INFORMATION ON SOVIET BLOC INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL COOPERATION -- 1959

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000200930001-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 31
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 11, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: November 13, 1959
• Content Type: REPORT

9 2 " APProved For. Re~#{~BIo~,Io~op~,_o I N F O R M R T I O N O N~~ O~ I E T
NO~EM~ER `~.3 1959 ; .-199 .: A OF 1,
BLOC-INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL C0'O:PERATION'
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PN ,131632-02
INFOH6SATION ON 2(1ILT BLOC INTIRM%TIONAL GEOPHYSICAL COOk.E'RATION .. 59
N?:.ivember 130. 1959
U. Jn DXPA-TMIEWT OF COIQ26 GE
Business and Defense Services Administration
Office of Technical Seraricss
Washington 25, D,, Co
Published. Weekly
Subscription Price $12,00 for the Series
Use of funds for printing this publication bas been
approved by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget, Octobe-' 280 1959
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INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL COOPERATION PROGRAM-
SOVIET-BLOC ACTIVITIES
Page 4
I.
Rockets and Artificial Earth Satellites
1
II.
III.
Upper Atmosphere
Meteorology
I
23
IV.
Gravimetry
24
V.
Oceanography
25
VI.
Arctic and Antarctic
26
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I. }iocKZ!'t';~ ;d I:) ARTfl iCIAI. EARTH "WPELLITES
Announceme:titon }gar-3id, 1}r~ by T_tt.r~l Soviet Coamic pocket
The 1 of Lowing TASS rornnv.tnic:1t?,ic.ttt ul the photographing of the Moan's far
side appeared in several Soviet newspapers on 27 October.
In accordance with the cis ,ih;uat:~',l program of scientific investigations,
on Octo';er at ()63() hours Moucow time, the apparatus aboard the automatic
interpl.anc . -iry station designed for taking pictures of the side of the Moon
Invisible from the Earth and for the subsequent transmission of this Lnfor-
mation to Earth was switched. on.
The automatic interplrinel.nry station was equipped with an orientation
system and phototelevisior, apparatus with special equipment for automatically
processing the photographic film.
The time of photographing was selected so that the station, in its
orbit, was situated between the Moon and the Sun, which illuminated about
70 percent of the Moon's invisible side. At this time, the station was at
a distance of 60,000 to nI.lc)meters from the surface of the Moon.
The orientation system, switched on by special command signal, turned
the station in such a rnnnner, that the objective of the photographic apparatus
was directed toward the reverse side of the Moon and gave the signal for
switching on the photographic apparatits.
Photographing of the Moon lasted about 40 minutes, thus a considerable
quantity of photog_rr:.rphs ref the Moon were obtained in two different scales.
Processing of the phr?+,c~g;,rnrli .c film (development and fixing) was
carried out automatically or:. t card the interplanetary station.
Transmission. of 1:h,: p i ctu:rer; of the Moon to Earth was done with the
aid of a special radio technics;. system.. This system simultaneously
ensured
th-
transmission of :^i.:nt,tfi.e data, the determination of the
elements
of
the orbit, and also the transmission from the Earth to the
station
of
the ccrrJrn.rd eentrcili..~ its operation. The television apparatus
ensured
the
transmission of iialf??tor.e pictures of high resolution.
The first pictur of the. invisible part of the Moon, obtained as a
result of preliminary processin~Y, will, be published in newspapers of 27
October, with the necessary rlr. ar,rptions, and then in scientific publications.
The Academy of Sc1.:nce,o USSR has created a commission for naming the
craters, ridges, and a':,her features of the invisiible side of the Moon.
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On he trcl 1:it~ ~n!;c:rnrt.:ic int,c:rplrinet;rtry statioi
t'or cr,n,hict ins; c i.ent i1':i.c inventigttiontl in inte
',f t,ho r'Lerit.if'ic obtained
1 ;I ;,,round stat lcIm.-, and are new lieirrg processed.
, is apparatus intended
anetary space. The
r
sere recorded on tape
The operation of the automatic l.itterplanetar station on its first
rcvo.t.utio:,rt ,;howecl that% the flight of a cosmic ob,j - ct according to a pre-
(letermtned crt l it was successfully ensured; the pr lem of orienting an
object in space was so].vecl; radiotelemechanical c unication and the
!;rnn:::ti: sio;1 of television images in space was accomplished; and a picture
Of ?.:e :;ide of the moon inaccessable to investiga jons up to now and a
numb^i? Of other' ocicnt:ific results were obtained. ("On the Motion of the
Th:i v i Soviet:.-Cc,,:rnic. Rocket;" Moscow, Pravda, 27 Oct '59, p 1)
Ti.f: time or' 1 1/2 Yeat?~ Predicted for Third Soviet Cosmic Rocket
Refinemerit of the orbital parameters of the automatic interplanetary
station shows that it wi.l.]. have a lifetime, determined from the moment of
its launching, of 1 1/2 years, states a TASS communication. During this
time, it will complete 11 to 12 revolutions of the Earth. The report
further states that at the end of this time, the interplanetary station
will enter the dense layers cf the Earth's atmosphere and burn up. ("On
the Motion of the Third Soviet Cosmic Rocket;" Moscow, Pravda, 27 Oct 59,
p 1)
Bulletins on Soviet cosmic Racket .I:IT
Bulletins on the progress, of the third Soviet cosmic rocket continue
to appear from time to time in the daily Soviet press. These reports give
information only ::.n thu lc-cation of the Station in relation to a point
over the surface of the Earth, its distance from the Earth, and the velocity
of the station.
On 21 October at 2000 hours ?~;n:.ecw time, the station was over a
point on -the surface of the Earth with coordinates of 37 W 21 S, 342,000
kilometers from the Earth, and traveling at. a speed of 0.89 kilometers
per second.
According to the 22 October balletin, the station will be at its
maximum distance from Ea.rch, 48',),000 kilometers, on 26 October when
the next transmission of i.nfcrmatlon will be received at 1500-1600 hours
Moscow tim ("On the Motion of the Third Soviet Cosmic Rocket;" Moscow,
Pravda, 22 Get 59, p
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At, 2000 hours; l~io;,ccaw I:1mr: on 27 October, the interplanctary otatijn
will be aver a point on the rrrl'n,e:' of the Earth with courdinc.tes of
'18 W rood (' 0 IJ ~irit art;; ,r ii t: rrre (7i.' h6)1,000 kilometers, ( ' "On the Motion
of the Third Jovleet; ('osTrit ! nc'1cct;" N.o:+ecow, Pravda, 27 Oct 59, p 1)
Soviet Scientist Di.:acuctiscc, Moon's Par Side
A. Markov, Doc',or.' of Fhysicornathematicai Sciences and leader of a.
gro'.r~p studying the planet Moon .at, Pulkovo Observatory, makes the following
comments ('n the rern.,nt ri.r,turc.:; of the Moon's far-side taken by the third
Soviet cosmic rocket.
The pictures of the invisible side of the Moon were taken at a
distance of 60,000-70,000 kilometers, when the automatic interplanetary
station was between the Sun and the Moon, The carefully designed system
and apparatus aboard the station ensured its proper aspect at this moment.
