations, of Radioactive Sodium Administered Internally
"The Reactions of the Adrenal Medulla to tr.e Effect of Small
Doses of Ionizing Radiations Administered Internally to
Organisms," by V. I. Kendror, Laboratory of Radiobiol.ogy.,
Scientific . Research Institute of Sanitation and Hygiene;
Moscow, Fiziologj cheskiy Zh rn,al. SSSR imen.i I. M. Sec:hen.ove.,
Vol 46, No o, Jun 609 pp '7'44-7T9
The purpose of the research described was to study the reactions of
the chromaffin tissue, ?;;o the action of small doses of: artla,:.ion introduced
internally: the author considers the establishment o threshold concentra-
tions of internally administered radioactive substances ver. important.
Tests were conducted on rabbits to which radioac:t, fi i-e was admin! s ter,.~d
in the form of Na2l+C03 in 1.1.5 ad.. amounts.
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Results are summarized as follow
1. The administration of radioactive sodium (Na24) in concentrations
of 0.25 microcurie per 3 kg body weight to rabbits. increases the activity
of the adrenal medulla. The increased adrenalin elaboration, continues for
one week. The administration of one microcurie of Na24 per 3 kg body
weight causes a rise in the concentration of adrenalinlike substances in
the blood following a significant temporary fall. Changes are evident for
a week after the injection of the radioactive isotope. The administration
of 5 microcuries of Na2J1 per 3 kg body weight leads to a biphasic stimula-
tion of the chromaffin tissue activity during which time the second wave
of concentration of adrenalin substances in the blood attains a very high
peak. Normalization in this case was noted toward the end of the second
week and the beginning of the third week.
2. The dynamics of the adrenalin incretion is a sensitive test in
determining the threshold concentration of radioactive substances that
enter an organism.
3. The dose of irradiation determines the nature,, the degree, and
the duration of changes in the adrenal medulla.
7. Participation of Embryo Endocrine Glands in Protective-Compensatory
Reactions Against X-Irradiation
"The Condition of Certain Endocrine Glands in Progeny of
Animals Which Were Subjected to X-Irradiation During
Pregnancy," by T. G. Sofiyenko, A.? N. Yakovlnva, and V. M.
Bayrachnyy, Fiziol. Osobennosti Detsk Vozrasta i Vopr.
Profilaktiki Zabolevanyy (Physiological Characteristics
of Child Growth and the Problem of the Prophylaxis of
Diseases), Khar?kov, 1959, pp 279-301 (from Referativnw.
Zhurnal -- Biologiyay No 14, 25 Jul 60, Abstract No 68096,
by V. Semagin)
"Rats were subjected to X-irradiation by 200-900 r 2 to 1.) days prior
to the termination of pregnancy. The structural and functiclsal changes
which were evident in the adrenals, thymus, and thyroid glands in,the
embryos depended on the dose and on the time of birth after irradiation.
In the animals which were born during the first 3 days after irradiation
by 400-900 r, activation of the adrenals and of the thymus gland was
evident, in addition to the pathological changes in the endocrine organs,
which substantiates the increase of the protective-compensatory rea2t'ion,.
In the animals born during the fourth to fifth day after irradiation, the
function of the adrenals was sharply depressed, and radiation sickness
was evident. In the animals born during the sixth to ninth day afterr.
CPYRGHT
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irradiation, the activation of the adrenals was evident in certain cases.
The longer the period before birth after irradiation, the closer to
normal the structure of the thymus gland. Increased function of the
thyroid gland was always linked to decreased function of the adrenal
cortex. The endocrine glands, of the embryo participate in protective-
compensatory reactions."
8. Effects of X-Irradiation on Cholinesterase Activity Invests e
"The Effect of X-Irradiation on Cholinesterase," by M. M.
Lenkevich, Tr. In-ta, Eksperim. Med. AMN SSSR za 1958.g.
