SOVIET BLOC INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR INFORMATION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000200060001-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 21
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 15, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: March 14, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

 FD/)
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I
March 14, 1958
U. S. T)EPARTMENT OF CO??VERCE
Office of Technical Services
Washington 25, D. C.
Published 7eekly from February 14, 1958 to January 2, 1959.
Subscription Price X10.00 for the Series.
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SOVIET BLOC INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR INFORMATION
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PLEASE NOTE
This report preoents unevaluated information on Soviet
Bloc International Geophysical Year activities selected
from foreign-language publications as indicated in pa-
rentheses. It is published as an aid to United State Gov-
ernment research.
SOVIET BLOC INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR INFORMATION
Table of Contents
Pa e
I.
General
1
II.
Rockets and Artificial Earth Satellites
2
III.
Upper Atmosphere
7
IV.
Meteorology
11
V.
Oceanography
11
VI.
Gravimetry
12
VII.
Seismology
12
VIII.
Latitude
15
IX.
Antarctic
18
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I~c;v.Lesr of Con c!Iihorar;, '1.'ho . j1d; o.i l ].c meat hc; i.nc of the arty' ;
CrL1Gt
A review of the work on prob:Lents concerning the source and distribu-
tion of heat in the Earth is presented in an article by I. D. Dergunov,
Institute of the Physics of the Earth, Academy of Sciences USSR.
The heat re;imc of the Earth'o crust is described as caused by the
heat of radioactive decay. Theoretical conclusions in this matter agree
with experimental data. The pr:incipal difficulty which arises in the
solution of certain problems related to the heat regime of the Earth's
crust is that the depth of the distribution of radioactive elements, how
their concentration chan;ca with depth, and how the process of thr. varia-
tion of the concentration of radioactive elements throughout the thrth
occurred and how it continues ui~u itot kiiown.
L:,perimental investiL;atio:iz for studying the heat regime of the
Earth's crust as a whole, cspccial7.y the study of heat flows, are very
few.
Dergunov says that, cons:iclcr.I.ng the importance of studying the heat
regime of the Earth's crust for acing the heat crier;; in the nation's
economy and for J.ncreas in;; the I:noii! cd-c of the Earth's internal struc-
ture, it is necessary to considerably expand study in this field in the
Soviet Union. (Izvestiya A;:ader:lii Maul: SSR, Seriya Goofizicheskaya,
1-10 1) Jan 56, pp `5-74)
I ILlrigar:.ans Ls l,ablish Modal for J.c.LS is
CPYRGHT
The A;;coeiation o:C' iiLl:r ar_an Cocr~ii; i ci.: tU l:aa ec l abl.: s1i.ed a new
medal the purpose of which is to spur t]je research efforts of Hungarian
geo!)hy;;:i.cists. The modal, to be 1:noir ws the Lorand ;otvos Scientific
Medal, will be awarded every 3 ;;-cars to cc.ent:.sts who have performed
outstaridiri rznmr~
f:i
cl
d of ~reo )1
i
.
.
1: s
ts
panic by a cash award. Duclapcs t;, Nepszabadsag, 5 Sep 57, 1,) 5)
CPYRGHT
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CPYRGHT II. ROCKETS AND ARTIFICIAL EARTH SATELLITES
MMoon Ic Kcy to Conquest of Outer Space
"Tlic Moon is the first station on the way to conquering; the solar
system," says Prof V. Sharonov in a recent Soviet newspaper article on
"Tic Moon ana Fl il;lrts Into the Cosmos."
Sharonov discusses our lac1~ of knowledge of the nature and composition
of the Moon, some of the methods currently used to study the Moon, what a
successful flight to the Moon can hope to accomplish, and some of the im-
mediate difficulties involved in unmanned flight to the Moon.
1,1.nned flight to the Moon and back is a matter for the future. "Our
irvnediatc problem," he says, "is to send an artificial cosmic body to the
Moorr. Like the first two artificial earth satellites, it will not return
to Earth. For example, it may be an artificial satellite which will leave
the Earth and fly aroRnd the Moon."
Achieving the required velocity for flight to the Moon is a far from
simple tan::, according to Sharonov, even though it means a mere increase
of from u km sec to 1.0 km; scc.
Unmanned flight to the I-loon with a satellite equipped with televi-
sion sets which will be able to transmit to the Earth a picture of sur-
rounding space will enable us to solve one of the most difficult problems
of the science of the Moon, namely, the study of the other side of the
Moon.
"At present," says Sharonov, "it is still difficult to say with any
certainty in which direction the practical investigation of the Moon will
be developed durin- the next 10-15 years. There is no doubt that the
period of investigations will be followed by a period of mastering of the
Moon. Man will create guided interplanetary ships of such type that he
will be able to reach the Moon, land on its surface, and set up, at first,
temporary scientific stations supplied with air and food from the Earth;
there, pe.rmanc:it observatories and institutes; and, in the future, even
(Moscow, Izvestiya, 2 Feb 5u)
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SovioI, Scioirtist Says Rocket Will Be Launched to Moon in Year or Two
i'rofossor Fedor.ov, a member of the Soviet Committee for the Intorna-
tional Geophysical Year, recently told a Moscow correspondent of the
Italian Communist daily L'Uriita. that a Soviet rocket to the Moon may be
launched in a year or two. Giuseppe Garritano, writing in the 28 February
1958 issue, interviewed Fedorov, a Corresponding Member of the Academy
of Sciences USSR and director of its Institute of Applied Geophysics.