Photographing lasted about 40 minutes.
The pictures published on 2,' October showed a great difference in the
actual surface of the unseen side of the Moon with that imagined by many
authors of hypothetical maps, in particular the astronomers Franz and
Wilkins. A survey of the first Soviet pictures of the Moon's unseen side
showed that the surface is predominantly mountainous and, contrary to
expectations, only two "seas" are visible; the seas Moskva and Mechta, so
named by the Commission of the Aoa.demy of' Sciences USSR for Naming Forma-
tions 'n the Reverse Side of the Moon. Thus, only 10 percent of the area
of the avisil:'le s:Lde of the Moon appears to be covered by "seas," while
on the area v is.ible from the Earth, ":,eels" cover ;0- j percent of its
Surfs- .
T:1c> reasons for th s and cc,nulusions concerning the history
of lunar orogenesis will be made jointly later on by astronomers and
geologists. In addition, there will naturally be taken into consideration
the fact data,. the action s' 'r-he tidal forces, laving their origin in the
Earth's attraction, is more strongly expressed on the visible side of the
Moon. It is further necessary to consider, that during lunar eclipses,
which take place up to ti?ricc: a year, a very -change in temperature
occurs,
reasons
surface
up to 250 degree,; in half an hour. It is possible that these two
are sufficient for lava to our out through cracks in the crustal
of the Moon caused by crnc:lr.inC; the soil under the effect of
intense temper :lure
on the visible tide
change';, se of this, larger "seas" are formed
of thc. Moon than on its invisible side. Changes in
temperature on the invisible side occur
absence of lunar eclipes.
less sharply because of the
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rrrrc ar;i:r cn~mu rr;, 'oun J III, 1,hrlt orogenesin on the surface of the
11oc,1; cIcpen l:. GCl ru't ?.l l" t ,.'C fall ir'1[; on it, also note that in regard to the
I' c'enency Of ur.;i,r r.,1'li ra'I.lirrtr, on the lunar surface, different conditions
rxist frIr each nldo. `1'h,' detailed study of Soviet picture-.s of the far-
r: ic.le Of 1,110 MOON nuu 1, t;iv~: now cl:rt..t conc.F~rrlirlf, our satellite [the Moon]
and the evo111tIon of its r;ln-fn.ce. ("The Nature of the Invisible Half of
the Moc,r,," by A. Mrr.r?kov, Doctors of Phy ricomathematical C&:! nces;,Moscow,
Pravda) Oct, p
Sov 1. t. Toot Pilot; Seen as Prot Man in Space CPYRGHT
"We are, convirced that the first man to fly in pace will be a
Soviet man. Our test pilots are exerting every eff0 t to see to it that
th'r first. rnnn S n cpn.ce will be it Soviet test pilot." So concludes Engr
Co.]. G. S' dov, Hero of the Soviet Uu:ton and distinguished test pilot, in
rile article appearing In Sovetskaya Aviatriya, answering a reader's question
on what qualities the nutn who will. fly in space must possess.
Sedo:- t cli.eves that a test pilot; is peculiarly suited for such a
i.n. ': because of the nntua'e of his work. In addit? I on to bravery, a deep
engineering knowledge is necessary, since without it, laboratory work
cl : r ' rrj the f l i (*?ht will be of ]Little use. A knowledge of the laws of
.;;-ht al:;o nec'e.?Sary, a., without it, proper training would be impossible.
("On the by 1,;111;r Col G. Sedov: Moscow, Sovetskaya Aviat-
iya, 1' Oct 59, r.
Complete Freru Rep-::rt, an Third Soviet Cosmic Rocket
A complete report, as it appeared in a Moscow paper on the third
be' ow.
Soviet cosmic ro:'ket is [,;iv ,7.-n
The successful launching `f ,.he third cosmic rocket was carried out
in the Soviet Union 'i October 1959, it was launched with the aim of
solving a number of problems in the study of outer space. The most
important goal 1-.was to obtain a photograph of the surface of the moon. It
,-,an of :special roc ientific interest to obtain a photograph of that portion
of the Moon's surface which, as a result of peculiarities of its movement,
is alto;-etrrcr Tnaccossib.l.c to observation from the earth, as well as of
it portion of the surf'e.ce visible frc~r the earth at such an acute angle that
it cannot be Stud'i.,ed rcliabl y .
An automatic interplanetary station was created for the detailed
study of cosmic space and for obtaining a photograph of the Moon. With
the help of a raaltistr cket., it was placed in an orbit which bends
around the Moon. Precisely in accord with calculations, the automatic
interplanetary station passed at a distance of seve"a'1 thousand kilometers
CPYRGHT
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from the Nloon nd, ,tan .; rc.r'lt of ltss uttractiorr, changed the direction
of its TT'hp nra,ctc 9.t pa:,ci.ble to obtain a flight trajectory suit-
able for phutct',r?npliin(,, the sides of the Nloon which is invisible from the
Earth and for to Earth the ccientifie information obtained.
The launching, of' the thing cosmic rocket and the placing of the automatic
interplanetary ::Lution In tht pr?e(Ieternrined orbit demanded the solution
of a number of now and fi t ,~;hly complex scientific and technical pi obletns .
The mu].tirt;,I,ge rocket used for placing the station in orbit possessed
ad'.? .,cc.-(I design and also powerful motors burning a high-calorie fuel. The
roc;:et's guidance system during, the powered stage of its flight assured
the desired dci'ree of .~ccur_tcy in its motion. The scientific observations
carried out with the aid of the automatic interplanetary station have
mole possible the acquisition of a considerable quantity of materials
which are now being processed.
Of tremendous scientifio interest are the photographs obtained of
that side of the Moon which is invisible from the Earth. For the first
time in history, it has become possible to observe that portion of the
Moon's surface which has never been observed from the Earth. The launching
of the automatic interplanetary station testified to the high level of
development of our science and technology.
Layout of the Automatic Interplanetary Station
The automatic interplanetary station is a space flight vehicle equipped
with a complex range of radiotechnical, photographic, television, and
scientific instruments; with a special system of orientation; with devices
for the programmed control of the instruments on board; with a system of
automatic regulation of the temperature inside the station; and with
sources of power supply.
A special ra.diotechniccal system ensures the measurement of the
parameters of the station's orbit, the t-ransnrission to earth of television
and scientific telemetric information, and the transmission from the Earth
of signals controlling the work of the instruments on board the inter-
planetary station. The orientation system ensured the aspect of the inter-
planetary station in cosmic space in relation to the Sun and the Moon
necessary for photographing the invisible side of the Moon.
All control ?-)r the work of the instruments on 'board the station is
carried out from ground points by radio, as well as by self-contained
programing devices on board. Such a combined system makes possible the
most effective way of controlling scientific experiments and of obtain-
ing information from any sectors of the orbit within radio range of the
observation points on the Earth.,
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A ;Zttl,c~rn t , ~ I,' cur r 1, re~,;ul nt lorl c;,;them operate.,; uninterruptedly for
the c,t' c:, ., nl?:r.in.i.n .; rt prc-:de?termined ?t emperaturo within the station.
