INFORMATION ON SOVIET BLOC INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL COOPERATION - 1960

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• Collection: General CIA Records
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• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 16
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 11, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: January 15, 1960
• Content Type: REPORT

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BLOC INTERNRTIONRL GEOPNYSICRL'COOPERRTIBN`
1960
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PHYSICAL COOPERATION
January 15. 1960
U U. S S. DEPM^TM OF COMM CE
Business and Defense Services .dministratil.on
Office of Technical Services
Washington 25. D. C.
Published 'Weekly
Subscription Price $12.00 for the 1960 Series
Use of funds for printing this publication has been
approved by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget. October 28, 1959
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INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL COOPERATION PROGRAM--
Table of Contents
I. General
II.' Rockets and Artificial Earth Satellites
III. Upper Atmosphere
IV. Seismology
V. Gravimetry
VI. Arctic and Antarctic
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1. GENERAL
Imjortance of IGY Materials Stressed by Belousov
The year 1959 marked the wide development of investigations according
to the program of the IGC, the continuation of the work of the IGY.
Great importance is attached to the work on the reduction and publi-
cation of the very valuable material obtained by scientists as a result
of joint investigations. This problem was'discussed by the presidium of
the. Academy of Sciences USSR on 11 December.
Academician I. P. Bardin, chairman of the Interdepartmental Com-
mittee for the Conduct of the IGY, in his opening address, emphasized
two problems now confronting scientists: the wide participation in the
collection and publication of the results of observations and the contin-
uation in 1960 and succeeding years of the high level of research in
stations, observatories, and expeditions.
V. V. Belousov, Corresponding Member' of the Academy of Sciences USSR,
spoke in detail on these tasks.
The principal wealth obtained as a result of the IGY is the numerous'
records illustrating the continuing course of the most varied geophysical
processes over the surface of'the entire planet. The care of these mate-
rials and their use, noted Belousov, must stand-'as the duty of our gener-
ation of geophysicists. In these materials 'are concentrated the forces
of the 66 countries participating in they IGY. Their analysis and gener-
alization will require many years of work and the?'close international
cooperation of scientists. ("The Duty of, Our"Generation of Geophysi-
cists"; Moscow, Pravda,, , 3-2 Dec 59, p 4+)
Moscow Planetarium Marks 30th Year
The Moscow Planetarium has been in existence for 30 years. Since
its opening, more than 26 million persons have visited it'and more than
66,000 lectures have been given. ("Planetarium -- 30 Years"; Moscow,
Izvestiya, 16 Dec 59, p 4+)
Lenin Prize Aspirants
The Odessa State University imeni I. I. Mechnikov has submitted the
work, "Complex Work on the Development of Methods, Apparatus, and the
Organization of Investigations in the USSR for the: Radar' Location of
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Meteors (IGY-IGC Periods)," by V. P. Tsea evich, B. L. Kashcheyev, B. S.
budnik, I. A. Lysenko, Ye. I. Fialko, F. I. Peregudov, K. V. Kostylev,
and Yu. A. Loshchilov, in the competition for Lenin Prizes for 1960, in
the field of Physicomathematical Sciences.
The Main Astronomical Observatory of the Academy of Sciences USSR.
has submitted the work, "Antenna With a Variable Profile Reflector for
Radio Telescopes," by S. E. Khaykin, N. L. Kaydanovskiy, and R. A. Weepkkia,
in the competition in the field of Instrument Building and'Means of Autom-
ation. (Moscow, Izvestiya, 19 Dec 59, p 3)
II. ROCKETS AND ARTIFICIAL EARTH SATELLITES
Report on Observation of Sodium Cloud by Kazakh Astrophysics Institute
The following is an account by A. V. Kurchakov,of the observation of
the sodium cloud of the second Soviet cosmic rocket at the Institute of
Astrophysics, Academy of Sciences Kazakh SSR.
A cosmic rocket to the Moon was launched on 12 September 1959 from
the territory of the Soviet Union.
