SOVIET BLOC INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR INFORMATION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000200100001-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 25
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 15, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: April 11, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

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PB 13.63 2-9
SOVIET BLOC INTERNATIONAL, GEOPHYSICAL YEAR INFORMATION
April 11, 1958
U. S. DEPA liTMENT OF COMMEECE
Office of Technical Services
Washington 25, D. C.
Published Weekly from February 1t, 1958, to January 2, 1959.
Subscription Price $10.00 for the Series,
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Thi.:; report presents unevaluated in.forriation on Soviet 3loc
International Geojphycical Year activities selected from
foreign- publications as Indicated In parentheses. It is pub-
lishes] a;; an aid to United States Government research.
CVI:?7.' rI.7C TP!`1'ER3TTATIOTJAL rBOI'IIYSTCAL YEAP, IIT Dl.1,iATION
I. i,.ckctc and Artificial Earth Satellites
II. Upper Atmosphere
III. Aleteor Observations
IV. Meteorology
V. Oceanography
VI. Glaciology;;
VII. Antarctic
17
18
'r
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I. ROCICIETS AND ARTIFICIAL EARTH SATELLITES
CPYRGHT
Danish Translation of Popular Science Book on Space Travel by A. Shternfeld
Sputnik, Raketter og Rumskibe (Sputnik, Rockets, and Space Ships), by
A. Sternfeld (Shternfeld), Copenhagen, 1957, 63 pp, is a Danish translation
of a Russian popular science pamphlet.
The introduction gives a brief description of Sputnik I and a very
'brief historical account of the notion of space travel.
Chapter 1, "Space Ships," discusses the possibility of getting out of
the gravitational field of the earth with a space ship, and rockets as
prototypes of space ships: "Even though the atomic missile does not differ
very much from ordinary types, there are a number of difficulties which are
hindering its construction. First of all, the extraordinarily high temper-
atures and pressures produced in an atomic missile must be reduced, because
no metal can be found to withstand such stresses. Secondly, measures must
be taken to protect space travelers from the radioactive radiation which
is released along with nuclear energy. The solution of the problem depends
on the discovery of a material which can withstand such radiation and which,
at the same time, is light in weight, since excessive weight will limit the
range of the vehicle."
Chapter 2, "On Board the Space Ship," discusses the following:
The takeoff, and flight in space ("A space ship which takes off
for the Moon with the correct initial velocity will fall 4,000 kilometers
=port, if the velocity is reduced by only one meter per second").
Life in a space ship ("There are still a great number of problems
to be solved in regard to supplying the space traveler with sufficient
oxygen, water, and food for the first trip to Mars and Venus, which could
last more than 2 years. The problem of purifying air and water aboard the
space ship must also be studied in greater detail. The main thing is,
however, that it is today practically possible to solve these problems."),
? the dangers of space flight (meteor bombardments, asteroids, cosmic radia-
tion, ultraviolet, and radioactivity).
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The return to earth (skipping in and out of earth's atmosphere to
slow craft down to where wings can help glide it to earth).
Chapter 3, "The Artificial Space Station," describes and illustrates
a proposed space station made up of sections sent into orbit about 200 km
above the Earth by a number of successively launched three- or four-stage
missiles and producing its own gravity by means of a rotating horizontal
arm at the top of the station. Such a manned space station, if placed in
an orbit going through the poles, could make 16 flights around the Earth
in 24 hours and photograph thy, entire surface during daylight and thus
give an exact picture of the meteorogical conditions of the entire globe.
It will be much easier to get into space from such a station than from the
Earth. A velocity of about 3.1-3.6 km per second would be sufficient to
go to the Moon, Mars, or Venus from such a station since the space station
itself is moving at about 8 km per second, whereas a velocity of 11.2 km
per second would be necessary to escape the Earth's gravitational pull.
Chapter 4, "Space Journeys," discusses the possibilities of travel to
the Moon, to Mars, to Venus, and to the other planets of our solar system.
If a rocket is launched from the Earth at 11.2 kilometers per second, it
will reach the Moon in only 51 hours. Not only the first space stations,
but also the first Moon rockets will be remotely controlled. Calculations
show that a rocket weighing 10 tons, with an escape velocity of 4 kilometers
per second, will need only 12 tons of liquid fuel to fly to the Moon and
back, if the launching is done from an artificial space station. The same
trip, starting from the Earth, would require 150 tons of fuel. At an escape
velocity of 2.5 km per second, the corresponding amounts of fuel would be
25 and 8110 tons. The speed of a space ship traveling from the space station
to the Moon will vary during the trip. The ship will take off with a
tremendous velocity, 'then travel like a stone which has been thrown into
the air. After 5 days it will approach the Moon's field of gravity, when
the velocity will again increase until it reaches 2.5 kilometers per second
at a distance of "a few score" kilometers above the Moon's surface.* If
the ship is to function as an artificial satellite of the Moon at a height
of 10 kilometers above the Moon's surface, the velocity must be reduced to
1.7 kilometers per second, which is the orbital velocity at that height.
