INFORMATION ON SOVIET BLOC INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL COOPERATION - 1959

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000200760001-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 21
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 11, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: July 17, 1959
• Content Type: REPORT

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Ub i.,31632--t5
INFORT.IATION ON SOVI.E'r' HLOC INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL COOPERATION - 1959
July 17, 1959
U. S. DEPARTIv= OF COWXP(:E
Office of Technical Services
Washington 25, D. C..
Published Weekly
Subscription Price $12.00 for the Series
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INTEIMATIONAL G1EOPIiYSICAL COOPERATION PROGRAM --
SOVIE,T-BLOC ACTIVITIES
4
Page
1.
General
1
II.
Upper A-tinosphere
6
III.
Meteorology
13
IV.
Oceanography
14
V.
Arctic and Antarctic
15
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1. GI~r11;1;A.r.,
r ;I,l ;/::.Lc I. Invon tiger 1,:Cons in Marine Gcoi.ogy
Tic' ;.study, by E;cophysical. methods, of the structure and evolution
the l:;trr th' ems t In the region of the world ocean is one of the
mess; t impor tarnt pro I ems of marine geology. Together with the over-all
of the structure of the Earth's crust by geophysical
methods in remote parts of the world ocean, more detailed geophysical
works in exploring and prospecting for petroleum deposits and sometimes
i.ii connection with the solution of engineering-geological. problems are
-o:iduc:ted in the region o:,' the continental shelf.
The state and the possibility of magnetic, gravitational, electric
:ophysicul prospecting and seismic works at sea are described in an
tic] e by V. V. Fedynskiy, which includes examples of the fulfillment
of these ?,rorks in the Soviet Union during recent years.
Aerial magnetic surveying in the USSR has been conducted over the
Caspian, Azov, and Okhotsk seas and also over the Pacific Ocean. Air-
o.rne magnetometers with continuous registration were used for this
n,r.,pose. The AI21-1I-9 and ASGMM-25, airborne magnetometers with ferromag-
.ctic elements, are mounted in bimotored airplanes with towing gondolas.
change in the module of the full vector intensity of the geomagnetic
iL.Lclcl 6 Ta is measured with an error of + 5-10 gammas. Observations are
nductcd at fl.ight altitudes of 500-3,000 meters along courses 20-25
_::.'..ome tors apart. Coordinate determination is accomplished by tying-in
;o shore bearings. The over-all error of the survey, according to dis-
?:.pancies in the closed contours, is estimated at + 30 gammas. Such
??re fin;; made it pos. ble to compile small-scale charts of magnetic
The experience of ae_omagnetic operations over the sea indicates
...: close connection of magnetic anomalies with the basic characteristics
o, '_'11e tectonics of the earth's crust on a regional, as well as on a
ccc'., scale.
I:odern magnetic apparatus with magnetically-saturated transducers
used aboard the Soviet nonmagnetic ship Zarya in making a world
ctic survey according to the IGY program.
Gravimet?ic works at sea are conducted with the aid of pendulums
gravimeters on board ships and also with bottom gravimeters. Large
sc'i;_;oing ships or submarines make it possible to measure the force of
,ity at any depth with the low accuracy of + 3-15 milligals.
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'i'h,: first obst.rrvnL_-.ono in the USSR according to the Veninl -Meinesz
r,; Lho w ru nuede in the Black Sea in 1930. Since that time, pendulum
v;itacr,,s have aa.so been conducted in the Arctic basin, the Caspian
the Pacific Ocean, and otlhe.r areas.
Ti., ! X55, fc,.r shipboard measurements, a highly-damped quartz gravi-
rnet.:: (VTJITGeofizika) (All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Geo-
physics] was used for the first time. The system of this gravimeter
is wisatisfactory for this purpose because it reacts too slowly to ac-
ce i c:.'atio>.n disturbances present on ships. Experimental observations
w:Lth S.?avimcte.r.?s housed in a gimbal. were found to be in fully satis-
factoi?y ag;reemenL with the results of measurements made with pendulums.
A dEunped gravimeter was used with great success in the Okhotsk
Se:a, where, under large accelerations of the ship, measurements showing
aL mean Square error of + 3 milligals, i.e., possessing an accuracy equal
to the ,est sea pendulum measurements, were obtained.
The use of gravimeters on board ships for marine gravimetric sur-
veyi;ig is one of the most pressing research problems of the day. At
the 11th General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and
Geophysics, it was revealed that the USSR, US, West Germany, Canada,
and Japan hive developed gravimeters for shipboard observations. The
Graf sea-gravimeter developed by West Germany is considered of great
interest.
