SOVIET BLOC INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR INFORMATION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000200210001-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 23
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 14, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: June 27, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

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SOVICT BLOC INTERNATIONAL GEOP[IYSZCAL YEAR ZNFORMATZON
June 27, 1958
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
Office of Technical Services
Washington 25, D. C.
Published Weekly from February 14, 1958, to January 2, 1959
Subscription Price $10.00 for the Series
PR 131632??20
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP82-00141R000200210001-9
This report presents unevaluated information on Soviet
Bloc International Geophysical Year Activities selected
from foreign-language publications as indicated in paren-
theses. It is published as an aid to United States Govern-
ment research.
SOVIET BLOC INTERNATIONAL, GEOPHYSICAL YEAR INFORMATION
Table of Contents
Page
I.
General
1
II.
Rockets and Artificial Earth Satellites
7
III.
Upper Atmosphere
7
IV.
Oceanography
18
V.
Arctic and Antarctic
19
%k 0
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Theories on the Formation of Continents
V. A. Kornilov, scientific associate of the Institute of Geography,
of the Academy of Sciences USSR, cousiders certain theories on the forma-
tion of continents. CPYRGHT
Attempts to explain the mechanism of the development of the Earth's
crust have been made repeatedly. One of the first of these hypotheses
attempting to explain the origin of the Earth's relief was the theory of
compression (contraction). It and many of its variat?ons assumed that
the intensive deformations of the Earth's crust arose as a result of the
continuous cooling and compression of the original igneous-fluid body of
the planet. Modern science has rejected this hypothesis, and today, it
is of only purely historical interest. A new hypothesis concerning deep
contraction explains the constant or periodic (pulsational) lessening of
the Earth's radius as being caused by the extremely complex physical and
mechanical processes of condensation of the matter composing its nucleus
A number of Soviet geologists, among them, V. A. Obruchev and M. A. Usov
adhere to this viewpoint.
In the first quarter of the 20th Century, numerous hypotheses on
the horizontal displacement of continents have appeared. The one enjoy-
ing the most popularity is A. Wegener's displacement theory of the drift
of light granitic continental masses on a heavier basalt shell. It is
based on the principal difference in the structure of continental masses
and the bottom of the oceans. Factual material collected by scientists
during recent years refutes these assumptions. It was established that
a number of geological structures begin in the continents and continue
in the two oceans.
It is completely obvious that the problem of the formation of con-
tinents cannot be reduced to mechanistic presentations concerning their
displacement: this is a more complex phenomenon. Thus, V. V. Belousov,
corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences USSR, proposes that the
leadin; process determining the development of the Earth's crust is an
irregular and complex physical-chemical process of the Earth's material.
"The presented hypotheses," says Kornilov, "as many others, do not
solve the problems'of the formation of continents.. The continents and
oceans of the present day arose as a result
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Moscow State University In the-14GY
Prof G. D. Vovchenko, Prorector of Moscow State University imeni
M. V. Lomonofiov, reports the following regarding the university's role
in the IGY program.
The collective of the Moscow State University imeni M. V. Lomonosov
has an Important place in the investigations of the IGY.
Work on 19 aspects of the Soviet IGY program is conducted in the
laboratories of the university's sc:Lentlf,.c institutions. Scientific
workers of the physics, geographic, and geological faculties; the Astro-
nomical Institute imeni P. K. Shternberg; the Sc_entif;l.c Research Insti-
tute of Nuclear Physics; and other r.:search institutions are engaged in
this work. In addition, over 300 upper-class students are also engaged
in this work.
In addition, in the process of preparing for the IGY, five scientific
stations were built and equipped in various regions of the country, 11
scientific expeditions were organized, and new, modern instruments for
observations of geophysical phenomena were built by the university. Now,
these investigations are spread over a wide front, and the first substan-
tial results have been obtained.
The study of atmospheric ozone has an important place in the program.
The reasons for changes in the ozone content, of the atmosphere with alti-
tude are brought to light by the physics faculty with the aid of instru-
ments specially developed in the un:ivers:xty. There is basis to assume,
states Vovchenko, that these investigations introduce an important con-
tribution to the study of this problem.
Observations of aurorae are of special interest. IGY workers built
instruments which mt.ke it possible to photograph all of the sky from
horizon to horizon. New, modern equipment has been delivered now to all
of the stations of the Soviet Union conducting observations on aurorae.