It will orbit the Moon every hour and 50 minutes and will have a field of
view of 186 kilometers; objects on the Moon which are more than 3 meters
in size will be visible to the naked eye. Since the Moon's atmosphere is
only as dense as that of the Earth at an altitude of 60 kilometers, rockets
will have to be used as brakes in landing on the Moon.
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The trip around mars could be made on various orbits. If a 2-year
trip is chosen, the takeoff from the space station will take place at mid-
night, local time, when the Earth, sun, and space station are on a direct
line; thus the direction of motion of the space station and the escape
direction of the space ship will coincide. The space ship could take off
from the station with a velocity of 4.3 kilometers per second (12.3 km/sec
if takeoff were from the earth). A rocket weighing 10 tons and having a
takeoff velocity of It km/sec would require 19.6 tons of fuel to make the
trip from the space station, but 216 tons from the Earth. At the end of
one year from the time of takeoff, the rocket will reach its farthest point,
2,l75 astronomical units from the Earth, where the velocity will also be
lowest. A trip to Mars by the shortest and most direct roue could be made
ir only 85 days, but the vehicle would have to travel at a speed of 39
kilometers per second, which would be uneconomical. On the other hand, a
space ship traveling in a semielliptical orbit could take off with a
minimum velocity (11.9 km/sec) and land on Mars at the time when its velo-
city was at its lowest point. To cut down the time required for the trip,
however, a parabolic orbit will probably be chosen so that the trip will
be made in 70 days, provided the space ship can take off at a speed of 16.7
km/sec .
The trip to Venus is more difficult to plan, since Venus' rotation on
its own axis has not been determined with accuracy. Some consider it to
be 68 hours, others say it is the same as the rotation of the Earth on its
axis, and still others say that it coincides with Venus' revolution around
the Sun, or 225 days. The angle between the equatorial plane of Venus and
the plane in which it revolves around the Sun is not known. It is not likely
that these questions will be answered definitely before a space traveler
flies around Venus. Only when these answers have been found will it be
possible to determine at what altitude and in what direction the space ship
will have to enter Venus' atmosphere in order to make a safe landing.
The following table is given to indicate the speed and length of time,
necessary for a trip to the various planets:
Minimum Initial
Length of One-Way Trip
Planet
Velocity, km/sec
Years
Days
Mercury
13.5
--
105
Venus
11.5
--
146
Mars
11.6
--
259
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Minimum Initial
Len6th of One-Way Trip
Planet
Velocity, km/sec
Years
Days
Jupiter
1)1.2
2
267
Saturn
15.2
6
18
Uranus
15.9
16
ill
Neptune
1.6.2
30
225
Pluto
16.3
45
11E9
Optical Observation of Sputniks
Prof B. V. Kukarkin of the Astronomical Council of the Academy of
Sciences USSR writes that F. V. Yablokov, chief Of the Airline. Meter ological
Station at Maykop, conducted systematic observations of the carrier rocket
of Sputnik I with the aid of a balloon theodolite. Yablokov described the
method of these observations and made a suggestion for attracting others
of the aerological network of the hydrometeorological service to sputnik
observations. (Priroda, No 2, Feb 58, pp 83-84)
'hoto of Soviet Camera Used in Tracking Sputnik I Carrier-Rocket
A Hungarian newspaper source contains a photograph of a new Soviet
apparatus called a "Meteor Patrol" with which the carrier-rocket of Sputnik
I has already been successfully photographed. (Budapest, Nepszabadsag,
28 Dec 57, p 6)
Czech Observatory Successfully Tracks Soviet Sputniks
CPYRGHT
After Sputnik I was launched, the astronomical observatory on Skalnate
Pleso (lake) was given a new role to play in the IGY, according to Jan Miha-
ilo in "Contribution of Skalnate Pleso to the IGY In a short time the
observatory showed that it could contribute more In this department than
was expected. The results of their satellite observations were so valuable
that the observatory was invited by Moscow to work in close cooperation,
not only in observing the satellite, but also in making calculations. The
calculations that were made aroused the attention of Soviet specialists.
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The destruction of the first sputnik was calculated at Skalnate Pleso
a month in advance with a margin of error of one day. The observatory has
a unique photograph of Sputnik I. As of 22 January the observatory had
taken more than 50 photographs of satellites and made more than 150 measure-
ments.
Record-breaking observations were made in December when the observatory
observed Sputnik II at great distances, over the Ural Mountains and over
the Sahara Desert. Written material now coming from America shows that,
despite the Americans' better equipped observatories, results obtained at
Skalnate Pleso are not behind in any respect. (Prague, Svobodne Slovo,
9 Feb 5 CPYRGHT
Czech Scientist Claims Sputnik Rockets Were Three-Stage
In an article entitled "Artificial Satellites and Their Movement," Dr
Otto Oburka explains the movement of earth satellites. In one paragraph
on the launching of the satellites, Oburka says that the carrier rockets
of both Soviet satellites were three-stage rockets, and he describes the
flight of each stage of the rockets, when they launched the satellites.