(Works of the Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy
of Medical Sciences USSR, During 1958), Leningrad, 1959,
PP 437-442 (from Referativniy Zhurnal Khimi a -- Biplogiche-
skaya Khimiya, No 14, 25 Jul 0, Abstract No 194441, P 339 by
C. Krivobokova)
CPYRGHT
"The effect of X-irradiation on mouse blood cholinesterase'under
standard conditions of irradiation (180 kv., 15 ma., 39.8 r/min., total
dose of 600, 700, and 800 r) was investigated. It was determined that
with a dose of 600 r, a depression in cholinesterase activity occurs
within 1-2 hrs, and after 4 hrs reaches 48.5%. The activity of the
enzyme is almost completely restored within 24 hrs (up to 92.3% after
the third day of irradiation), but then there is another decrease in the
enzyme activity which can be controlled depending on the appearance of
toxic substances. The recovery of the animals was accompanied by the
restoration of enzyme activity. Increasing the dose to 700-800 r led
to a decrease in cholinesterase activity during which the sharpest de-
crease in activity coincided with the days on which the greatest number
of animals died. It is thought that the mechanism of cholinesterase
inhibition is dependent on the interaction of peroxide., free radicalsg
and other toxic products with the esterase portion of the protein
complex."
9. Radiation Effects on Potato Vulnerability to Fungi
"The Effect of Ionizing Radiation on the Resistance of Potato
Tubers to Fungi," by Ye. N. Mukhin, Loki. VASKhNIL (Reports of
the All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences imeni Lenin'
No 9, 1959 pp 14-17 (from Referativn Zhurnal -- Biologiiya,
No 14, 25 Jul 60, Abstract No 65513, by M . Parf~atina)
CPYRGHT
"At the Institute of Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences USSR, the
tubers of the Lorkh,Potato variety were subjected to irradiation by doses
of 10,000 r from CoOO at 630 r/min during various storage periods. Slices
of tubers were inoculated with a monosporic culture of Fusarium funwi.
CPYRGHT
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Species of Fusarium which cause dry potato rot were able to penetrate into
the tissue tubers only through the unhealed cut areas. The intensity of
peroxidase formation and the ascorbic acid content were identical in the
slices of both the experimental and control tubers; 48 hours after the
inoculation at 200 C, a continuous layer of cells impregnated with su'aerin
was formed in all the samples. The process of regeneration of the cut
periderm in the irradiated tubers was significantly depressed. At a
temperature of 40 C the cut periderm did not regenerate in any of the
samples, and the deposition of suberin was grossly retarded and'ir'regular;
therefore, after inoculation of the slices by the mycelium Fusarium,the
fungi spread much faster in the irradiated tubers. The shorter the period
from the time of irradiation to the infliction of injury, the greater was
the damage inflicted on the irradiated tubers by the dry potato rot.
Doses of 5,000 r resulted in less damage by fusariosis then doses" of 10,000
r. Increasing the magnitude of the source from 630 r to 5,000 raccelerated
the germination period of potatoes by 17-30 days (after transplantation)."
10. Factors Affecting Cesium-137/Potassium Ratio in Various Crops
"The Ratio of Cesium-1.7 to Potassium in the Soil and Plants,"
by Prof I.V. Gulyakin, le. V. Yudintsev, and E. M. Levina;
Moscow, Izvesti a Timiryazevskov Sell skokhoz a stvenno Akademii
Vol 31i, No 3, May Jun 60, pp 18-29
CPYRGHT
Next to radiostrontium, cesium-137 is the most dangerous radioactive
contaminant of the atmosphere and the ground surface. By falling onto the
soil, water, and plants, it is picked up by various organisms and enters
into the biological cycle of metabolized substances and gains entrance into
the human organism when accompanied by potassium.
The article described is a study of the various factors (potassium
concentration in the soil, the ratio of cesium-137 to potassium, pH of
the soil, type of soil, etc.) which modify the ratio of cesium-137 to
potassiwA in various plants (clover, wheat, peas, beets, straw). Eleven
tables give further details.
The authors present the following conclusions:
1. The ratio of cesium-137 and of potassium in the crops depends
more on the entrance of radiocesium from the soil into the plants than
on the movement of potassium in the same direction.
2. Under identical levels of contamination, a known ratio between
radiocesium and potassium can be observed as they enter from the soil
into various plants.
CPYRGHT
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3. With an identical coefficient of discrimination, the quantity ox
cesium-137 can differ greatly in crops due to the ratio of cesium to
potassium during their movement from the soil to the plants.
11. Toxic Effect of Gamma-Irradiation in the Oxidation of Fish Oils
"Concerning he Specific Action of Radiation During the
Process of the Formation of Toxic Substances in Fats,"
by Ye. B. Burlakova, B. G. Dzantiyev, G. B. Sergeyev,?and
N. M. Emanuel', Nauchn. Dokl. Vyssh. Shkoly Biol. N., (Sci-
entific Reports of Higher Schools. Biological Sciences),
1960, No 1, pp 145-147 (from Referativn Zhurna]. -,.