The p-^oblem of systematic errors in observations on board ships,
especially surface ships, which are frequently subject to heavy roll-
ing, merits special attention. Gravity observations were conducted
with pendulums on board ships and with bottom gravimeters in one and
the same part of the Caspian Sea. i'le gravimeter readings obtained
can be considered free from systematic errors. A comparison shows
that the observations on board the surface ships give inferior re-
su',Ls. Vertical accelerations have a predominant influence, as a
esu7b of which the difference between the gravimeter and pendulum
dete..?mi.iations consist of about + 20 milligals and sometimes even
more. Control observations vrith bottom gravimeters make it possible
to effect appropriate corrections in the results of gravimeter deter-
minations on board ships.
Gravimetric observations in the Pacific Ocean show an increase
of Bouguer anomalies of 200-300 milligals in the transition from the
Okhotsk Sea to the deep water oceanic depressions. This change of
gravity anomaly is explained by an increase of approximately 35
'_:i7_ometors in the thickness of the granite-basalt layer of the Earth's
crust under the Asiatic continent.
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;;.rs L of ICcuncbl.LLka, ] atitud:in_1:!. extensions Of t;ruvi tationa.l. unoma].icc
OtV Lho A caitian 1'idtare not(2d. In the Okhotsk sea, the gravitationa].
'.(!!.0 Is l~;tel~t;encour;. Naximtuns bore indicate the presence of oceanic-
.;,1)c i)ort:iorr:n of the c..,ust, 1rhu:ra.zs rn:i.nimiunc correspond to re'-:ions of
1no1.l0:'r1 L,cosynclirlul fl(_)xu-Ves. Gravity anomalies of the ICurile-I:amchatkc.
zone arc closely connected with munCrous ea:L' baduakc foci ].OCa LCd. here,
cts we 1 1 _is wi th the chain of vol c: nocs in th1.r, zone.
The over-all graviMCt:ric survey of the Caspian Sea gives a tectonic
1ret;ioning which is in Good agreement with the results of ae.romat netic
works.
Some systemj of bottom instruments with remote control and the
ability to make Gravimeter readings on board ship were built in the
USSR for detailed gravimetrie work in shallow seas. Such instruments
were developed in VNIIGcofizika (All-Union Scientific Research Institute
of Geophysics). These can be used in comparatively small ships.
Bottom gravimeters arc placed on the sea bottom in a cardan sus-
pension. Observations are :Limited to depths up to 100 meters. Detailed
operations near the Apsheronskiy peninsula and the shores of the Turk-
men SSR were conducted with bottom gravimeters in prospecting for petro-
leum. The observations made it possible to trace the principal tectonic
elements of the Balkhansk depression and the Apsheronsl.iy peninsula in
the sea and to note the specific maximums connected with the heavy nuclei
of diapirs from mud volcanoes.
Electric geophysical exploration operations, with the use of a dipole
sounding method, have been used since 1954 in the Caspian Sea. These
observations are conducted with two or more ships, one of which contains
the generating equipment and the remainder -- the receiving apparatus.
Distance between ships can vary from 500 meters to 2 kilometers. Studies
down to a depth of 200 meters is considered possible. At greater depths,
the resolving capability of marine-dipole electric sounding is lowered.
sharply.
The principal value of marine electric prospecting is that it sub-
stantially supplements the ?esults of seismic prospecting work. The elec-
trical resistance of the layers of the Earth's crust under the sea bottom
gives certain presentations on their lithol.ogical comuosition. Electric
geophysical prospecting characterizes the structure of areas where seis-
mic prospecting, Lulti].l now, has been without results, for example, in
the exposed parts of buried anticlinal structures.
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;:::i..,rnic prc~;pecLiflL I y r,ii:rt,ts of rcJ':L~.utad wave;; :i.r; the beat method
fv. tiu.1y:Lng bl,r_ natu:c is of fol ciinL'; of aedimcrrtary rock in murlbime :regions
ru?1 fo.i ;;~ c 1::Lng ;_cntic I incl. L ti'U rtur cs favorable i'oi the accumulation of
1r.: ; , o L . cvn ;md Gad. In this nun Lhod of :;ei:;irric prospecting,;, the gruvimeter,
c.,c uc eiI .La a beano Lica:L.1.y-scaled corita:Lner, is suspended above the sea
butLorn ,.t;lc! is connected by wires, to the seismic station aboard a ship.
This rncLhod is not without its difficulties. High-frequency (50-200
cyc Les ), irt,cgttl.a:c oscil.:l_ations, especially intensive in certain parts
of the sc:i, appear directly after the first arrival of seismic waves and
very slowly weaken with time. These are called reverberation disturbances.
The L'ccepLion of reflections from the '!.evels being studies are greatly
hampeVi:d by the reverberation disturbances.
