INFORMATION ON SOVIET BLOC INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL COOPERATION- 1959

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• Collection: General CIA Records
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• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 16
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 11, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: July 10, 1959
• Content Type: REPORT

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GEOPHYSICAL YEAR.INFORMRTION
JULY ~.0 ~ 1959 ,- '
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PN 1 j 163 2.-71
Nb'0FtIVll1'I'IUN OA' 30VIlfi' F3L0C IN'i'1!a{N!-'1'T0NAL' GLOi'I~iYSICAL CU0PLhi~'1'l0N ~ 19~,
July 10, 1959
U. S,. DEPARTMENT OF COMMF.'RCE
Office of Technical Services
Washington 25 a 1;. 'C.
Published Weekly
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INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL COOPERATION PROGRAM --
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Page
I.
General
1 4
II.
Upper Atmosphere
3
III.
N.
V.
Meteorology
Oceanography
Arctic and Antarctic
i
7
11
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4
International Geophysical Cooperation Among the European-Asiatic Region
Nations
The following is a fu]1 translation of an article by Yu. D. Bulanzhe,
Doctor of Physicomathemat~cal Sciences and member of the Advisory Commit-
tee for the Conduct of the International Geophysical Year.
The greater part of the world's g.7.obe was divided into several re-
gions for coordinating observations of a planetary nature which were con-
ducted during the period of the International Geophysical Year (IGY)?
In particular, the Ruropean-Asiatic Region was formed, of which 12 cotui-
tries are now a part; Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Vietnam, the German
Deruocratic Republic, Korea, Mongolia, Rumania, Poland, the USSR, Czecho-
slovakia, and Yugoslavia. (The author of this article was selected at
-that time as secretary of this region).
In connection with the decision, which was accepted at the Fifth As-
sembly of the Special Committee of the IGY, held in Moscow in 1958, to
continue investigations according to the IGY plan for st3.11. another year,
the need for a meeting of the chairmen of the region countries arose be-
cause it was necessary to arrange a program of observations for 1959 and
also to discuss the problems which are disturbing all geophysicists:
Flhat will be done after the end of the period of Internationa]. Geophysi-
cal Cooperation (NG-S) [IGCJ? How is the use of the enormous, difficulty-
obtained materiat of the IuY and IGC to be organized?
Precisely these problems were the center of attention of the Third
Regional Conference of the European-Asiatic Region countries, which was
held in Moscow 4-7 February.
The national programs for geophysical investigations in 1959, the
plans for joint processing of the results of the observations, and the
problems of mutual technical aid were discussed in the plenary sessions,
the working groups, and the temporary commissions. The claims of the
IGY World Data Center (Mi'aD) [WDC] in regard to the incoming materials,
the problems of compiling national bibliographies and thFir publication,
and the prospects of international cooperation by the geophysicists of
the region countries after 1959 were discussed.
The solution arrived at by the working groups was cL3cussed and ac-
cepted at the closing plenary meeting.
During the IGC period, stationary and expeditionary observations
and investigations will be contintited, as a rule, on the level attained
toward the end of 1958 and, in a ntunber of cases, wi]1 even exceed this
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1c~rcl. The national programs grid sub,~ec~ts of the planned observations re-
vcaled the inclination of the region countries toward a widening of geo-
physical investigations and of their close scientific coordination and
toward the ,point conduct of operations by the scientists of the vaxious
countries.
`.i'hus, the geophysicists and astronomers of the USSR, the GAR, and
Czechoslovakia will conduct matching observations of the October Draconids
in 1859 for the purpose of studying its effect on the ionosphere over East-
ern Europe.
Specialists on solar activity at the Crimean Astrophysical Observa-
tory and the Ondre,~ev Observatory (Czechoslovakia)jointly propose to
conduct a simultaneous study on changes in the brightness of chromospheric
flares with tide. The conference recommended conducting point investiga-
tions of the Sun's radio emission by the forces of the USSR, Czechoslovakia,
and Poland.
Magnetologists from Bulgaria, Hungary, the GDR, USSR, and Rumania
will conduct complex comparative measurements of the horizontal compon-
ents of the Earth's magnetic field.
The GDR delegation introduced a resolution to consider the possibility
of continuing the ,joint oceanological investigations on the expeditionary
ship Mikhail Lomonosov and at the hydroglaciological works near Alma-Ata
in 1959?
