INFORMATION ON SOVIET BLOC INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL COOPERATION -- 1960

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• Collection: General CIA Records
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• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 16, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: August 26, 1960
• Content Type: REPORT

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BLOC I NTERNAT I ONAL GEOP.HY:S I CAL ~,COOPERRTI ON
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,?.,, I It,.., .,{0
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IS 131632-133
INEMM191 ON 801 21 B INZEIATIONAL C,BOWTSICAL CORMATION - 1960
August 26, 1960
U. S. Department of Co=erce,
Dulness and Defense Services Administration
Office of Technical Services
Washington 25, D. C.
Published Weekly
Subscription Price $12.00 for the 1960 Series
Use of finis for printing this publication has been
approved by the Director of the Bureau of the Budget, October 28, 1959
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INFORMATION ON INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL COOPERATION --
SOVIET-BLOC ACT1V S
Table of Ccotento
I.
Upper Atmosphere 1
II.
Meteorology
III.
Oceanography
IV.
Arctic and Antarctic
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I. UPPER ATMOSPRERE
Review of a Soviet Publication: "Solar Activity and Its Influence on
the Ionosphere"
Typical of the vast array of scientific literature published in
the 1JS fl is a new 31-page pamphlet on the influence of solar activity
on th(. otate of the ionosphere. While only containing information that
:s baoic to ionospheric specialists, it represents a brief and coherent
presentation of the subject matter for the nonspecialist or general pub-
lic. The headings of the various sections give some indication of the
scope of the publication: The Nature of Solar Radiation; lava Govern-
ng; the Exposure of the Earth's Surface to the Sun; Ionizing Action of
Solar Radiation in the Earth's Atmosphere; The Influence of the Earth's
t netic Field an the Distribution of Ionization; General Structure of
the Sun; Active Regions an the Sun; Radiation of Active Regions an the
Sun and Disturbances in the Ionosphere; The Eleven Year Cycle of Solar
Activity; State of the Ionosphere and Conditions Affecting Short-Wave
Radio Communications. ("Solar Activity and Its Influence on the Iono-
sphere," by N. Ya. Bugoolavskaya, State Publishing Hous& for Literature
on Problems of Communications and Radio, Moscow, 1959, 31 pages, 12,150
copies printed)
the riperatior of the "Sun Service" in the USSR
The following is the full text of a brief description of the ob-
servation program conducted by the Soviet "Sun Service":
Systematic observations of the condition and activity of the Sun
are being made by the "Sun Service" in the USSR and throughout the
?. arid.
The "Sun Service" engages in the following observations:
1. A daily recording of solar activity by the number and area
of spots, the area and intensity of flares and flocculi, the number of
in?=inencec and dark filaments and their size, and the intensity of the
:Lrner parts of the Sun's coa?ma. Modern apparatus askes it possible to
observe that part of the coroca closest to the Sun without there being
an eclipse.
2. Observations of active phenomena of short duration (outbursts,
c:.uptions) insofar as poscible on a 24-hour basis.
3. T h e drawing o f synoptic maps o f the S u m for each o f Ito ro-
;:atinns on its axis.
On-the basis of sucs observations it in possible to make short-
and long-range predictions of the Sun's activity and its influence on
radio communications.
A great number of astronomical observatories in the USSR partici-
pate in the "Sun Service." In the course of the TGY and MC program
CPYRGHT
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there harp been an expan don in the program of solar observations and ob-
aervatorieo have been s pplied with new equipment. Hours for the obser-
vation or brief phenome have been allobted among the various oboerve-
toricc.
