SOVIET BLOC INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR INFORMATION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000200250001-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 20
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 15, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: July 25, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

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PB 131632-24
SOVIET BLOC INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR INFORMATION
July 25, 1958
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
Office of Technical Services
Washington 2-5. D. C.
Published Weekly from February 14, 1958, to January 2, 1959
Subscription Price $10.00 for the Series
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PLEASE NOTE
This report presents unevaluated information on Soviet
Bloc International Geophysical Year activities selected from
foreign-language publications as indicated in parentheses. It
is published as an aid to United States Government research.
SOVIET BLOC INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR INFORMATION
Table of Contents
Page
I.
General
1
'.I.
III.
IV.
V.
Rockets and Artificial Earth Satellites
Upper Atmosphere
Seismology
Oceanography
14
VI.
Arctic and Antarctic
15
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!~- '1 )nul Corii'erence on Problems of Or. ani?J.n the Annomicement of Special
CPYRGHT ~Jorid Interval Observations Held in Moscow
--
Lr1 conference on problcrns of organizing the announcement of special
intervals of observations in the European--Asiatic ..tGY region was held in
Moscow 7-8 May 1957. A report of the conference as presented by N. V.
Pushkov follows.
Participating in the conference were :representatives of the national
committees of the countries of the region: Bulgaria, Dr Krustanov; Hun-
gary, Dr Bela Bell; German Democrut,.i.c Republic., Dr Philipps and Docent
Iauters; Mongolian People's Republic, Chiminbardzhi and Pfilnzhbadga.r; Po-
land, Docent Parczewski; Rumania, Dr Stoenescu, and Dr Popovic' ; USSR,
Pushkov and Mogilevskiy, Candidates of Physicomathematice.1 Sciences; and
Czechoslovakia, Mrazek, Candidate of Technical Sciences.
The conference was under the direction of Yu. D. Bula.izhe, Doctor
of Physic mathematical Sciences, regional secretavy of the. European-Asiatic
Region. Attending the conference as represa.ntativea of CS-AG?: (Comite Spe-
c i.al Annee Geophysique Inte:^nationaJ.e) were V. V. Belov-sov, member of the
bureau and. Dr A. N. Sliap.'-ey-, menlb,cr of -',tAe corira:'_ttee a.-.d r,-;povte:~, for world
day's and commun J.cai:ione .
Leaders of wo.,king g;-oups of ';he "Sr)viet 1LY Comnc:i.ttee and some of the
leading workers of the M' n71.stry of Conm un _cati.ons and of the communication
services of the M---,.in Admi>.i::tratiorL of the tiyd:^ometeo:roJogl.Ca~. tiet~rice
and the Main AcLninistra,,L oiZ of he r?ortlzern Sea Route took part in the
conference as experts (corb'uita'.1":s) .
The con?' ce:.ce ccncidered the :f ,1__ na:tltg problem"':
I. Problems of the C~nuam JLit:'. on Ce:a-!;.'r a.)?d its
work during the week of to _ t c.nr:c,,.Ir:-erne: c':?s (?epo::. of I. V. Pu,.'"iko',r) .
2. bWork of the ?: ationii_ centers du.:..... r t.2 ro
t s t announceme,rts (repo;.'t of t'7.e nat:'.o)TaC~J. .. C,?llri: 'tteE s
of the IG~). -
3. The draft of a pla:~ for t'r?.c; -o:j.ec.ti nn v,nd o4n dai
suznrnaries of solar wad geophys.caJ. da.tc:, (:reporrt of E.
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CPYRGHT
The conference was very timely. It made it possible to establish
a personal. con-thict between the leaders of the regional and national com-
municaLion centers. Participants in the conference visited the Scientific
RencaNch J.nnLitute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere, and Radiowave
Propagation and the Main Administration of the Hydrometeorological Serv-
ice.
The following resolutions of the Regional Conference on Problems of
Organizing the Announcement of Special World Interval Observations were
adopted:
1. The regional conference noted that national IGY committees of
the region countries conduct much work on the organization of communica-
tions for announcements of alerts and special world intervals. Results
of the week's test, announcements which were conducted showed that in the
majority of the region countries effective systems for the transmission
of announcements by stations were already established. Particularly ac-
curate and quick-acting transmitting systems were created in the German
Democratic Republic, Hungary, Rumania, the USSR, and Czechoslovakia. The
meteorological services and the ministries of communication of the region
countries render great service to the national IGY committee in ensuring
the transmission of announcements.