The last two questions and answers of the interview wore as follows.
Q. When do you believe it will be possible to send a rocket to the
A. The flight to the Moon of a rocket which will fall on the Moon's
surface is a matter of a year or two. It is also possible to launch a
rocket which will become for a certain period the satellite of the Moon
and the Earth. What has not been technically solved is the flight of a
rocket which will land on the Moon and then return to the Earth.
To solve this last problem one must find a method of braking
the rocket when it lands. The braking action can be done by an engine,
but that would require more fuel, which complicates matters. One could
also use something resembling wings or large parachutes, but even this
is quite difficult. Another difficulty is that of reducing the weight
of the instruments and the sources of power: The solution lies in -the
exploitation of solar energy to feed -the various instruments. Lastly,
the problem of the engine itself must be solved, which must impart a
still greater velocity -to the rocket. The solution of these and many
other problems offer remarkable difficulties.
Q. Will the USSR soon launch other satellites?
A. Other sputniks will be launched during the International Geo-
physical Year, Our tecbnoloRy can launch satellites of various tunes.
(Rome, L'Unita, 28 Feb 58)
Sputnik Uses Surveyed
In an article titled "Scientific Investigations Using Artificial
Earth Satellites," G. A, Skuridin, Candidate of Physicomathematical
Sciences, Institute of Physics of the Earth imeni 0. Yu. Shmidt, Academy
of Sciences USSR, and L, V. Kurnosova, Candidate of Physicomathematical
Sciences, Physics Institute imeni P. N. Lebedev, Academy of Sciences USSR,
review in general terms the difficulties in putting a satellite into orbit
and the research potential existing in an orbiting sputnik, remarking
-that the launchings now being accomplished in the USSR are merely the
stage of the new investigations and that artificial satellites will become
a common research tool in the scientist's hands and will help in solving
the cosmic flight problem.
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31,uu?:idi.hh and Kurrlosova proceed then to a discussion of some of the
problemo a 1 ready outlined, opportunity for whose solution exists in prin-
ciple now by usirl~ a oatcllite.
The study of the short-wave region of the solar spectrum is of in-
terest in astrophysical studies and is of importance in a number of prob-
lems of upper atmosphere physics, playing a significant role in the
formation of the ionosphere. Measurement of the 1215-angstrom line in
the H spectrum and variations in its intensity is of interest since a
large part of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation is concentrated in it. A
block diagram of a device for recording solar radiation'is shown, con-
sisting of a filter, photoelectron multiplier with battery-feed, and a
radio circuit with output to a transmitter.
The study of cosmic radiation centers primarily on two problems,
according to the authors -- study of the spectrum of nuclei with respect
to charge in primary cosmic radiation, and study of cosmic ray variations.
Study of the composition of the nuclear component and energy spectra of
different --coups of nuclei in primary radiation is essential to the theory
of the origin of cosmic rays. A particular question related to the com-
position of the nuclear component is that of the quantitative relationship
between streams of the light nuclei of Li, Be, B and the C, I;, 0, and r
auc] _(2i. Planned experiments to investigate the nuclear charge s aectrum
beyond the atmosphere provide for recording the differential spectrum of
umbel! ci in the interval from heliLml to oxygen. A photograph on page 11 of
source slholrL; an i.lhstru;hent described as a "typical apparatus for in-
e~ t:;;;ati::; the co:apo3 i tion of primary cosmic radiation. Particle coun-
t oi?G arc )laced on the outside. The casing contains a Cherenkov counter.
S~wiet theorists V. L. Ginzburg, I. S. Shklovskiy, and others de-
veloued a theory- which explains the formation of cosmic radiation by way
of acceleration of particles due to the static mechanism in the expanding
tLUbul.cnt envelopes of supernovae. The theory dictates that the ratio of
Li, Be, cB to C, Id, 0 nuclear streams be 0.1. The value may be several
times greater, in view of uncertainty in the case of some of the para-
meters used; But if the value is much less than 0.1, the theory would
be contradictory to actuality.
There are extremely contradictory representations on the structure
of the atmosphere at high altitudes. Much light can be thrown on this
problem with the use of an artificial satellite, say the authors.
Corpuscular radiation of the Sun, they note, causes ionization of
the upper atmosphere and sets up geomagnetic perturbations and the aurcrae.
Hence, the study of solar corpuscular radiation is also a "very impor-
tant scientific and practical problem." A method of studying the phenom-
enon would be to use several different screens of substances which
fluoresce under solar corpuscular radiation, and use photomultipliers to
pick up the screens' emanations.
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nie~lu urerneiits , the authors note the advan -
~'?' `A' a ;i tc.ili'te as Oppozed to an equatorial. orbiting
:,p)MLL., coverage of highly active areas,
Incasuic.meirts uoing a satellite will.
'mid ;;ia::c our data on J_oncitudinal and latitudinal
di.:, tr .b::tioit of co La. i l, LL. icL voxiable currents in the equatorial and
?oL_ar
?e~iou;, .
An idea for rn OX .L~c:.. consists iu simultaneous measurement of
'na"neLic field i_ritei::,:t-,y at the ,,atOJ..Iite and on the Earth's surface,
for the purpose of x eve aJ. txi ; the presence of currents below and above
tic catellite'o tiajec-cu;.?;; . The experiments require a large number of
;ro.uid stations for reliably data on magnetic field intensity at the
surface of the Earth, and the location of these stations will depend on
the u_-bit :,elected.