The results of ry lar observations in the USSR are printed in the
bulletin "Solar Data," ubliohed by the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
During the Internationa Geophysical Year solar data are transmitted by
radio together with met orological and ionospheric data (0910-0925 hours
Moscow Legal Time on wa - lcn thw 0.1E m and 56.2 m and 2010-2025 hours
on wavelength 30.4 m). ("Sun Service," Appendix to the book "Solar Ac-
tivity and Ito Influence on the Ionosphere" Briefly reviewed in the
preceding article)
Academician Barabaohov Reviewe_Our Current Knowledge on the Planet Venus
Academician Barabashov, outstanding Ukrainian astronomer, has
written an outstanding article in a recent issue of the popular Soviet
publication Tekhnihaa Mo'lodezhi on the present status of our knowledge
of Venus. The article runs approximately 4,000 words and is a thor-
ough, authoritative, and interesting account; although appearing in a
periodical meant for popular consumption, the account is far superior
to what is readily available in many American encyclopedias. Baraba-
ahov rakes it clear that the Soviets regard Mars and Venus as the prime
targets of forthcoming space exploration. ("Venus, Take Off Your 1 sk,"
by Acad. N. Barabaahov, Tekhnika Molodezhi, No. 4, 1960, pages 14-17)
Absorption of Radioradiation in theMsgnetic Storm of 15 July 1959
A brief 400 word report by two scientists at the Radiophysical
Scientific Research Institute at Gor'kiy University deals with the ab-
sorption of radioradiation during a magnetic storm of 15 July 1959.
("Absorption of Cosmic Radioradiation During a Magnetic Storm of
15 July 1959," by Ye. A. Benediktov and Yu. S. Korobkov, Izvestiys
Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedeniy, Vol. III, No. 2, 1960 L1adiopbysics
Serie J)
Life on Mars
CPYRGHT Following are excerpts from an unsigned article- in the Ukrainian-
language periodical Znannya, to P atsya (Knowledge and Work), No. 6,
1960.
It is interesting to follow through a telescope e c
the coloring of the planet depending on the season.... Such phenomena
have given us reason to believe that the dark colorings are signs of
plant life....
In 1956 Sinton made the first spectrographic analysis of Nkrs,
using the Harvard Observatory telescope.... In November 1958 Sinton
repeated his experiment at Palomar Observatory. This gave Sinton and
other scientists reason to conclude that life exists on Mars....
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Our photon brine out the dynamics of changen of one of the areas
of Morn near the so-called Cimmerian Sea from 1909 to 1958. We can ace
hero certain changes in that segment ouch as the creation of new "canals."
WHAT IS THE OPINION OF OUR SCIENTISTS?
in 1956 the well-lcmown Soviet geophysicist Professor Lebedinskiy
stated that water vapor does not exist in the atmosphere of gars, re-
gardleno of the presence of moisture on that planet. Hence it is quite
probable that the water there is in the form of underground ice and that
the amount is certainly quite great.
There is reason to assume that during "marequakes" (by analogy
with earthquakes) the intactness of the ice cover is destroyed; fissures
appear through which water bubbles; at first the water evaporates into
the atmosphere and later condenses. The nature of thin phenomenon can
apparently be explained by the mysterious streaks along the canals men-
tioned by Academician Barabaohov as early as 1924. Such an extensive
icy hydrosphere also explains the absence of high mountain areas.
Along the cracks in the ice cover climatic conditions must be
very mild. And if this in no there may also be vegetation. Segments
covered with vegetation and observed at a great distance may appear to
be regular solid linen.
This then is certainly the real nature of the canals of Mars.
("Life on Vars." Znannya to Pratsya, No. 6, 1960, page 19)
It. METEOROLOGY
The Use of a Spherical Mirror in Photographing the Cloud Cover of the
FullSlcv
The photographic method is one of the most suitable procedures
for the systematic study of the movement and development of clouds. It
gives a clear idea of the character of the cloud cover in various parts
of the sky and the way in which it changes.
The author of the article under review points out that when using
an ordinary movie camera, even when using a wide-angle lens, it is pos-
sible to photograph only a small part of the sky. It is often important
to know, he adds, what the condition of the entire sky is, especially
when the situation is rapidly changing. Because it has been necessary
to take a large number of photographs for this purpose it has been de-
sirable to find a method to get an image of the entire sky in a single
photograph.
This article reviews the efforts made in the past to solve this
problem, and proceeds) to a discussion of the use of a spherical mirror.
The author describes such mirror and associated apparatus used in the
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Soviet Union in 1937-1958 during work in Crimea and in the Caucasus.