At present, Soviet physicists are preparing for ft-ture: Independent in-
vestigations of aurorae In the Arctic? During the long polar night, it
will also be possible to follow in detail the process of the formation
and disruption of ionospheric layers, the absorption by the ionosphere of
radio waves, and the determination of the ionosphere's temperature. Such
observations are already being conducted on Dickson Island by workers of
the Physics Faculty together with the Ard it Scientific Research Institute.
Equipment for studying the calm and disturbed states of the Ionosphere has
been installed here. Investigations of the heterogeneity cf the ionosphere
are conducted at three separate points in Moscow and Moscow Oblast,
Chashnikov, and Krasnaya Pakhra. The results of theca observations will
make it possible to determine the sizes of separate ionospheric layers and
the velocity of chaotic movements in the Ionosphere. Similar measurements
have been made in the Soviet Union for the first time.
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No less substantial problems confront the oceanology, ists, of the So..
vie t Union. With the spread of typhoons , +;orms , and c vc 7. ier; over the
.coin, vertical waver, arise on the surface of the water wh::cli produce so-
ca.lled microse'.amic waves in the harth's crust. The movements of typhoons
urnd cyclones can be traced accord:in;, to these osci.ilatlona Therefore ,
their study is extremely important in tire cornpilal;iorr oi' weather forecassts?
A method for determining the location of cyclones and storms according to
mi.croseismic waves was developed by the Physics Faculty of the university,
arid instruments for this purpose were designed.. Observation stations of
the Soviet Union, the Peoples Republic of China, and Poland are now equipped
with these Instruments.
It is extremely Important to know how quickly heat and radioactive
and other elements are circulated from the surface of the ocean to its
depths and back again. Exchange of this kind is caused by the irregular
motion of sea water. For the study of this motion, which is not contin-
uous, but has short pulsations measured In tenths of a second, very ac-
curate and highly sensitive Instruments are necessary. Oceanographic
observations in the complex antarctic expedition on the ship Ob' and In
the Atlantic expedition on the Lomonosov will be made us:'.ng these instru-
ments
Finally, broad investigations will be conducted in the field of
cosmic rays. The study of radiation reaching us from outer space is ex-
tremely important for understanding the structure of the atomic nucleus
and the components of its elementary particles. An automatic underground
station at a depth equivalent to 60 meters of water was established at
Moscow State University for observation of cosmic rays penetrating the
Earth's surface from the atmosphere and for studying the degree of varia-
tion of their intensity in relation to altitude.,
Interesting results on longitude determination are obtained by work-
ers of the Time Service of the Astronomical Instltute. All of the time
services of the world are now working on this problem. Soviet, sr_tentists
study the irregularity of the Earth's rotation around Its axis., compare
data obtained by other observatories " and examine the hypot:hes:'s ccncern-
..ng the movement of continents. The establishment of more accura e star.,
coordinates according to which time is determined, w:.11 be of great value.
All. this w''.ll considerably improve methods of determining and keeping ac-
curate time.
Observation of solar activity Is the responsibility of astrophysi.
c1sts of the Astronomical Institute. These workers have begun a study
of the radiation lines in the Sun's spectrum. Observation of similar
lines will make It possible to compare the state of the atmosphere, day
or night. In addition, a special station was organized for observation
of latitudinal variations and movement of the Earth's geographic poles.
The purpose of the observations will be to determine accurately the co-
ordinates of the pole and a detailed study of the connection between its
movement and the general circulation of the atmosphere.
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 The Geoir?crph.t.c 1"r+.cral ty will conduct three= ex.ped" tons during the
1GY . Ono of thorn :13 ri.lready in the region of F as tern. Pamir. During the
indiarr monaoon Period,, the faculty 4r.l.t. carry out? a number of extremely
..mportaut, meteorological observations here and in the zone of the 75th
meridian in western Tibet.
The other two expeditions of glaciological nature:. %#111 study the
spread and state of present-day glaciers. They will bring to light the
reasons for changes of glaciers and the-'.r effect. on changes of climate
and trace the movement of lee in glac_ ~rr3 ., One of the expeditions will
conduct observations on glaciers of El ?brus and they other, in KhibLn:!
A number of scientific workers, aspirants, and student-geographers of
the Moscow State Univers'_ty will be in the complement of the Antarctic
expedition of the USSR,. An expedition of the Geological Faculty is oc-
cupied with the study of the structure of the Earth's crust In the region
of the Pacific Ocean in the Kur.l.le.-Kamchatka lepre:ss:ton? These operations
will be conducted together with the :Tns t i.t.ute of Physics of the Earth of
the Academy of Sciences USSR.