The countries, participants in the IGY and IGC, must take a respon-
sible position towards the problems of collection and storage of the re-
sults of observations in the world centers. These materials wi]1 serve
for a lon6 time as the basic sources of scientific investigations in the
field of geuphysi~s. The national committees are obliged to take all
measures to fulfill quickly thef~~ responsibilities toward the WDC so as
not to repeat the sad experience of the preceed:ing International Polar
Year, when many materials werE inaccessible for scientific processing.
To 'facilitate the utilization of IGY materials, the organization is
recommended of permanently functioning national centers which would con-
duct the exchange of the accumulated materials from world centers.
The Regional Conference ;proposed to all national committees that
the most compete bibliographic information concerning geophysical works
completed in their countries, as well as the works themselves, be trans-
mitted to the WDC. This wi:~iens the functions of the WDC and converts
them into well-centralized libraries of world geophysical. literatyre.
It must be mentioned that the scientific cooperation formed in the course
of the IGY considerably assisted in the development of geophysical sci-
ences in the region countries and made it possible to conduct important
investigations connected with the study of our planet. The regional
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T onference was unanimousl n favor of the future development of science
~tific cooperation of the physicists of the regional countries, wherein
it was decided to preserv ~he national committees as organs for imple-
The principal forms such cooperation between the region countries
in the near future may be; the completion of the preliminary processing
01' the data of observatio made during the IGY and IGC periods and the
collection of these data i the WDC; the coordination of scientific inves-
tigations, assistance in t development of geophysical works in the re-
gion countries, and the re ring of mutual assistance in the form of
apparatus, equipment, and tercels; and conducting scientific symposiums
and conferences and also rl conferences fora rovin the lens f
"?""'""'~ ""' ;'""""~"' ""'" ""
"
International Geophysical Cooperation,
by
Yu. D. Bulanzhe; Moscow, Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR, No 5, May 59, pp 113-
114)
Work in the Kazakh Astrophysics Institute Under the Seven-Year Plan
Academician K. T. Satpayev, President of the Academy of Soienees
Kazakh SSR, in discussing the 21st party Congress and the problems of
science in Kazakhstan, said that the Astrophysics Institute of the Kazakh
Academy of Sciences will continue investigations of the structure and '
evolution of galactic matter in connection with the problems of the ori-
gin of stars and the investigation of solar activity and the optical prop-
erties of the different layers of the earth's atmosphere. The scattering
characteristics of the earth's atmosphere as a whole and in its separate
layers will be studied during investigations of the optical properties
of -the earth's atmosphere in different conditions of solar radiation. The
problem of investigating the properties of the earth's atmosphere is
closely connected with meteorological and other problems having important
national economic value. Anew method of astronomical investigations
using a radio telescope will be employed in the Astrophysics Institute in
the course of the Seven-Year Plan. ("The 21st Party Congress and the Prob-
lems of Science in Kazakhstan," by K. Io Satpayev, President Academy of
Sciences, Kazakh SSR; Alma-Ate, Vestnik Akademii Nauk Kazakhskoy SSR, No 3,
Mar 59, P 18)
Nuclear Explosions in Space Can Be Detected Says Soviet Scientist
Nuclear explosions in space represent the same danger to everything
living~as explosions in the atmosphere because of the radioactive particles
gradually settling on the Earth, says Prof F. Rybkin, Doctor of Technical
Sciences, writing in Sovetiskiy Flot.
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The professor describes American proposals for such high-altitude
teats for scientific purposes as a desire to disguise the testing of
nuclear arms.
Pruclear explosions at great heights cannot be produced secretly,
he says, despite claims to the contrary. Experts at the Geneva meeting
have established that methods based on the registration of radio signals
can be used to detect such explosions up to an altitude of 1,000 kilo-
meters. Also indicated, he states, is the fact that during the bursts,
particular magnetoelectrical waves arise which spread with a speed of
several hundreds of kilometers per second. These may be detected in
the lower layers of the atmosphere with the use of appropriate acousti-
cal instruments.
Intense aurorae, as a rule, are accompanied. by various disturbances
in the field of radio communications. These same;phenomena must also
occur during artificial aurorae.
In addition to this, a neutron cloud, quickly scattering in differ-
ent directions, arises in the zone of the nuclear explosion. If a fly-
ing device with an atomic motor or an atomic charge falls into such a
neutron cloud, then the uranium 235 or plutonium their contain will be
intensely heated. An atomic explosion will not occur under these circum-
stances. However, strong heating can lead to the melting of the uranium-
235 or the plutonium and to the deatructton of the atomic motor or charge.