The test transmissions of the announcements showed that alerts
and notices of special world intervals declared at 1600 GMT were carried
through to the majority of the region stations in time. However, there
were cases when isolated. stations received the warning after 2400 GMT.
Such cases occurred as a rule in stations located at great distances from
the national centers of communication: The conference recommends that
the national committees of the region countries analyze cases of tardiness
Nrhich would be detrimental to the fulfillment of the program of observa-
tions and take measures to eliminate them in the future.
2. For ensuring continuity in the transmission of announcements, the
corfere,,;-.ce considers it necessary that regional and national centers of
cormnu.:,`,sati on should receive telegrams through two unrelated channels. In
this co-riec C,i on the conference recommends that the regional and national
centers use w rn,in_gs received through Frankfurt-on-Main and through the
English station."GFA." The conference, in addition, recommends that the
aa~nouncemen-s obtained through Frankfurt-on-Main from Potsdam and Paris
be tran.s:rz-ttcd into Warsaw, Sofia, Bucharest, Budapest, and Moscow and
r(-.-quests: the meteorological service of the GDR and the Czechoslovak
Pe_plc's Rcpubli.c to take the necessary steps for this measure. The con-
fere:ace a.iso considers it useful to organize the reception by the national
centers of communication, where this is possible, of messages from centers
of commu,.,.'.cation of other regions. National centers, which receive reports
from other regions. can receive messages from Moscow by teletype or tele-
graph o.;,y, that is, through one channel.
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CPYRGHT
3. The conference considers it untimely to adopt a resolution on the
necessity of sending "no alert" telegrams before the end of the IGY test
month (June 1957). It is possible that such communications could be used
in certain regions and in separate countries. "No alert" messages in case
of their introduction should be transmitted by national centers of com-
munication according to whose judgment they will be transmitted by the
station.
4. The conference turns the attention of the national centers of
communication on the additional difficulties connected with the irregular
transmission of messages in the test month, and reveals the necessity of
carefully preparing the means of communication for the dissemination of
messages and ensuring their receipt by interested countries.
5. The conference recommends to the World Communication Center that
the standard text of warnings be curtailed as much as possible without
impairing its clarity after the end of the test month. The conference
has no objection to the use of the English language in messages for the
European -Asiatic Region.
The conference considers it undesirable to introduce changes in
the standard text without extreme necessity. In case the World Communica-
tion Center during the IGY desires to introduce some changes in the stand-
ard texts of the -telegrams, it shou3r3. communicate such changes to the re-
gional and national centers of communication beforehand so that these in
turn can notify stations by post or telegraph.
6. The conference considers it very desirable that CSAGI establish
forms of observations needed in messages concerning Special World Inter-
vals. Recommendations of CSAGI in this connection must be included in
supplements to the manual on world days and communications. For its own
part the conference considers it expedient to send messages of Alerts and
Special World Intervals to stations conducting the following types of ob-
servations:
a. Aerological (in aerological stations near cosmic ray stations).
b. Ozonometric.
c. Geomagnetic.
d. Observations of auroras and airglow.
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CPYRGHT
e. Ionospheric (including atmospheric disturbances and meteor
observatioris).
f. :polar (optical and radio observations).
Observations for cosmic rays.
h. Longitude measurements (in those cases when they are connected
with measurements of the speed of radiowave propagation).
7. The conference requests the regional communication center to
generalize data concerning the times of receipt of warnings by the region
stations in June 1957 and to circulate them for general information. For
this the national centers of the region countries must present data on
the maximum, minimum, and median times of the receipt of the warnings,
and also the number of cases of receiving telegrams after 2400 World Time
for each station.