"Many important and interesting problems st:.ll remain to be solved
by our investigators in the rema.i.ning 8 months of the y.GY? Ahead of us
are many difficult-_.es. But we are ffrmly confident that in the matter
of furthering the development of geophysical science., wh.ch stands before
all of the participants of the iG'.Y Low. Sov;.et? e c:' ent,'.ts , a:ond among
associates them th(_--~Ir State -1 make subetan-
tlal contribution." (Nauki 1. Zhi;zn " , No 4 , Apr 58, pp, 17-16.)
Hungarian Participation in the TiC_I,'Y
"Hungarian scientists will. conduct Investfgati.ons according to the
IGY program in the fields of meteorology., the Earth's magnetic: field,
the ionosphere, the Sun, cosmic rad. at';.on; seismology, and grav;metry.
"Twenty four stations x.?1.11 conduct meteorological obs ervat:ions . To-
gether with synoptic Investf.gat.J.ons on the surface of the Earth, the tem-
perature, pressure, and moci.sture content of the air are determined twice
a day.. The intensity of the wind at a deterlr,:Ined alt tu.ie Is measured
four t"sues a day. Radiations of the Sur, and celestial body es are regis-
tered regularly at 20 s tat::.ons .
"The Tihany Observatory of the State institute of Physics imeni
Eotvos Lorand is the center for mavuiet.c measurements o Earth currents
are measured here,
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"The observatory in Ti.hany belon,,_r,s to the most modern scientific iri???
:at itutioris in Central Europe. It :I,., excellently equipped and has a good
.;c.ieritific staff. In addition to the observation station, it is planned
to build still three more points of observation -- in Aggtele, Debrecen,
rind ill the region of Baja.
"In the field of ionospheric investigations, vertical sounding of the
ionosphere in a frequency range of one to 20 megacycles occupies a. central
position. The Meteorological Institute and the Pestlorinc Observatory
organize these operations. The Hel.a.ophysic.s Division of the Astronomical
Institute observes the Fhenornena taking place on the Sun.
"Interesting investigations are conducted in the Central Research
Institute of Physics. The registration of the meson components of cos-
mic radiation are conducted here, using special telescopes. Seismologists
and gravimetrists, together with the usual seismic service, study the
structure of the Earth's.crust in the territory of Hungary,, and earth
tides. The thorough investigation of these phenomena will aid in forinulat-
in- a more complete hypothesis concerning the physical properties of the
Earth's crust (Nauki I Zhlzn', No 4, Apr 58, pp 19-20) CPYRGHT
Rumanian Scientists in the IGY
The role of Rumanian scientists In the IGY Is explained by G.
Demetrescu, Academician, chairman of the National Committee of Geodesy
and Geophysics, Rumanian Peoples Republic (Bucharest).
"Together with scientists of 64 countries participating in the IGY,
Runnanian scientists will conduct complex geophysical investigations ac-
cording to a single and coordinated program. The management of these
operations is centered In the National Committee of Geodesy and Geophysics.,
created in 1956 under the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the
Rumanian People's Republic.. Into it entered the country's greatest spe-
c ~a i~.sts in meteorology and seismology, astronomy,, physics., and geology.
"The circle of problems on which the sc:ient.tsts of our country are
working Is extremely varied.. Scient f"I.c workers of the Bucharest Astro-
nom.i.cal. Observatory will conduct interesting observations, for example,
on the Sun's activity. With the aid of solar telescopes, special cameras,
and. monochromatic falters, spots, protuberances, eruptions, and other
processes taking place on the surface of the Sun are studied.
"Results of these investigations are transmitted every 3 hours by a
teletype network to the Europe-Asia, forecasting center in Moscow in the
Scientific Research Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere, and
Radio-Wave Propagation.
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"Complex investigations of the Vrancha Mountains and the structure
of the Earth's crust In the Carpathian zone will be conducted by seis-
mologists, associates of' the Academy of Sciences, together with the Com-
mittee on Geology.
"In the field of terrestrial magnetism, the widest investigations
are organized in the northwestern part of the country. Along with these,
gravimetric measurements in the Carpathian zone and geomagnetic observa-
tions in the region of Surlari will be made.
"In the Central Meteorological Institute, aerological radio observa-
tions are conducted, and the regime of winds at great altitudes is studied.
Investigations of ozone in the upper layers of the atmosphere and observa-
tions on the propagation of light in the atmosphere occupy a special
place here. Specialists in the field of atmospheric physics study the
types of clouds, their direction and velocity of movement, and determine
their altitude.
"Rumanian geor,,iysicists maintain close scientific ties with the
scientists of the USSR, the countries of the People's Democracies, and
also with the International Seismological Society in Strasburg and with
the International Branch of Solar Observations in Zuridh.