Ti: en,,er :s; I;hr. d;,:!;1p!0;1.crn of heat emitted by the inetrumerrts, via a
npee:lnl. a:act,i.ul;iu :;ttrrf',trcr., into outer space. To regulate the lo., of heel,
lxtl'I'1.c ,; h!rvc hec:rr on t;hc outside of' the body, which open up the
r~ul:T.al irr;; r.rrl'aec: '.diicri the temperature inside the station rises to plus
.. 5
The nowc'r supply system contains autonomous units of chemical
sources of current which simply instruments operating for brief periods
of time, as well. as a centralized unit of auxiliary chemical batteries.
The expenditure of power by the auxiliary battery is compensated for by
solar sources of cctrrent. Current is supplied to the instruments on board
via transformer and stabilizer installations.
The net of sc ienti ?'' is instruments installed on board the automatic
interplanetary station ensures the further development of the study of
cosmic and circumlunar space begun by the first two Soy iet cosmic rockets.
The automatic interplanetary station pis a thin-walled, hermetically
sealed vcc ;el, shaped like a cylinder, with spherical ends. The maximum
diameter of the station is 1,2(.)0 millimeters; its length is 1,300 milli-
meters, excluding the antennas.
The instriunentrs and the chemical power sources are located inside
the body, on a frame. A number of scientific instruments,, the antennas,
and the sections of the solar battery are located outside. The upper part
contains a port with a shutter which opens automatically before the
photograph i.; begins. The upper and the lower ends have small ports for
the solar transducers of the orientation system. The motors of the orienta-
tion system are fixed at the lower ends.
A scheme according to which the cameras were brought to bear on the
Moon by the rotation of the entire interplanetary station was deemed to be
most expedient for photographing the Mcon. The orientation system on board
the station turned the automatic interplanetary stat,.ion and held it steady
in the direction required.
The orientation system was switched on after the station had approached
the Moon, at the moment when the station was in a predetermined position
in relation to the Moon and the Sun, which ensured the necessary conditions
for orientation and photography. According to estimates, the di~t~. ce
from the moon at that time was C0,000-70,000 kilometers.
At the beginning of the operation, the orientation system, which
includes optical and gyroscopic transducers, electronic computers,
and controlling motors, first of all, stopped,the free rotation of
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the automatic interplanetary station around its center, of gravity, a
rotation which began at the moment of separation from the last stage of
the carrier rocket.
The automatic interplanetary station is being illuminated by three
bright celestial bodies -- the Sun, the Moon, and the Earth. The trajec-
tory of its flight was selected so that at the moment of taking the photo-
graphs the station would be approximately on a straight line connecting
the Sun and the Moon. Then, the Earth had to be away from the Sun-Moon
line so that there could be no orientation toward the Earth instead of
toward the Moon.
The indicated position of the interplanetary station in relation to
the celestit:! uucties at the moment orientation began allowed the follow-
ing method to be utilized:
The station's lower end was initially directed toward the Sun
with the help of the Sun seekers; thereby, the optical axes of the cameras
were aimed in the opposite direction -- toward the Moon. A special optical
device, in whose field of view the Earth. and the Sun could no longer
appear, then switched off the orientation to the Sun and permitted precise
orientation on the Moon. The signal showing the Moon's presence, which
had been received from the optical instrument, permitted automatic photo-
graphy. Throughout the period of photographing, the orientation system
ensured that the automatic interplanetary station was constantly focused
on the moon. After all of the pictures were exposed, the orientation
system was switched off. At the moment the system was switched off, it
imparted to the automatic interplanetary station an ordered rotation at
a fixed angular velocity which was selected in such a way as to improve
the temperature regime, while at the same time excluding the effect of
the rotation on the function of'the scientific 'instruments.
Flight of the Interplanetary Station
The orbit of the automatic interplanetary station is especially suited
for the solution of the set of scientific problems established. To obtain
the desired orbit, in addition to ensuring the necessary speed and direc-
tion of the station's flight at the burn-out moment of the rockets last
stage, -the gravitational pull of the moon also was utilized.
The trajectory of flight around the Moon had to satisfy a number of
requirements. To ensure the correct functioning of the orientation system
at the time of photographing the Moon, it was necessary, as has been said
above, that the Moon, the station, and the Sun should lie approximately
on a straight line at the initial moment of orientation. The-distance
between the station and the Moon during the period of photography was
chosen in the range of 60,000-70,000 kilometers.
-7-
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CPYRGHT
The ctu.i.t ~c t;Frr of' the trajectory had to make possible the acquisition
of the maximn.u, quanl-Aty of information on the first curve around the Moon,
espec ial1;; :..t .,Mort; distatnces from the surface of the Earth. With a view
to meeting +.hir, requirement, it was necessary to ensure the best possible
conditiono of radio communication with the interplanetary station from
points lying; in the territory of the Soviet Union. For the purpose of
scientific research, it was also highly desirable to obtain a trajectory
than would ensure the flight of the interplanetary station in space for a
suf:L ]ciently long period of time.
A. flight around the Moon with return toward the earth can be carried
out along various types of trajectories. To achieve such trajectories,
the speed at the end of the powered flight must be a little less than the
so-called second cosmic or parabolic velocity, which is equal, near the
surface of the earth, to 11.2 kilometers per second.
If the trajectory of the flight is several tens of thousands of
kilometers from the Moon, its influence is comparatively small, and the
motion in relation to the Earth will take place along a trajectory
!3pproxi.mati.ng an ellipse, with one of the foci in the center of the Earth.
However, the trajectory of a distant flight around the Moon, circling
it at a distance of several tens of thousands-of kilometers, has a number
of basic drawbacks. In flying at great distances from the Moon, the
investigation of cosmic space in the direct vicinity of the Moon is impos-
sible. When the rocket is launched from the Northern Hemisphere, the
return toward the Earth takes place from the side of the Southern Hemis-
phere. This complicates observations and reception of scientific infor-
mation by the stations situated in the Northern Hemisphere. The flight
near the Earth on the return leg takes place outside the limits of
visibility from the Northern Hemisphere, and, therefore, the reception
of information near the Earth of the results of scientific observation
becomes impossible. On its return toward the Earth, the rocket enters
dense layers of the atmosphere and burns up, that is, the flight ends
after the first loop.
These shortcomings can be avoided by making use, during the flight
around the Moon, of another-type of trajectory passing close to the Moon
at a distance of several thousands of kilometers. The trajectory of the
automatic interplanetary station passed at a distance of 7,900 kilometers
from the center of-the Moon and was calculated in such a manner that when
the station was at its nearest point to the Moon, it was to the south of
it. As a result of the Moon's attraction, the trajectory of the automatic
station, in accordance with calculations, deviated to the north. This
deviation was so great that the return toward the Earth took place from
the Northern Hemisphere. In this way, after approaching the Moon, the
maximum height of the station over the horizon increased daily for the
observation stations situated. in the Northern Hemisphere.