To dete17,iine fI L va,riat:Lor)3 with an accuracy of not less than 15
ia:?sna ('- gaining 10-%;;s ), continue, in the case of a satellite al-
titude of 500 km the satellite's position on orbit must be found with an
accuracy to one lcm. In addition, a magnetometer with small mear!urement
error has to be used. Suer accuracy can be achieved by an inst:.ument
bas cd on proton res oiiance .
On the subject of the solid component of interplarie-
ta.L?y =-=3r, the authcrc 'i-)r,it out that the employment of artificial
earth satellites for di_uct? _nveoti,-,;ation of the solid component of me-
teoric :fatter is aimed at ' L ?;~rl:i.n~ total flux of particles and their
crier;; spectra at various
Visual observations of ii teoxs at 'rej.ocities of 10 to 1-00 kri `sec,
they say, Permit sightiiiL; o. i.ieteor:, ;r.'.';;11. a :ia:ss Oow,ii to 0.002 ;;, a:"1a
with optical instruments sr;raJ_ , er ca:i'. be observed. JkLd:i o
:;i@ tiiods based on recor di1 of meteors by reflection of radio s i na .& from
the i;ieteor trail -- a coJ.t;rnxr of ior._tsect Las -- extend the limit;; still
f a-Uier; and rocket investigations permit recordirig of particles :1.u coJ.-
lis ioii with, the roc]:et shell or special r embrane elements. A photograph
is :incl- ded here shoring a polished plate which was "subjected to bombard-
r,tent by , mi crometeors . "
is authors remark, finally, that from the geophysics point of view
the stud;,/ of i.iic- opal ticles i s important to clarify their role in the
processes, occurring in the upper atmosphere, particularly in the formation
of the sporadic E layer, noctilucent clouds, and atmospheric glow.
In coi'clus i oii, the writers remark that they have by far not covered
the areas of investigation in which sputniks can be put to work, citing
as a ;articular example the biological investigations in the case of
SputnII.
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CPYRGHT
"Now that a breakthrough into the cosmos has been accomplished, it
can be said that the opportunities for scientific research are indeed
inexhaustible here.
"The launching of the first artificial earth satellites is a triumph
of Soviet science and engineering, a shining witness of the fact that
the tremendous program of scientific investigations to which Soviet sci-
ence has addressed itself will be carried out and mankind will be enriched
with new knowledge of the processes which take place on Earth and in the
token. CiRYfiGHT and, by the same another will be made in man Is
master of the forces of nature. (Moscow, Priroda, No 12, Dec 57, pp 7-
14E
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CPYR(3HT First Soviet Ozonometric Laboratory it Main Geophysical Observatory
CPYRGH
The first Ozonornetric Laboratory in the Soviet Union was opened in
November 1956 at the field base of the Main Geophysical Observatory imeri
A. I. Voyeykov, located in Leningradskaya Oblast.
M. I. Budyko, director of the observatory, told a Tass correspondent
that a group of young engineers under the supervision of G. P. Sushchin,
a scientific associate of the observatory, are measuring the ozone content
at 20- to 30-kin altitude. Observations are conducted directly from the
ground, and balloons and sounding balloons are not used. The associates
at the laboratory have a unique instrument at their disposal which with
the aid of a heliostat is aimed at the Sun. Light rays passing through
a special device in the instrument are broken down into the spectra.
Then, according to the intensity of the ultraviolet light in the spectrum
the ozone content of the atmosphere is determined. This new instrument
quickly and with perfect accuracy measures the quantity of ozone in the
air.
It has been demonstrated that the increase or decrease of ozone in
the upper atmosphere is usually connected with the origination and move-
ment of cyclones on the Earth's surface. Therefore, the study of ozone
is of great value for accurate weather forecasting.
Southernmost Soviet Observatory Actively Engaged in IGY
CPYRGHT
I in other regions of the country. (Leningradskaya Pravda,
At the beginning of 1957, ozonometric laboratories will be opened
in V1nr1ivnqtr)1,, in +.h= npllenc:llq on Dikson Island in Central Asia, and
25 Nov 56)
Members of the Institute of Physics and Geophysics of the Academy of
Sciences Turkmen SSR are actively participating in the International
Geophysical Year. Before them have been placed tasks of great importance
-- the investigation of meteor activity and the upper layers of the earth's
atmosphere, study of air currents in the ionosphere, and the conducting
of electrometric observations and the study of other geophysical pro-
cesses. In connection with such a program radar, photographic, visual,
and telescope groups are working in the Astrophysics Laboratory.
In these groups, which are headed by Igor Stanislavovich Astapovich,
more than 12 people are engaged in work. Many of them are young scientific
associates. Basically, they are students at Ashkhabad State University
-- Aman Khanberdyyev, Khalbay Gul'medov, and others.
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CPYRGHT
I. S. Act~ipovich says that he is satisfied with the work of these
young students and that they are inquisitive, capable, and extremely sin-
cere.
In addition to the Astrophysics Laboratory, such groups as the astro-
photometric, ionosphere-wave, earth currents, and seismic service were
organized in the institute.
The study of such geophysical processes as the phenomenon of antiglow
in the night sky is of extreme interest. As ii6 known, by day the atmos-
phere is irradiated by the Sun and accumulates great energy which at night
"fluoresces."