"These simultaneous geophysical observations yield much that is of
Interest. They widen considerably hypotheses concerning different phenom-
ena taking place on our planet and around it and make it possible to
esta'.lish a number of new important scientific rules. Moreover;, the co-
ordJ.riated observations of the scientists of the different countries un-
doubtedly will contribute not only to scientific progress in all the
strengthening fields of knowledge. Nit n1pto to understanding and
communications between the scientists of the world." (Nauka i Zhizn',
No 4, Apr 58, p 19 CPYRGHT
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II. ROCKETS AND ARTIFICIAL J ARTH SATELLITES
Soviets Request Recordings of "Mayak" Signals
A request by the Academy of Sciences USSR for recordings of radio
signals from the "Mayak" transmitter aboard Sputnik III appears in an
Izvestiya article on the third Soviet satellite. It is directed mainly
to Soviet scientists, foreign scientists, and observers in such areas
of the southern hemisphere as Australia, the Antarctic, South America,
arid. South Africa and concerns transmissions from "Mayak" while Sputnik
III is in the shadow of the Earth. Such recordings must have accurate
time indications and should be directed to Moscow, "Sputnik."
According to Izvestiya, Sputnik III has been circling the Earth
for 3 weeks, and, as of 1600 hours on 6 June, it had completed 295
orbits. The rocketcarrier is ahead by 1.3 orbits. Results from data
processing in Moscow and aboard the diesel-electric ship Ob' indi-
cated that all instruments were functioning normally. It is expected
that the transmitter "Mayak" will cpntinue operating for a consider-
able time, providing meteor erosion does not put the solar batteries
out of action. (Moscow, Izvestiya, 6 Jun 58)
Solar Eclipse Observed by Soviets in China
V. M. Sobolev, Candidate of Physicomathematical Sciences of the
Main Astronomical Observatory (Pulkovo), reports the departure of an
expedition of Soviet radioastronomers of the Pulkovo Observatory and
the Physics Institute imeni P. N. Lebedevr Academy of Sciences USSR,
for China to observe the 18 April 1958 annual eclipse of the Sun. In-
cluded in the program of observations are measurements of the polari-
zation of radio emissions of the Sun in certain wave lengths of the
centimeter band, the distribution of the radio intensity of the solar
disk, the determination of local sources of radio emissions, and a
number of other problems?
The eclipse will be visible In a belt passing through Hindustan,
CPYRGHT Indochina, and along the southern shores of Priroda,
s No 4, Apr. 58., p 110)
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Formula for Day Sky Brightness Derived
In the article "Change With Altitude of the Indices of the Scat-
tering of Light in the Earth's Atmosphere and Brightness of the Day
Sky," by G. Sh. Livahits, which appeared in Izvestiya Astrofiziches-
ko o Institute Akademii Nauk Kazakhako SSR, Vol 5, No 7, 1957, pp 123-
128., a formula for the brightness of the day sky is considered, which
was revealed by the calculation of second order scattering of light in
the Earth's atmosphere for arbitrary change of the indices of scatter-
ing and density of the air with altitude. The formula is composed of
known formulas of the brightness of the day sky, brought out with thebe
same simplifying conditions and for a homogeneous atmosphere. For
points of the sky located in the almucantar of the Sun, both formulas
have a similar form. If the observations are freed from the repeat-
edly scattered light, then, in a given case, the index of light scat-
tering in the atmosphere may be determined by means of the use of the
formula of the brightness of the sky, not considering the changes of
the indices with altitude. For points of the sky lying outside of the
Sun's almucantar, the formulas have a different form.
The problem concerning the possibility of determining the indices
at different altitudes by means of observation of the brightness of
Referativnyy
Zhurnal -- Astronomiya i Geodeziya, No 2, Feb 58, Abstract No 1006,
by G. Sh. LiVshits)
New Type Soviet Radiosonde in Series Production
Series production of the new type "A-22" radiosonde was begun in
Riga. The new instrument is being used in stratosphere researchand has
so far proved itself to be superior to those previously used.
The instrument is very simple. Substitutes possessing advantageous
qualities were successfully used in certain component parts. Thus, for
example, an_animal membrane,, which is particularly sensitive at low tem-
peratures, is used to measure moisture. Furthermore, the coding mecha-
nism of the new radiosonde is very peculiar; 300 grooves, which can
hardly be seen with the naked eye, are located on a very thin membrane:
All data is svontaneoucly noted on the thin membranes; the data is trans-
mitt b y the radiosonde in the i sianals to the earth. The
new radiosonde can rise to a height of 30 kilometers. (Bucharest, Neuer
Weg, 13 Feb 58, p 2 CPYRGHT
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SpectroEr1 i Series for Study of Weak Luminesce,, -~s
A series of three high-power diffraction-grating spectrographs have
been built by the Soviets for investigation of such weak luminescences
as night glow and aurora during the IGY. These spectrographs, designated
as SP..4B, SP-49a, and SP-50, are reported on by N. G. Gerasimova and A. V.