The article does not identify Oburka's position, but in a previous article
by Oburka he was identified as affiliated with the People's Observatory
in F3rno. (Brno, Rovnost, 9 Feb 58)
Model of Six-Stage Rocket at Berlin Exhibition
A Czech newspaper reprints a photograph of a model of a rocket on
display at an exhibition of Soviet satellites in Berlin. The caption
says that this is a six-stage rocket which is 120 meters long and 20 meters
in diameter. (Prague, Prace, 9 Feb 58)
Dynamics of Lunar Flight Discussed
V. A. Yegorov, Candidate of Physicomathematical Sciences, presents
readers of the Soviet periodical Priroda with a popular version of his
original article, "Certain Problems on the Dynamics of Flight to the Moony"
which appeared in Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk, Volume 63, No 1-a September
1957, pp 73-117.
-5-
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The problems center on minimum initial velocities, lunar impact tra-
jectories, circling the Moon and returning to Earth, circling the Moon and
returning to the Earth's atmosphere at an inclined angle, periodic circling
trajectories about the Earth and Moon, maximum acceleration with the help
of the Moon, and the effect of errors in initial data on the trajectory
to the Moon. (Priroda, No 2, Feb 58, pp 3-9)
-6-
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PYRGHT Xazakh State University UsinQ Neutron Monitor for Cosmic Ray Studies
On the second floor of one of the buildings of the Kazakh State Uni-
versity a small room is equipped completely with instruments for studying
cosmic rays. The largest piece of equipment in the room, which is part
of the Chair of Experimental Physics headed by Prof V. V. Cherdyntsev, is
a neutron monitor. Cosmic rays passing through the lead block of the
monitor form neutrons. The birth of each new neutron is accompanied by
a flashing of light on the panel. The basic task of this cosmic ray sta-
tion is to separate particles arriving from the cosmos from similar parti-
cles which are sent to Earth by the Sun. Therefore, it is necessary to
clarify the quantitative relationship of these particles, their original,
and intensity in relation to time, day, and year. A comparison of data
obtained by the university installation with data of other stations of
flir- t
and to study their properties (Alma-Ata, Kazakhstanskaya
Pravda, 15 Jan 58) CPYRGHT
Geophysical Work of Academy of Sciences Turkmen SSR Reviewed
In his annual report to the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences
Turkmen SSR, M. V. Pentkovskiy, academician-secretary of the Department
of Physicomathematical Sciences of the academy, reviewed accomplishments
CPYR~`H~epartment in the field of geophysics as follows:
"The Astrophysics Institute, a participant in the IGY, has successfully
completed projects in the IGY program.
"On the basis of general dynamics of stellar systems, a demal model
of our galaxy, which is in better agreement with observations than a
previously supposed model, was developed. Conclusions were made on the
part of interstellar matter composed of molecular hydrogen. The signifi-
cance of the ion concentration in coronal rays and cosmic space was de-
termined. The Sun service conducted regular, intensified observations in
connection with the IGY.
"Expanded observations of zodiacal light were conducted. For this pur-
pose, in particular, a special expedition under the direction of Academi-
cian V. G. Fesenlcov went to Egypt. This was also included in the IGY pro-
gram....
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"Electroohotometric measurements of Mars during the time of its great
opposition, with which the Sector of Astrobotany was concerned, assisted
in determining color indices of individual localities on the surface of
nlhedo of the seas and erts and the optical thickness
of the atmos here." (Vestnik Akademii Nauk Kazakhskoy SSR No 2, Feb 58,
pp 102-104 CPYRGHT
New Soviet Radiotelescope Completed
It was announced on 29 November 1957 at a conference of radioastrono-
mers that the Soviet Union had completed construction of the world's lar-
gest radiotelescope, according to a Budapest newspaper. The telescope is
130 meters long, and the area of the "radio mirror" is 400 square meters.
The giant apparatus is driven by a dozen high-power electric motors
and a semiautomatic installation having a special system.
The results of observations are automatically recorded. The telescope
makes possible the study of ionospheric and solar phenomena and, consequently,
the prediction of magnetic storms. (Budapest) Magyar Nemzet) 3 Dec 57)
Results of Early 1957 Aurora Observations Published
On the night of 21-22 January 1957 in Moscow, Kiev, Kishinev, and other
regions of the Soviet Union, intensive aurora reaching far to the south was
observed. According to data of the Scientific Research Institute of Terres-
trial Magnetism, Ionosphere, and Radiowave Propagation (NIZMIR) in Krasnaya
Pakhra near Moscow the intensive aurora was observed from 2100 hours on
21 January to 0030 hours on 22 January, Moscow time, in the form of a shim-
mering arc of light turquoise color. The emission took place continuously,
rose to the zenith, and in the form of a purple drape passed through the
zenith.
A review of the reports on this phenomenon received by the editors of
the monthly popular science journal of the Academy of Sciences USSR appears
in the December 1957-issue of that journal.