The entry of the rocket into orbit and its subsequent flight was ob-
served with radio instruments.. The creation of an artificial comet was
provided for optical observations of the rocket's motion.
Sodium in the rocket was evaporated and ejected from the rocket at
a specific moment. Resonance fluorescence of the sodium vapors occurred
in the 5893 Angstrom line.
The Institute of Astrophysics.. Academy of Sciences Ke.zakh SSR, care-
fully prepared for observations of the flare which was ;expected 15. de-
grees from the Moon. The intense background light from the Moon made
observations difficult. The matter was simplified by the fact that the
scattered light of the Moon made a blue background, but the luminescence
of the flare occurred in the yellow part of the spectrum.. Therefore, it'
was decided to place a yellow filter, which would-cut the blue background',
of the'eky, in front of the-?photographic plates. In this case, however,
the brightness of star images was also weakened. If the image - of"I the
flare proved to be weak on the photograph, then it -would be difficult t0.::
say which of these images it was: the flare, a weak star, or a defect.
To eliminate errors in the. identification of the flare, for a certain
time, up to the moment of its appearance, when the Moon was far from the
deignated region and the background created' by it was small, this part
of ,the sky was photographed. This made it possible to.photograph stare
up to the 12th magnitude without any noticeable :.background.
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Apparatus for photographing the artificial comet prepared was a pow-
erful meniscus telescope with a 50-centimeter mirror diameter and a
focal distance of 120 centimeters, a "NAFA" camera with a 1:2.5 lens, two
"Komet A" cameras with 1:2.5 and 1:5 lenses, respectively, and two bin-
oculars.
Observations on the meniscus telescope were made by D. A. Rozhkovsky
M. G. Karimov. and A. V. Kurchakov; on the "NAFA" camera by T.. B. Omarov
and E. S. Yeroshevich; and on the other cameras by V. S. Matyagin, M. A.
Svechnikov, and K. G. Dzhakusheva.
A division of the time and length of exposure was made in accordance
with data on the time and coordinates of the flare. At the moment of the
flare the sky was clear and the Moon shone brightly. For several minutes
(on the meniscus for 4 minutes and on the rest of the instruments for 15
minutes) before the ephemeral moment of the flare of the sodium cloud,
its photographing was begun. Interference filters, tested in,detail in
the laboratory, were used on all the instruments. Inasmuch as the flare
occurred somewhat later than was predicted the sodium cloud was caught
by the "Komet A" camera and the meniscus telescope. The sodium cloud was
recorded at theme moments :
Moment of Exposure
Frame
No
Beginning
End
Remarks
10
1848:29 hours
1850:52 hours
Dense formation noted
11
1859:55 hours
1853:19 hours
The cloud became ring-shaped
12
1853:22 hours
1856:37 hours
with considerable brightness
on one side
The cloud expanded
On the menicus telescope, on the last photographic plate there is a
bright cloud; the beginning of the exposure was 1849:54 hours, end of
exposure, 1851:54 hours. Determination of coordinates was made according
to reference stars and it was established that the flare had the coordi-
nates: 20 hours 35.6 minutes right ascension, and minus 9.1 degrees dec-
lination. Out-of-focus pictures of stars for standardization were made
for all the consecutive photographs.
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A more careful study of the expansion of the cloud, the measurement
of its brightness in the different stages of its development, is planned
in the future. According to the data obtained, it is possible to judge
the density of the interplanetary medium, the thermal velocity of the
cloud particles, etc.
It can be said, judging from the ring-shaped form of the cloud, that
the concentration of particles in it at this stage and the density of the
interplanetary medium is small. The irregular distribution of brightness
reveals the presence of a velocity gradient of the dispersing particles.
("Observdtion of the Artificial Comet)" by A. V. Kurchakov; , Alma-Ata,
Vestnik Akademii Nauk Kazakhakoy SSSR, No 10, Oct 59, PP 97-99)
Criticism of Alpert Article on Method of Studying the Ionosphere
A number of objections to Ya. L. A1'pert's article "On a Method of
Investigating the Ionosphere With the Aid of an Artificial Earth Satel-
lite" (Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk, Vol 74, No 1, Jan 58) are voiced by
K. I. Gringauz in a letter to the editor of the above publication.
Gringauz makes the following criticisms.