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Correspond tnrl;ly, the intervals at which direct contacts with the automatic
r;l;ation were pussil,le increased. Sufficiently, close to the Earth, the
automatic :,t,rr,~;ion could be observed in the Northern Hemisphere as a non-
setting cF,.le:,tiaL body. The conditions for receiving information during
the return toward the Earth and the conditions for conducting scientific
studies during the return to the direct vicinity of the Earth were suf-
ficiently favorable. During its return toward the Earth on the first
circuit, the station did not enter the atmosphere and did not perish,
but passed at a distance of 47,00 kilometers from the center of the
Earth, moving along an elongated elliptical orbit of very great size.
The greatest distance of the station from the Earth was 480,000
kilometers. Thus, while passing near the Moon, it appears that it is
possible to achieve trajectories in the movement of an automatic inter-
planetary station which are exceptionally interesting and advantageous
from the viewpoint of scientific research and of receiving scientific
information.
The flight of the interplanetary station near the Earth is taking
place at such great distances from jts surface that there is no drag due
to resistance by the atmosphere. Therefore, had the movement taken place
only under the influence of the earth's gravity, the automatic station
wo>>1d he like an Earth satellite w.th an unlimited period of existence.
However, in reality, the time of the station's flight is limited. As a
result of the perturbing influence of the Sun's gravity, the nearest
distance of its orbit from the Earth, the height of its perigee, is
tradu~,tlly diminishing. Therefore, having made a certain number of
revolutions, the station will enter the dense layers of the atmosphere
and urn up. The amount of decrease in the height of the perigee in one
circuit depends on the parameters of the orbit, particularly on the height
of the apogee, i.e., on the greatest distance of th'? orbit from the Earth.
It raises sliarr.' as the height of the apogee increases. Therefore, in
choosing the trajectory of the interplanetary station, it was necessary
to achieve the smallest possible height of the apogee, which would only
slightly exceed the distance from the Earth to the Moon. It is also
essential to achieve the greatest possible height of the perigee in the
first circuit. The total number of circuits of the automatic station
around the Earth and the period of its existence depend on the degree to
Ahich the above-mentioned requirements are fulfilled.
The influence of the Moon does not limit itself to the effect created
during the period of the first close approach. The perturbation of the
station's orbit by the Moon's gravity is not of such a regular nature as
the perturbation created by the sun and depends greatly on the period the
station circles the earth. The Moon's influence can be considerable only
when the station approaches sufficiently close to the Moon on any one of
the subsequent circuits. In this case, the station will be nearest to the
Moon roughly at the same point of the orbit as the first time. In case of
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a repented ci(we approach, the nature of the station's movement could
change subn,tant,:Lal:Ly. If the interplanetary station passes near the
Moon from the south, that is, if the second approach is of the same
type as th:? tarsi; one, the number of revolutions and the period during
which the ,'ration preserves the main features of its trajectory, approach-
ing; the Earth from the Northern hemisphere, will increase sharply. If
the repeated passages take place from the north, the height of the orbit's
per l ,~ee will be reduced, and in the case of sufficiently strong pe.rturba-
tinti: a collision with the Earth could take place on the next return trip
toward it.
On those loops of the orbit where the station does not come close to
!lie Moon, the latter, nevertheless has some influence on the station's
ement. Although the force of the Moon's attraction is, in this case,
v; ry small, since it acts on a l~ .1ge number of loops of the trajectory,
the Moon's gravity has noticeable i.nr'luence on the movement of the auto-
station, causing a reduction in the height of the perigee and the
ncriod of the stations cxi.sttence in the orbit.
The pic i) re of the movement of the automatic interplanetary station
'under the influence of the simultaneous forces of gravity of the Earth,
Moon, and Sun is very complicated. The nature of the first passage close
to the Moon is decisive for the future motion of the interplanetary station.
Since no corrections in the station's movements are made during its flight
and its whole flight is determined in the final account by the parameters
of the movement at the end of the powered flight (by the mi-ignitude and the
direction of speed), it is clear that the realization of the above-described
trajectory by the space station is possible only with an excep'Gionally
perfected system of control over the carrier rocket during the powered
portion of the flight.
Calculations show that with a deviation of 1,000 kilometers of the
point of intersection of the station with the picture plane (kartinnaya
ploskost), the minin'rm distance between the Earth and the station during
its return -till change by kilometers, and the tine of the
nearest approach to the Earth, by 10 to 1'i hours. The are lnthis case is the
plane passin?; througl? the center of tze Moai perperb1icular to the Earth-Moon line.
So the -maximum f]_uctuation in the minimum distance between the
Earth and the station will not exceed 20,000 kilometers, it is essential
to launch the rocket with sufficient precision to insure a deviation in
the point of intersection with the picture plane of not more than 3,000
kilometers.
At first glance, this demand'placed on the rocket's guidance syster:
seems to be easier to meet than the conditions required for hitting the
Moon, since in order to hit the, Moon, the limited deviation of the rocket
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from the point of sighting or the calculated point of intersection with
picture plane must not exceed the Moon's radius, that in, must be
roughly two times nmailler than ;3,()00 kilometers. However, when the station
mover, along the trajectory encircling ,l?,he Moon, the errors in putting the
rocket into orbit have a mucn greater influence on the deviation of the
point of crossing the picture plane than in the impact trajectory of the
,ecorrd cosmic rocket which hit the Moon. Indeed, an already reported, the
variation in the speed of the rocket in free flight of one meter per second
from the version of the rocket which hit the Moon leads to a deviation of
the intersection point with the picture plane by 2`,iO kilometers, and in the
version circling the moon, this deviation equals 75O kilometers, or three
times more. Only from a comparison of these figures can it be seen that
the realization of a fixed version of an encircling trajectory places more
rigid demands on the accuracy of the guidance system of the rocket than in
the version which tilt the Moon.
As already mentioned, during the passage of the interplanetary station
close to the Moon, the station's trajectory is affected by strong disturb-
arrces which compel it to change the original direction of its movement,
enuring a return toward the Earth from the side of the Northern Hemisphere.
This perturbing action of the-Moon substantially increabes the influence
of the variations of parameters of the movements at the end of the powered
flight from their calculated values on the station's movement during its
return toward the earth after circling the Moon. Therefore, even small
errors in the determination of these parameters lead to very substantial
errors in the calculation of the characteristics of the station's movement
during its return toward the Earth.
At the same time, in order to establish reliable radio communication
by the interplanetary station with the ground-based observation stations,
it is necessary to know, with sufficient accuracy, the change in time of
t;lie parameters of the movement of the station. This is essential in order
to conduct calculations with the required accuracy of the target designa-
tion by the tracking points and to determine the times for switching on
the transmitting apparatus aboard the station.
This circumstance requires a systematic measurement of the trajectory
of the interplanetary station, the processing of data, and the improving
of the accuracy of determining the parameterc of the movement of the station
both during the approach to the moon and after having encircled it. The
influence of the Sun and the Moon on the evolution of #he orbit of the
interplanetary station during its further flight also requires constant
measurement and improvement in the determination of the characteristics
of the s ,cat ion' s movement.
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VIC rit-rnIc-delic;rJ.l:ect cr;nditic,nn place rrerlorrn demands on the work of
tin t utart lc men.;uring Innballutioncr Mitch men;urc the paramotcrn of the
hit erplanetary ntatlon'r; tru,lcctoryt calculate the progrrosic of its
rnovrmmorrt;, is tur(et; duuJt;nr..%Lion poi.ntn for rncuuuring, and observation
?1i~f,Jozn;; and calculate t1i- t;J.mc of switching on the tranumitting deviceu
on I-r,ant the itation during its flight around the Earth.