Particular.rl.y intensive marine-seismic reverberations arise when the
bottom of the 'Basin is bedded with dense rock having high reflecting
capabilities. It has been experimentally shown that in the region near
an explosion, high-frequency seismic reverberations arise as a result
of repeated reflections of elastic oscillations from the water air bound-
ary and the bottom. In addition, reverberations can arise as a result
of the scattering of elastic oscillations within the boundaries of these
media at a considerable distance from the explosion.
Two components with different frequency were detected by means of
frequency analysis of marine-seismic reverberations. The frequencies
of reverberations differ from the frequencies of a reflected signal.
The harmful action of reverberatory seismic disturbances can be les-
sened considerably with the aid of special filters in seismic amplifiers
and also by grouping the seismic receivers.
In 1951E, piezo-crystal seismic receivers were used for the first
time. Because of their small size and low weight, this type of receiver
can be easily arranged inside an oil-filled chlorovinyl hose. The spec-
ific weight of the oil-filled hose is about equal to the specific weight
of the sea water. Cross connections are also situated inside the hose.
EY distributing piezo-crystal receivers along the hose, it is possible
to en-sure. -;_-oupin-: of the seismographs and to improve the recording
of 1'ufloc tell graves. A hose, containing these devices with-12-24 chan-
at a shallow
ni .1..c, is towed behind the ship carrying seismic apparatus,,'
depth, and the reception of explosions is made by the ship under way.
Other designs of floating seismograph braids mounted in an air-
filied canvas hose or in floats were developed. in 1957-1958 in Baku.
These use both piezo-receivers and original seismographs, the design
of which is based on the use of filtered electric potential.
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The presence of different types of floating braids contributed to
the expansion of the scale of marine-seismic prospecting with reflected
w':Lves and its spread in deep parts of the sea. Thus, in 1957-1958, a
seismic party of the VNIIGeofizika succeeded in finishing 60 kilometers
of seismic profiles in the daylight of one day. Good seismograms with
clear recordings of reflected waves were obtained in 1958 at depths of
600 meters. In addition, in a seismic profile down to a depth of 4-5
kilometers, there is a fully sufficient quantity of reliably determina-
ble reflecting areas. Since 1957, the principal distances in using
seismic receivers of pressure have been successfully eliminated.
The correlation method of refracted waves and the GSE method (method
of deep seismic sounding), developed in the USSR by the Institute of the
Physics of the Earth of the Academy of Sciences USSR, are applied for
studying deep occurrences of crystallic basements and the deep layers
of the Earth's crust.
Work according to the GSE method for studying deep beds of the
main surface of the Earth's crust down to the Mohorovicic discontinuity
was conducted, in 1956, in the Caspian Sea and, in 1951-1958, in the
Pacific Ocean and the Okhotsk Sea in the transition zone between the
ocean and the Asiatic continent. During the development of GSE opera-
tions in the Caspian Sea, it was found that the best method of seismic
sounding at sea was by the use of-shifting explosion-points and the
reception of seismic oscillations by identical hydrophones on several
ships stationed along the seismic profile.
Work in the Caspian Sea according to the.GSE method resulted in
some interesting findings. Four groups of seismic waves, with different
velocities were registered: (1) condensed sedimentary rock, 4.8 kilo-
meters per second; (2) granite, 6.0 kilometers per second; (3) basalt,
6.6 kilometers per second; and (4) ultra-basalt -- the Mohorovicic dis-
continuity, 8.0 kilometers per second.
In view of its possibilities, marine-seismic investigations must
be perfected and expanded in the future and alsd correctly tied in to
other geophysical observations.
Marine-geophysical prospecting requires the performance of a number
of auxiliary hydrographic work. During regional geophysical studies,
especially at great depths, the application of echometers is necessary.
Echo sounding with oscillograph recording of the reflected impulse is
also useful for determining the nature of rock on the sea bottom. The
coordinates of ships during geophysical measurements in the open sea
are determined by radio-geodesic methods.
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At pre:-sent, tho practice and theory of marine Ucol.oc y is greatly
rc.: ic:~l in the. cvurr-L,.rowing Ucoptryuical inve;stil;_ct:iorrs on continental.
..Ind in tlic World occur. The furthcr~ cl.ovelopment of the theory,
rne1,} n ]S, aid techniques Of complex marine-gcophysic.rl works is neces-
rn;rrh;; . In utuclying the contincnta]. Shelf (dow.m to depths of 200-250
meters.;), conniiiurab'I.y g.r'oater dota.L:1. and accuracy are needed. The
continuation and expansion of marine-goophysica! investigations is
necesurr.ry in the composition of the scientific expeditions of the
Academy of Sciences USSR. ("Geophysicu:L Investig_Lt-ions in Marine Geo-
logy," by V. V. Fedynskiy, All.-Union Scientific Resear':h Institute of
Geophysical Methods of Prospecting, Ministry of Geology and the Con-
servation of Natur-_rl Lesou.rces USSR, Moscow; Moscow, Izvestiya Akademii
Dhal.k OSSR, Se:riya Goo.Logicheskaya, No 6, Jun 59, pp 3-15)
Radar Observations of Meteor Activity in Ashkhabad From October 1957
to June 1956 According to the IGY Program
"'I`he registration of meteor activity (Subject No 311 of the Plan of
Invos tigations of the Committee for the Conduct of the IGY under the
Council of Ministers USSR) is a part of the program of observations of
the International Geophysical Year.