The direct measurement of the parameters characterizing the state
and behavior of any medium can be accomplished even if the free path of
the particles forming the medium exceeds the dimensions of the instru-
ments despite Al'pert's statement to the contrary.
Expressions for the phases of signals and for the frequencies of
these signals received from a satellite are given in A1'pert's article.
The frequencies are considered constant. Gringauz states that the fre-
quencies must be (according to Al'pert's arrangement) a function of time,
i.e., contain doppler components. In these formulas, as a result of
errors in printing, k values are wrongly expressed; as a :result,' the
phase acquires an unnatural dimension.
In determining the effect of the ionosphere on the frequency of the
satellite's signals, Gringauz says that it is impossible to ignore the
vertical velocity of the satellite for values at any observation pointy
for despite the comparative smallness of this component of velocity, the
effect created by it is very large.
In determining the parameters of ionospheric heterogeneities along
the trajectory of the satellite's path, Alpert assumes that the linear
dimensions of small scale heterogeneities are identical in all regions of
the heights from the lower limits of the ionosphere up to the satellite's
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orbit. Gringauz says that this assumption is purely arbitrary and has
no basis if the different physical conditions in various regions of the
ionosphere are considered. If the altitude is not considered in deter-
mining these parameters, the results of the measurements cannot charac-,
terize heterogeneities along the satellite's trajectory. Measurements of
the fluctuation of doppler frequencies of the phase of oscillations re-
ceived from the satellite at a specific observation point, says Gringauz,
can only characterize the fluctuation of the integral electron concentra-
tion in a column from the satellite down to the observer and nothing more.
Gringauz says that the study of the different characteristics (among
them, doppler frequencies) of radio waves radiated from artificial earth
satellites and received on the ground can and have given valuable'infor-
mation concerning the properties and state of the ionosphere. He -con-
cludes that the method of investigating the ionosphere described by
Alpert in his article is, on the basis of the exceptions presented above,
insufficiently correct and cannot be used for measuring those parameters
of the ionosphere which are spoken of in Al'pert's article. ("Regarding
Ya. L. Al'pert's Article 'On a Method of Investigating the Ionosphere
With the Aid of an Artificial Earth Satellite," by K. I. Gringauz, Moscow,
Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk, Vol 69, No 2, Oct 59) pp 345-347)
Soviet Report on Sixth International Conference on Cosmic Rays
A report by V. M. Fedorov, on the Sixth International Conference on
Cosmic Rays, held in Mosccw by the International Union of Theoretical and
Applied Physics on 6.11 July 1959, follows.
The International Union of Theoretical and Applied Physics held the
Sixth International Conference on Cosmic Rays in Moscow from
6 to 11 July 1959. Some 180 delegates from 24+ countries, representing
more than 70 different laboratories throughout the world, arrived at the
conference.
The work of the conference took several directions. Principal at-
tention, however, was focused on research of the interaction, mainly, of
nuclei with superhigh energies (1011 electron volts and higher). Very
valuable experimental data was presented in the reports of M. Shine's
group (US), which established that the probability of nucleon-nucleon
interactions with energies exceeding 1012 electron volts is determined
only by the geometric dimensions of the nucleon perpendicular to the
line of 'its flight.
The results obtained by N. A. Dobrotin and N. L. Grigorov's group
in studying the interaction of nucleon-nucleon interactions with energies
more than 1011 electron volts were eaually interesting. The authors used
a new instrument which they themselves developed, an "ionization
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calorimeter" in the measurements, which is apparently extremely promising
for research in such high energy fields. An analysis of the data con-
cerning the interaction of particles with energies of 1-5 x 1011 electron
volts made it possible to determine the number of secondary charged par-
ticles generated in such interactions, of their distribution according to
angles, energies, and cross section impulses, and also' the portion of
energy transmitted by TI' -mesons. The individual acts of such interac-
tions differ very strongly from one another in their characteristics.