The article is accompanied by the numerous formulae used in conjunction
with the method. ("E"xperimentation with the Observation of Clouds by
the Photographic Method Using a Spherical Mirror," by T. N. Bibikova,
Veattiik Moskovukogo Univeruiteta, Seriya Eli, Pizika-Actronomiya, No. 2,
1960, pages 5-11)
Abotracto of Articles from the latest Issue- of "Meleorologiya i aidro-
log i a No. O
"The Influence of Relief on the Displacement of Pressure Centers," by
A. S. Dubov, pages 3-0.
A great deal of attention has been devoted in recent works to the
hydrodynamic method of prediction of the pressure field, with due al-
lowance for the influence exercised by the underlying surface. Dubov
endeavors in this article to limit the problem to. the influence of the
underlying surface on pressure centers only; he cites the necessary ap-
proach and proposes the formulae needed for the solution of his more
limited problem.
"On the Possible Causes of Changes in Solar and Atmospheric Relation-
ships," by L. A. Vitel's, pages 9-13.
Vitel's points out that the relationship between solar activity
and atmospheric phenomena has long been a riddle. He con jec cures in
this article that there is an important correlation between such geo-
physical phenomena as magnetic storms and such meteorological phenomena
as the circulation of the atmosphere and proceeds to expand considerably
on this theme.
"Synoptic Data for the Testing ol Statistical Methods of Prediction,"
by M. I. Yudin, pages 22-25-
Experimentation with statistical predictions of the pressure
field have shown that the degree of success in prediction changes
greatly from day to day and is different in different areas. Therefore
the comparison of different methods and variants of statistical pre-
diction fc.? the purpose of discovering their merits and shortcomings
should be based on the same synoptic material, the same basic data.
This article is a suIm ry of the report of a working group which hao
proposed a method for conducting such tests.
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III. OCEANOGRAI3HY
Still Another Research Vessel Leaven the Leningrad Shimardc CPYRGHT
The following is the full text of a news dispatch published in
--ningrad. 21 JUly 1(by telephone from our correspondent). The I
C.PYRGHT
tons, has net sail f om its moorings at the A. A. Zhdanov Shipyards'at
Leningrad for a teat run at sea.
The ship carr es the moot modern navigational and radiotechnical
equipment and variou kinds of by-drogeological, oceanographic, and hydro-
biological instruments and observation equipment; thus equipped the ves-
sel can etiplore the eepest parts of the world ocean.
Several days arlier a similar diesel-powered vessel named the
"Sergey Vavilov" set sail for a test run at sea
.
CPYRGH Soviet acient: Sts will soon receive excellent ("The Fleet
of Science Ships Is Increasing," Izvestiya, 22 July 1960, page 3) CPYRGHT
A Method for Calculat ng the Temperature of Sea Water Under Certain Con
dit ons
An article appearing in the latest issue of the Journal to -
ologjya I Gidrol a discusses the exceedingly complex nature ver-
tical distribution of temperature with depth in the waters of the ocean
and provides a complex method for computing the desired values. The
article is accompanied by a bibliography of the literature consulted.
("A Method for Calculating the Temperature of Water in the Upper Layer
of the Sea During the Warm Season cf the Year p" by N. A. Belinskiy and
M. G. Glagoleva, Meteorologiya i Gtdrologiya, No. 7, 1960, pages 14-21)
IV. ARCTIC AND ANTARCTIC
Summanr of Antarctic Conditions and Activities for Ju y 1959
The following is the full text of a report for the month of July
1959 by A. C. Dralkin, Chief of the Fourth Continental Expedition:
nyy serve cry:
Aerometeorological research: The mean values at the Earth's sur-
face in July 1959 vere : atmospheric pressure 984 mb, air temperature
17.1?, wind velocity 11.8 m/eec, relative humidity 75%. Over-all
cloudiness 6.2. The mean height reached by radiosondes was 16,287 m.
During the month the air temperature varied from 3.6? to - 34070.
The total precipitation in July was 63.8 mm. Maximum wind velocity
attained 40 m/sec.