"In this connection, points for conducting radar observations on
standard apparatus with antennas facing in the same direction and the
automatic registration of meteor echoes according to a single system were
episodically conducted in Ashkhabad from August 1947; in the present work,
we touch upon data obtained during the IGY period, from October 1957 to
June 1958, inclusively. Preliminary data for the period from June to
September (Yu. L. Truttse, A. IChanberdy'yev, and A. T. Belous, "Radar Ob-
servations of Meteor Activity in Ashkhabad in July-September 1957," Iz-
vestiya Akademii Nauk Turkmenskoy SSR, No 3, 1958) and data in a some-
what different method of measuring meteor echoes on film appearing in
the work of G. A. Nasyrov ("Radar Determinations of Meteor Activity in
July-September 1957 in Ashkhabad, "Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Turkenskoy
SSR, No 6, 1957) have already been published. Yu. L. Truttse took part
in the work in October-December 1.957. The work of the authors of this
article was divided as follows: the radio engineering side -- A. T.
Be.Lous; and the production of measurements and the compilation of the
summaries -- L. G. Astanovich.
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The ohacrvations, according to the specified subject, were con-
ic t d by the A.: t.t?ophysicul. Laboratory of the Institute of Physics and
Geophysics of the Academy of Sciences 'furlmcn SSR in Ashkhabad, Garden
01' Kc:~hi (37 57 11, 3 hours 53 minutes 24 seconds E, at an altitude of
(:'2O meters above sea level). From October to December 1957, the obser-
va_ations were carr:Led out in the course of 4i9 hours and. 25 minutes.
Moreover, 353 meteor echoes were registered, 1 of which :Lasted more
than one second. In view of the large amount of noise, especially in
the daytime, the conditions of observation of this period should be con-
sidered insufficiently favorable. However, as of January 1959, the qual-
ity of the recording of the echoes on film improved consi de.rably, in
connection with a decrease in the amount of industrial disturbances.
Their processing was also refined by means of using projector apparatus
and special gauges for measuring the echo which was recorded on the
motion-picture film. From January to March 1958, the observations were
conducted in the course of 795 hours and 8 minutes. During this time,
868 meteor echoes were recorded, 143 of these lasting more than one
second. In addition to observations according to the IG1 program on
world calendar days, observations on other days (according to a single
program with stations in Stalinabad, Kiev, Odessa, Kazan and Tomsk) were
conducted. The data cited are a summary of both programs. During the
period from April to June 1958 inclusively, the total time of observa-
tions was 722 hours. In all, :L236 echoes were noted, 188 of these last-
ing m:re than ore second.
.'All of the observations were conducted on standard radar equipment.
The following is data on the equipment: pulse power, 80 kilowatts;
carrier frequency, 72 megacycles; and pulse repetition rate, 50 pulses per
second. The antenna is a seven-element "wave duct" type, its center point
being Located at a height of two wave-lengths above the Earth's surface.
The antenna is permanently fixed at an angle of 22 degrees to the plane
of the horizon. The starting and switching-off of the LpParatus are pro-
duced automatically with the aid of a special attachment manufactured in
Ashkhabad by the staff of associates. The power sources are s4;abilized.
The registration of echoes is realized by a photo attachment made by the
Kharkov Polytechnic Institute under the supervision of B, L. Kashcheyev.
Travel rate of the film is 310 millimeters per hour. The rate was in-
creased above the recommended rate for a more reliable selection of
meteor echoes amidst disturbances. The apparatus was equipped with K. V.
Kostylev's artificial meteor simulator, four marks of wh:Lch make it pos-
sible to produce an estimate of the duration of the meteor:' echoes. Time
markers are fed automatically by a separate attachment every half hour.
The apparatus, as a whole, makes it possible to determine the moment of
a meteor's flight, its slant range, and duration. The results of each
hour and the dates of observation according to the month are presented
in Table 1; the distribution according to slant range, in Table 2. In
the tables, n denotes the average number per hour; n', the average number
for a speci'ic day; R is the slant range; and N is the number of meteor
echoes."