T'.icje inrtallutionn include radiotcchnical stations measuring the
dicI. tuc:c, angular parameters, and the radial velocity of the movement
of an cab., cct; atationn receiving telernotcred information; and automatic
cunununirca?tion lines of the tracking points with the coordinating computing
center, which, on itn part, is linked with ground stations which order the
nwitching on of the transmitting equipment on board the station.
The command radio channel makes it possible to switch on radio-
technica7 devices on board the station at certain intervals of time
correuponrling with the beat conditions for radio communication from the
a t;ntiori' s t r-ansmitting equipment to the ground points situated in the
Soviet Union.
The selection of the duration and time of transmissions is dictated
by the neceusi.ty of allowing the requisite information to accumulate, a
move which in essential for improving the accuracy of determining the
(,haract;eristics and the progrouis )f the movement of the interplanetary
station, as well as by the necessity of preserving the power reserves
on hoard the station.
Preliminary processing of the results of trajectory measurements
show:; that the automatic interplanetary station will continue in orbit
until April 1960 and complete 11 or 12 revolutions around the Earth.
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Photographing and Transmitting the Image
In designing the equipment for photographing and transmitting the
image of the invisible part of the Moon from the automatic interplanetary
station, the problem of developing a phototelevision system producing
a halftone picture of good quality and transmitting it over hundreds of
thousands of kilometers was successfully solved. A large number of com-
plex scientific and technical problems were involved.
During the photographing, the orientation system ensured a position
of the station in which the lunar disk would be in the field of view of
the objective. The photographic and television equipment was designed
to ensure proper functioning in the diff'icult conditions of cosmic flight.
Photographic components were protected against the harmful effects of
cosmic radiation, and normal functioning of the photographic and proces-
sing equipment under conditions of weightfulness, was ensured.
The transmission of the image over great distances with a trans-
mitter of extremely low power made necessary a transmission velocity
which was tens of thousands of times slower than conventional television
programs.
In the first photograph of the reverse side of the Moon, it seemed
practical to obtain a picture of the largest possible part of its un-
known surface. This led to the necessity of making a photograph of the
fully illuminated disc, the contrast of which is always considerably
lower than under oblique illumination producing shadows of the relief.
To achieve the best possible result in transmitting the low-contrast
picture, automatic brightness control was used in conjunction with the
tube.
The principles of self-regulating circuits were used for the reli-
able operation of the apparatus under variable conditions. The coordi-
nation and control of all links, including electronic circuits and
optical, mechanical, and photochemical devices, was carried out by a
special automation and programing system.
The phototelevision equipment in the interplanetary station contains
the following main instruments: a camera with two objectives, with focal
lengths of 200 and 500 millimeters, used for the simultaneous filming on
two different scales; the 200-millimeter objective gave a disc image
which fitted entirely onto a frame. Large-scale images given by the 500-
millimeter lens exceeded the size of the frame and gave a more detailed
picture of parts of the lunar disc.
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The #1. mini; was carried out with automatic variation of the exposure
in ordor to got negatives with the best density and lasted for about 40
minutes, during which the far-side of the Moon was photographed repeatedly.
Photographing began at a command signal after the objectives had
been trained on the Moon. The whole subsequent process of photographing
and film p:-occsoing was done automatically through a preset program.
The shots were taken on a special 35-millimeter film able to sustain
processing at high temperature. To prevent fogging of the film due to
cosmic radiation, a special shield was provided, chosen on the basis of
research carried out with the help of the Soviet artificial satellites
and cosmic rockets.
After the pho,uographs were taken, the film entered a small automatic
processing device, where it was developed and fixed. In the processing,
a special method was'used ensuring that the parameters of the negative
were not greatly affected by the temperature. Necessary measures were
taken to prevent the disturbance of the processing by conditions of
weightlessness. After the film was processed, it was dried, which en-
sured lasting 'preservation. After processing, the film entered a
special chamber where it was prepared for the transmission of the image.
Tests marks were put onto the film earlier, part of which were
developed on Earth, with the others being developed on board the station
in the process of the development of the film shots of the other side of
the Moon. These marks were transmitted to the Earth and made it pos--
si-:bie to keep control of the process of photography, development of the
film, and transmission of the images.
To transform the images on the negative into electric signals, a
small ::canning tube, capable of a high resolving capacity, and a highly
stable photoelectronic multiplier were used. The transmission of the
images to earth was done in a way similar to that by which films are
transmitted by television centers. To deflect the rays of the electronic
tube, economical low-frequency scanning devices were used. Amplification
and. shaping of the signals of the image were achieved by a specially-
devised, narrow-band, stabilized amplifier containing a, device for auto-
matic compensation of the influences of the variations of density of
the negative on the output signal.
All of the circuits were basically made up of transistors. Trans-
mission of the signals was designed so as to be accomplished by two
methods: slow transmission over great distances and rapid transmissions
at. shorter distances during the approach toward the Earth.
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The television system enabled the number of lines into which the
image was divided to be altered according to the transmission conditions.
The maximum number of lines reached 1,000 per frame. To synchronize the
transmitting and receiving scanning devices, a method was used which
assured a high degree of stability against interference and reliability
in the operation of the apparatus.
The images of the Moon were transmitted from the automatic inter-
planetary station on the radio communication link, which, at the same
time, was used for the measurement of the parameters of the movement of
the station itself, namely, the distance, velocity, and the angular.' co-
ordinates, as well as for the transmission of the results of scientific
experiments with the help of telemetric instruments.
The switching on and off of the various instruments on board the
station and the changing of their operations were accomplished by the
transmission of special. commands from the Earth to the station on the
came radio channel.
The transmission of the images of the Moon and all other function-
ings along the communication link from the station were carried out by
means of the continuous emission of radio waves, as distinguished from
the pulse radiations used previously in certain cases. Such a combina-
tion of functions in a single radio communication link by means of
constant radiation has been achieved for the first time and has en-
abled a reliable radio contact to be maintained right up to the maximum
distances with a minimum expenditure of energy on board.
The radio communication link with the station consisted of two
sections: earth-to-station and station-to-earth. It included the
command devices, powerful radio transmitters, highly sensitive re-
ceiving and recording devices, and antenna systems located at radio
contact points on the Earth, as well as transmitting, receiving, and
antenna devices in the interplanetary station.
In addition to this, station command and programming radiotechnical
devices were on board. The entire system of instruments of the radio
communication link, both on board and on Earth, was duplicated to in-
crease reliability of contact. In the event of the breakdown of one
of the radiotechnical instruments on board or the exhaustion of its
operating resources, it can be replaced by a reserve instrument by an
appropriate command from the control point on Earth.
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The transmission of the images of the Moon was done by commands from
the Earth, Including the switching of the power for the television instru-
mento on board, the rolling of the film, and the tapping-in of television
apparatus to the transmitters on board. As a result, the law of the change
in the brightness on the lines which form the image was transmitted back
Lo earth.