CPYRGHT
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Zonal circulation of the atmosphere predominated in July. A co3A
and nearly stagnant low was observed over the coastal part or the main-
low
f thi
.
s
land; cyclones moved from west to east along the periphery o
t
d
.
e
On two occasions the formation of a high subantarctic ridge was no
pre-
dominated throughout the tronosnhere. At the end of the first 10-day
Tnrvi ini:nnai2'1~d and in the second 10-day period its velocity attained
and 10-day period, evs.cenn.iy in cvnnectizw w " WM w~?~~... -- _._ __4_
At the came time jet streams of this same direction were observed in the
height of 18 km with a temperature gradient of more than 0.40. With the
roach
app
m 15 to kin the in
f
7, ...---e --
ro
took on a westerly direction. Their velocity in the troposphere decreased
r
l
th
owe
e
to 11-16 m/sec. The winds maintained an easterly direction in
westerly direction were observed at great altitudes in the lower strato-
- --~ nn -/--- The
of the
the en
-.-i- - -- --. -
d
A %W
ovbantarctic anticyclone was observed; the tropopause rose to a height
W
6
eec.
0
of 111.5 km. where the velocity of the southwesterly wind was
the upper tropopause was again observed at an altitude a auwati w &me
t
orm ealsn
-
marked by high activity, but at lb2b hours amagnetize s
ariations: for declination -- 1,150 Y, for the horizontal comps-
th
e v
the verb c t component -- 2.000 1'. At 0500 hours On
- __~
60 ti f
9
or
z
th
h
com
i
-
rntA w
attained 2,300 )- for declination, 1,000 .i for
e_
8
yv r resrec-
At that time the amplitudes were 1,175 y, 1,455 r, and 2,
ity
ti
t
v
ac
tively. In the third 10-day period there were no storms bu
ved almost
b
ser
continued high. Brief new flare-ups of activity were o
every day.
CPYRG
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In the first 10-clay period the ionosphere wan calm. Minimum
#requenciec did not exceed 2 me; the E-layer made a regular appearance,
although its critical frequencies did not exceed 2.2 mc. The critical
frequencies of the F2 layer attained 10 mc. The sporadic layer was al-
moot continuously present.
At 0500 hours on 10 July the minimum frequencies began to in-
crease and divergent absorption began to increase at the same time.
At 0900 hours complete absorption began but, an hour later there was
again an increase in the minimum frequencies and divergent absorption.
The complete absorption setting in thereafter continued with an inter-
ruption of no more than an hour until 1000 hours on 19 July. The P2
layer then appeared, but its critical frequencies could not be deter-
mined due to strong divergent absorption and high minimum frequencies.
Beginning on 21 July the ionosphere became markedly calmer, but
minimum frequencies at noonday remained high up to the end of the month.
Visual and photographic observations were made of auroras.
Fifty-one earthquakes were recorded; some occurred at the very
great depth of 600 to 650 km.
Glaciological research: Thirty-two structural analyses were
made of shelf ice, glacial ice and marine ice. Systematic observa-
tions continued of readings of thermo-gradient apparatus on ice along
the shore. Thermometers were prepared and inserted into continental
ice and ice along the shore. Remote-control automatically recd ling
thermometers were installed on shore ice, with continual automatic re-
cording beginning on 16 July.
Vostok Station:
In May the mean values at the Earth's surface were: atmospheric
pressure -- 623.4 rob, air temperature -- - 68.4?, wind velocity 5.6
Im/oec, relative humidity -- 73%, temperature of the snow surface --
- 70.40. Over-all cloudiness was 3.2. Observations were made of the
density and temperature of the snow cover. The mean density of the
snow at a depth of 10 cm was 0.34 g/cm3, at a depth of 50 em -- 0.36,
at a depth of 100 cm -- 0.35. The mean temperature of the snow at a
depth of '.j cm was - 66.8?, at a depth of 50 cm -- - 66.7?, and at .a
depth of 100 cm -- - 65?.
The aerologists sent 31 radiosondes aloft a:,d made a similar
number of observations of radiosondes by radiotheodolite. The mean
altitude reached by radiosondes was 14,791 m; the maximum was 17,790 m.
The mean height for pilot balloon observations was 14,470 M. During
the entire month there was a deep near-surface inversion with an in-
crease in temperature to - 38? at the 3,700-1+,200 m level. The mean
value for the isobaric surface levels reveals virtually no change in
comparison with the preceding month. A further insignificant drop of
the temperature in the troposphere and stratosphere was noted.
The state of the ionosphere in July was characterized by some
decrease in the critical frequencies in the r2 layer and an increase in
the thiclmess of the E layer, especially toward the end of the month.