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Meteor Activity on !1 ,2-Meter Wave Len(tli '.cco2'd1)I ; to
OU;;ct'vation;; in r'r,fl]:h,,Lbrnd DurinG the I(OY ' ...1.'iod 1.95(-1.95(5
Oct 1'r .1.95'(
00- 01
111-n;1
12-I
113 111
01-(15
(15 - 11(;
(11; - (17
07-I'M
US- IHI
(I!)-- 10
III-. I I
3--1.1
14-II
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19-20
20-21
21-22
22-7:i
23- 2.1
o')
(I
Novelnber :195'(
11
0
0,9. 1 I 0,56
Dccembcr 1958
10 II 12 131 1.1I I5 10 17 Is
n u u II
II -
1 1 4 1 u
ll 0 (1
I 11 1 U
1.0O
1,25
2,25
I,00
1,75
2,00
1,20
2,5()
1.67
1,20
1,20
2,G7
I,25
0,511
1,(1(1
1.75
1,25
`1,111
2.67
0,75
0,75
0,23
0.82
(I,0 I
0,55
0,01
I,1'f1
(1,27
(1,5:
0,'20
(1,00
0,1 O
0,71)
(), f)
11,0(1
01-1.0
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17 18
18 19 ?-
111 .'211 5
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21 22 22 2.1 I
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I 0. 13
0 1 11,63
0 (1,
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00- old
(11-02
02-0.1
03- OI
2 20-21
-22
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U.1 ().I
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171 1'9120
_3 12, E) F2 HT-) 81: 10
25 20
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U,75
(),17
11,25
3,01)
0,;37
1 I,)
0.13
0.511
41.37
O.3U
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2,52
1.41
1,33
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0,92
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11.85
0,75
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0;70
1.07
1.72
2.0.3
2.42
2,28
1O(1
1,3')
(1.57
I.OI I
1,40
1.90
1.9(1
1
2.23
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1'I ?-15 - I 11 (1
15??Ili 0 O
17- im
18-1!11
1,)-201 --
!II-'I - 11
21-21 - - u
22-23 -
23...21 -- - 2
2,20 0,75 0,511
I)
2
1)
(1 l
0,70
11,18
11,50
0,1,2
0,79
0,75
0.012
0,5.,
I I,h2
(If H
00) 1;)
1
0,83
(.23
1,08
133
0,60
0,91 1,22
June 1958
, I,l l l 02 l 03 15 I 16 117 115 111) 12(1
00?-111
01-02
02-03
03- 04
11.1- 05
0.1--116
06-07
01-08
08-09
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I()- 11
11-12
12-13
13-I1
I.1-15
Ifs - Ili
11;-I.7
I7--18
I8-1U
19 -20
:91-21
21-
22.23
2.3 24
' 1 122 123 124 l 28 l 29 I a
I.)I2Ill.,1 I25 f 126
2,08
2,25
: ,:33
5;16
8.11
5.67
2,3 1
0,8;3
1,67
1.17
1,08
1,0()
2,67
I,OU
(1,83
0,75
0,67
2,08
1,33
I,,30
3,29
?1:36
3.25
2,61
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP82-00141R000200760001-9
i)i.:,t i il.n)I;L(s c !' 1;c Cc+'1.' i';c11' :; ..ccc'rcl)n,_; In ;;:LttiIIC l:nul;u 1
( III. -c, ll'!cc!:thcr 195'(, I--Julluury-Marcl) 1953) TI--April- Julie 1
F3, km r III I.-- I
GI1--69 0
7"--79 5 l u
811 -?8!) !I li
1.0-I9') 12 1
100-10
III ~L7
III)-I I'1 11 .11
1;0-13) I; +1
I10-I'It) 1.0
171 112
110-$69 Z', 1;
170 -17'1 27 S*,
Ih I-Ih9 25 1.1
I'e) -- 1!1'1 IH S:
""II-21J9 1:1 .11
II-I R,-1un
III I I I II
5'. )
("Radar Observations of Meteor Activity in Ashkhabad From October 1957
to June 1958 According to the IGY Program," by A. T. Belous and L. G.
Astapovich, Institute of Physics and Geophysics Academy of Sciences
Turkmen SSR; Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Turkmenskoy SSR, No 2,?'1959, PP
96-101)
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ITI.. t0 IE01W)I.,(X;Y
"Ku1,a'1 L" ltactar Latiori Built for ''i?opo:;pher:Lc Sounclint;
In 1950, the Tc,AO (CenLr?nl Aerological Observatory), of the Main Ad-
niiniaLration of the Iiydrometeor?ological Service under the Council of Min-
icters USSR, dcr;igned and built an installation for radar sounding of the
troposphere at the radio station "Kobal't," the modulator and transmitter
of which were modernized to increase the power of the sounding pulse.