("Shameless Deceit," by Prof F. Rubkin~ Doctor of Technical Sciences;
Moscow, Sovetskiy Flot, 25 Jun 59, P 4
Study on the Relationship of Geomagnetic Activity and the Disturbed Con-
dition of the F2 Layer
A close relationship exists between disturbances of the geomagnetic
field and the anomalous phenomena in the F2 layer of the ionosphere. Ana-
molous deviations from the normal values of the critical fMequencies of
fo and the actual altitude h' of the layer, which, in a number of cases,
leads to the disruption of radio communication, are very frequently ob-
served during geomagnetic storms.
It is noted that the majority of researchers, in their investigations,
have not made a strict simultaneous separation of the ionospheric disturb-
ance according to the fluctuation symbols f F2 and h'F2 and the degree of
geomagnetic activity and, in deriving the aperiodic variation, did trot sep-
arate the geomagnetic storms, according to the nature of their beginnings,
into storms with a gradual onset and those with a sudden onset. In the
author's opinion, such a distinction could have been of aid in explaining
the nature of ionospheric disturbances.
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An attempt ttt st:ch n distinction is made in the present work, and the
rollowing problem3 are posed:
1. To explrain th.: regularities of the diurnal distribution of posi-
tive and negative ionospheric disturbances of the P'?_ layer in relation to
the def~ree of geomagnetic activity and the geomagnetic latitude.
2. To consider the regularity of the distribution of the positive
and negative ionospheric disturbance during geomagnetic storms in relation
to the nature of the latter's beginning and the geomagnetic latitude of
the place o:f' observation.
Despite the fact that the results obtained are considered to require
further confirmation based on broader material, especially for the maximum
of the 11-year cycle of solar activity, for example, for the period of the
International Geophysical Year, the author feels that the-following pre-
liminary conclusions can be made:
1. The nature of the geographic distribution of positive and negative
ionospheric disturbances of the I'2 layex~ during whi~eh a lowering of the
critical frequencies is characteristic for the high and middle latitudes
as i;~ their increase during geomagnetic disturbances for the low and equa-
torial latitudes, is confirmed.
2. The direct relationship between the degree of geomagnetic activ-
ity and the negative ionospheric disturbance and the absence of such for
positive disturbances in the high and middle latitudes makes it possible
to speak of a difference in the nature of the latter.
3? The geomagnetic latitudes from 35-1E0 degrees are the boundary
zone between the middle latitudinal and equatorial character of the dis-
tribution of the ionospheric disturbed state.
4. Magnetic storms with a sudden onset are accompanied by an in-
crease in the probability of the appearance of negative disturbances of
the layer in all geomagnetic latitudes from 30 to 55 degrees. Magnetic
storms with a gradual beginning are connected with an increase in the
probability of the appearance of a.negative disturbed state at latitudes
of about 55.degrees and by a decrease at a latitud:~ of~30 degrees.
5? In short-range forecasting for radio communication, the insig-
nificant percentage of negatively disturbed hours for the F2 layer (not
more than 5 percent for winter and 3 percent for the equinox and summer)
on magnetically quiet days for any time of the day within the limits of
the geographic latitudes from 40 to 60 N should be considexed~and, con-
sequently, calculated only for the normal (1000-1600 hours of the zone
time) or the somewhat heightened (the rPmA~t?~,- flf the 24 hours) level
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of the critical frequencies (not more than 30 percent probability for the
Leningrad station and not more than 15 percent for the remainder of the
stations -- Bukhta Tiksi, Moscow, Sverdlovsk, Irkutsk, Alma-Ata, and Ash-
khabad). In addition, the equipping of ionospheric stations with magne?b-
ographs which permit the conduct of continuous observations of the perm-
anent magnetic field is of great value. ("The Problem Concerning the Re-
lationship of Geomagnetic Activity and Disturbances of the F2 Layer of
the Ionosphere," by V. G. Dubrovskiy, Institute of Physics and Geophysics,
Academy of Sciences Turkmen SSR; Ashkhabad, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Turk-
menskoy SSR, No 2, 1959, PP 3-~)
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Proposed Isoline Mathod for More rlccur,~te Meteorological Charts
On the assumption that a geometrization of an isoline method should
afford she possibility of constructing more authentic and accurate meteoro-
logical charts by geometric necessity, rather than arbitrarily, the
principles of construction of a system of isolines are presented which are
based on a geometrical classification of polygons formed by the intersect-
in,-; isolines of two supe~?imposed systems. Each of the polygonal forms,
systematized in four tab~.es, has, for the same index, an unlimited number
of morphological variants, the presence of which does not represent an
obstacle to the use of such isoline ~-ystems, since etch rule of execution
cf' one or ttie other operation app]_ies for sny of the basic figures, thus
actually f'or all morphological variants. It is shown that the position
of each isoline, drawn within the limits of a figure produced by the
superpositioning of two systems of isolines, is not an arbitrary line, but
a geometric necessity.