Yukovleva of the State Optical Institute.
Spectrograph SP-48 was designed for photographing individual portion
of the visible region of the spectrum in limits not greater than 1,000 A.
Change of section to be photographed is accomplished by changing the posi-
tion of the diffraction grating, the slit, and the inclination of the spec
trum image -through adjustments cf corresponding micrometer screws. Visual
observation of the spectrum can be made through the frame window of the
case. This instrument is designed for operation with 16-millimeter film
taking three frames per film. Spectrum length for each frame is 15.3
millimeters and the spectrum is received on a cylindrical surface with a
radius of curvature of 90 millimeters. Filter B,S-8, which eliminates
ultraviolet light, is used to prevent level overlapping.
Spectrograph SP-49a was designed for photographing the portion in
the ultraviolet region of the spectrum from 2,750 to 3,950 A. The spec-
trum is received on a cylindrical surface with a radius of curvature of
264 millimeters. This instrument is designed to operate with 8-millimeter
film taking two frames per film. The length of the spectrum for each
frame is 17 millimeters.
spectrograph SP-50 was designed for photographing separate sections
in the infrared region with limits not greater than 1,000 A. The section
to be photographed can be changed by an adjustment of a micrometer screw
which moves the diffraction grating to a certain angle. The spectrum is
received on a flat surface which is perpendicular to the axis of the
camera?s objective lens. An electron-optical transducer serves as the
sensing element in the infrared region of the spectrum. Filter KS-14
is used. to eliminate overlaps' of second-level spectra.
Following are optical specificationu of the instruments
SP-48
SP-49a
SP-50
Collimator:
Relative aperture
1/4-7
1/15
1/6.8
Focal length (mm)
630
2370
820
Camera:
Relative aperature
1/0.8
1/1.25
1/1-5
Focal length (mm)
70
170
135.13
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SP-48 sP-?Y9i sP-5_o
Grating: Grooves pcr nun 1,2J0 600 600
Dimensions of grooved
portion in mm 136 by 90 150 by 140 121 by 94
Concentration of
light
Linear dispersion: A/mm
Resolving power: A
Visible re- Middle ultra- Red region
gion first violet re-
level gion first
level
-3
5
Svectrum operating
range: A 3,800 to 2,750 to 8,000 to
8,000 3950 11,000
(Pribory i Tekhnika Ekeperimenta, No 1, Jul-Aug, 56, pp 83-86)
Meteor Trails Observed at Vannovskiy in 12,57
Tabulated data on the ten meteor trails observed in 1957 at
Vannovskiy appear in a Turkmen scientific journal article by Kh. D. Gul'-
medov, a member of the Institute of Physics and Geophysics, Academy of
Sciences Turkmen SSR. Entitled, "1eteor Trails of 1957 According to
Observations. at the Astrophysical Observatory in Vannovskiy," the article
reads as follows:
"Observations of meteor trails in 1957 were conducted at the new
Astrophysical Observatory in the settlement of Vannovskiy (37056'4" N, 58?
6'4" E; at an elevation of 600 meters) simultaneously with a program of
double visual count of meteors with free-mounted Hertz 6 by 8 binoculars.
A total of ten meteor trails was recorded in 1957. Of these, trail No 9
was observed by I. L. Genkin in Vannovskiy and I. S. Astapovich in Ashkha-
bad. In addition, one trail of a telescopic meteor (No 3) was observed by
K. A. Lyubarskiy and I. N. Latyshev from a 505-meter base line. Observa-
tions were performed according to the method of V. V. Fedynskiy for trails
observed from one point and according to the Newton-Dennthg method for
those observed from base li,.cs.
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"All data from the observations are presented in the following
table. In this table, m stands for star magnitude of the meteor;
Strewn, appurtenance to a given ntream (Aq - ~Aquarida; P - Perseids;
Or - Orionids); I , angular length of the meteor; al, zl, a , z2,
horizontal coordinates for the beginning and end of the trail, re-
spectively; d a andd z, angular displacement according to azimuth and
zenith distance respectively;-r duration of trail visibility; [FI], al-
titude accepted for unilateral trails; Vd, velocity of drift; ad,
direction of drift; E, linear diffusion; and ds, distance to the
middle.of the trail's projection to the surface of the Earth.