8. The conference in principle approves the system of collection
and dissemination of summaries of solar and geophysical data recommended
by the regional centers of communication. The daily exchange of these
data among the region countries must be done through the regional centers
of communication using the communication facilities of the meteorological
services. In the exchange the data of a limited number of stations and
observatories, a list which is approved by the national IGY committees and
the regional centers of communication must be included. The summaries
of data compiled by the regional centers of communication must be trans-
mitted by the national centers of communication to the meteorological
services of the region by teletype once or twice daily and disseminated
among other organizations and stations interested in them. This can be
done by including the summaries in meteorological forecasts, radiotelephone
transmissions, etc. The national IGY committees must quickly make a de-
cision on the transmission codes recommended by the regional center of
c ommun_cation so that they can be introduced during the test month.
9. The conference supports the proposal of the regional center con-
cerning the wide circulation in the region countries of the following
bulletins which are published in the USSR: "Solar Data," _"Monthly Review
of Cosmic Data." and "Monthly Radio Forecasts," and also concerning the
insertion in them of the most important data of observations obtained from
solar, magnetic, and ionospheric stations of the region. The conference
recommends that the national IGY committees have translated into the ap-
propr:?ate language the permanent part of texts and explanations to bulletin
tables and have these translations circulated among the organizations
interested in them.
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CPYRGHT
The conference also rec'mmends to the national G"Y committees
that the mutual exchange of bulletins for the various TGY disciplines
published in the region countries be organized, and that, to accordance
with the recommendations of CSAGI, forms be produced for The presentation
of data.
10. The conference requests the regional center to consider the
possibility of the rapid dissemination of preliminary descriptions and
materials concerning unusual solar and geomagnetic phenomena by means
"Monthly Review of Cosm c Data" or Publication
0 orma on_ letters. Mezhdur..arodny Ge o.fizicheski,j God, ::: r,"o? .nat,. iornyy
CPYRGHTByulleten', No 4, 1958, pp 108-111)
Activities of East German Geophysical Observatory at Leipzig
The Geophysical Observatory of Karl Marx University, Leipzig, the
only university institute of its kind in Europe; is situated on the north
side of the Collmberg mountain near Oschatz. Under the direction of Pro-
fessor Dr Scline ider-Car ius, director of the Geophystca;. L'sti.tu.ite of Karl
Marx University, the observatory is doing research work on the physical
properties of the earth (Erdkoerper) and of the atmosphere. A total of
250 stations are receiving series of geophysical measurements from the
observatory.
The observatory is equipped with all kinds of the most modern in-
struments and installations for meteorological and i.o:.osp?reri.c measure-
ments and recordings of data. For some ti~-ae the obse:rvatorv has had four
modern receiving installations through which the propagation of a?_trashort
waves can be traced and the dependence of t1trashort -vave reception on
the condition of the lower atmospheric strata can be ex~mined. The East
German government allotted considerable fuc.ds for. tt;:-.e nod._:: :onosphere-
research installations which are playing a great role w.=;-) r.'_ the research
tasks during the International Geophysical. ` ee.r.
The ionospheric tests are rased on observations of the cor_di.'t;: o.n
of and changes in the outer layers of the atmospheYr,= ~N..o:?~r.trrc.sUr,a.c:tee)
A number of ionosphere directior finder. in the 26-?in._:+;er--7d._=,h t.ow.ae?r ,,f.
the observatory are register.ng the p-opagat?io;. C'~rd1.' 1.o 's of ..on ' LL:"?d.
medium waves with regard to thei-o de,)E-nde'..u_?:: o:. the of outer
layers of the atmosphere;. These mr as u~-,^i,ir ?.t s a::--- be _.:.i; ; co-; ::: ar _ d w'.h
Kue.`ilungsborn institute for. ::or_oe.prrcx-c Eesec.:.chand. the F'ra t:e ',:2 _ip;hy,?ica'
Institute. There is a regular e .cha:age the : _ i study
CPYRGHT
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CPYRGHT
Uf the i).ropri.;at:ion -I' ionospheric disturbances. The three institutes have
.recciver~; Cor the recording of the so-called Moegel-Dellinger effect which
is cr.cuserl by intensified ultraviolet radiation of the sun in periods of
increa?cad solar activity. In that case, the short waves during daytime
are being temporarily absorbed by the additional ionization of the atmos-
phere so that short-wave radio transmission suffers complete or temporary
interruptions.