Graphic addition and subtraction are done by pairs of systems. In
superimposed isoline polygons, therF? are, at most, two angles where the
sums of the isoline intersections are equal. The resultant isolines pass
thz?ough all intersecting isolines of the two systems and through one of
two pairs of vertical angles and never intersect isolines of the original
system at other points.. In addition to the form of the figures and the
values of the isolines, consideration must be .given to the mutual
direction of the gradients between two isolines of the two system inside
the figures. In practice, addition and subtraction of systems are done
on the assumption that, between pairs of. isolines of the two original
systems, there is a straight-line (increasing or decreasing) change of
el::ments. Between equal isolines, the gradient has one sign at an
average distance between them and the opposite sign beyond this point.
Each side of a curvilinear polygon is considered a convex line (on one
nr the other side). Allowances for small intervals between isolines at
certain points and f'or small dimensions of the fit~zre do not lead to
appr:=ciable errors nor cause any essential distortion of the resultant
isoline, since these errors, as random errors, are generally neglected
during further operational steps.
The utilization of isolines drawn in accordance with the principles
of geometry is considered an approach to a general geome;;rization of the
isoline method which affords the possibility of solving various problems
of climatography (and of other sciences using the isoline method) geometri-
cally. ("On the Properties of Isolines and Their Systems," by N. I. Guk;
Moscow, Trud Ukrainsko o Nauchno-issledovatel'skogo Gidrometeorologiche-
skogo Instituta, No 13, 195 , pp ~+ -
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Visi.bil.ity Forecasts During Snowstorms
In the Ukraine, lrw-altitude snowstorms and the brief reduction of
v.sibility associated with them occur primarily in January and February.
In n2 percent of low-altitude snowstorms, visibility i~a reduced to at
least 2 kilometers, ahd in Sy percent of such storms, `co ont kilometer.
The necessary conditions For the occurrence of low-altitude snowstorms
are the intensification of the wind during below zero temperatures and
the presence of a snow cover.
In the majority (92 percent) of eases, low-altitude snowstorms
develop when dry scattered snow is on the ground. If there is a cover
of packed snow, low-altitude snowstorms occur only if' the wind is greater
than 15 meters per second (29 knots) ,and predomtrrantly when winds are over
18 meters per second (41.x+ knots).
Low-altitude snowstorms predominate in the Ukraine when the wind
is from the east or northeast; they occur only when the Ukraine is on the
southern or southwestern edge of an anticyclone, the center of which is
over the central or eastern region of the European part of the USSR,
when, at the same time, a certain cyclonic activity is observed over the
Black Sea.
A reduction of visibility to one kilometer and less is observed in
7y.5 percent of the cases when the wind is greater than 14 meters per
second (27 knots),. During low-altitude snowstorms, there is an inverse
relationship between the velocity of the wind and visibility, thus the
visibility can be computed on the basis of the velocity of the wind.
Since the velocity of the wind is predicted on the be.sis of the baric
field, it is possible to use the abovE~ relationship to obtain the predicted
velocity of the wind, if the expected value of the bar9 c gradient is known.
("Some Pecularities of the Forecasting of Visibility During Low-Altitude
Snowstorms in the Ukraine," by N. M. Gavrilenko; Moscow, Trudy Ukrainsk? ?0
Nauchno-issledovatel'sko o Gidrometeorolo icnesko o Instituta, No L?, 195t3~
PP 21-30
Study on Prediction of Icing
It is shown that, under certain conditions, the probability. of the
onset of intensive icing can be determined by computing the transformation
change of the relative geopotential N ~~SO and temperature~of the air at
the 850-mb level in relation to the predicted precipitations and air temper-
atures~at the Earth's surface.