"This complex geophysical process can be recorded by various sensi-
tive instruments such as, for example, a spectroelectrophotometric in-
strument," says Lidiya Georgiyevna Astapovich, the scientific associate
who is responsible for observations of these processes.
It is interesting to note that the phenomenon of antiglow of the
night sky was recorded for the first time in Ashkhabad by the Astrophysics
Laboratory in 1953. Six years later Academician Fesenkov, during obser-
vations of geophysical processes in the region of Alma-Ata, confirmed the
presence of a similar phenomenon with the aid of a photometer.
The precision instruments are set up in Keshi Garden at a great
height. The interesting work of determining the velocity of meteors is
being conducted by Anatoliy Belous and Aman Khanberdyyev, junior scien-
tific associates of the Astrophysics Laboratory. At night they conduct
exhaustive observations and intently examine the traces of meteors re-
corded on a photographic film by a special apparatus.
Near the little town of Firyuza at an altitude of 600 meters above
sea level, a plateau stretches out. On the plateau is situated the new
observatory of the Academy of Sciences Turkmen SSR. here are installed
and already operating various instruments and scientific equipment with
whose aid observations according to the IGY program are being conducted.
Some of the instruments consist of a large meteor patrol, portable
binoculars, and spectrographs for studying night glow.
It'is as if nature especially created the plateau for these pur-
poses. The plateau in many respects is of great interest, for near it
is the "Pole of Brightness" in the USSR. On the average during the year
there are 308 bright dt:ys.
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Gu 1' mcu,)v is one of the students who operates the n,,eteor
tr?ol which phc,togrsihhs numerous meteors during the night.
The twin telescope is n binocular portable ills ta.l.l.nti,:~n with .h s
aid K. Lyubarsl:iy, a junior ccientif'.c associate of the A: trophysirc
Laboratory, observes the ionosphere. The results of these observations
are sent to the Scientific Research Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism,
Ionosphere, and Radiowave Propagation of the Ministry of Communications
of all observations from all
over the country are collected Ashkhabad, Turhmenskayr,
Is'::ra, 8 Sep 57) CPYRGHT
Effectiveness of Meteor Cameras
The text of a report on meteor cameras, titled "The Effectiveness
of Meteor Cameras in Relation to Their Light [Gathering] Power," by I. S.
Astapovicli of the Institute of Physics and Geophysics,. Academy of Sci-
CPYRGHT ences Turkmen SSR, reads as follows:
"If there are two cameras with identical relative o?enings P' = D:f,
but with different focal lengths f, we shall obtain different results in
photographing meteors, since, with large f, the image of the meteor passes
more rapidly over the photosensitive layer, and for each grain the time
of the action of the light is shorter. On the other hand, the amount of
light gathered is proportional to the square of the available aperture of
the objective D. The usual shape of cassettes, however, limits the area
S of the field of vision to a greater degree than do longer focal lengths.
A majority of authors agree that, other conditions being equal, the ef-
fectiveness of meteor photography is proportional to D2:f - o. D. D.
Maksutov emphasizes that an extremely small defocusing leads to a loss of
an entire star magnitude and more. From our own point of view, we em-
phasize the enormous role of the quality of the photograph image when
the same amount of light is concentrated on a smaller area of the emul-
sion, which increases the "penetrating' power of the camera. For the pur-
pose of obtaining experimental data on the effectiveness of various cameras
in photographing meteors, we employed already published material, namely,
the well-known catalogue of Fisher and Olmstead on meteor photography.
These data were obtained with cameras with - 1:11+.6 to - 1:4. We di-
vided the cameras into groups according to the light [gathering] power.
In the first group were three cameras with l:r,'; = 14.6, 10.5 and 10.2;
the second group had three cameras with 1: 6" = 8.7; in the next group there
were 3 cameras with 1:~? - 7; then two cameras with 6.2; two with 5.5 and
5.6; two with 5.2; two with t.5; and, finally, in the eighth group, two
cameras with 1:,.; - 1J.
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 CPYRGHT
"The table below shows the effectiveness of these cLmera groups. First,
the average l:o is given, then the approximate value of the area of the
field of vision S, as determined from the catalogue, then the number of
photographed meteors nh for each camera during one hour of exposure, the
number of photographed meteors per hour on one square degree of the field
of vision of the camera, and, finally, the values P1 - nh ? (1:0) . 102
and P2 - nh (l:0)2 ? 102.
Average 1:
11.8
8.7
7
6.2
5.5
5.2
11.5 4.0
Meteors, n
1
5
6
16
6
5
8 14
Meteors per hour
92
204
315
87
388
556
763 1,160
nh 105
4.0
200
130
27.4
23
8.6
36.1,280
(nh:S 106
230
10
24
32
169
641
212 87
P1 (l:o) .nh.102
1.0
1.8
2.2
(0-54)
2.1
2.7
3.5 4.6
P` (1:o)2 nh?102
12
15
15
(3.31
12
14
15 19
"First of all, the well-known rule, that the number of observed
meteors increases with an increase of the relative aperture p, was con-
firmed. This dependence, however, is directly proportional not for o,
but for c2 It is sufficient to look at the last line in order to be con-
vinced of the practical constancy of P2 '0.13 or nh = 0.13.22. Let us
remember that the above-mentioned catalogue values were obtained with
photographic emulsions of the first quarter of this century, which pro-
vided an average numerical coefficient of 0.13.