Further installations of the Collor Observatory are three newly es-
tablished observation points whose receivers are tuned in to the Prague
medium-wave station and which register the minimum and maximum values of
the space-waves at specific times, thus measuring the direction and .-peed
of the wind at an altitude of 90 kilometers. The magnetic observatory
of the Collor institute is one of the few which also have ionospheric con-
trol equipment in the same location and thus can examine the connections
between magnetic and ionspheric disturbances. Visual magnetic recording
make-_ it !ngsih1a t.n ragristar par-harn lights so that there is no need
to wait for an optical evaluation. I(Berlin, National-Zeitung, 6 May 58) C PYRG HT
Soviet Scientific Expeditions in Siberia
The creation of a Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences has
already made i'c possible this year to considerably increase the volume
of scientif research work in the region of Siberia.
The Scientific Research Institute of Geology and Geophysics alone
is sending out 28 expeditionary crews. This is twice the number that
worked last year.
Lame thematic investigations of the physical fields and mountain
systems of western Siberia will be conducted. A large detachment of sci-
entists is departing to uncover oil- and gas-bearing structures in the
central part of the western Siberian plains. Also of interest to these
scientists are regularities in the distribution of useful-minerals in the
Altay mountai r.s and the nature of the coal deposits of the Kuzbass and
other Siberian regions.
A.o:rg the i ad': s af' the expeditionary detachments are V. A. Kuznetsov
and F. 717. ;37:akhov Corresponding Members of the Academy
(Moscow Pravda, 30 Jun. 58)
CPYRGHT
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II. HOCKE-TL AND ARTIFICIAL EARTH SATEIZITES
CPYRGHT Stalin Prize Winner Discusses Returning Satellite Crews to Earth
P. Isakov. Candidate of Biological Sciences, Stalin Prize Winner,
in the article, "The Problem of Returning Satellite Crews From the Cosmos,"
discusses some of the problems confronting scientists in such an under-
taking.
Isakov reduces the means of accomplishing the safe return of crews
from cosmic space to two: the first is to return the satellite and crew
together, and the second, to return the crew only. He says the second
method will be simpler.
Ejection apparatus and hermetically sealed capsules may be used for
catapulting crews from satellites or rockets which have been slowed suf-
ficiently with the aid of powerful retro-rockets or by means of the so-
called braking ellipses. Isakov says that, if the velocity of the satel-
lite can be successfully lowered to the desired degree, the ejection of
its crew can be accomplished by methods already in use in aviation. How-
ever, he continues, the practical development of such a method is still
needed in obtaining supplementary data. In particular it is necessary
to obtain information concerning temperatures arising during different
braking intensities, on cooling the satellite under different conditions,
etc. Also required is a solution to the problem of the effect of high
temperatures on the crews and the development of protective equipment.
At present, says Isakov, man is in a position to withstand surrounding
temperature increases of up to and over 1000 centigrade for short periods.
Clothes of special types have already been developed which permit a man
to be in a temperature of 3000 centigrade. Here Isakov refers to such
equipment which has been developed in "other countries" than the Soviet
Union.
The temperature barrier is not the sole difficulty standing before
scientists. The problem of the increased (=-effect due to deceleration
also must be solved. The effect of increased Gs is studied at present
by many medical specialists. It has been established that ni.i: can with-
s'and a force of 3-5 Gs for short periods with no harmful aftereffects.
However, if the forces continue for several minutes serious changes in
a man's condition arise which sharply limit his efficiency. In t:is con-
nection scientists are persistently seeking effective means to protect
man from these forces.
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Ioakov mentions the experiments of Italian scientists who subjected
animals to "overloads" [G-forces] when submerged in water. Such a method,
he says,-. was proposed during Tsiolkovskiy's time. The present experiments
showed that under these conditions animals could withstand much more over-
load than under the usual conditions. Thus, he continues, scientists are
presented with still another means of ensuring man's safety during his re-
turn from cosmic flight.
Isakov also discusses the danger to man's organism due to rapid and
irregular rotations of the body in all possible planes. Such rotations
can cause serious aftereffects. It is known that if a man is rotated with
a speed of 2-3 revolutions per second he loses consciousness after 10-15
seconds. Loss of consciousness due to the body's rotation during delayed
parachute jumps is not unknown.