This indicates the presence of pecularities in the structure of nucleons.
The Bristol group of researchers (P. Fowler, D. Perkins, etc.) ob-
tained extremely valuable information on this same problem. Many works
devoted to the theoretical consideration of the problem of high energy
interactions were presented, mainly by Soviet (Ye. L. Feynberg and others)
and Japanese physicists.
A number of investigations presented at the conference were connected
with the study of the structures and also the spatial distribution .of
flows of energy which are carried by various components of '1i1e atmos-
pheric showers caused by cosmic particles of superhigh energies. Thus,
the S. N. Vernov group for the first time obtained a range of experimental
data characterizing wide atmospheric showers of cosmic rays at sea level,
and in particular, the energy spectrum and spatial distribution of flows
of energy of the electrcn.phortibn ccmpdnenls apd dada on the ? -meson component.
An analysis of these data compels us to propose thdt the origin of
(k -mesons occurs not only with the decay of i' or K-mesons, but also
in other as yet unknown processes. The careful study of '.this problem
will make it possible to constrict a more complete theory of the process
of the multiple formation of 3u rhigh energy particles.
The participants paid great attention to reports concerning the in-
vestigations of cosmic radiation conducted with the aid of satellites and
rockets. In the works of A. Van Allen (US) on the results ;of observa-
%.tons with Explorer I and Explorer II and of S. N. Vernov and A. Ye.
Chudakov on data obtair d with the aid of the second and third Soviet ar-
tificial earth satellites, the existence of two zones (an 'inner and an
outer) of high intensity radiation with a "gap" between them, where the
intensity is weaker by approximately an order of one, were definitely es-
tablished. The position and boundaries of the zone relative to the Earth
and the composition and energy characteristics of the particles in them
were studied. Thus, it was established that the overwhelming majority of
the particles in the outer zone are electrons with energies of 20-100
kilo-electron-volts.
The radiations in the inner and outer zones differ sharply in compo-
sition. In the internal zone the radiation consists mn.inly of high energy
particleb (more than 106 per particle).
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An explanation of the mechanism of the form tion and accumulation of
particles in the zones was of particular interes. The participants of
the conference approved the results obtained by . N. Vernov and A. I.
bebedinckiy in considering the possibility of th accumulation of a large
number of secondary particles containing quasipe iodic motions around the
lines of force from one hemisphere to the other. In this case, the mo-
tion of particles in the magnetic field must occ in this manner so that
its magnetic moment will remain constant. Ther, he charged particle ap-
pears to be, as it were, "loi;ked" in the region f a comparatively weak
magnetic field. Inasmuch as the particle can co plete many oscillations,
their intensity [oscillations], correspondingly, highly increases.
A separate session was devoted to the origi of cosmic rays and
allied astrophysical processes. Recent investig tions indicate that the
basis for the origin of cosmic rays apparently s ould be considered as
being in the formation of Type I superhigh [ever ?] stars.
Investigations on variations of cosmic radii tion were sharply inten-
sified in connection with the conduct of the IGY Thanks to the exten-
sive net of stations, it is possible to rath r reliably study the
separate, individual changes in the intensities f cosmic rays and to
associate them with concrete phenomena in the ea th's?atmosphere, in the
geomagnetic field, and in the atmosphere of the un. This to a great
degree assists in the deeper study of the reason causing variations in
cosmic rays. An understanding of the mechanisms of the variations will
give valuable information on the corpuscular flo of magnetized fields
and on the composition of the interplanetary med um, the solar ..nd ter-
restrial atmospheres, and on the processes origi ting in them.
A single procedure for-the introduction of rrections for meteoro-
logical effects in data obtained with the aid of aeon telescopes which
will permit considerable expansion of this field f investigation were
widely discussed at ("Conference on Cosmic
Rays," by V. M. Fedorov; Moscow, Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR, No 10,
Oct 59) pp 77-78)
Fall of Meteorite in Azerbaydzhan Reported
The recent fall of an iron meteorite in the mountains region
of Yardymlinskiy Rayon of Azerbaydzhan has been reported. On this morn-
ing, Yardymlinskiy Rayon was covered by a dense fog. At 0805 hours
local time, a blinding flash appeared in the air which illuminated an
area within a radius of 30 kilometers. After this, very strong rolling
peals of thunder were heard.