"Thus practice shows that, when the field of vision of the camera
is taken into account, the number of photographed meteors is proportional
not to D2:f, but to D2:f2. The coefficient of proportionality for cameras
with greater light [gathering] power, and also for more light-sensitive
modern emulsions, should be determined
zvestiya Akademii Nauk Turkmenskoy SSR, No 6, 1957, pp 99-100)
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i''' t; 1. Con;, ; l;cr llkud i n E're~r:ratiun of Daily AT-700 Maps
The experi c?nce :jf progrnming one of the problems of dynamic mete-
cruleE;y the }>> ~Ur:.~::is of pressure fields, on a digital computer, is
le;:cr?berl I n n ;i Sov.iet period:tcal. A. Yu. Birkgan and A. N. Lyubimov
pre:;ent the system for the numerical solution of the problem. The
sys tam W !U,; developed Ly S. L. Delousov on the BESM computer and by the
;Guth-)1'5 on a Strelr. computer. The :.irrangement and procedure of the
:,creme were especially designed for use In daily forecasts. Its sim-
plicity and low machine time enable the compilation of dully precalcu-
latcd t',T-700 maps. The computer prolrnm for this problem is included
:n the article. Some ini'orm:ttiorr on the potentialities and the program-
in6 elements in the Strela are discussed. (Izvestiya Akademii Nauk
SSSR, Seriya Geofizicheskt ya, No 1, Jan 58, PP 93-1011)
Study of Tem'aer'i turc Onci ll;,t i.onr i.n Se,,' s Surface Layer
A method of me' ur.1ng temperature pulsations in the surface layer of
the sea us ~.ng tt .,erni conductor res i, t :nce thermometer is described i.n tin
2rt:cle Measurement osf Temperature Pulsations in the Surface Layer of
the Sea" ty N. V. Kontobytseva, Moo'c w State University imeni M. V. Lom-
onDL;ov. Some data concerning the microstructure of the temperature field
in the ,)ff:-1i:?re waters of the Elack Sea (an an;ilysis of the temperature
-:cc-)rding to amplitude and frequency) :.re presented. (Izvest.'y::
Akademii :;cu;: SSSR, Seriya Geofizicheskoy: , No 1, Jan 58, pp 86-92)
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V* r.. GRAVIMETRY
Oi!tvI Ly tdc Lcuremcnt:c ,i,t Gca by Pendulum Method.
The third in a series of articles by V. Romanyuk, Institute of
Physics of the Earth, Academy of Sciences USSR, entitled, "Determination
of Gravity at Sea by the Pendulum Method," recently appeared in a Soviet
Geophysics periodical.
The problem of determining irlcli.nutions ;end accelerations in a
pendulum i.nc tl7.unent is set up and so l vcd with the a.i ., i.nc:Linonscters
u.nd Lcce].crometcrc. Approximate di.ffcrcntiLL1. equations of the motions
of these instruments with a consideration of second order corrections
are conlpi]cd. Permissible errors of measuring the acceleration and
i nc.l in;LtiOll components of the pendulum supports in relation to their
:.re determined. E::press:i.ons for Uo, Vo, and 1402 (amplitudes of the
components of the absolute acceleration of the supports) are compiled,
c.',nd pructica] examples of these in calculations and second order cor-
vccti.ons for points determined on surface vessels are discussed. (Iz-
vestiyu Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Geofizicheskaya) No 1., Jan 58, pp 54-
u1I)
Formulas for Elastic Wave Intensities in Heterogeneous Media Derived
V. M. Babich and A. S. Alekseyev, Academy of Sciences USSR, Lenin-
grad Branch of the Mathematics Institute imeni V. A. Steklov, in an
article ("Radiation Method of Calculating Wave Front Intensities") ap-
pearing in a geophysics periodical describe a radiation method of calcu-
lating the intensities of seismic wave fronts.
Formulas for the geometric approximation of the intensities of
nonstationary elastic waves in a heterogeneous medium are derived with
the aid of the theory of generalized functions. Hypotheses are formu-
lated with which, using the formulas derived in the article, the intensi-
ties of waves in a wide variety of cases can be calculated. (Izvestiya
Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Geofizicheskaya, No 1, Jan 58, pp 17-31)
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CPYRGHT 'Inv'L t;:; Pr~~ yr i c O t' thr Globe
With tlir. Lrr'L'p of fore.l t;n cc lent thtc, Soviet geologists are preparing
t;r r. fortis urr.pr of i;hc The maps will. illustrate the formation and
devo I opmi_rnt of the E.cLrth's crust, the distribution of various coil. de-
poc, Lt:.,, ;rnit the influence of tectonic movements.
The nuipr; will. b o helpful. in determining the locution of mineral
dcpoj 1. to .
The first, map will include all of Europe. The committee in charge
of the work is alo compiling a dictionary of special tectonic termi-
CPYRGHT nol.og;(. l3ud!.ipcst, Nepr.ilcarat, 22 Dec 5r
Prop iti.on Of Elastic Waves in Metal Rods Studied
In 195c:), 0. I. Silayeva and 0. G. Shami.na conducted experiments on
the propagation of clastic waves in rods, in the Laboratory for Modeling
Seismic Phenomena of the Institute of Physics of the Earth, Academy of
Sciences USSR. These experiments were conducted under the supervision
of Yu. V. R.i.;?,nichenlco.