The experiments of Soviet scientists were devoted to developing life-
saving systems in the rocket flights of animals up to altitudes of 200
kilometers. These showed that the animals' lives could be successfully
preserved after the containers in which they were housed, Were. -ejected froze the
rockets. The results of these investigations undoubtedly will have great
value also for the future development of recovery systems from still
greater altitudes, among them for man's return from cosmic flights.
"The methods of ensuring man's return from cosmic space presented
above do not eliminate all the problems. There are a number of other
problems, no less important However, modern science has
"n bulve all ese pro ems. Moscow, Krasnaya Zvezda, 3 Jul 58)
CPYRGHT
Space Ship Utilizing Eleatric Fields Suggested
"Cosmic Space -- Storehouse of Limitless Energy Reserves," by G. I.
Pokrovskiy, as told to A. Petrov is a discussion of the various forces in
space which could be used to drive a space ship. The author proposes that
"cosmic electromagnetic fields" may be used for controllable :power.: Such a
ship must have special equipment to utilize this energy source, and al-
though such equipment has not yet been developed, its elements have already
been designed for other applications.
"Two particle accelerators comprise the basic element of this equip-
ment. One of these is intended for the acceleration of positively charged
particles, hydrogen ions; the other, for the acceleration of the negs.tivd,y
charged electrons. If the first accelerator is operating, a positive
CPYRGHT
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CPYRGH
charge leaves the ship and the whole ship is negatively charged. If the
ship is located in a cosmic electric field, it will move toward the posi-
tive pole. Similarly, if the electron accelerator is operating, the ship
will move toward the negative pole. By changing the sign and magnitude
of the charge, the cosmic ship can change acceleration and direction. Pro
tons and electrons must be emitted from the ship into cosmic space with
sufficient energy to prevent their falling back on the ship.
"If the ship is divided into two electri.,allr isolated parts, then the
ship may be turned in space by charging each of them with some charge or
other. If the whole ship,.or some individual part of it, is made to ro-
tate rapidly, the ship turns into a magnet which can be oriented by some
method in the cosmic magnetic field.
"The forces arising under these conditions will not be very large in
most cases. However, considering the limitless extent of ccsmic space and
the possibility of prolonged acceleration, one can conclude that electro-
magnetic fields in interstellar space make it possible, within wide limits, to
drive a space ship at least when there are no large heavenly bodies close
by. Only small supplies of ionized material are necessary for such a
drive. The energy to emit the ions may be obtained from irradiation or
from a small supply of fuel. The energy of this fuel will be inconsider-
able in comparison with the enery-y latent
can be used (Tekhnika Molodezhi, No 6, Jun 58, pp
5-13) CPYRGHT
Sputnik III Over Moscow
On the night of 27-28 June 1956, visual and photographic observations
of Sputnik III were made at the State Astronomical Institute imeni Shtern-
berg in Moscow. Before this, visual observations have been impossible
because of unfavorable weather conditions. Two photographs were made of
the carrier rocket; one showing its trail is r
(Moscow), zvestiya, 29 Jun 58
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III. UPPER ATMOSPHERE
I'ir:, t T'e., t:; -.LL I'OU;dnm On Goviet Diffraction Grating
A revi,.:w of a paper titled "Test Results on a New Diffraction Grat-
ing of the Potsdam Astrophysical Observatory, Produced at the Leningrad
Optical Institute," read by E. H. Schroeter, of Potsdam, at the fifth
Conference on Spectroscopy of the Physics Society of East Germany, held
14-1u November 1957 in Valle, ;i.ves the following information:
The diffraction grating is a present of the Academy of Sciences USSR
to the Gcrman Academy of Sciences in Berlin and has been in use Iii Potsdam
since March 1957 in connection with the large spectrographic installation
(autocollimation, f = 12 m) of the Einstein Tower for the recording of
solar spectra. The 150-mm-diameter and 21-mm thick glass disk coated
with alLullinum has a divided surface of 90 x 100 mm2 (600 lines per mm).