Five fragments of the meteorite were found. The. largest weighs 127
kilograms. ("Fall of a Meteorite"; Moscow, Izvestiya, 13 Dec 59, p 4)
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Czechoslovaks Develop Clock Based on Semiconductors
Associates of the Prague Institute of Radio Engineering and Elec-
tronics are reported to have developed clocks on semiconductors. Time
variation is said to be plus or minus 0.002 second in 24 hours. The
t locks are better than the best marine chronometers. They are intended
for use in astronomy and geophysics. ("Clocks on Semiconductors"; Kiev,
Robochaya Gazeta, 12 Nov 59)
Some Results of Investigation of Earthquakes in Kurile-Kamchatka Zone
The Kurile-Kamchatka zone is one of those with the greatest seismic
activity in the USSR and in the Pacific Ocean seismic belt. The detailed
study of the earthquakes in this zone is therefore of great interest.
The results of the observations in this zone are used to establish the
seismic activity of this region. The high seismic activity of the zone
permits the accumulation of comprehensive material during a relatively
short time which can be used for investigating the causes and conditions
of earthquakes and the peculiarities of se{,smic wave propagation.
A report on the results of such observations was delivered at the
Geophysical Institute, Charles University, Prague, on 14 October 1958, by
N. V. Kondorskaya, Institute of the Physics of the Earth, Academy of
Sciences USSR, The report, in particular, covered the travel time of
seismic waves for the Kurile-Kamchatka zone, the generalization and anal-
ysis of earthquake oo.pervations at USSR seismic stations from 1954-1957
to study the seismic activity of the region (distribution of foci in-
space and time), and the study of the dynamic peculiarities of earthquake
waves in the zone. ("Some Results of Observations of Earthquakes of the
Kurile-Kamchatka Zone," by N. V. Kondorslcaya, Institute of the Physics
of the Earth, Academy of Sciences USSR; Prague, Studia Geophysica et
Geodetica, Vol 3, 1959, PP 360-368)
Soviets Complete Work on Volcanological Regioning
The great work on volcanological regioning, that is, the determine'
tion of the*zone in which the action of volcanos can extend in case of
their eruption, has been completed by the collective of the Laboratory
of Volcanology of the Academy of Sciences USSR.
The work of the Soviet scientists aroused interest at the.syvTjsium
of the International Association of Volcanology recently held in Paris.
Here precautionary measures from the danger of eruptions were developed.
The proposals of the Soviet scientists were entered in the basis of.these
measures. ("Volcanological Regioning"; Moscow, Izveratiya, 13 Dec 59, p 6)
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Geoid Determinatian From European Astronomic-Geodetic Nets
This work represents an independent solution of the problem of-suit-
able dimensions and of a suitable orientation of the reference ellipsoid.
The solution uses two different methods, namely, a derivation by means of
the translative surface method and of the projective surface method.
The.classica l theory of the translative method was earlier supple-
mented by reforming the coefficients of the graduation equations in-such
a :~y that the coefficients appear merely as functions of the geodetic
coordinates, i1e., that they contain neither the length of the geodetic
line nor its azimuth (Studia geoph, et geod., 1(1957). 1 1) This ' re-
forming is of-practical value, since the solution of the second geodetic
main problem is superfluous in the development of the graduation equa-
tions for any astronomic-geodetic point. The basic terms of the reformed
coefficients' have a simple form. Diagrams were prepared for the determin-
ation of the correction terms.
The major semiaxis of the ellipsoid is also derived in the theory of
the projective surface method. The accuracy of the solution here is
about equal to the deviation of the original ellipsoid from the derived
ellipsoid at the point of departure.