CPYRGHT
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CPYRGHT
From the 10th through the 19th of July observers noted a complet ab-
sorption of radiowaves, accompanied by a magnetic storm and our as.
They change from a calm state to complete absorption took place the
course of a few hours.
Auroras were photographed on a round-the-t.-lock schedule.
Lazarev Station:
In July the mean values at the Bmrth's surface were: at pheric
pressure -- 984.0 mb, air temperature -- 21.4?, wind velocity - 15.6
m/sec, relative humidity -- 78?0, total precipitation -- 15.7 men. Over-
all cloudiness was 7.1, Winds of an east-southeast direction pr domi-
nated. During the month there were 20 days with winds of at rm arce,
and 11 days with winds of hurricane force. The last days of the month
were marked by a snowfall and howling winds of hurricane force.
The mean density of the snow during two 10-day periods was 0.40
9/cm3. On the night of 30-31 July colored precipitation was observed
(rod-shaped snow crystalo with a reddish brown color). Aerologi
leased 24 radiosondes; the maximum height attained was 18,670 m. ("By
Radio From Antarctica, by A, G. a n, orma s onny en
Sovetskoy Antarkticheskoy Ekspeditaii, No. 13, 1959, pages 41-43)
Abstracts of Articles Appearing in Ins ue j13 of the "Bulletin of the
Soviet Antarctic EkPedition"
Issue #13 of the Informstsionrct~IRs-uhleten' 8ovetsk Antarkti-
cheakoy Ekapedit"'" contains eight articles of interest to geophysi-
cists, as foll.ai,;
1. "On the Accumulation of the Snow Cover in the 50-km Coastal
Zone of Antarctica," by V M. Kotlyakov (Institute of Geography of the
Academy of Sciences), pages 5-8.
Hach of the data in this article applies to two observation
points, one at Mirnyy, and another at a distance of 7 km from the
shore. Generalizations, however, are made for a distance of as much
as 50 km inlaud. The article gives data on seasonality, depth, and
variability in snow accumulation, and in part accounts for local dif -
ferences.
2. "Automatic Apparatus for Recording the Moistening Level,"
by N. A. Kuznetsov (Permafrost Institute of the Academy of Sciences).,
paces 9-11.
This article, accompanied by one diagram, describes a simple but
superior device for determining the height of capil:]iy rise of water
in snow.
3. "On the Nature of Several Weather Changes Over the Antarctic
Plateau in Winter," by P. D. Astapenko (Leningrad Uydrometeorological
iinstitute ), pages 12-16.
Observational data for the Antarctic plateau during the period
of the MY show that the weather there is subject to considerable
changes d;::ing the year. It is possible to observe rather sharp
CPYRGHT
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changes in temperature, windy cloud cover, precipitation and visibility
at the interior stations, distant from the coast and situated at eleva-
tions between 1,500 and 3500 is. This article points out that, vertical
cross sections of the atmosphere are very useful in studying the weather
in this area, especially due to the sparsity of stations in the interior.
Figure 1 in a vertical croon section of the atmosphere over the Az ndsen-
Scott Station in August 1958. Figure 2 is a similar cross-section for
the preceding month. Figure 3 is a full page fold-out map of synoptic
conditions at 0000 hours on 28 July 1958. Figure 4 is a vertical. cross
section of the atmosphere for the Amundsen-Scott Station for June of
1958. These figures are used by the author as a basis for elaborating
his point that ouch nateriale are highly valuable for understandii g the
weather picture in this area with few reporting stations.
4. "Evaporation and Condensation in Antarctica o" by I. P.,Rusin
(Main Geophysical Observatory), pages 17-20.
One of the characteristics of the climate of Antarctica is the
presence of pronounced near-surface inversions; these are observed over
the mainland for a large part of the year. Because of this the near-
surface layer of air is almost everywhere not only warmer than the un-
derlying surface, but is more moist as well. This causes a continual
flux of moisture from the atmosphere and its sublimation on the under-
lying surface. The author of this article has endeavored toEestimate
the value for turbulent moisture exchange in the near-surface layer of
air and the possible amount of precipitation resulting from sUblimation.
5. "Snowstorms in Antarctica," by I. D. Kopanev (Maii-Geopbysi-
cal Observatory), pages 21-24.