Some of the conclusions are given as follows : CPYRGHT
As is evident from the description given and the reports received in
the Murmansk Branch of NIZMIR, the characteristic feature of this aurora
is the principal red coloring in the southernmost regions (which are an
indication of its altitude) and the increased intensity (2-4 force). At
the Zvenigorod station the spectrum of this emission was taken. According
to the report of A. N. Shefov, the red oxygen radiation (01) 6300 Angstroms,
predominated over the green radiation, (01) 5700 Angstroms, which is charac-
teristic for high aurora. In addition to the regular lines and bands belongl.ng
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tc, a t:,omit oxy`en and molooular ui.troUen, an iatenc;:ive hydrol.;en line (I-1-
.i" pha 6562 Ani;:;trom' 1 rrc? revo'_tiled, as well as the manifestation of radia-
t,i. _M of a,tornic n:Ltroen, (TTl) 5200 Angstroms, (also characteristic for
Ili. h low-latitude au..rora). 'Llie aurora was accompanied by very intensive
i _n.-~.:pht-re-ma.grlet,i= rort>.lsb.bone and disturbances of 1?adio communica-
lionr. on nearly all. main lines of communication. In the bejirnaing, vr'f
rna ,;nr~tic? sI:ornro i?iith a proton-ed active period and very Ili(,! vat
r_ vlrri :, t.i on. in the maL;nctic fielrl were recorded at 121+5. The distur-
:.?ontinued until 25 January. An exceptionally Sreat effect was
Vc,1 in cocm:i.c: rays; the intensity of cosmic rays dropped more than
L ; an t. to the end of the month lai;Led behind the average monthly value.
The ~au-rora of 21-22 January 1957 belongs to the leading geophysical
p nomena,. Itr ori; inai i. connected with an increase of solar activity.
Da~!in the ICY)obse.rvation of aurora will receive great attention. In
ciriclition to instrument investigations of aurora, visual observations will
r-: made t?) whicli? besides the wide network of meteorological stations,
...: _W f airpl.m.ns,a on airlin_cs, amateurs united by the All-Union Astro.-
r rrcal.-LndG_odet1c 3o~iety, and a broad section of the population will be
`J.r._l `.^..1 The r:cllection and processing, of dato, are clone at a special
cl;{:t=:r ,r.i.zed under the Institute of Terrestrial !4aGnetism, Ionosphere,
_Zr,.d I',c%c?a.ovavc Propagation of the Ministry of Communications USSR. All
t?;jp~ :~ o':' m' terial on observations are to be sent to this institute, whose
on R:Ldinartive I'ropa ation; teleZraph address, Moocow ITIZI~IT. .
TTc? 12, -Dec 57, pp '3
CPYRGHT Method of IncreasinL Sensitivity of Radio Interferometer
CPYRGHT
A photo rapliic method of prolonged accumulation used for increasing
the sensitivity of a modulating radio interferometer by means of com-
muta.t:Lnc; the output cu.rrer.t iz described by V. A. Sanamyan ("A Method
?,i 1.rolonged. Accumulation of a Signal and Its Use in Increasing the
Jell = .Lti v ity of an Interference Radiometer Operating With Phase Inver-
slo~!Soobshcheniya Byurakanskoy Observatorii, No 33, 1957, pp 3-33
The ::r_)mmuta,t-ion period equals, within fractions of a second, the half
period ^f the interference diagram, and is reUulated in. relation to
ldre leclinrxti'on of the observed source. The ambiLuit;;' resulting from
t'?1F .hange in the sic;nai phase Burin commutation was eliminated by the
u e ;;f a double storaLe cutpt:lt, device in which the instants of inversion
,ii-.E shifted in phase to 7r/2. The commutation of the output current is
3. ,.;mplished by means of periodic 1Cb0 phase shift of the reference vol-
t?;,,ge at the synchronous detector of the interferometer. The method was
tF.ted on 4.2 m wavelength of radio emission from discrete sources in
tl~e- enjt ~e !pi-_-53 It was established
that the s-:nsitivity was increased by one order. I Referativnyy Zhurnal --
A :: tronom. ya, Geod ez iya, No 9, Sep 57, Abstract No 71.t!9 )
CPYRGHT
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Studies on Might Sky Radiation in Georgian SSR CPYRGHT
The results of systematic measurements of intensities of night sky
radiation made at the Abastunuln:L Astrophysical Observatory, Academy of
Sciences Georgian SSR, from September 1952 to November 19511? are pre-
sented by L. M. Fishkov in "Seasonal Variations of Night Sky Radiation
Intensities," (Soobohcheniya Akademii Nauk Gruzinskoy SSR, Vol 16, No 9,
September 1955, pp 681-686) Measurements were made with the aid of an
electrophotometer in four spectral ranges : 900-1011.0, 730-320, 610-720,
and ILF30-600 mu.
Seasonal variations of intensities in these ranges were found to be
approximately identical. Maximtmis occurred in November-December., and
minimums in the spring and summer, on which were imposed less distinct
and not always recurring maximums. The magnitude of the maximum inten-
c:;.ty changes by more than twice from year to year. The connection of
the activity of night sky radiation with solar activity expressed in
Wolf numbers :i.s not always apparent. Best night sky intensities are
connected with chromospheric eruptions. Wolf numbers are insufficient
indexes for connecting solar activity with phenomena in the earth's
atmosphere.