Khimiya -- Biologicheskaya Khimiya, No 16, 25 Aug 60,
"Fish oils were subjected to gamma-irradiation from Co6o (150,000 r),
then were oxidized in air at a temperature of 65-1200 C in an oxidizing
compartment. During the course of oxidation, samples were taken and
tested to determine their toxicity. It was established that the unoxi-
dized oils, both irradiated and unirradiated, did not exert a toxic
effect on, the hydra and lupine rootlets; however, the oxidized irradiated
and unirradiated oils did exert an acute toxic effect. No difference in
toxicity was observed in irradiated and unirradiated oils oxidized to an
identical extent. The toxic substance of oils is highly water soluble.
After washing the toxic substance with water, the oxidized oil becomes
nontoxic. The toxicity of the oxidized oil is due to the formation of
acids. Even an insignificant amount of acids delays the growth of
lupine rootlets., The acids to which toxicity is linked are secondary
products of the process of oxidation and appear at later stages of fat
oxidation. The authors consider that the stimulating action of irradia-
tion on the formation of toxic substances is due to the disturbed
mechanism of the action of intrinsic antioxidizing agents."
CPYRGHT
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i:f:. CILIZ11S'i'RY.
Analytical
1.2. Colori.metric Doi;crminatlon of Rhenium in the Presence of Molybdenum
"Concerning the ColorimeLric Determination of Rhenium in
the Presence of Molybdenum; Part II," by V. M. Tarayan
and L. G. Muchegyan, Institute of Geological Sciences,
Acarl.cmy of Sciencen Armenian SSR; Yerevan, Izvestiya
Akudcmii Nauk Arm ansko SSR -- ]Giimicheski e Nauki,
Vol 12, No 6, Mar 60, pp 407-111
A modified procedure for the preliminary separation of rhenium from
molybdenum has been worked out in connection with, which ascorbic acid
is used as a reducing agent. It was established that rhenium is not
reduced by ascorbic acid if the concentration of the sulfuric acid that
is present does not exceed 3 N.
Electrochemistry
13. Application of the Method of Radioactive Tracers in the Investigation
of the Electrolytic Deposition of Titanium-Cobalt Alloys
"Application of the Method of Radioactive Tracers in the
Investigation of Conditions Under Which a Titanium Cobalt
Alloy Forms as a Result of Electrolytic Deposition," by
S. M. Kochergin and G. R. Pobedimskiy, Chair of Physical
Chemistry, Kazan' Chemico-Technological Institute imeni
S. M. Kirov; Ivanovo, Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchevnykh
Zavedeniy SSSR -- Khimiya i Khimicheska a Tekhnologi a,
Vol 3, No 3, Jun 60, pp i.57- i. 0
The method of radioactive tracers was used to investigate the effect
of the conditions under which a titanium-cobalt alloy is deposited electro-
lytically on the composition of the alloy and the uniformity of the
distribution of cobalt in the electrolytic deposit. It was: found that the
cobalt content diminishes in the deposit with increasing cathodic current
c1e:1.sity and increases with increased temperatures of the cell and an
increased relative content of cobalt in the electrolyte. The uniformity
of the distribution of cobalt in the electrolytic deposit increases with
increased cathodic density of the current, with increased temperatures of
the cell, and with an increased relative content of cobalt in the electro-
lyte. Application of the method of radioactive tracers in the investigation
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of electrolytic deposition of ulloyr; make it posri1ble to dc-Aernn.ine more
Iprecluely and rapidly the content of Individual cornponent,i in i t1,reaL1:
nLunber of samples in rjuch a manner that ?t-,he samples are not subjected to
decomposition and can be used in si.ibcequent tests.
14. Electrolytic Production of a Highly Diriperce Iron Powder
"Electrolytic Preparation of a Highly Disperse Iron Powder,"
by N. T. Kudryavtsev and N. I. Mikhay'1ov; Leningrad,
Zhurnal Pr. ikladnoy 1?:imli, Vol 33, No 6, Jun 60, pp 1360-1.365
Different compositions of the electrolyte for the preparation of a
highly disperse iron powder by electrolysis were tried. It was found
that the best electrolyte is an aqueous solution saturated with ferrous
sulfate and potassium sulfate. This electrolyte had been proposed by
N. T . Kudryavtsev and N. T. Tereshkovieh earlier. '.[die optimum conditions
for the production of iron powder from an electrolyte solution of he
composition indicated were investigated. Iron powder is used fo, the
production by powder metallurgy methods of cores of spools, parts of radio
equipment, magnetic alloys, self -lubricating friction bearings, hard
alloys for cutting tools, etc. Fine iron powder is also used as a
catalyst in the chemical industry and for the cementation of copper in the
electrolytic refining of metals. It was established that addition to
polyesterurethane resin of iron powder prepared by the method described
increases the heat resistance of the resin by a factor of approximately 2.