The 20-meter reinforced concrete reflector of the antenna system was
built on a packed sand bare; the supporting columns are along the periph-
ery. The concrete surface., was metallized with zinc by means of a Schoope
process. The two-slot radiator of the antenna installation of the "Kob-
al't" station was replaced by a horn-type radiator with o ..?adi.atYon pat-
tern of about 120 clcErces (along a line of 0.1 power).
The hermetically sealed housing of the high-frequency section of the
"Kobal't" station makes it possible to avoid the use of a special wave-
guide. The high-frequency section is in the dome .reflector, with the horn
radiator in the focus of a paraboloid. Two towers at the edge of the par-
aboloid support the four cables connected to the assembly rank of the
radio-frequency section.
During the slzmer of 1956, experiments were conducted with the trop-
osphere radar installation, and the data collected were compared with data
collected by conventional methods. Some measurement data and photographs
are given ("Radar Sounding of the Troposphere," by 11. V. Kostar,evr; Cen-
tral Aerological Observatory; Moscow, Trudy Tsentral'noy Aerologic.heskoy
Observatorii, No 20, 1958, pp 3-16)
Additional information on and photographs of the modernized "Kobal. t"
weather radar station are given in the same issue of the above-mentioned
source in an article entitled ":Improving the Effectiveness cf the Image
of Meteorological Targets With the Radio Locator "ICobal't.'," by V. D.
Stepanenko, pages 67-72.]
Cloud Studies With Radar Used in Forming Storm Warning Net
An analysis of weather radar data collected in 195:1.--.1955 by the Ra-
d.iometeorological Laboratory of the Main Geophysical Observatory imeni
A. I. Voyeykov has revealed the close connection between the character of
radar images and the three-dimensional distribution of clouds sunder cer-
tain synoptical conditions. The configuration end 1,~;:ati.rn cif radar dis-
play patterns indicate whether cloud-like i.ntramass or fr. _~ntal precipa t,a-
tions take place at a given moment; and the motion of the latter determines
with what atmospheric fronts they are associated; i.e... with a moving or
a stationary front.
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l1 :,cd,y gal: r:,u.l,:r di.::l>.Liy txttt;crut; ubt;,rLtic'd Ln by t,l:u l ndiu..
L,,ibur. story of the Main Geopliysi~ ,c;l.. Observatory but provided
:vLt'.'iLa fur the cl.ussi.i':Lcatiorr of cloudburst::: and thunderstorms; these
l ttt.'rin are h LL;cd on the vertica.1 spread and on the altitude in relation
t,hnt r,l' the -.'1l10 :Laotherrn.
A n cw code is suggested for the telegraphic trail: mission of the in-
fornuit.Lorr on cloud distribution and characteristics of storm conditions
and .:i1?w,r uctivii;y. ('Using the lZc:}ult:; of Rt.idar Studies of Clouds for
they 7:11provenu.:nt of the Work of the Network of Store: Warning Stations," by
N. F. 1(ot.av, Main Geophysical Observatory inreni. A. I. Voycykov; Moscow,
Trudy Tsent.ral'noy Aerologichcskoy Observatorli, No 20, 1958, PP 17-25)
Third '/o;/age of the Seve'ryanka
An account, of the third voyage of the Scveryanka, research submarine
of.' the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of the Fish Economy and
Oceanography, by V. Azhazha, Chief of the Laboratory of Technical Instru-
ments for Underwater Research, appeared in the 24 May 1959 issue of So-
lre tskiy clot.
`L'he Ceveryank.a, as is known, made its first voyage in December 1958
in the region of Murmansk and its second voyage in the herring fishing re-
-.-is of the North Atlantic. Both of these voyages resulted in much new
and interesting scientific material. For example, the 24-hour behavior
of Atlantic herring was studied. A number of oceanographic investigations
were conducted. It was impossible,, however, to observe the operation of
the variable-depth trawl used because of the poor visibility under water
during the polar night. This particular problem was solved only at the
t memo of the th.i.rdexpedition, which has just been completed. Scientists
abea:rd also found out how bottom fish react to danger and tested the ef-
fc' t?i.vene:ss of finding fish with hydroacousti.cal instruments.
The task of increasing the catch of fi.sh, which was established in
the Seven-Year Plan by the 21st Party Congress, requires the scientists
and the workers of the fishing industry to raise the operational effi-
ciency of the trawling fleet. In this respect, the tools of the catch
have many untapped possibilities.
The trawl itself is a complex engineering work, consisting of a
number of mutually interacting parts. Engineers designing trawls do
not have the possibility of inspecting their work under water. This
was the task which fell to the Severyanka.
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 A
CPYRGHT
'they ;;uve ry~~nlu- put crxl; to GeeLi i.-r April,. Li ti.n-u wl n natural illuiuina-
i.:.-- hi a.lroady 11tr;lr. Oil a rcu-ny day, it is possible to read a newspaper
t n depth O L, 100 meters by the light entering tlrrougl one of the viewing
L ,-rts . This was the time, selected for observing the oration of a trawl .