The theories of both methods require that the graduations employed
be referred to a uniform geodetic system. This required-'that- partial
geodetic systems had to be carried over into a selected upiform system.
The reference surface of this uniform system is the.. Bessel' ellipsoid
oriented with its initial point at the Helmertturm in Potsdam.
The solution is based on a total of 708 astronomic-geodetic points
from the nets of Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, East Germany, Weat
Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Great Britain, France, Switzerland,;
Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, the USSR, Hungary, Rumania, Yugoslavia,
Bulgaria, Italy, Spain, and Algeria.
All these nets were worked out by means of the translative method..
In the projective surface method, however, it is assumed that the treat
ment is done by means of the projective method. Thus, the astronomic
geodetic plumb-line deviations were transformed from the translative
system into the projective system, whereby the principle suggested by
Molodenskiy ("Fundamental Problems of Geodesic Gravimetry," Trudy
TsNIIGAiK, 42'945) was employed.
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An additional new solution of the problem is presented. In the
practical application, however, the transformation could be carried out
only in approximate ;corm, since the systematic influence exerted by the
enlargement of the net was distorted as a result of the equalization of
the nets.
The following conclusions are drawn.
1. The attempt to carry over the translative system of plumb-line
deviations into the projective system is considered successful. When
corrections are introduced, the projective method leads to practically
the same results as the translative method; both methods are equally ac=
curate, provided the corrections are employed properly. The projective
method, however, is the simpler, since the coefficients in the equations
for the plumb-line deviations have a very simple form. Although the dif-
ferences in the various solutions here are negligible, the use of Lxpand3d
astronomic-geodetic nets over entire continents would toad to unreliable
values.
2. The oblateneFs of the ellipsoid cannot be derived with satisfac-
tory accuracy from the astronomic-geodetic nets used here.
3. The solution obtained here confirms the fact that. the Bessel,
ellipsoid is not suitable"as a reference surface for European astronomic-
geodetic nets. The same is true of the Hayford ellipsoid. The Krassowski
ellipsoid is found to be the most suitable reference ellipsoid for the
treatment of European astronomic-geodetic nets. ("Determining the Dimen-
sions of the Ellipsoid of the Earth From the European Astronomic-Geodetic
Nets," by M. Bursa, Geodetic Lesearch Institute, Prague; Prague, Studia
Geophysics et Geodaetica, Vol 3, No 4; 1959, pp 297-333)
Determination of Relative Plumb, Line Deviations
This article is a continuation of an earlier work (Studia geophys.
et geod., 2 (1958, 101)) which suggested a method of exact. altitude .
determination and simultaneous determination of the relative deviations
of the plumb line and of the refraction coefficient on the basis of the
measurement of vertical. angles., the line-of-sight lengths of Which can
extend to 12-15 kilometers. The results of ~%n equalization of three
small nets did not contradict independently conducted control measure-
ments, but the numbe% of control measurements was not sufficient. .
Within the framework of a research project on the determination of
a method of determining the epirogenetic motions in mountainous areas,
the trigonometric net in the western part of the High Tatra wai surveyed.
The purpose was to compose and test an economic method of exact measure-
ment of altitude angles fa the, high 'mountains,, to solve the problem of
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refraction during a 21t-hour period and during longer periods, to deter'.'
mine the profile of the relative geoid, arid to check the computed heights,
plumb line deviations, and refraction coefficients by means of a leveling
method. The results justified the further development of" the ' method.
Since an exact determination of altitude in hilly and mountainous regions
is also necessary for planning mountain communications systems, the sug-
gested method was also studied from the viewpoint of current technical
practice.
The possibility of determining the refraction and plumb line devia-
tions during the equalization of trigonometric mountain nets was estab-
lished in theory and confirmed by control measurements. The icomputed
relative plumb line deviations correspond to the local distribution: of
mass, and the profile plotted-on the basis-of these deviations is in good
agreement with the trigonometrically measured altitudes and the altitudes
established by the leveling method.