Fuels and Propcllants
15. Intramolecular Combustion of Anunonium Salts
"Capacity of inorganic Ammonium Salts for Intramolecular.
Combustion," by A. A. Shidlovskiy, Chair of General and
Organic Chemistry, Mosco-r Institute of Chemical. Machir.e
Building; Ivanovo, Izvestiya Vysshilrh Uchebn kf. Zavedeni?y
SSSR -- !Chimiya i Kl.imicheskaya Tekhnologiya,, Vol 3, No 3.
Jun 60, pp 0 - N07
Invest _gation of the combustion of I1}I NO , ml
l~. 1. C10!, NH I0 , and
!~. 3
(NH4)2Cr04 at high pressures in a manometric bomb established. that the
first three salts listed undergo complete combustion and arc, therefore,
capable of stable int? ~a 1ecular burning. On the other hand, ammonium
chromate, the decomposition of which raises the temperature to a lesser
extent than that of the other salts mentioned (not above 3000), undergoes
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only partial combustion. It was found that when 1.0% of manganer;e dioxide,
5% of cuprous chloride, or. 5% of cupric chloride dihydrate are added to
ammonium perchlorate, they exert a catalytic effect,: so that wi nonium
perchlorate 'becomes capable of sustained intramolecular combustion at
atmospheric pressure. The data on the heats of formation of a number of
inorganic ammonium salts that are capable of exothermic decomposition
have been arranged in a systematic manner. The heats of decomposition
of the salts have been calculated.
16. Inhibitors of the Thermal Drcompositipn of Ammonium, Nitrate
"An Expedient Selection of Inhibitors of the Thermal
Decompositionof Arinomium d itrate," by B. Yu. Rozman;
Leningrad, ?'hurnal Prikladnoy Khimii, ;Vol 33, No 6,
Juri 60, PP 1258-1263
As a result of an investigation of the thermal decomposition of
ammonium nitrate, it was established that this ,decomposition is of the
autocatalytic type in its initial stage. In the initial stage, ammonium
nitrate is subjected to acidic hydrolysis, a process which has auto-
catalytic characteristics and leads to the formation of ammonia and
nitric acid. Subsequently, as a result of the interaction of ammonia with
nitrogen dioxide that forms because of the thermal decomposition of nitric
acid, secondary products of decomposition are formed. Consequently, an
inhibitor of the decomposition must suppress the autocatalytic process.
This can be achieved either by the binding of the free nitric acid that
forms as a result of hydrolysis or the binding of nitrogen dioxide that
forms as a result of the thermal decompositionof nitric acid.
It was established that the most effective inhibitors of the -thermal
decomposition of ammonium nitrate are substances which exert a buffer
action, namely, amino-compounds that hydrolyze easily with the formation
of ammonia urea, guanidine, etc.) or*polyamminozinc onitrates.
The inhibitors with a buffer action do not have high :thermal sta-
bility themselves. However; in some cases, their stability is increased
by mixing them with ammonium nitrate. For instance, investigation of
thermal stability in the system anunoniwuii nitrate-urea established that the
urea which stabilizes the ammonium nitrate is, in turn, stabilized itself
by the ammonium nitrate.
Comparison of the action of buffer inhibitors with the action of
inhibitors used for the stabilization of some nitric acid esters leads to
the following conclusions. The most important inhibitors (stabilizers) of
nitric acid esters are diphenylainine and the alkyl- and aryl-substituted
derivatives of urea (centralites). The action of these inhibitors consists
in the binding of nitrogen oxides. During the storage of nitric acid
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esters, nitrogen oxides are formed principally as a r::,-nuit of c:,con.da.ry
reactions brought about by the nitric acid which it fonnud Lr: c:~rusc,ct~.ter:r.e
of the primary reaction of hydrolysis of the nitric acid ester. IV-.'.Ether
diphenylarnine nor cerrtralites exert any significant effect; on the primary
reaction of hydrolysis. As , di3L?inguished from clipher:yl