The "blaze" property of the grating, emphasized by the manufacturers, was
tested on the large autocollimation spectrograph through photoelectric
measurements of the intensity of intrafocal images of Hg-lines in various
ar?ran-ements on both sides of the grating normal. There was one "blaze"
direction on each side of the grating normal. On one side, 65 percent
of the incident monchromatic radiation was measured in the second order
at 'i.,9OO Rat maximum intensity distribution. The entire half-
width of the bell-shaped intensity distribution in the spectrum amounts
to 2,o0() ', so that the total visual spectral range can be observed in
this order of greatest light intensity at a dispersion of 1 R - 1.52 mm.
On the other side of the grating normal the maximum intensity distribu-
Lion is obtained with about 35 percent 1J :'.at yield at ~ = 4,000 9 in the
6th order (dispersion up to 1 R = 8.2 mm). An approximation formula from
the diffraction theory, derived under the assumption of a triangular
grating g::?oove profile, satisfactorily agrees with the measured ?distribu-
tion of i..:.ensity in, the spectrum of the grating.
The .ratio of the theoretical spectral resolution to the practical
resolution. was investigated up to the 6th order by means of photographs
of the hyperfine structure of appropriate Hg-lines. In the second order,
the component pair A and B (see H. Schueler and J. E. Keyston, Z. Phys.,
Vol 72, 1931, p 423) of the Hg-line = 5,461 R with ,6 46 rriX could
e. till be rr^s olved in spite of the great difference in the intensity
ratio. Thi? corresponds to a practical resolution of 119,000 (the theo-
retical valuf- amounts to 120,000). Another photograph showed that, in
A,
the 6th order , the comr.,onent pair g anc, e of the Hg-line = 4,358
with a spac_3.:ag of only 11 Rik corresponding to a Q = 390,000, could
still be clearly resolved. The fact that the theoretical value, which
is based on the Rayleigh criterion, is exceeded, shows, on the one hand,
that this criterion can be exceeded by photographic recordings and, on
the other hand, that the Leningrad refraction grating retains its full
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performance rating up to the highest useable order. The intensity of the
Howland ghosts in extremely low. In the becond order, the total intensity
of the two ghosts of the first order is less than 0.04 percent of the
line itself. Ghost of a higher order could not be detected. In the 6th
order only the four ghosts of the two first orders appear with noticeable
intensity. `their total intensity is equal to or less than 2 percent of
the line itself.
A detailed determination of the vertical and horizontal apparatus
function of the spectral installation, the focal error of the grating,
its polarization properties, etc. , is now being made at Potsdam.
(Berlin, Experimentelle Technik der Physik, Vol 6, No 1, 1958, pp 26, CPYRGH
27)
First Data Obtained With Soviet Diffraction Grating at Potsdam
A second paper, titled "The First Results of Solar Observations
With the New Diffraction Grating of the Einstein Tower," by E. H.
Schroeter, Potsdam, which was read at the 5th Conference on Spectroscopy
of the Physics Society of East Germany, held 14-16 November 1957 in
Halle, gives the following information: CPYRGHT
The excellent quality of the grating, especially the increased light
intensity based on the "blaze" property, in connection with the use of
higher orders, makes possible the spectral investigation of the granulation-
induced Doppler effects on Fraunhofer lines of the solar spectrum. The
theory of solar granulation, according to which the bright granules rep-
resent turbulence elements rising adiu'iatically out of the hydrogen con-
vection zone, and the dark intermediate spaces represent descending turbu-
lence elements, demands that each solar absorption line have a zig-zag
structure as a result of the Doppler effects of changing direction.
By means of several diapositives, it could be shown that the solar
spectrograms recorded with the new Leningrad diffraction grating are on
an equal footing with those obtained on the McMath-Hulbert. The quantita-
tive evaluation of these photographs Is now in progress. With the aid of
a method described by E. Lau and W. Krug (Die Aequidensitometrie, Akademf.e-
Verlag, Berlin 1957), curves of constant density, so-called "equldensities,"
were prepared for individual Fra;,uihofer lines. These curves were then
admeasured in a coordinate-measuring apparatus. The velocity of ascent
and descent of the granulation elements (0 = 3" = 2,250 km on the sun)
resolved by the Potsdam apparatus was on the order of 0.3 km/sec, thus in
agreement with the results obtained by Richardson and Schwarzschild
(Astrophysic.J. 111, 1950, 351). The first meaFurements already indicate
a dependence of thas average granular velocity on the type of line. For a
Tif line the result was 0.35 km/sec, for a Cr-line with excitation poten-
tial I = 0.9 ev, a velocity of 0.28 km/sec. If this connection should
be confirmed in the case of additional lines, it would afford a means of
deriving the relationship between the velocity of the granulation elements
and the altitude in the solar atmosphere.