Even though the controls show final errors of plus one centimeter
and plus 3 centimeters between the leveled and trigonometrically estab-
lished altitudes along to 17-kilometer distances, the values for the
computed altitudes. and plumb line deviations must be considered only
provisional, since several necessary requirements were not fulfilled in
surveying the net, namely, the line-of-sight signals were small, several
net points were unsatisfactory, and only one set of angles was measured
for several points because of variable weather.
The most important prerequisite for obtaining good results was
found to be an exact and reliable measurement of the angle of elevation,
which depends-on a suitable measuring Method, suitable form of line-of-
sight signals, and choice of stations on steep mountain peaks of measure-
ment columns at least 12-15 meters high. ("Determination of the Relative
Plumb Line Dev;tations and of the Refraction Coefficient in the Equaliza-
tion of Trigonometrically Measured High-Altitude Nets (Continuation),"
by L. Hradilek, Chair of Applied Geophysics, Karis University, Prague;
Prague, Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica, Vol 3, No It, 1959, pp 334-359)
VI. ARCTIC AND ANTARCTIC
Nonzonal Antarctic Circumpolar Current
An analysis-,of dynamic charts and of the literature on the subject
indicates.a substantial influence of the bottom relief on the Antarctic
circumpolar current. This conclusion is based on the known fact that
this particular current extends to the very bottom of the ocean. The
relatively small change of density with depth in the Antarctic waters
means that the vertical velocity of the current is more uniform than in
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other parts of the ocean. The equation for the function of gross flows
7 is modified to make it possible to obtain a sufficiently accurate
determination of the isoline of the function '' without solving the
original equation. The form of the line of flow (isoline of't' ) is de-
termined by conitructing the isolines of the function sin '/H ((P:, lat-
itude; H = depth). The form of the line of flow is determined jointly
by the influence of the latitudinal change of the Coriolis parameter and
the relief of the bottom. It is possible that the results obtained in
this study can provide information-on the circulation of the water in
little-studied regions of the Antarctic. ("Relief of the Bottom as the
Principal Factor Responsible for the Nonzonal Course of the Antarctic
Circumpolar Current," by Yu. A. IvanovIand V. M. Kamenkovich, Institute
of Oceanology, Academy of Sciences USSR; Moscow, Doklady Akademii Nauk
SSSR, Vol-128, No 6, 21 Oct 59, pp 1167-1170)
Russian Geographical Names in Antarctica
During the preparation and. conduct of the IGY, members of. the Soviet
Antarctic Expedition did a great amount of surveying and, hydrographic
work on the east coast of Antarctica and in the adjoining waters. As a
result, the outlines of the Antarctic continent were defined with! com-
plete accuracy and new geographical objects were discovered, which have
been given the names of well-known Soviet,, scientists, seamen, pilots,
and polar explorers.
The "List of Geographical Names of East Antarctic?," recently pub-
lished by the Arctic and Antarctic Institute, includes all names assigned
to geographical features as a result of the activities of the Soviet
Antarctic Expedition, as well as all previously existing names. The
foreign names of objects, whose location had been determined approximate]y
by foreign expeditions and which were newly determined by the Soviet Ex-'
pedition, are. not included in the list. The "List" includes a total of
over 750 names. ("Geographical Names of East Antarctica," Ashkhabad,
Turkmenskaya Iskra, 20 Nov 59)
Kooperatsiva Leaves for Antarctic
The diesel ship Kooperatsiya left the Leningrad port on 25 November
1959 on its antarctic voyage, carrying members of the Fifth Soviet
Antarctic Expedition, scientific equipment, provisions, and other cargo.
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The main component of the expedition had already left for Antarctica
on 12 November on the Ob' . Three meteorologieta from the GDR. and three
scientists from Czechoslovakia are with the Soviet expedition aboard the
Ob'.
Among the passengers of ICooperatsiya is a group of staff members of
the interior station Vostok, headed by V. S. Sidorov.
The Kooperatsiya is headed for the polar observatory at Mirnyy.
This is the third voyage of the ship to Antarctica. ("Antarctic Voyage
of 'Kooperatsiya,'" Moscow, Trud, 26 Nov 59)
13
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