These e:periments, on the propagation of elastic impulses in cy-
lindrical 111eta.1.l.1c rods, are described in an article appearing in a
Soviet periodical. An ultrasonic impulse method (using a BI-1E instru-
ment) was used for creating the clastic waves. A method of longitudinal
profiling was used in selecting samples.
It was found that longitudinal waves could be propagated in the
models in two wave velocities: VpM, which is equal to the velocity of
the propagation of longitudinal waves in an infinite medium, and VpCT,
equal to the velocity of the propagation of longitudinal. waves in a thin
medium (rods). An explanation concerning the relation of the measure-
ments of the cross section of the cylindrical rods to the length of the
longitudinal waves, which is necessary in determining velocities of
longitudinal. waves in models, is given.
The ipvestigations have a practical value in that, using the results
obtained, an experimenter can choose the measurements of the models
studied in such a way that, in the range of the working fre.juencies
measured in samples of a given material, the velocities of the longi-
tudinal waves will, at his discretion, correspond either to the velocity
of the propagation in an infinite medium Vpli, or to the velocities in a
thin rod VpC . (Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Geofizicheskaya,
No 1, Jan 58, pp 32-45)
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11' X .?.?", b' h: hlr; I'll Y.olic"'.1
i'li )u,l in ,~ IL nI' :Lr't?!.c!(:,; 1,,; II. V. ,.'??O' Inc1:1 ', In:.; Li I,t.1t-,r,
i l' I.110 1S L1'I iI, A(' !.LtI:111!J ().I' ii('.1.C'UCl..'; (.:IIt, I L.i C:1 "I ir''Hi'-
I! 1r1 II( .,1 ',J ":1; 01.'If;i.u:LL.Ing .111 '?iu: 1.'.l:.uc .iloltndary of Sep.Lr.tii.on
i.l ,.c;t; i c Mats. l," lv.u; burn p tl,l :t.L 1 (~(L, In I,lu: ?cco-ul. %voi.-
u:t;.lvc (PS) ,.Lnd ltr.';'.cI tr'o'c:.. (PPP,1'PS) .arJ?UJ.nG
i u ' 1, : p!. Lnc 1)c) tu'I.Lt'y of cep's L1;1.on of c.I.;LU'Li.e ule(1i:a. From e;-:;act; Go-
ut; i c)n:;, ^.li)Lol; I c forlnltl._u, :;uit-lb.l e to i;lrc prefrontal. zone are ob-
r, Akadcmi L Nauk SSi1, Sc riy!l Goof l zi.cltcckaya, No .1,,
PP 3-h,)
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i, .' i .tid- V :.r LWJ.(,)rr :in! I ,,1c 1 r:r. ;;;Lon
:, vL 1, rt~tt,Lv.iI 1 : :t lcxti.ttule v-trtution rand L;oLc precc;rion ctudiu_us
~r r;viutr, l by iI. ,cl;:;crrt' Suva .Lrt a LuudinL. Ukrainian .;cientific jour-
nal. ;1 .rci:tl. .ttt:nl,lon to t,;ivcn t?o L11, of the: Poltava GL'uvi-
rdl trio U1U:;o:1'vrtt,or'y rid itc; volo In the IGY.
Thu: ob:;ovv: Cory wa; coumrlssioncd by th(~ Inturdr.,partntental Committee
uf.' the IGY to the problem, "Latitud'.~ Vuriution and Pole Prc-
c'::Juion of Qv,, i.;:~a?tlt," in the ;soviet Union. In addition, the observatory
is pert'orminL; ocic:?nti:fic i'esectrch erccordinG to the .'ive-Year Plan for
ft.trth::r dcvulopmc:nl; of studies on tidal du%'ormationa of the earth. The
moon is al..ro L(:ing photoL;rttphc:d for the ;volution of curtain problems of
an :tstronotnicrtL-geode:;ic chr_trzct,:r which arc p -. to the rotation
rand ohrtt>o o[' the earth.
The Soviet Latitude :iervicc lur3 expund:~d during the IGY, with the
addition of three: more Latitude stations which h_tvc become operational in
foscow, Irkutsk, and Mat;oveolichen:,l; on the Amur. Of particular importance
are tlrc otsc:rvator?ies of lrt;utsk and B1aC.ovoshchenck, which are located
far from exi.;tin;; 1:atitudc ::;ervicc:s. It will be possible to calculate
pole coordinator; more accurately on the basis of data from these stations.
Pole precession and latitude variation observations will be conducted
at the Poltava observatory with two tested instruments, the 'Zeiss (with an
objective diameter of 135 mm) and the Bamberg (with an objective diameter
of 110 mm). A new zenith telescope designed by the Pulkovo Observatory
and having an objective: diameter of 180 mm will be tested in the Soviet
Union. The Poltava latitude program is complete with star observations
for the adjustment and control of instruments.
Azimuth observations will be conducted, in addition to those on
latitude, in the study of pole precession. The special transit instru-
ment APIA-10 has been installed in an elongated specially constructed
metal pavilion. The role of the land marker, the azimuth fluctuations
of which will be measured by this. instrument, is represented by a "measure"
iriich appears as a fundamental column with a light point. This column
is local-?ecl on a hill 373 in from the APM-10 instrument in a brie; pavilion.
D irinr_: operations, "measures" of various types and programs of stars i-rill be
tested. This protect is aimed at the perfection of the method of azimuth
observations which have been little used to date.