The total volume of scientific information transmitted along the
radio contact channel., including shots of the images of the moon, greatly
surpassed the volume of information which was transmitted from the First
and second Soviet cosmic rockets.
To ensure the reliel4il.ity of the transmission of this information
in the presence of a considerable noise level due to cosmic radiation,
an especially effective method of radio communication was used, a method
that ensured the minimum expenditure of energy from power sources on
board. To conserve electrical energy, the power of radio transmitters
on board was fixed at several watts. Semiconductors and other modern
parts and materials were used in the receiving and transmitting instru-
ments on 'board. Special attention was paid to attaining minimum size
and we:lght of instruments.
The difficulties entailed in ensuring reliable radio contact with
the automatic interplanetary station may be judged if one considers
what portion of power transmitted by the radio on board reaches ground-
based equipment. So that contact with the station should not cease
during its rotation, the antenna of the station radiates radio signals,
uniformly in all directions so that the power of the radiations per
unit of surface will be equal for all points on an imaginary sphere in
the center of which the station is located.
'The receiving antenna on Earth receives a part of the power of
radiation determined by the ratio of the effective area of the receiving
antenna to the surface of the sphere having a radius equal to the distance
from the station of the receiving point. Therefore, large antenna are
used to receive signals from the station. However, at the station's
maxiniun distance from the Earth, the part of the power of. the radiation
received from the transmitter on board is 100 million times less than
the average power received by an ordinary television receiver.
To receive such weak signals, extremely sensitive receiving instru-
ments with a low level of output noises are needed. The noise output
at the receiving device on earth is composed of noises of cosmic radia-
tion, received by the antenna, and the receiver's own noises, which.
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T
through a number of special measures, have been reduced to a minimum.
The reduction of the volume of noise is usually connecter', with a re-
duction of the speed of the transmission of the information.
In connection with what has been said, such methods of processing
and transmitting signals on board the station and at receiving points on
the Earth have been used in the radio communication link which reduce
the noise level to the maximum degree and retain a permissible speed
of transmission.
The economical use of the sources of power on board the station,
the existence of the radio communication link with continuous radiation
and combined functions, the use on earth of special receiving antennas,
highly sensitive receiving devices, the use of special methods of pro-
cessing and transmitting signals -- all of these factors enabled reli-
able radio contact to be maintained with the automatic interplanetary
station, the perfect functioning of the radio command channel, and the
planned photographing of the image of the Moon and the telemetering of
scientific information.
The signals of the television images received by the receiving
points on Earth were registered by various pieces of equipment which
ensured a necessary amount of reserve and made it possible to control
the transmission process and exclude specific distortions caused by
properties of the radio communication link and the recording devices.
The signals of the image of the Moon were fixed with special
devices to register the television images on photographic film, with
magnetic tape recorders possessing a high degree of stability in tape
speed, with skiatrons (catho,a^ ray tubes with screen image preservation),
and with recording devices using electrochemical paper. The data obtained
from all the forms of recording are used in the study of the far side
of the moon.
With the aid of the television circuit on board the interplanetary
automatic station, the image was transmitted over distances up to 470,000
kilometers. Thus, for the first time, it has been proven experimentally
that half-tone pictures of great clarity can be transmitted in space over
great distances without substantial. distortion in the process of radio
wave propagation.
Invisible Side of the Moon:
The period of the Moon's revolution around its axis is equal to the
period of its revolution aroung the Earth. Consequently, the same side
of the Moon is turned toward the Earth at all times. In the distant past,
millions of years ago, the Moon revolved faster around its axis. In fact,
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one revolution tool; only several hours. The forces of tidal friction
cau_tscd by 'the attraction of the Sun and the Earth slowed down the Moon
and lenSrt:heiied its' period of rotation until it reached 2'(.32 days.
Up to now, maps could be compiled only for the visible section
of the Moon, which has now been studied through telescopes for 3z
centuries. These maps show ring mountains, mountain ranges, dark
patches of lunar soil known as "seas," and other features. From the
earth, we see not just half of the lunar surface, but slightly more --
59 percent. Certain features of the Moon's surface are situated at the
very edge of the visible disc and, therefore, could not be studied in
any great detail because of considerable distortions in perspective.
The fact that it is possible to study somewhat more than half of
the moon from the Earth is explained by the existence of the so-called
librations of the Moon, i.e., a rocking of the Moon from the point of
view of the observer nn Earth. The photographing of the Moon from the
interplanetary space station was carried out at the moment when the
station was located on a line linkingthe Sun and the Moon, that is,
when the moon appeared from the station to be an almost fully illuminated
disc.
The photographs show that part of the Moon's surface which is in-
visible from the Earth, as well as a small area with features that are
already known. The existence of this area on the photographs made it
possible to tie in features on the Moon's surface which had never been
observed previously to features already known and thus determine' their
selenographic coordinates.
Among the features photographed from the interplanetary station
and visible from the Earth are the Humboldt, Crises, Marginal, and Smyth
seas, and part of the Southern Sea. These seas, situated at the very
edge of the Moon still visible from the Earth, appear narrow and long
to us because of distortion of perspective. Their real shape had re-
mained undetermined until now. On the photographs taken from the inter-
planetary station, these seas lie far from the visible edge of the Moon,
and their shapes are little distorted by the perspective. Thus, it
has, for the first time, been possible to find out the true shape of a
number of lunar formations.
From available photographs of the invisible portion of the Moon's
surface, a predominance of mountainous areas is noticeable, whereas seas
similar to these on the visible portion are very few. Crater seas lying
in the southern region and near the equator stand out sharply. From
among the seas lying near the edge of the visible portion in a strongly
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out of perspective fashion, the Humboldt, Marginal, Smyth, and Southern
ceas stand out clearly and almost distortion free on the photographs.
The Southern sea has been shown to have a considerable portion situated
on the far side of the Moon, and its contours are irregular and meandering
in form. Smyth Sea has a more rounded shape when compared to the Southern
Sea, and a mountainous area cuts deep into it from the south.
The Marginal Sea is somewhat elongated northwards and has a bulge
on the side away from the Sea of Crises. Humboldt Sea has a peculiar
pear-shaped form. The entire area adjoining the western edge-of the
far side of the moon, i.e., the; MarginalSea, has a reflecting capacity
lying between that of mountainous areas and that of the seas. From the
viewpoint of reflecting capacity, it resembles the region of the moon
lying between the Tycho and Petavius craters and the Sea of Nectar.
To the south-southeast of the Humboldt Sea, on the edge of the above-
mentioned region, there is a mountain range over 2,000 kilometers long
which crosses the equator and stretches into the Southern Hemisphere.
Beyond the mountain range, there is a vast continent with a higher re-
flecting capacity.
In the area lying between 20 and 30 degrees north latitude and 140
and 160 degrees west longitude, there is a crater sea about 300 kilometers
in diameter, which ends in a bay at its southern portion.
. In the Southern Hemisphere, in an area with the coordinates minus
30 degrees latitude and plus 130 degrees longitude, there lies a large
crater over 100 kilometers in diameter with a dark bottom and a bright
central peak surrounded by a light-colored, wide embankment.