To predict the OT 100 value (the "transformation change" value), it
is t'irst necessary to determine, on the basis of the nitial !~'g5p chart,
sn X8000 value for a given point, as well as the OTl~~g value for the
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2~~-hour period prior to the beginning o!' f,,e trajectory, with the wind valo-
ctty tak~:n into account. Thus, with the aid of a graphic, the transforma~-
ttori chan~;c can be determined on thy: basis oi' the advective change o!' the
relative E,LOpotentiai N1~~0. ll trs sformation correction, with the appro-
pr.?:tate sign, is appli%d o the OTl$~'~ value obtai.necl !'or the beginning o!'
the trajectory of the 21E-hour period. The corrected result is the ~1~00
value !'or the given point 21~ hours later
The temperature forecast at the 85U mb level is done by an analytical
m?~thod, i.e., by a simple trans!'er along the AT ~ contour, with the trans-
forma.tion change taken into account. The air ~t~~i~erature at the surface
oi' the earth is Yorecast by an ordinary method. Gn the basis of the fore-
c.~.: t air temperal;ux?e at the Earth's surface and the computed value of the
r~~lativa geopotential, the probability of the precipitation of supercooled
rain, and thus the probability of icing, is determined with the aid o:'' a
~r~3phtc. The forecast air temperature at i;he 850 mb level is used to im-
prov~~ the accuracy o!' the above probability determination.
During i'rontal processes, the values of the relative geopotential
and air temperature at the 850 mb level should be taken in the frontal
zone. In the overwhelming majority of cases, frontal icings are observed
duri n~; the passage of a warm front; for this reason, tyre value of the prog-
nosed dements should be considered for the zone of warm air. ("On the
Possibility of Predicting :.he Onset of Intensive Icing," by N. M. Volevakha
snd V. a. Volevakha; Moscow, Trud Ukrainsko o Nauchno-issledovatel'sko 0
Gidrometeorologicheskogo Institute, No 12, 195 , pp 1- 7
Study on Cloud Characteristics in Frontal Zones
On the basis of a statistical study of a great number (over 12,000)
oP observations of cloud formations, primarily with lower limits oelow
1,000 maters, during the passage of warm and cold fronts over the south-
westzrn part of the European USSR, the following conclusions were drawn:
1. In moat ('r6 percent) caser;, during the passage of fronts, the lower
limit of cloud formations is not higher than 600 meters, while in a con-
side_able number (ti5 percent) of cases, it is below 300 meters. Within the
limits of the latter range, clouds are most frequently observed at a height
of 100-300 meters, with approximately equal occurrence~in the 100-200 and
r00-300-meter ranges; clouds are rarely observed below 1G0 meters, however.
2. The lowest clouds (below 300 meter~)?are most frequently observed
during the ;passage of warm fronts. Clouds with lower limito above 300 meters
are observed most frequently Curing the passage of cold fronts.
3. In a warm frontal zone, cloud formations are observed in a majority
(81 percent) of cases at an altitude of up to 600 meters, and in 79 percent
or the cases, they are found in a zone about 400 kilometers wide, 300 kilo-
meters ahead of and 100 kilometers behind the front, i.e., in a zone of
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precipitations which reach the surface of the earth. Clouds below 30U meters
occur primarily in the 100-kilometer zone directly ahead of the frontal line.
~ general occurrence of clouds at an altitude, of up to 100 maters is found
an no more than a percent of the cases, hall of which are encountered in
a 100-kilometer zone directly ahead of the Front.
~i. In a cold frontal zone, clouds below 100 meters are encountered
only about hall' as 1'rcquently as in a warm frontal zone . The occurrence
of clouds with a lower limit below 300, 300 to 000, and above 600 meters
is almost of equal probability. Tha most favorable conditions 1'or the
occurrence of clouds with lower limits below 300 meters are found in a
zone QUO kilometers wide, 1~~0 kilometers ahead o1' and l0U kilometers behind
the front.
j. The dominant types of clouds an a. warm frontal zone arFS nimbos-
tratv:.,, F'ractonimbus (Ns. Fn) and Stratus, Fractostratus (St, Fs), which,
in the rrujority of cases, are the lowest (below 300 meters), rind also
Stratocumulus (Sc), which are the highest. The .small number (2-3 percent),
of cases of convective clouds in the warm frontal zones, especially near
the lrorital line, supports the theory of the possibility of a formation
of convective clouds in warm fronts, but, at the same time, indicates that
the probability of such cases is not great.
n. The predominant types of clouds in a cold frontal zone are
stratocumulus and nimboR?rattis, fractonimbus. Occurrences of the former
(in different parts of a frontal zone ) were observed in ~+3-63 percent of
the cases, and occurrences of the latter, in ly-2y percent of the cases.