Work will be conducted in Poltava with the impersonal Danjon astrolabe,
1rhich can be used for latitucle.and time observations. This instrument is
well l:nowra abroad and is claimed to be the best for latitude observations.
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Diiri n ; tlie IGY, the imperuonal astrolabe will be used in all of the i'orei"n
obuervatoricu. A o1>r.r. La1 pavilion of ori,;inal (1euil;n has been connplet;cd in
Poltava for Li-ir :Lnrtrurrient, and observations will bef.;:Ln as soon as the ob-
;;crvatory receives the .i.nutrurnent.
It; r?s the task of the observatory to collect, process, and -eneralize
IaL? Ltiide observation niater .uiu from all stal.;i.onr of the Soviet latitude
Service and combine them with results of the International Latitude Service
and o l; Lor forei,,n obiervator :Lea . For fibs purpose, the Poltava observatory
J.u exchan,_;ing data on latitude observat:i.ous with certain foveil;n observa-
t;orieu and also frith the Central Bureau of the International Latitude
Service .
The abundant materials on la-'L-:L tucle ol)servat:Lons collected during the
1^ mont.' u of the IGY will make it possible to (1) obtain accurate data on
the princi.ples of pole precession; (2) determine the principles of non-
polar variat:Lonc of latitude; (3) Clarify the principles which cause changes
in Llie amplitude and the in:Ctial phase of free movements of the earth's
sphere; (Ii?) clarify questions of the existe.:ce, character; and continuous
movement of the poles of the earth; (5) solve important geophysical prob-
lems, for example, the connection between ordinary circulation of surface
otraosphere and precession of the poles; (6) clarify certain theoretical
problems connected with the internal structure of the earth and others.
The task of the observator,, in the study of the tidal fluctuations of
the force of gravity and tidal deformations of the earth depends on the
;eneral progress of universal science in this branch of knowledge.
The program of operations for the stud', of terrestrial tides during
t'c IGY, as adopted by the gravimetric group (Group 13) of the Special
Coma',J.ttee for the IGY (CSAGI) in Paris in August 1956, contains the fol-
lowin,, recommendations:
1. Attain maximum accuracy in measurements of the values of and P.
2. Study the effect of the elasticity of the earth on various Tidal
waves for 24- and 12-hour periods.
3. Study the indirect effects which complicate terrestrial tides and
are dependent on principles of technical and geological character.
4. Investigate probleris on the possibility of the existence of tidal
variations with time as dependent on principles of seasonal and seismic
character .
To date, the instruments for measurement of crustal fluctuations in
ti:e Soviet Union were, in most cases, located at a small depth. From a
ion;; series of observations frith these instruments, it was possible to
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; 1 .,n;ll ,' 1.,, L"?? ,'lu trav(' NL?, 1.L11(1 1:u:C0l'(1:1,I1:.;1.y fi.111a t"10 fae:,or
U, i~.., ~~ II, '.!1 t,ll !'('CI :,1~'l I11'Ll.(.'? Ot,l'Ie1' i',',idal. t1CLVCi IL1'e :LII(_IEVa.d1.1L11.~.,, Ia.:C^
I'' ' i' i.. I l1. 0111, L 1 ('Olil i('(' I", Li111 1r L i',i l l ?e 1.i:1 13 Li.1.1'h:1.1'1 : ac L i on of Clei.'or;uiA,1.011
l.'CLI. ti'lIl"I LLi114'LLI;i III(:.' I,O I:1J!'/eil !ICLL'i,:Lrl"; Of i;1lQ t;to'Ind. b,? 1;1i :i1111
u." i :u.lt,(21'L),L0 1:.-h .i,l> ti? /1.Lio of ;real,
I l .I. CrC1~ ~~, as f>n .11LC
tilt, Il Ye CC1'c';:3 L.Lro thl(! 'culla..,~ of of Ilse va:Lllec of ac-
c l,o :,)1.. anti l^-?i1O1:1, hi('ItLl WavO:; in l;!I0 , of UIC el.aoti.c pt'oper-
L ec c)a.' L!i ' car L!i and (20av:le tall In the beliav i.o1 of 'i.'Lc core . Ihlr.i.n,' i'av-
r,i?LLl')lo eolith tion.l, :1.1, i;, po:,o l.ble 11c., :C:1.11(l i;11e travec 11,,, 1`12-- 01) S2
,III(] K1.. S1Ic1i :CuVor".1,1r, conch. L:Lo111> Can lie :fol.lncl far belotr the surface,
lr!:c~.rc; the ci.'feci; or local c1,;.ntat:1.c and riel;eorolo,;:Lcu1 factors is not per-
c C.p111ble
Tn;.er( l;:Ln,; locaL:i.on:; for observations of 'Lcrren'Lri.al ''ides can be
f,~ lr?' i. r: ;,1 c! U :raa.nc in tnineL; of the Donets Las:i.n, 1:ri'/o,,- Ro,-, ti(e Carpa-
i :.L1:o . an(1 feel-) cave:: of t11e Cr:i i iean LiounLoins ? td:i, tl: instru::ients :!.n-
:1t,a:L:Lr 1'o.r? ob::;ci?va..1.ons of criicta]. fluci;uat:i..ons In various ,;eolo;ical
1'c~1, LL :io:is, it., J's poos:ible ',o e:-:Doti; t11al, the problems on the effect of
;ec)lol:ical coild:Lt'i oriG on the mat;ni Luc1e of tides will be solved.