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Trail No 1 -- "The trail drifted from its center to its end. A
bulge of about 807 m diameter formed after 2 minutes."
Trail No 2 -- "The trail drifted in its center portion (2?). Drift
d = 1800 was
was absent in the beginning and end portion of the trail. ad=1800
noted during observation."
Trail No 3 -- "Total displacement was 4171'."
Trail No 4 -- "Drift direction of Yu-V was noted visually."
Trail No 5 -- "The trail drifted along its lower portion. A bulge
formed in the middle of the trail with a brightness four times greater
than that of the trail."
Trail No 6 -- "The trail drifted in its center portion (30). Weak
drift in the same direction was noted for the beginning and end portions."
Trail No 7 -- "The trail drifted in its upper portion (3?5'). Near
the end of visibility,' 10 m/sec."
Trail No 8 -- "Drift of the trail formed a ring. In the middle
portion the drift approached a=ll?. Drift in the beginning and end
portions was in opposite directions."
Trails 9 and 10 -- "Base line observations: for Keshi, a -12805'..
z1 23?2', a2.132?6' and z2=26?5', for Vannovskiy, H1=85, 877 km, H2-
72,558 km. In Vannovskiy, the trail was observed visually and in Keshi,
with binoculars.') = 10?. Three layers were observed. In the middle
layer, Vd = 54rrVsec. On the lower boundary of the lowest layer, Vd - 44
m/sec."
"Method for Observations: The or_!ginal method. for observation of
meteor trails was developed by I. S. Astapovich in 1926 in Nikolayev and
then, in 1933, in Stalinabad. It was discussed by V. P. Tsesevich in
1934 and further developed by I. S. Astapovich (1938) and V. V. Fedynskiy
(Fedynskiy, V. V.) "Night Shining, Mb r Trails," Trudy Tadzhiksko,r
Astronomicheskoy Observatorii, Vol 2, 1941).
"The existing method is based on telescope observation of the por-
tion of the sky after the flight of bright meteors by means of mounted
or unmounted instruaer_ts.
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 "Our observations were performed with a mounted instrument. The
position of the trail and its drift relative to the stars in the visual
field of the instrument were sketched on paper. Later, the stars were
identified according to an atlas. Drawings were made for several positions
of the trail and the time for each position was given by a stop watch which
was started at the moment of a meteor's flight. This drawing includes
an accurate position of the trail, its width at various sections, its
shape, changes of form, bulge formations, etc.
"In cases of trails of short duration, it is better to make the
drawing after disappearance of the trail. In these cases, small displace-
ments were observed with could give the direction and sometimes even the
speed of drift. The magnitude of displacement, is determined by comparison
with known distances between components of double stars, and the direction
is estimated visually and denoted orally (SE, NW, etc.).
"Estimates of trail width at different sections of the trail indicate
the diffusion at different altitudes. Change of the rate of diffusion
with altitude was established by I. S. Astapovich during 1943-1945 in
Ashkhabad.
"During observations, the color, brightness, changes in brightness
and other characteristics are noted. Complete observations on the meteor
which produced the trail are also necessary according to the 'program-
maximum.'
"Basically, observations were conducted in accordance with this pro-
"Typical Forms of Meteor Trails: The classification given by V. V.
Fedynskiy (in the above-mentioned reference) was adopted for typical
forms of meteor trails.
"P - 'stripe' [poloska] -- trail disappears without changing its
form (trail No 4)
"M --'cape` [mys] break in a trail due to varied currents in the
upper atmosphere.
"K - - 'ring' [kol'.tso ] -- (trail No 8).
"Form P was noted for two trails, M for eight, and K for one.
"Practically all of the trails changed their form. This again
points out the laminar character of air currents in the upper atmosphere
and the presence of currents at different altitudes with different
speeds and directions of movement.
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"Results rind Conclusions; The chrangeia in the forms of meteor
trails indicate stratification of air currents in the zone of meteor
trails . For trails No I and 2 (at the bej , nnir_g) , No `( (at the end),
No 2 and 6 (at the beginning and end), only a weak drift was detected,
or drift was entirely absent. This shcws the presence of quiet zones.
According to data from our obluervutior.s during 1.955-.1956 (GGul'medov,
Kh..D., "Observations of Meteor Trails in 1955-1957 in Ashkhabad,"
Izvesti a Akademii Nauk Turkmenskoy SSR2 No 1, 1957), such a region is
located at an altitude of 80 to 81; k lanx'terr in the E,-gayer of the
ionosphere. In the case where drift was visible at these altitudes
(trail No 9), its speed va., such lower than at other altitudes (26 meters
per second as opposed to t;3 meters per second. average for the highest and
lowest altitudes of the "B-layer..