T:,,_ problem required close and delicate manuevering i direct proximity
Lo the: moving; trawl.
The. submarineu, remained directly below the trawl r several hours
while er-t;incero observed and made motion pictures of -s operation. In
all.., the studies extended over several days. The res is of the observa-
tions are now being processed. The will aid in the d ign of new types
of trawls.
At times, the Severyanka settled to the bottom the sea for con-
ducting observations of marine life.
Work with the hydroacoustical instruments made i possible to measure
the zones of action of the echometers, that is, toe ore the space around
the submarine, which is penetrated by ultrasonic energy and within the lim-
of which it is possible to detect schools of fish nd other objects.
The third expedition, says Azhazha, is but anoth link in the pro-
_;ram of operations of the Severyanka, which, it is ca ulated, will be
completed in several years. Now; preparations for a urth expedition
are being conducted in the laboratories of the All-Un Re-
search Institute of the Fish Economy and Oceanography. ("Trawl Above
the Severyanka," by V. Azhazha; Moscow, Sovetskiy Flot, 24 Ma.y 59? p 4)
Soviet Research in the Antarctic
Radiosonde observations of the atmosphere, conducted by Soviet sci-
entific stations in Antarctica. revealed that the cold layer of air is
only about one kilometer high. and that,., near the boundary of this layer,
the air is 20-30 degrees centigrade warmer. Accordingly, the severe
frosts observed near the surface of Antarctica are not really sufficient
reason to believe that, under the influence of Antarctica, the climate
of the entire Southern Hemisphere has become colder than that in the
Northern Hemisphere. Moreover, when the cold air circulates and flows
in the direction of the ocean, it descends along the antarctic slope
and is dynamically heated. This partly explains the relatively warm cli-
mate on the coast, where, even in the winter, the temperature is usually
"5
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~'j to rn.:, :ent.Lgrudc The r::,~.,ou for I,h cola climate of
h ; ;i .,.:th_rrn hemisphere must be soul;Lrt in thr small continental urea of
t..;,rat, }, . rni:.phc.x e u greater land area would help to warm the, air corlsid-
c?:rt,ty i.n the stunner.
Arrturct:Lca plays an important role in the balance of ra-
cIinnt, 11f2at oL' the otnlospherc. During the polar night, the upper atmos-
l,h:,r %bove Airtr,i?cticr:r cool.: off' considerably, i.e., down to minus 80-90
On the other hand, (luring the sununer the upper at-
ux?spi,~ . e warms up to as high as 30 degrees centigrade. Such a marked
seasonal. fluctuation of temperature in the upper atmosphere has not been
observed anywhere else. This is reflected in the seasonal fluctuations
of atmospheric pressure and circulation. Thus, we find in Antarctica
one of the keys to understanding the processes connected with strong
fluctuations of weather and climate.
During the cold season, the storm cyclones originate and circulate,
one after another, in the temperate zones of the Southern Hemisphere,
frequently reaching the continent of Antarctica. G. V. Gruza, scientific
associate of the Central Asian Hydrometeorological Institute, who worked
with the Third Antarctic Expedition, -traced the movement of cyclones
and calculated that the energy of atmospheric circulation in the Southern
Hemisphere is 2 1/2 times higher than that in the Northern Hemisphere.
Port of this energy is transferred by air currents to the Northern Hemis-
phere, where it feeds the atmospheric circulation.
During the traverse to the pole of relative inaccessibility, the
thickness of the ice and the form of the subglacial relief were determined
by methods of seismic sounding and gravimetry. Almost along the entire
distance, the ice thickness was over 2.5 kilometers.
In the central regions of Antarctica, between Sovetskaya and the
pole of relative inaccessibility, there is a high-mountain region with
pea'.,s reaching 3.5 kilometers above sea level, all of which is hidden
below the ice cover. The mountains are covered by a 500-meter layer of
ire.
Geophysicists have collected abundant material in the study of the
i;.onosphere, cosmic rays, auroras, terrestrial electric currents, earth-
uuu es, and many other phenoa:ena. The study of terrestrial magnetism
led to the compilation of more precise magnetic charts, The geologists
have also made their contribution to science by studies of the structure
of the antarctic continent and e:~:ploration of existing deposits.
The Fourth Antarctic Expedition, now in operation, intends to con-
tinue its advance into the interior of the continent. -- V. Bugayev,.
chief of aerometeorological detachment of the Third Antarctic Expedition
and ')-L.rector of the Institute of Mathematics, Academy of Sciences Uzbek
SSR, ("Soviet Scientists in Antarctica," Tashkent, Pravda Vostoka, 3 Jun
59)
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I) i ;xurr, I on .I An r.'ar'c tic
A cl i ?;c ~,;.. I ..rr c, t' t;hc r rsual?s '7.l' c 'r;c r ,1 .'ted by So-
..;nt:if'I
~l,;t lx,Lt.rr ,,c!.c:rrl__Lct;_ Ln Aubiar:;LLc,o under 'the .":(,,y 1pr.oL.,ratr.; took place in
of the Academy of 11), ? c.lE??i.