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Hy areal,!" (W phoLor;raphs of equidenuIties it could be shown that Fraun-
hot"rr I1ue:, exhibit run, albeit alight, nsy,nrnetry. Such an asymmetry has
tl.rfrndy hc~rn prcdi ! ted (E. If. Schroeder, Z. As trophycik, 41, 195'() 141)
tncl rni.r:ts tre'i (11. If.. Vo~ij L, Z. Astrophysik, 40, 1956) 15'O on the basis of
1hrorv:LLi0ns of the influence oL' the granulation elements which are either
on tile line ne absor tion.
(13cur1iu, Ez.purirnentclle Technilc der Physik, Vol 6, No 1, 1958, pp 27-28)
Soviet Sutt Service httboratory
A photograph published in Izvestiya bears the following caption:
of' the Far Last Affiliate of' the Siberian Branch of the Academy of
;cieuucs USSR was organized. The laboratory is located on the summit
of.. a hi,f,;t, bald mountain 1E5 kilometers from the city of Ussurka. It con-
ducts observations of the physical processes taking place on the Sun's
surface.
The photograph is said to show V. G. Danin, head of the Laboratory
of the Sun Service, preparing the station's chromosphere-photosphere
telescope 1'of? photographing the solar disk. (Moscow, Izvestiya, 11 Jun
56)
Use of Isoline Method for Determining Epicenter Coordinates
An article by Z. Z. Sultanova discusses the "Applicability of the
Isoline Method,." This is a new method for determining the coordinates
of the epicenters of earthquakes previously described by Sultanova in
"A Study on the Seismicity of the Territory of the Azerbaydzhan SSR,"
Candidates dissertation, Geophysics Institute, Academy of Sciences USSR,
1956, and in "The Isoline Method," Izvestiya Akademii NaukSSSR, Seriya
Geofizicheskaya, No 3, 1957.
The basis of the isoline method. is the approximation equation (1)
!_i = Ts )i
p k (Ts - Tp i - 1 ik
where, is the epicentral distance, Ts, Tp are the arrival times of long-
itudinal and transverse waves, and k and i, the'indexes.
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The equation is correct (with a permissible error) in the case of
monotypic waves. The identification of waves, however, is one of the most
dil'l.'icult problems in seismology. The limiting distances at which a
certain wave can still be observed depends on the structure of the medium
through which the seismic wave is propagated. For this reason the isoline
method is of interest.
The reduction of a general analytical expression of error permissible
in the use of the equation is not considered possible, since the value of
the latter depends on the type of wave used in the determination of the
coordinates of the epicenter. For this reason the author Considers only
several special cases using different waves.
In using direct waves the equation (1) is correct for epicentral
distances having a zero focal depth. If the focal depth varies from
zero the equation holds forA > -**,S h, where h is the focal depth. This re-
sults from the equation for the differences in the times of arrival of
longitudinal and transverse direct waves.
In the case of waves diffracted by the sedimentary-granite boundary,
an equation expressing the difference Ts - Tp is given.
In the third case, the author proposed using waves diffracted by the
granite-basalt boundary in two seismic stations. An equation is presentee
for the difference of the time of arrival (or run) of longitudinal and
transverse waves of this type.
In the fourth case waves diffracted by the basalt-ultrabasalt bound-
ary are used. An equation. for the difference TT - Tp is given.
Sultanova concludes, saying that for determining the coordinates of
epicenters it is possible to use methods based on the original equation
(1). The error resulting in its use is less than the permissible error
for determining the coordinates of an epicenter.