Nimbostratus arld Fractostratus clouds reach a maximum in a zone 200 kilo-
meters wide, 100 kilometers ahead of and 100 kilometers behind the front.
Cumulus, Cumulonimbus (Cu, Cb) clouds are observed most frequently 200-
3J0 x:tlometers ahead of the front.
.7. In general, during the passage of both warm and cold fronts,
Stratocumulus and Nimbostrat;~~s, Fractonimbus cloudy predominate; only in
a warm frontal zone is there ~t maximum occurrence of Nimbostratus, Fractotiim-
bus clouds at a height below 300 meters. In a cold frontal zone, howe~~er,
Stratocumulus clouds occur most frequently at an altitude of 300-600 meters.
("The Characteristics of Low Clouds in a Zone of Atmospheric Fronts, by f`PVRC;I-I
v. Ya. Looanova ana M. v. 5oxolova; Moscow, ?rrua ivaucnno-issleaova~ei?sxv~~
Institute Aeroklimatologii: Nc 5, 1958, pp 42-50
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Now Ir-strument For Meusurin~r, P;xrarne:tcr?r; vl' Ground Air L.ryer
A plan 1'or sn :inatru-ncnt usirtg semi conductor thermistors for measur-
lne? thrsc importciut cnaracterist:ics ut.' the ground layer oL' air--the tompera-
ture, humidity, and the effective radiation--simultanedusly is proposed
by R . V . Par fen' yev and F . !1. Chudnovr:?'c ty. .1 comparison of the measurements
obtu teed in laboratory tests with theoretical c~~lcttlations bas.:d on the
1'or:: ulu
E = Tyr (u-b o ),
(where I: is ttre affective radiation; T is the absolute temperature;
a = 0.3y; b = O.U58; 6' = 8.20'10 11 calories per square centimeter per
marrute per degrees to the fourth power; and e is the vapor tension
expressed in mi111meters) showed that the error of instrument readings was
not high and that the accuracy wss sa~tisYactory. The mean error throughout
the interval E = 0.05-0.20 calories pc:r square centimeter par minute did
not exceed 0.0015 calories per square centimeters per minute. ("Use of
S~:maconductor Thermistors As Transducers for the Automatic and Simultaneous
M~oisuromertt of Temperature:, Humidity, and Effective Radiation," by R. V.
Part'en'yev and F. A. Chudnovski.y; Minsk, Inzhenerno-Fizicheskiy Zhurnal,
Vol 2, No 4, Apr 5y, pp 87-92)
The Severyanka's Three Voyages
V. P. Zaytsev, Director of the All-Union Scientific Research Institute
of the Fish Economy and Oceanography (VNIRO), reports that the institute's
research submarine, Severyanka, has completed three voyages. Two of these
expeditions were mane in the Barents Sea and the third :n the Atlantic Ocean.
("The Three Voyage~~ of the Severyanka," Moscow, Pravda, 14 Jun 59, p 6)
V. ARCTIC AND ANTARCTIC
Results of Hydrographic Research in llntarctic
Valua~~e cartographic material has been obtained as a result of the
work conducted by the hydrographic detachment of the Soviet expedition
along the coast of Antarctica and in the waters adjoining it during the
antarctic summer 1955-1956. The results obtained by final processing of
this material will be used in the compilation of new reaps and revision of
existing maps and charts.
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On the basis of cartographic material collected during the first voyage
of th~.~ Complex Antarctic Expedition, the Hydrographic Service of the Navy
compiled the following maps and charts of the antarctic coast:
(1) ^hart No 5985 (rnorskoy plan) of the Mirnyy roadstead, scale 1:10,000,
first edition, published 15 September 1y56;
(2) Nautical chart No 5yy'7 oi' Davis Sea, scale 1:500,000, new edition,
published 22 September 1956;
(3) Two topographic maps of Bunger "Oasis," scale 1:50,000, and one
topographic map oi' a group of nu:iataks located southwest of the "oasis,"
scale 1:50,000, 156 edition.