A terrestrial tide station orb:anized by the Poltava Grav:Lmetric 01 -
cervatory triii be-in olleraUon in the ver:, near future in one of th& Kri.%o'
Ro,: mines at, a depi;li of ni. Crustal. fluctuation observations will 1)c
perfor:,:ell in a slii.table cho.rilaer Frith lior:Lzonta_1 pendulums. Simi.lm' s''a??
tioris will be in operal-Aon i.i? i.he Donc,c ra.sln. the Carpathians. -'1-,'1e Ci'.::ea.
and oi,l;er par's of the iT.:,'al.r.e ? These stations will be ed'.1:Lppe0. Tri'61i
sons I. i ve eif-recor(ii.n,: .'a'r:i.: c .;ors fog.' I;he stuck;' of
7.e :,ell-'.1:0:11 sc e11l,i.cl, Ii. ;. 4:o1oc1ens':iy pointed out in his ..:eo-
1?e l .L ca.1 tllece var:La';:Eons : u'C of par t7. cubs lpor';ancc
in i'?' e :? L11(1 of ,he elrw i...C D1'orI(?1 ."_C"i a1-.6 :Li:'i.ei'I?al structurc of the i art11.
In 195. 'ti'.e observatory will be in preparations for p::oto.;ra-oi,: n.:
i;lie Moon. This ;r:Ell assiSi; in Life solution of cer a'_11 aSt_OriO;;i:LCal^;;eOdE'':. c
rroblel::s.
The observa'tor;, is equipyecl iritll an astio~raplr installed in a revolv.l
dome turret and is equipped with special p?'lot.o_-raphi.c cameras. Ore_atio::s
will be conducted simultaneously vLth the I1a,:i.n Astronol,iica1 Observator; Of the
Aca(ier.l;,- of Sciences USSR.
In conclusion, it inus L be 110 ;eu that t''e pro;-.1'ams ani iae i '.O G for
i.at;:E t;tide observations and par l.i.cularly t:ie mete .ods for coca;;'in1 ; pole c:~-
ordinates, as (.ieveloped by the ac Li ; e parL:i.cipati.on of and
beinr; ac;an :.e(1 :in Llie Soviet Un_.on. are :::ore i)ro ;ressive and of 'ec cive .''au
those oe'i n used by he International LatJ Lu(ic Service and "ore:i. sci en"-, s ':o.
IL is 110 aCCi.liC21 a1 t.!'.a . i;i'C iiOS'. resul'LS fro:: anal?'ses of to
ser).CS Of nbserva.L7.nns collec''.eti CIL'I'1.11;_ file past ?'ears 1;e 'e
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Lhe USSR, aloe w.Lth fundamental ?tireorct:Lcal :Lnvcoti,.;at:tons for detorinln:Ln,
I;ite mecl,ani.cal. In?opert:Leo of the earth according; to data on pole preceos.i.on
and tLdal cllani,ca of Lhe force of gravity. It, is the Soal of Sov:ic1 ocicn-
to i'arn:Ll..Lari.ze Lhe wide circle of forear,ii scientists with these nteLhodu
wu:t add to the work of foreij;n scientists and directors of the International
Lat.L Luck Service in reorcan:Lzat:Lon of the pro?rams and methods utilized by
the service in perforrnl.n observations. Soviet astronomers have expounded
on Lhis problem at international astronomical conferences and in the press
since 19!.4(' and have attained sonic success. This 9.s at ].east illustrated by
the fact that the International Temporary Latitude Service created in 1955
and the International 'NA-,he Bureau have begun using the data of latitude
observations not only of the International Latitude Service in calc111a?i.ono
of pole coord:LnaLes, but also from a series of isolated stations wnoik,*
whi. ch are Poltava and Pulkovo.
The release of the works of A. Ya. Orlov which have been prepared for
publication by the Poltava Crav:tmetric Observatory will be of ;,reat s:i.;_;r:ifi-
cance in latitude problems. Moreover, a major role in this matter will be
played by Soviet astronomers in preparations for a symposium on rotational
precession of the Earth, which is supposed to take place in 1958 in Moscow
durinU. the conference of the International Astronomical Union. (Visn;,rk
Al:ademi i Nauk U?rai ns' koi RSR, No 11, Nov 57, pp 42- 51)
Integrators Used By Antarctic Heat Physicists CPYRGHT
IIcat nlhysicists of the Second Antarctic Expedition of the Academy of
Sciences USSR have been using a two-section hydraulic integrator for making;
nc.~nr r vari riia rrmnl rx gal rnl ati rna - Mpg hvrlranl ti r i ntarrnn or was manll-
factu - d by the Ryazan Plant for Calculatinr~ Machines in 1956. Lenin; ;rad,
Lenin~ra(:is':a;ra Pravda, 25 Nov 56)
CPYRGHT
Soviets Iiai in,, the Antarctic
Greatly improved maps of the Antarctic are being made as the result
of aerial. photography undertaken by the Soviet expedition to the South
Pole. Members of the expedition, aboard the Lena, surveyed 3,000 kilo-
4 d determined the depth of the ocean along- an
area ', , 500 l:iloraeters long. Budapest, Technika No 6, Aug 57, p 10
CPYRGHT
USCOLMM-DC-36231 - 18 -
CPYRGHT
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