To the east of the mountain range already mentioned, in the areas
of plus 30 degrees north latitude, lies a group of four medium-sized
craters, the biggest of which is some 70 kilometers in diameter. South-
west of the group, in an area with coordinates of plus 10 degrees latitude
and plus 110 degrees longitude, there is a single round crater.
In the Southern Hemisphere, at the Western edge, lie two areas of
sharply reduced reflecting capacities: In addition, the photographs show
individual areas with slightly higher.or lower reflecting properties, as
well as numerous small details. It will be possible to, determine the
nature of these details, their shape, and dimensions after a more detailed
study of all the photographs.
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CPYRGHT
The fact that it has, for the first time, become possible to tele-
vise pictures of the invisible portion of the Moon's urface opens up
the widest prospects for the study of the planets of ur solar system..
The flight of the third cosmic rocket has inau ated a new page
In the history of science. Penetrating into cosmic space, Soviet cosmic
rockets will now send to the Earth, not only informat on about the physics
characteristics of the interplanetary madium and the celestial bodies, but
also...4otograZhs of celestial bodies past which they ill be flying.
For the first time, pictures have been transmitt d by television over
a distance of hundreds of thousands of kilometers. T ]z widest prospects
are opened up to astronomy, which has been enabled to bring its instru-
ments nearer to the celestial bodies. The first Sovi t automatic inter-
planetary station arouses every Soviet man's feelings of pride in our
great socialist motherland, in leading Soviet science and technology.
It arouses the admirr.tion of all pro ressivc mankind. ("The Third Soviet
Cosmic Rocket"; Moscow, Pravda, 27 Oct 59, pp 3-5
Frenchman Predicts Soviet Shots to Mars and Venus
A '( October 1959 Paris dispatch, signed by S. T., appeared in the
Italian Con nunist daily L'Unita of 8 October, predicting Soviet rocket
shots to Mars and Venus, respectively, on 26 September 1960 and 15 January
1961, with the latter date as the first favorable one for the Venus
launching. The prediction was made. by Ei Albert Ducrocq in his book
entitled Victory Over Space, published in french by Julliard. Ducrocq
has an astounding record of prediction, having told b:~a publisher to hold
up the book until the first week of October because something sensational
was in preparation by the Soviets. This turned out to be the third Soviet
cosmic rocket. ("A Frenchman Predicts all Phases of USSR Space Conquest";
Rome, L'Unita, 8 Oct 59)
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II. UPPJCR ATMOS
Largest Optical. Telescope in USSR Nears Completion
Work on the largest Soviet telescope will soon be completed. At
present this 120-ton structure stands in a seven-story building of a
Leningrad opticomeehanieal plant.
The work of adjusting and balancing the various parts is now going
on, supervised by B. K. Ioannisani, the telescope's chief designer. Ad-
justment of the complex turning mechanism is being done by L. A. Selivanov,
F. P. Kamus, V. N. Klement'yev, and V. V. Zubin, mechanics. Tests are
also being run on the lubricating system, which will eneu:s smooth opera-
tion of the optical tube, which weighs 70 tons. The last unfinished work
is the electrical system. Work on the electrical drive unite which will
turn the telescope on several axes is the responsibility of 0. M. Bruk,
and T. N. Rudnev, engineers; V. I. Kopeyko and L. F. Tarasov, technologists;
and N. P. Gorey, electrician.
A statement by Prof V. B. Nikonov, Doctor of Pbysicomathematical
Sciences, chairman of the commission for building this telescope, gave
the following information.
This new reflector telescope is one of the largest in the world.
The diameter of its mirror is 2,600 millimeters. It is designated for the
Crimean Astrophysical Observatory of the Academy of Sciences USSR. The
lastest advances in engineering were incorporated into the design of the
telescope. Sighting on celestial objects, their observation, and also
exposure, focussing, and correction for refraction and other operations
are automatized. The telescope has several optical systems. Focal
length of the instrument can be changed according to the problem involved.
There is also special-purpose apparatus such various spectrographs and
photographic plate holders. The original design and tracking device en-
sure precise traveling observations.
With this unique optical instrument, Soviet scientists will be able
to study nonstationary stars, the structure of the Moon, the planets of
the solar system, and the distant galaxies, and they will track artifi-
cial earth satellites and cosmic rockets. ("One of the Largest in the
World"; Moscow, Sovetskaya Aviatsiya, 25 Oct 59, p 4)
A photograph of the telescope, as it stands in the above-mentioned
plant, appeared in the 22 October issue of av . The caption gave no
additional information on the telescope, and the picture itself revealed
only the barest details of the open tube and fork mounting (Moscow, Pravda,
22 Oct 59, p 2)
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Conference on Noctilucent Clouds
The All Union Conference of Geophysicists and Astronomers on the
fltuc y of noctilucent Clouds is being held in Riga.
The origin of these clouds has not been definitely established up
to now. They appear during certain months in fixed latitudes at an
altitude of aI.o%tt 80 kilometers.
The following statement was made by Prof I. IQhvostikov, chief of
the Geophysical Laboratory of the Central Aerological Observatory.
"The
accepted.
which icy u
clouds are
they are e
Mars' atmo
we are dea
theory, no
are of wat
t ion of th
on Mars."
riority of Soviet studies on noctilucent clouds is generally
In our country, a classification of these clouds was developed
ed also by foreign specialists. The spectra of noctilucent
studied by Soviet scientists. It is interesting to note that
remely similar to the spectra of the blue haze observed in
phere. The proposition suggests itself that In both cases
ing with particles of cosmic mists. According to another
til.ucerit clouds, and, consequently, also the haze mentioned,
r origin. The problem, we see, is important for a clarifica-
auestion the possibility of the existence of life
("Noctilucent Clouds"; Moscow, Pravda, 25 Oct 59, P-6)
CPYRGHT
CPYRGHT
First Bulgarian Cosmic Ray Laboratory Completed
The building of the first cosmic ray laboratory in Bulgaria, in the
Rilskiy LUila Digh?J Mountains, has been completed, according to a TASS
report from Sofia. The study of cosmic rays being conducted in the
country will be expanded with the construction of this special high-
mountain laboratory. On the basis of the cooperation between the
Bulgarian and Hungarian academies of sciences, Hungarian scientists will
also participate in these investigations.
The installation of equipment in the cosmic laboratory will begin
very shortly. Scientific and research apparatus manufactured in Hungary
will be installed. ("Completion of the First Cosmic Laboratory in
Bulgaria"; Moscow, Sovetskaya Aviatsiya, 21 Oct 59, p 3)
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:iii. HOROLOGY
Another Soviet "First"
The first radiosonde was used by P. A. Molchanov, a Russiar: engineer,
according to an article in Tekhnika Molodezhi. This method of studying the
atmosphere, it goes on to say, is now used throughout the world.
The Kazan plant of technical rubber products is identified as one of
the suppliers of the balloons used in great numbers by Soviet meteorologi-
cal stations in their investigations with radiosondes and pilot balloons.