In addition, a number of Soviet nautical charts of the Antarctic, No
5~g8 and No 5yyg with a scale of 1:500,000, and No 5994, No 5995, and No
599, with a scale of 1:2,500,000, have been revised with the help of data
obtained by the Soviet Antarctic Expedition and some of the most recent
foreign cartographic material.
It is quite natural that the above-mentioned Soviet nautical charts
(with the exception of the chart of Mirnyy roadstead and the maps of the
"Oasis") still contain many "white spots" and doubtful data, mainly in
the area of the northern and northeastern border of the Shackleton Ice
Shelf, mapped on the basis of materials of the Byrd Expedition. However,
out of all existing nautical charts and geographic nsps of the antarctic
coast, the maps published by the Soviet Hydrographic Service, with the
help of materials of the Complex Antarctic Expedition, are at present the
most reliable and large-scale maps available.
In general, the following changes were made on maps of the Indian
sector oi' Antarctica and the adjoining waters, as a result of the work of
the hydrographic detachment of the Complex Antarctic Expedition:
(1) i?1e coastline of the antarctic continent within the boundaries
of Davis Se.a has been shifted in a general northern direction. The
location anri configuration of the outlying sea boundaries of the Shackleton
Ice Shelf, West Ice Shelf, and Helen Glacier have been defined more accurately.
(2) The region of Bunger "Oasis," Farr Bay, and the Mirnyy observatory,
was charted for the first time on detailed, reliable map's. In place of a
single Haswell Island and six small~ad,~oining islands, shown on British
maps, 25 islands and above-water rocks were discovered in this area and
were indicated on the map. As a result of a detailed survey of the bottom
ZY1ief in the "Mixzbry roadstead, " underwater navigational hazards were discovered
and indicated on the chart, as well as channels enabling ships to approach
the Mirnyy observatory. Gaussberg, according to recent observations, should
be indicated on the map 7 minutes further east.
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(3) The coastline of the continent within the boundaries of the Shackle-
ton Ice Shelf has been moved on the maps '(-8 m.tles to the north. The actual
location of Mil], Island, according 'to reconnaissance data, is 30 miles south-
west of the location shown on forc:lgn maps. At the same time, the northeast
edg~~ of the Shackleton Ice Shelf is moved correspondingly to the southwest.
(4) The 1ax?ge bay, penetrating deeply into Knox Coast just east of the
Shackleton Ice Shelf, as shown on the German map by Kozak, has not been
confirmed. The coastline shown on maps of this area should be moved 40-45
miles to the north.
(5) A general picture of the submarine relief of Davis Sea has been
obtained (characteristic elevations and depressions of the sea bottom).
(6) In several places of the explored coast of Antarctica, considerable
discrepancies were found between the actual data of magnetic declination
and those indicated on the charts. By comparing t~? ~:stronomical and
magnetic azimuths, it was determined that in the area of Mirnyy the western
declination is 10 degrees more, and in the area of the Snyder Rocks 15 degrees
more than indicated on the charts.
(7) The first voyage of the Ob' helped to obtain more accurate informa-
tion regarding Discovery Land, found by a British expedition in 1936 and
indicated on maps with the notation "Location Doubtful." A search for this
land in the region shown on the maps produced no positive results. In one
of the spots, where the map indicated the nor+,hern coast of D3 sco~ ery Land
(65-42 S, 126-57 E), there was actually a sea with a depth of 456 meters.
(8) Some inaccuracy was discovered in the map designation of the Gribb
Bank. With the help of a deep-water survey made from the Ob' and coordinated
with data of astronomical observations, it was established that ir_ a spot
where the maps show a bank with minimum depths of 349 to 479 meters, the
actual depths were 3,513 to 3,$33 meters.
Thus, despite its reconnaissance nature, the hydrographic work done
by the Complex Antarctic Expedition of the Academy of Sciences USSR during
its first voyage (1955-1956) has been a noticeable contribution to the
cartography of the Antarctic. On the basis of this work it was possible
not only to make corrections concerning the location and outline of the
antarctic continent and the relief of the adjoining ice shelf, within the
Indian sector of Antarctica, but also to undertake further, more extensive
hydrographic inveatigat3.ons of the antarctic coast (Trudy Kompleksnoy
Antarkticheskoy Ekspeditsii Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 1958, pp 169-171)
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USCOI~I-DC-60570