Night variations of night sky intensities agree with results of
earlier observations which were made by S. F. Rodionov, Ye. N. Pavlov,
L. M. Fisliitov, and M. S. So;ninskiy. During periods of increased activ-
ity of night sky brightness, nights with maximum intensities in the
middle of the night or with irregular fluctuations during the night
predominate. Periods with lowered activity are characterized by a
uniform variation of intensity with a noted decrease from evening to
morning. Referativnyy Zhurnal -- Geofizika, No 3, Mar 57, Abstract
No 22G1) CPYRGHT
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Observation of Orionids at Vannovskore Astronomical Obervato
The text of a report by Kh. D. Gul'medov of the Institute of Physics
and Geophysics, Academy of Sciences Turkmen SSR, titled "Activity of
Orionids in 1957 According to Observations At the Astronomical Obser-
vatory in Vannovskoye" follows.
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 CPYRGHT
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IN-
DATV
NER-
VAI
GREATER
THAN
0
0
I
2
3
11
5
TOTAL
I
MO
MO
22 OCT
285
19-2400
0/3
2/2
9.8
16/4
22/36
12/10
9/6
70/69
49
2,9
2.9
2; OCT
230
19-2300
0/0
2/1
7/8
I2/'(
14/8
15/13
4/2
54/39
42
2.8
2.8
24 OCT
240
19-2400
0/1
2/1
11/8
5/2
9/11
10/5
5/1
112/22
34
2.7
2.3
TOTAL
FOR 23.4 HOURS:
1/11
8/13
119/41
59/111
120/98
73/62 ;7/II 3117/277
1114
2.9
2.6
Table 2. Hourly Rate of Orionids (Background/Stream)
in 1957 at Vannovskoye
DATE
GREATER
THAN
0
0
1
2
3
14
5
19 OCT
0,3/0.0
0.3/0.8
o.6/0.8
3.0/2,1
5,14/3.7
3.7/11.1
o.6/O,O
20 OCT
o.o/o.4
0.2/1.3
2.4/1.8
2,2/2.6
7.1/4.7
2.4/4,0
1.^','n.14
21 OCT
0.0/0.2
0.0/0.0
2.2/I,4
I.4/2.9
5.8/4.0
3.0/3.0
2.2/0.0
22 OCT
0.0/0.6
0.4/0.4
2.0/1.7
3.4/0.8
4.8/7.8
2.5/2.1
2.0/1.3
23 OCT
0.0/0.0
0.5/0.2
1.8/2.1
3.1/1.8
3.1/2.1
4,0/3.4
1.0/0.5
24 OCT
0.0/0.2
0.5/0.2
2.7/2.0
1.5/0.5
2.2/1.0
2,5/1.2
1.2/0.2
tvc
0.0/0.2
0.3/0.5
2.0/1.6
2.4/I.8
4-8/3-9
3.0/3.0
1.8/o.11
In both cases the maximum hourly rate drops by three star magnitudes,
depending on conditions of visibility. The hourly rate from 19 to 24 Oc-
tober 1957 for the meteors of the background (f.rst value) and the stream
(second value) is thus 13.6/8.9, 16.2/14.3, 14.3/11.5, 15.0/14.7, 14.0/9.9,
and 10.5/5.2.
The average hourly rate on all nights of observation was 14.9 meteors
per hour, respectively. From the data presented it follows that the hourly
rate of meteors of the background generally was sufficiently uniform, where-
as the relative index of activity and absolute hourly rate of Orionids
indicate a relative minimum on 21/22 October 1957, which was probably
caused by a local gap in the stream. Inasmuch as the average brightness
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of the Orionids on this night was greater, the gap was produced by a
lack of weak meteors. From Table 2 it can be seen that, for meteors of
various brilliance, the date of the maximum varied. The entire number
of meteors measured during the 23.3 hours of observation amounts to 34
Ixvestiya Akademii Nauk
Duration of Meteors Duran tg he Night
Kh. D. Gul'medov of Institute of Physics and Geophysics, Academy of
Sciences Turkmen SSR, in a report titled "Variation of the Duration of
the Flight of Meteors in the Course of the Night,"gives the following
information:
- 13 -
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Mean Solar
> 0.60
Time
11 < 0.20
0.20-0.35
0.36-0.60
seconds
Total Meteors
0100-0200
10
56
18
16
100
416
0200-0300
9
63
17
11
100
234
0300-01,00
16
59
16
9
100
165
0400-0500
3
71
13
13
100
30
Avg (%)
7
54
17
18
100
Total 21480
1- TS egueu'LUTTI evident withTgreater than
0.60 s ind " (Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Turkmenskoy SSR, No 1, Jan 58,
p ill) CPYRGHT
Radio Observations of Quadrantids at Ashkhabad
V. Mollakov of the Institute of Physics and Geophysics, Academy of
Sciences Turkmen SSR, gives the following information in a brief report
titled "Radio Observations of Quadrantids in 1957 at Ashkhabad."
Observations of Quadrantids were made during the night of 3/4 January
1957 with instruments of the Ionosphere-Wave Laboratory of the Institute
of Physics and Geophysics, Academy of Sciences Turkmen SSR. For the pur-
pose of comparison, observations were also made on 7 January 1957, when
the stream was not active. The measurement range was 8.7 to 9.7 Mc. The
instant of the occurrence of the radio echo from the meteor was recorded,
as was the amplitude of the radio echo in units of standard interference
A. The durations'ts of the visibility of especially stable reflections,
greater than 10 seconds, were also measured. The results are given in
the following table.