The case is presented, when through an error, one of the pair of sta-
tions used the wave diffracted by the granite-basalt boundary while the
other used the wave diffracted by the basalt-ultrabasalt boundary. Several
examples which are presented show that the use of different type waves re-
sults in a considerable error when equation (1) is used. Therefore, it
is natural that a curve (knot the isoline) constructed according to the
differences in the run of the various waves does not pass through the
epicenter. This makes it possible to reveal errors in the identification
of seismic waves (or phases), which is very important in the interpreta-
tion of seismic recordings. (Doklady Akademli Nauk Azerbaydzhanskoy SSR,
vol 14, so 6, Jun 58, pp 429-432)
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Soviet Pacific Ocean Expedition
Members of the Pacific Ocean Complex Geophysical Expedition of the
Academy of Sciences USSR have left for the Far East, where in accordance
with the pro,;rarn of the International Geophysical Year, they are studying
the depth crust structure in the transition zone from the Asiatic continent
to the Pacific Ocean. Scientific stations with the most accurate seismic
apparatus are set up in special ships at the very edge of the continent.
All of the expedition's equipment and the methods of observation were
tested in the Caspian Sea for 2 years.
The nature of this work was described in an interview with Ye. V.
Icarus, director of the Institute of the Physics of the Earth, Academy of
Sciences USSR, published in Pravda.
Karus described the method of seismic sounding employed as follows:
A deep-water charge is dropped rrom re stern or a snip ar a sea. .rne
resultin explosion sends infrasonic waves, that is, waves with low fre-
quency oscillations, "running" to the bottom of the ocean, and tens of
kilometers into the depths of the Earth. In the bowels of the Earth's
crust they are refracted and reflected, like an echo, from the denser
layers and on returning again to the waterr's surface, are recorded by
the apparatus of the land and ship stations. According to the nature
of the recordings it is possible to make judgments concerning the speed
of propagation of the vibrations in the different layers of the Earth,
and consequently, concerning the rocks of which they consist and the
structure of the Earth's crust. This, said Karus, gives science new data
on the foci of earthquakes. It is known that the regions of the Kurile-
Kamchatka ridge are subjected to earthquakes more frequently than other
,regions. Presentations concerning the processes of the formation of the
Earth's crust are also expanded.
Last season, the expedition using eight specially equipped ships con-
ducted deep seismic soundings on a line extending 3,500 kilometers. The
expedition traversed the southern part of the Okhost Sea, the Kurile ridge,
the deep-water depression and 650 kilometers into the ocean from the
of the places where the ex edition
worked last year will be investigated. Moscow, Pravda, 3 Jul 5
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Fir- t, ltc r1 to of Polar Investigations Prepared by Soviets
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The Arctic Institute has summed up the first results of 12 months
work under the IGY prog,gram by the polar observatories, shore, island and
c' ntific drift stations. During this time, more than 70.000 meteoro-
llog.i.cal and radiation observations were made by these stations.) (Moscow,
z~.~ 1 Jul 58) CPYRGHT
Effects of Extreme Cold Reported by Soviets
On 1.5 June 1958, a temperature of minus 80.1 degrees centigrade, was
r. corded at the Soviet antarctic station Vostok. Prior to 15 June, the
lowest t;ernperature, recorded at the station Sovetskaya, was minus 79 de-
reec, centigrade.
So far, the lowest temperature registered in the Northern Hemisphere
was minus 71 degrees centigrade in the region of Oymyakon, near the upper
course of the Indigirka River.
Soviet scient:.sts have made observations regarding the effects of
cx'-reni?::ly low temperatures at Vostok and Sovetskaya.
These temperatures represent a transition zone from the lowest tem-
) ratures observed under natural conditions to the zone of extremely low
t mL_eratures created by artificial means. This type of cold has a special
-'ffect not only on the human organism, but also on metals and other mate-
r_a.l _-. For example, as a result of a decrease in volume of solid substances,
the strength of metals under static loads is increased. At the same time,
the strength of metals under the influence of impact loads is greatly
d.imi.njslied . Brittleness of stee? , especially, is increased.
Under a temperature of minus 80 degrees centigrade, the so-called
modulus of e_as t;.c::.ty of ice is 50 percent higher than at a temperature
of' zero degrees centigrade; the ice becomes harder and cannot be sawed