"All trails, with the exception of No J_, were observed after mid-
night, local time, and it could have been expected that their drift
would be directed toward the eastern sector of the celestial sphere.
This was confirme i for all trails except No 7 and 8.
"Diffusion was noted in only five trails. For two of them, increased
diffusion was observed (20 and 18.9 meters per second). At the end of
visibility of trail No 4, diffusion decreased from 20 to 10 meters per
second.
"The author a resses atitude to 1. A ?ta ovich for his advice
and instructions on orvation and their Initiation.' (Izvestiya CPYRGHT
Akademii Nauk Turkmenskoy SSR, No 2, Feb 58, pp 1.10112)
Radiointerference Caused b Moon's Atmos here
In an article entitled "Radiointerf'erence Caused by the Ionosphere
of the Moon," G. A. Gurzadyan, Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory, sup
ports the viewpoint that the often-obse---ved increase in the total radio
emanation of the sun before and at the end of an eclipse is caused by
the refraction of the radio waves in the lunar ionosphere (atmosphere).
The author further points out that., in add: tion to the refraction of
radio waves in the ionosphere of the Moon, under certain conditions, in-
fluences of an interference character should be observed which result
from the fact that two radio beams emanating from. a certain element of
the Sun's surface reach the observer by to different paths, one direct,
and the other through the Moon's Ionosphere; depending on the ratio of
the differences of the optical paths of the two beams to the length of
the wave, a received signal will either increase In intensity or fade:
an increase of radio emanation occurs in the first case and a decrease,
in the second case. The author presents a quantitative analysis of the
described Influence, for which the Lloyd interferometer may serve as an
optical analog, and makes the following concluding remarks:
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"It is interesting, to notice that the theoretical increase of
fluctuation from the center of the disk to its edge does not take place
gradually, but rather abruptly, almost stepwise, even at the edge of the
disk. Nevertheless, a calculation of the absorption, in the solar atmos-
phere, of the radio waves emanating from the edge of the disk should in-
dicate a certain decrease of this abruptness.
"Thus, the refraction and interference of radio waves (emanating
from point sources on the s ) caused by the ionosphere of the Moon are
responsible for the increase of the fluctuation of radio emanation before
and after an eclipse. Fluctuations of a given source intensity increase
with a decrease of its angular dimensions; fluctuations from prolonged
sources are less pronounced. The degree of fluctuation differs according
to wave length, but on the average increases with an increase of wave
length. A study of these fluctuations affords the possibility of evaluat-
ing the size and intensity of -point sources of radio emanation on the Ann_"
Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Vol 118, No 5, 11 Feb 58, pr 884-
887)
Seeding of "Warm" Clouds
Cloud seeding methods are discussed in an article, "Artificial Pre-
cipitation," by G, Ya. Myakishev, Candidate of Physicomathematical Sci-
ences.
The appercooled cloud (with a temperature below zero centigrade),.
which is the most common form of cloud, lends itself most freely to rain-
making. Such clouds, seeded with dry ice or silver iodide from an air-
plane, will usually yield precipitations. The use of such methods, how-
ever, does not unfailingly lead to the formation of precipitation. For
example, the drops which form can evaporate before reaching the surface
of the Earth, or the same heat released during the crystallization of
water so changes the conditions of convection in the adjoining layers
of air to the cloud that it is scattered and generally gives no precipi-
tation.
Experiments connected with the seeding of "warm" clouds and fogs
(those whose temperature is above zero centigrade) present still another
problem. Such clouds are more stable than supercooled clouds, and the
mechanism of the formation of precipitation in then is different. If a
sufficiently 'Large drop develops in the upper part of the cloud, it falls
and in its downward path, it is still f%rther increased at the expense
of its union with other drops (minute drops flow around one another and
are net joined). An excessively growing drop in the lower part of the
cloud disintegrates and enters into the ascending flow of air which lifts
its particles upwards again. After this, the whole process is repeated
on still larger scales. An unusual "chain reaction" occurs in the cloud.
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Thus, it is possible, in principle, to produce rain from "warm"
clouds with the aid of large drops of water scattered from an airplane.
However, successes of this measure are connected with the fulfillment of
a whole series of conditions. Thus, it was necessary that the velocity
of the air flow directed upward was fully determined. The conducted ex-
periments gave positive results in separate cases only. Work in the
given direction is continuing. Calcium chloride, also capable of pro-
i a for action-on "warm" clouds.