CPYRGHT
14
"Inas much as the number of hours of observation during the night
was not the same, the last column does not represent the diurnal variation
of the meteors. The table shows that the range of distribution for'C' is
0.20 to 0.35 second. The diurnal variation is obvious, since the number
of fast meteors ( 'less than 0.20 second) almost doubles, from night to
morning. Likewise, there is a systematic increase of meteors with tm 0.20
to 0.35 s':cond toward the morning. On the other hand, the percentage of
slower meteors (r= 0.36 to 0.60 second) decreases during the night, which
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 Distribution of Radio Echoes of., Meteors According to Amplitude
Date
1957 Interval
Aw 0.5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10
3 Jan 2213-2251
3 9 8 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.7
2315>2349
0 18 ll 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.0
It Jan 0012-.0059
0 14 30 16 10 2 4 0 1 0 1 0 1.7
0100-0102
0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 [1.0]
7 Jan 2212-2350
0 13 6 9 6 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1.0
8 Jan 0014-0105
0 41 34 li 1 2 1 0 2 0 1 3 1.9
eor
of th
e control night included only 14 with values of 'r, greater than 10
seconds, with a maximum of 75 seconds; the average arithmetic value of Ts
Both nights reveal a diurnal variation of the number nmm of radio
meteors per minute (last column), The table shLvs that, in the period of
Quadrantid activity, the amplitude distribution dropped to A= 2, if we
take the data for the entire night, and to A = 1 for the control night of
7/8 January 1957, which could tally with the longer echoes of the meteors
of the stream in comparison with the others. Actually, among the first
130 meteors on the night of 3/4 January 1957, 21 meteors had a 2's greater
than 10 seconds, some reaching 1117 seconds, whereas the first 130 met
s
Layer could be found. (Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Turkme.nskoy SSR
Jan 58) p 110) CPYRGHT
No 1,
CPYRGHT
IV, METEOROLOGY
Ground Level Temperature Measurement With Actinometric: Instruments
In Indirect Method of Ground Level Temperature Determination by the
Use of Standard Actinometric Measurements' by K. Ya. Kond.rat?yev and Z. A.
Loginova, the authors confirm the radiometer, studied previously by them,
to be the most reliable instrument for ground level temperature measure-
ments. However, the complexity of this equipment makes it desirable to
P" R Tgate whether or not standard actionometric methods could be used
with success. Nevertheless, the introduction of empirical corrections to
these measurements could improve the results. An indirect method is also
suggested b
y oun vei temperature dat
Universiteta, er ya Fiziki i Khimii, No 4
CPYRGHT
CPYRGHT
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Sounding Balloons To Be Laiunched, in Yugoslavia
The Hydrometeorological Station in Pula (Puleka hidrometeoroloska
atanica) will also soon begin launching sounding balloons to measure
wind direction and velocity at high altitudes. Data obtained will be
used in weather forecasting. The balloons will be launched twice daily
and at 0100 hours and 1300 hours and will be clearly visible with the
naked eye, Balloons launched at 0100 hours will be white color,
F and those launched at 1300 hours will be red. (Borba, 28 Jan 58)
CPYRGHT
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CPYRGHT
Method of Wave Elernent; Anal l s
Certain peculiarities in the resa1Ll.ts of wave gr,aph observations were
noted by C. V. Rzhenlinskiy during ope:ra.ti.ons of the Antaxctic Expedition
of the Academy of Sciences USSR. He pointed out that failure to recognize
these characteristics can learl riot only to erroneous. opinions concerning
the nature and content of the results of the observations, but also to
their incorrect use in thc: solution of practical problems.
The author observes thr+.t because of the in,-eat distance from shores
and the almost unlimited run of the waves, swells (of one or several sys-
tems) and wind waves, both cauaed by the wind, can )L1mos3t always be ob-
served in the storm zone of the Antaxetic sactor of the Indian Ocean. This
same is true of the trade wind zone of the Indian Ocean, with this exception
only, that in this zone the swells and wind waves are mainly radiated in
only one direction. Here the swells are sauced by the same trade winds that
cause the wind waves; the swells are formed as a result of a steady wind over
a meat distance, while the wind. waves reflect a more local and unsettled
process of wave development under the action of this same wind.
Wave heights and periods in the oc:sl;ln r,.re a most never directly related
to wind action since with very few exception_c, ,ys: tema of large wave swells
are observed together with wind w!~,ve s . Be a.u _ e of this, the direct results
of wave graph observations cannot be u::rd (exc:(-,pt for :rare cases when wave
swells do not exist) for con-firming thieo.reticy:L ciUculations of wave elements
by present known methods
The development of 9. method for cel-:.elating wave elements for cases of
mixed waves suitable to vast ocean areas is of great. significance.
In ocean conditions, in the presan,.e of gray ;,~yst,ems, the os-
cillations of the wave level eta point :+rt, the result of a combination of
the wave levels of 911 the waves, and do not directly X f1e::t either the
height, period, or variety of the wave,- be:"_.-,n,.,ing to the different wave sys-
tems.