A report on the resu.l.t.s of the work of the Third Antarctir. Expedi-
tion was L;ivcon by its chief Ye. 1'. . rJ'olstikav2 Can.did.aa;e of Goo graphical
Sciences. (rt}ieer reports on .individual sections of the sctcn4;ific program
were given by Prof V. A. th gaycv, chief of the norometeoroiogxc:al de'tac.h-?
meat ; 0. G. Soroiclrtin, seismic ref,e archer ; IC. V. Lapki.nr Tbys:1.c;ian. at -the
station Vostok; and Prof M. G. Iiavich., member of the Fourth Antarctic Ex-
pedition.
Soviet scientists r:cll.ected sufficient material. for compiling the
first hypsometr. ic: map of a cons".der able portion of East Antarc:tic.a; they
studied the ice thickness over a distance of several thc-1,1.sand kilometers
and determined the nature of the subglaci.al relief. A vast subglacial
mountainous region,, extending over 1,000 kilometers, ecc.upi.es the central.
portion of Antarcti.a.
The members of the expedition obtained interesting data on the c:l.i-
mate of the central regions of the continent. They compiled a map of the
map of the mean annual iscther !s of East Antar~.t i^;a and determined that
the region including the stations Vc?st,ok Sovetskaya, and the Pole of Rel-
ative Inaccessibility is the oddest Place .n Artarct'^:a. 'T'ile "^cid pole:"
of the Earth is the station Vostok. On 25 August 1958, the l.owwe:st temper-
ature of the air near the sarface, i.e. ,?nin.us 87.4 degrees cent grade.
was recorded at this point. Based on ob ervati.o.r..s of the movement of the
antarctic ice cover., quanti.tat:1ve data we're obtained regarding the a_mov.in.t
of ice breaking off from the ice cap into the sea. It was estimated that.
the region of the coast. between 82 and 110 E., cc ,rer .ng 2,a_$5 k.:ilometers.
annually throws 448 square k.:.lomer?rs of toe into the sea.
Materials have been col.l.eatei .n. the st.idy of a+, :srh.er.'i ; el.ec:tric-
ity, the magnetic. field c.f the Earth;, ic?r,osphex.: phenomena., rays;
earth c,lrrent,s ; au.iro-ras. gr. avimet..ry; and se i. mcl.ogv. These data will make
it possible to discover the nat,?.re ::f many gee' jhy-:.nat prr.,::esses. both in
Antarctica and on the whole Earth 0b.serve have been conducted on
the behavior of the human organism ~;n.der c n' i.t one of high a1 ti tudes and
low temperatures in the .nter.:.or c,f, the continent.
It was emphasized at the meeti.ng of the Pre_ c .,gym ~:`f ',he Academy of
Sciences z.;SSR that one of the .most va_c:i.,ahle a!::bievemen:t . f the !M rd
Antarctic Expedition was the work c.r.. 'the glaciological ::rc, .s ee ion fr.-?*n_
the Mirnyy observatory r:c the role of relative (a ~ii.stance
of over 2.100 kilometers) and the es+.abl sbmen:t of a
station in this region.
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Soviet polar scientists have been working in close contact with sci-
?.nttsts of' other countries, and there has been a regular exchange of set-
( L1tit'i.c information.
The meeting of the Presidium was attended by representatives of a
i)Lunber of' scientific research institutes of the Academy of Sciences USSR,
the Ministry of the Maritime Fleet, the Main Administration of the Hydro-
mete;orolot;ical Service, and other institutions. Academician A. N. Nesmey-
anov, President of the Academy of Sciences USSR; academicians V. V. Shul-
e yki.n and D. I. Shcherbakov; and A. A. Afanas' yev, Deputy Minister of the
Maritime Fleet, took part in the discussions. A. N. Nesmeyanov stated in
his speech that the work of members of the Soviet Antarctic Expeditions,
performed under conditions of extreme hardship, deserves the highest praise.
The Presidium of the Academy of Sciences USSR noted that the pledges
of the Soviet Union for the IGY program are being fulfilled successfully;
it gave a hieJi evaluation to the activity of the antarctic expeditions and
approved the general direction of future work in the study of the Antarc-
ti(_. ("Polar Scientists Have Earned High Praise"; Moscow) Vodnyy Trans-
port., 1.6 Jun 59)
- 18 - IJSCOMM.=DC.60675
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