(Nauka i Zhizn', flou p Apr .58, tp 77-78
Soviet Research Ship Sedov Completes Voyage The Soviet expeditionary sailing ship Sedov has returned to Kalinin- CPYRG HT
Lad after months of research work in the little-studied region of the
an c.
qua or a waters of the Atl
(Moscow, Izvestiya, 7 Jun 5
"Radioactive Rain in the Pacific Ocean"
According to an article by Prof V. Bogorov, deputy director of the
Institute of Oceanology of the Academy of Sciences USSR, which appeared
in 6 June Pravda, the Vityaz', an expeditionary ship of the institute,
encountered radioactive rain in the Pacific Ocean.
V. P. Petelin, leader of the expedition and a senior scientific
associate of the Institute, reported that the V.tyaz?, while conducting
IGY investigations in the region west of the Marianas and north of the
Caroline Islands, some 3,000 kilometers west of the Marshall Islands,
where the Americans are conducting atom bomb tests, radioactive rain fell
on the ship. A special part, of the expeditiod'A program requires the
study of radioactivity of water, scil, and organisms. In the course of
this work, signs of an increase in radioactivity in rainwater began on
23 May. In the beginning, these were not large, but during the day on
29 May they reached a maximmy exceeding the normal by several hundred
times. Petelin reported that in view of the danger to the health of
members of the expedition, investigations were suspended, bringing to a
halt operations according to the IGY program, and the ship left the contam-
inated area. Preventive measures were taken aboard the Vityaz'.
The article stresses the danger from radioactive fallout of US atom
bombs to the inhabitants of the thaasands of islafids dotting the Central
Pacific who depend on rain as their only source of fresh water.
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Bogorov comments on the solution to this problem taken by the Soviet
Union in its unilateral cessation of tests of atomic arms. (Moscow,
Pravda, 6 Jun 58)
IGY Research on Ostrov Kheysa in Arctic
A fairly large settlement has grown up in a wide semicircle around
a fresh-water lake on Ostrov Kheysa. The settlement has been named
Druzhnyy. The streets have electric lighting. The houses in Druzhnyy
are identical with those built in the Antarctic. Druzhnyy was built for
the sane purpose as Mirnyy in Antarctica, i.e., for a wide range of
scientific observations under the IGY program.
Three rooms in the main geophysical pavilion are at the disposal of
a group of specialists studying cosmic rays. The rooms are crowded with
tables covered with instruments, counters, and high instrument panels.
A neutron monitor is installed in one of these rooms in complete darkness;
in another room is a cubic telescope. This is the domain of Oleg Odintsov,
Nelentin Bychkov, and Vitaliy Korzov. Next door is the seismic laboratory,
where two young specialists, Sergey Fedorov and his wife, Irina, are em-
ployed. Earthquakes occurring in different parts of the world are recorded
here and reported by radio to Moscow.
Near the shore of the strait is an instrument which records the
fluctuations of the ocean level.
Recently, a radiosonde launched at this location reached a record
heig3^t of 37 kilometers. Observations of aurora were completed not long
ago. Hundreds of meters of photographic film were sent away for analysis.
One of the most exciting phases of the work is the launching of
meteorological rockets. The rocket-launching site is clearly visible
from the whole settlement. The use of meteorological rockets helps to
obtain information, supplementing that received from the Earth satellites,
regarding gradual changes in temperature and moisture of the air with
increasing altitude and other characteristics of the atmosphere.
About an hour before the time set for the rocket launching, a radio-
sonde is released, which transmits data on wind conditions at various
altitudes. These data are given to the rocket launchers. A second
radiosonde is released about 10 minutes after the rocket has been launched.
The data reported by the radiosonde and the rocket willthen be compared.
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Immediately after the rocket is launched, the radar antenna on the
green roof of the radar van begins scanning. The operators, V. Anan'yev
and Ye. Morozov, track the rocket by radio beam. In the adjoining build-
ing, Eng V. lova and A.-Kononov, junior scientific associate, operate the
telemetering instruments. They receive radio signals reporting on the
instrument readings of the rocket.
A few minutes after the launching, the rocket head section descends
by parachute to the ocean. A group of people start out on skis toward '
the spot where the red parachute has dropped. Three hours later, a eross-
E cry- ehicle goes out to net them. The group returns, carrying the
rocket had section and narachute. This part of the rocket contains
bnoteorological data and is of great scientific value. (Moscow, Izvestiya,
5 Jun 58
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