In the case of i rge ~cwe11.,~, prnpw,g?aikk d at, a. higher speed than simu:t
i.-?
taneously occurring wind waveG, the oscillation= -'f the level at a point
will match the results of a compilation of the.F w,a:ve systf.ms with the direct
displacement of their phaye in time
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 CPYRZX%,PrJ Fnr RPIPact 1999/n9/nR - c1A_RnPR9_nn1 Al Rnnn9nn'I nnnn'I.1
A wave graph profile does not wholly agree with the true profile of
the sea surface as recorded by a storeoptlotogrammetric survey of the waves
at ;:he same point. It does not show the presence of, wind waves whose
height are of the same order as the swell waves.
A wave graph recording and the results of a stereo survey would agree
only when both wave systems had similar group velocities of propagation.
Thus, in the presence of swells, wind waves with. a considerably lower
group propagation velocity are, in general, not reflected on the wavegram.
They are only registered accidentally in the fox7a of disturbances on the
steepest parts of wave crests and troughs, and recorded. by wave graphs as
basic wave level oscillations. Consequently, they are secondary on the
basis of their relation to the basic oscillations of the wave level at a
point. They are not included in the computations. These waves belong to
the system of waves which can be considered secondary not so much because
of the size of the waves as according to the index of the relatively low
group velocity of propagation. Thus, wave level oscillations at a point,
in the presence of different wave systems cannot directly give a presenta-
tion of the character of the wave field and of the variety of waves on the
ocean's surface.
The only means by which a true representation of the variety and sys-
tems of waves causing oscillations of wave level at a point can be made is
by introducing into wave study practice simultaneously with the production
r_trum analysis of wave grams.
(Meteorologiya i Gidrologiya, TVo 1, Jan 58, pp 44-46)
Soviet Deep Sea Color Photography
According to a Hungarian newspaper, the Soviet research vessel Vityaz'
carries special photographic equipment developed by Zenkevich. Zenkevich
maintains that the apparatus can be used underwater at depths as great as
8,000 meters and can take pictures in color. (Budapest, Nepakarat, 17 Dec
57)
CPYRGHT
Speed of Fedchenko Glacier Clocked at 50 Centimeters Per Day
Workers of the Academy of Sciences Uzbek SSR wintering in the Pamir
Mountains, established for the first time the speed of drift of the largest
glacier in the world which bears the name of the noted explorer of Central
Asia, A. P. Fedchenko.
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It was established that in the firn zone -- above the snow line -- the
s ecrl of drift of' ? us glacial mass in winter atains an avorn.gm of
:.n ~ 11. yours. oscow, Pravda, 25 Mar 58
CPYRGHT
New Glacier Found in Northern Urals
CPYRGHT
While traveling; in the northern Urals in the summer of 1956, V. V.
Gorbachev, Moscow State University imeni M. V, Lomonosov, and party dis-
covered a hitherto unknown trlacier, lying considerably farther south than
any in these regions. The newly discovered glacier lies in a square on the
southeastern slopes of Tel'vos-Iz, approximately one degree farther south
than the glaciers of the Sablinsk:ty Mountains, which were considered for
some time the southernmost glaciers of the Urals.
In its upper past, where the snow becomes ice, the glacier is about
500 meters wide and at its end about 150 meters; length about 800 meters,
and area approximately 0.1#3 square kilometers. The upper limit of the
31a.cier's lower edge is 1,050 meters high. Many well-defined fissures,
some 1.5 meters wide and 5 meters deep, were found. Lying below the
glacier is a bog, separated from the end of the glacier ton?ue by a termi-
rial moraine and a dike 20 meters high. The Tel'pos-Yu River flows from the
lake. There is a pass around the lake. The glacier cannot be seen from
this pass because the dike only emit
the _; ac:Ler. Priroda, No 1, Jan 58, p 115)
CPYRGHT
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VII. ANTARCTIC
Soviet Research in the Antarctic
During a 2-year period, February 1956 to February 1958, Soviet scien-
P 14n the Antarctic have accumulated a huge quantity of factual material.
ii e discovered many natural laws concerning phenomena In the Antarctic.
For the first time in the Antarctic, glaciological research has been
conducted on a large scale. In coordination with seismic research, geodetic
work, and the study of the movement and melting process of the glacial cover,
it has been possible to revise the former theories concerning the present
status of glaciation. The Complex Antarctic Expedition determined that
the exttnt and thickness of the present glacial cover is much greater than
was previously assumed; some of the concepts regarding the nature of the
antarctic land below the ice have been changed. On the basis of observa-
tions, it is now considered doubtful that Antarctica is one single continent,
and it appears necessary to revise former theories regarding the dimensions
of the continent, especially of the eastern portion.