("Radiosondes"; Tekhnika Molodezhi, No 9, Sep 59) p 18)
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Review of Brochure Containing two Articles on free-Air Anomalies
CPYRGHT The text of the review is as follows,
The investigations of the author in
examination of the residual errors which
reduction for the determination of the he
the Stokes formula. On the basis of the
magnitude of these residual errors are de
result, only the terms of those expansion
on the height of the geoid is less than o
The work is divided into seven secti
other, and with the use of the free-.air
derived for the perturbation potential T
and a pract-~cal computation is made of th
TU, and Tom, and of the required auxilia
these values, the author obtains sufficie
the geoid undulations.
The particular value of these invest
error estimation for all terms so that th
limit is maintained. These investigation
ment with many earlier works in this spec
a collection of formulas, i-rith instructio
of geoid altitudes. The extraordinarily
by a comprehensive bibliography of the mo
tions.
In the second work, the author deriv
functions, the anomaly value of gravity f
the earth. Beginning with the value for
on the basis of the second ident:.ty of Gr
fonnula expressing (g -1) of a space poi
An analogous expansion for the speci
leads to a simpler roxluula using the sphe:
for the free-air anomalies L1 gF up to the
Those theoretical observations can h
investigations of the gravitational field
Lure, will be conducted with the aid of a
e first work represent a re-
cur in the use of the free-air
it of the geoid according to
rks of Jeffreys, the orders of
rmined, whereby, in the end
are neglected whose influence
centimeter.
, in which, one after the
uction AgF, the formulas are
at the surface of the earth,
value, through alysis into
functions ~l to16. From
ly rigorous values of N0- for
ations lies in the consistent
stipulated one-centimeter
present a critical disagree-
field. The work ends with
for practical calculations
rough work is supplemented
modern appropriate publica-
with the aid of spherical
points in space surrounding
perturbation potential T,
he finds the very extensive
in outer space.
case of a horizontal terrain
:al-function expansion 1 Yn
er n^10.
a practical value for the
the earth which, in the fu-
-Pi c; n.1 snjnal 1i a.1: Great
altitudes above the surface of the earth. (Zur Bestimmung der Geoidun-
ulationen aus Freiluftanomalien. Schwerewerte in grossen Hoehen ueber
der Erdobe flaeche On the Determination of Geoid Undulations From Free-
air Anomalies. Gravity Values at Great Altitudes Above the Earth's
Surfacel, by K. Arnold. Veroeffentlichun des Geodaetischen Instituts Pots-
dam Nr 12. Berlin 1959, 69 pp, 13 illustrations, reviewed by H. Peschel;
Berlin, Verne ssungstechnik, No 10, Oct 59, p 293)
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V. OCEANOGRAPHY
Soviet Ships Visit Conakry, Republic of Guinea
Two Soviet scientific travlers, the Orekovo and the Oskol, are re-
ported to have stopped recently at Conaltry, Republic of Guinea, to take
on new supplies. It is the first time that Soviet ships have stopped at
Conakry. Leopoldville, Le Courrier d'Afrique, 14 Sep 59)
The Soviet oceanographic ship Sedov has been calling at the port of
Conakry, Republic of Guinea. Its expedition is part of the IOC program.
(Leopoldville, Le Courrier d'Afrique, 5 Oct 59)
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 Approved For Release 1999/09/08 : CIA-RDP82-00141 R000200930001-0
VI. ARCTIC AND ANTARCTIC
Severnyy Po:Lyun-8 Supplied for Winter Season
A. D. Il'in, Polar Aviation pilot, completed the last supply flight
in 1959 to the drift station Severnyy Polyus-8. The polar scientists at
this station now have sufficient supplies of food, fuel, scientific equip-
ment, and other materials, to last until next spring. ("Yesterday at SP-8";
Moscow, Vodnyy Transport, 20 Oct 59)
Oceanographic Expedition Returns
The oceanographic expedition of the Arctic and Antarctic Institute,
which had been conducting research from the hydrographic ship Azimut,
returned to Leningrad on 20 October.
According to expedition chief, V. A Vedernikov, Candidate of Geo-
graphical Sciences, the expedition took about 3 months. For the first
time, complex oceanographic research was conducted during the summer sea-
son in the most difficult sector of the Northern Sea Route, i.e., Proliv
Vil'kitskogo, connecting Kara Sea and Laptev Sea. In this area, diffi-
cult ice conditions usually obstruct the passage of ships.
Soviet-designed buoy stations, which automatically record the direc-
tion and speed of currents, operated in this area during the whole
navigation period for the purpose of hydrological research. The data
thus obtained will help in the preparation of navigational aids for polar
navigators.
In addition to associates of the Arctic and Antarctic Institute,
a group of associates of Leningrad University and of the Higher Maritime
Engineering School imeni Admiral S. L. Makarov took part in the exuedi-
tion. ("Azimut Returns to Leningrad"; Moscol,') Vodnyy Transport, 22 Oct
59)
Antarctic Flight Completed
On 12 October, a plane piloted by B. Osipov, chief of aviation de-
tachment, took off from Mirnyy for the coastal station Lazarev, a distance
of 3,500 kilometers. An intermediate landing was-made at the Australian
station Mawson.
Since the weather in the region of Queen Maud Land had suddenly
changed for the worse, the continuation of the flight was postponed,
and the plane returned to Mirnyy. On 16 October, the plane again landed
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at Mawcon. It tool; off from there on 1) October, at 0530 hours Moscow
time, and headed west. On the sane day, at 1310 hours, the plane landed
at the Belgian station Roi Baudouin. Two hours later, after refueling,
the plane headed for the station Lazarev and landed there safely at 1805
hours.
The flight to Lazarev was made by a group of members of the Fourth
Continental Antarctic Expedition, headed by expedition chief A. G. Ilrn,l.-
kin. ("Mirnyy-Lazarev Flight Completed"; Moscow) Vodnyy Transport,
,.:0 Oct 59)
Antarctic Train Arrives at Komsomol'skaya
On 19 October, at 0200 hours Moscow time, the sled-tractor train
from blirnyy arrived at the station I(omsomol'skaya, 3,1+20 meters above
sea level. Over 100 tons of miscellaneous expeditionary equipment were
delivered to this station. The train, consisting of five tractors and
seven trailer sleds, traveled the 870-kilometer distance from Mirnyy to
Komsomol'skaya in 21 days.
According to a radio report. from Mirnyy, the station Komsomol'skaya
was reactivated and put in operation 5 hours after the arrival of the
train. ("Sled-Tractor Train at Komsomol'skaya"; Moscow) Vodnyy Trans-
port, :20 Oct 59)
New Radiosondes Supplied for Antarctica
A new supply of radiosondes, manufactured by the Riga Plant of
Hydrometeorological Instruments, will be available to the meteorologists
of the Fifth Antarctic Expedition.
The plant is to deliver 1,000 radiosondes, type RZ-01+9; 400 of
these will be specially adapted for observations. in Antarctica. ("1,000
Radiosondes for Antarctica"; Riga, Sovetskaya Latviya) 3 Oct 59)
New Book on Antarctica
A. F. Treshnikov, chief of the Second Continental Antarctic Expedi-
tion dur5.ng 1956-1957, who spent 1t. months in Antarctica, describes the
activities of that expediti