Systematic observations of snowstorm were made at the time of
the Second Continental Expedition (1956-M8). Data in Table 1 show
the areal differences in the number of days with snowstorms. With in-
creasing distance from the coast this number decreases considerably.
Local conditions nay invalidate this generalization. In the Antarctic,
an in the Arctic, snowstorms are obt erved throughout the year. The
maximum number of days with snowstorm is in the cold season; this is
due to cyclonic activity, greater wind velocities, and considerable
values for turbulent friction.
Areal variability in the number of days with sno-stoacros, drift-
ing snow, and the duration of same, is shown in Table 2; it reflects
the characteristics of the wind regime and the physical-mechanical
properties of the anew cover within the limits of the territory in-
vestigated.
6. "Results of Observations of Currents in the Area of the
West Shelf Ice," by M. V. Izvekov (Arctic and Antarctic Scientific
Research Institute), pages 25-28.
In September 1959 the hydrological tsar of the Third Continental
Expedition made observations of currents to the north of the Vest Shelf
Ice at a point with the coordinates 650490 S and 87047' 1. Observa-
tions were made from the shelf ice where the sea vas 472 a deep* ..The
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fi:;c-(1 position of the nhell; ice and the considerable depth created con-
ditionu for rather reliable obaervutiona of the distribution of currents
(vertically) and Changes in their conatituento in time at the upper
I)oUnd11ry of the continental slope in this region of Antarctica.
Alelweyev automatic current recorders were used to rake continual
obri rv>:u'tions of currents at depths of 100 and. 1E60 in. Current constitu-
4Qntn were recorded each five minutes. Graphs were drawn of the vertical
distribution of currents at the point of observation (Figures 1 and 2).
The results of these observations are fully do cribed and interpreted.
7. "Radar Observations of Auroras at M:trnyy " by B. Ye. Bryunelli
and S. 141. Sandulenko (Fourth Continental LScpedition), pages 29-33-
Radar observations of auroras were begun at Mirnyy in 1959. A
P-3 radar set with rotating antenna was used for this purpose. The
equipment and the accuracy of observations are given in come detail.
one radar observations were fully automatic. Figure 1 shows that
auroras fur the most part are observed from 0400 to 2000 hours Green-
wich Tim. There are two clearly expressed. xaa,xima -- at 0500-0800 and
1200-1600 hourr. Greenwich Time. Figure 2 showa a sharply expressed
asymmetry in the direction of arrival of signals. Figure 3 shows the
distribution of auroras by distance; reflections most frequently arrive
from distances of 650-750 km. The centers of auroras move at a velocity
avernG,ing 100-200 r/sec. The aspects of distance and direction are in-
terpreted, this constituting the essential part of the article. The
fact that most reflections are from the north in due to the fact that
flirnyy is situated to the a outh of the zone of auroras.,
8. "Bottom Relief of the Cape Aguihas Basin," by V. N. Mal'tsev
(Itydrographic Enterprise of the Main Administration of the Northern Sea
Route ), pages 38-39.
To the south of the Cape of Good. Hope the continental shelf drops
off sharply in a steep and highly dissected continental slope. Near
20? E -it is 15 to 60 miles in width. The floor of the Indian Ocean to
the south of Cape Agulhas begins at a distance of 150 miles from the
coast of South Africa. Measurements made by Soviet Antarctic Fbcpedi-
tiono in the years 1956-1959 in the Cape Agulhas Basin between 20? and
300 E have shown that the ocean floor in this area has very complex re-
lief. The Cape Agulhas Basin ie not a single extensive basin with depths
grouter than 5,000 meters, as shown on previous maps., but instead con?-
oiuts of two separate basins separated by an uplift from the ocean floor.
(Figure 1 -- a map of the area). This uplift inte?'sects the basin in a
northeast-southwest direction and has a width of 90 to 210 miles. Where-
as the part of the basin with depths greater than 5,000 it has a floor
that has little dissection, the uplift separating the basins is highly
dissected and abounds in volcanic structures. (Articles from Infor
u?atuionnyy Byulleten' Sovetak Antarkticheskoy Eks ditsii No. 13,
1959, pages 5-33 and 38-39
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