Considerable material has been collected by the Complex Antarctic
Expedition as a result of regular studies of the atmosphere. It has been
possible to establish a set of rules for atmospheric processes in Antarctica
by various methods, including the launching of a large number of radiosondes
(totaling over 1,600 up to October 1957), frequent flights of airplanes
conducting meteorological research, careful processing of synoptic charts,
and observations of wind and temperature by mobile field units. Soviet
scientists assume that the minimum temperature in the interior of the con-
tinent is about minus 80-85 degrees. The formation of slope or glacier
winds causes cc;isiderable cooling of the air above the ice sheet, as a
result of which the air is impelled by gravity to flow downward, in the
direction of the coast. Atmospheric pressure in Antarctica is low through-
out the year; the changes in pressure in the course of a year are exactly
opposite those in the northern hemisphere, i.e.; the winter atmospheric
pressure in the Antarctic is lower than the sunnier.
According to the IGY program, the Mirnyy observatory and the interior
stations are conducting continuous observations of cosmic rays and auroras,
as well as hydrological, seismic, magnetic, and ionospheric observations.
The seismic station at Mirnyy'.1as recorded a large number of earthquakes
during the past 2 years, including some with great destructive force. The
epicenters of these earthquakes were in various parts of the globe.
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Soviet scientists are striving to conduct all their observations and
re:3earch in the Antarctic in close cooperation with expeditions of other
countries. The Soviet expedition maintains continuous contact with the
antarctic bases of the US, Australia, France, Great Britain, Japan, and
Norway, and exchanges information with these stations on questions of aero-
meteorology, geophysics., glaciology, and other subjects.
All observations and research materials on the Antarctic are being
generalized and will be published in a special publication called Trudy
Kompleksnov Antarktichesko Eks e sii (Works of the Complex Antarctic
L'xpeditionf..-~ The Council for Antarctic Research, Academy of Sciences
USSR, has already released for printing the first volume and two issues of
the second volume of the Trudy, a total of about 80 printer's shetzts
pages - Moscow, Priroda, No 2, Feb 58)
CPYRGHT
; ovietShip Visits Uninhabited Island in the Antarctic
CPYRGHT
The research ship Slava-15, which is in the Antarctic as a component
part of the whaling flotilla Slava, landed a group of Soviet scientists
and seamen on 0strov Zavadskogo [56-20 S, 27-35 W), one of the uninhabited
islands discovered 137 years ago by the Russian expedition of Bellingshause
and Lazarev.
The landing was made on the southwest shore of the island, which has
a high, steep coast consisting of volcanic rock and is almost unapproacha-
ble from the sea.
Ostrov Zavadskogo is covered with snow and ice. However, there are
a few open places where the temperature of the soil reaches plus 25 degrees.
The small, dry elevations of the islands are occupied by nests of penguins.
The plant life of the island consists of only one type of lichens and one
type of moss. In.addition to penguins, the expedition members captured so
some large stormy petrels and other birds. Near the coast of the island,
the expedition members caught several rare types of fish. The collected
samples will be sent to Soviet museums.
To commemorate their visit to the uninhabited volcanic island.,, the
scientists planted a 4?-meter metal Dole topped by a fjire_nnjntPtj
,Kishinev, Sovetskaya Moldaviya, 17 .Jan 58)
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Slecl~re-Tractor Train Returns From Interior Expedition
CPYRGHT
The pledge-tractor train, which left for the interior on 26 December,
has returned from its lone; overland expedition. The heavy caterpillar
t:,ractors, produced by the Kharkov Tractor Plant, have completed an unpre-
cedented trip ucros:; the ice of Antarctica. Members of the interior expedi-
tion traveled about 4,000 kilometers in a period of 69 days. Several
hundred tons of miscellaneous freight were hauled for the stations Pioner-
sk ya, Komsomol 'skaya, Vostok, and Sovetskaya. During a relatively short
period, members of the expedition visited Vostok Station near the south
geoma,~,),netic pole, and then proceeded to the region of the pole of relative
,-.Pt ui) and ecluip - new station
Sovetskaya. (Moscow, Vodnyy Transport, 13 Mar 58)
CPYRGHT
KooLeratsiya Visits Australia
CPYRGHT
On 26 February, the Kooperatsiya arrived at the port of Adelaide
after crossing the ocean from Antarctica. The Kooperatsiya spent 10 days
in Australia, during which period hundreds of visitors came to see the
ship daily.
Members of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition were invited to visit the
University of Adelaide, where they met students and instructors of the
university.
A group of polar scientists and seamen attended a reception organized
by the Society for Australian-Soviet Friendship in honor of the arrival of
Kooperatsiya. The Australians escorted the Soviet expedition members to
see points of interest in Adelaide, including museums. ind picture galleries,
and in the suburbs.
The Kooperatsiya was also visited by the well-known Australian scien-
tist and explorer Douglas Mawwson. He presented the Soviet polar scientists
with a volume of scientific works of the Australian Antarctic Expedition
of 1911-1914 on the ship Aurora, which expedition had been headed by Mawson.
LLgo. the eratsi a left Adelaide on its homeward vo -
e.`; to the trSS (Moscow, Vodnyy i,ransport., 3.5 Mar 58),
CPYRGHT
Soviets Briefly Review Foreign ~ditions to Antarctica
Prof K. K. Markov of Moscow State University presents a concise 3-page
review of US and UK expeditions to Antarctica in a recent issue of the popu-
lar science monthly of the Academy of Sciences USSR. (Priroda. No 2, 1958,
pp 59-61)
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