INFORMATION ON SOVIET BLOC INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL COOPERATION - 1960

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• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00141R000201490001-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 17
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 16, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: December 16, 1960
• Content Type: REPORT

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 Approved' For~ReIease 1999/09/08 :
INFORMATION ON SCVZET BLOC INTERNATIONAL dEOF1YSICAL C00PE TION ? 1960
for printing this publication has been
r of the Bureau of the D+zdget, October 281, 1959
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it
U. S. Department of Commnerce
Buainess and Defense Services Administration
Office of Technical Services
Washington 25, D. C.
Published Weekly
;ription Price $12.00 for the 1960 Series
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1ATIr"I ON IM RNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL COOPERATION -_
SOVIET-BLOC ACTIVITIES
Table o.f Contents
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Page
ROCKETS AND ARTIFICIAL EARTH SATELLITES
1
UPPER ATMOSPHERE
8
METEOROLOGY
12
SEISMOLOGY
13
ARCTIC AND ANTARCTIC
14
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1. ROCKETS AND ARTIFICIAL EARTH SATELLItES
spaceship, but two at the very least. The author reminds us that the
interplanetary travellers face more hazards than did Columbus and
Magellan; only one ship returned of the three Columbus had, whereas all
but one of Magellan's five vessels were lost.
The ideal shape for a spaceship is a sphere, b,.cause it is the
shape which combines minimum surface with.maximum volume.
Future interplanetary expeditions will not consist of a single
The Problems of Interplanetary Travel Discussed
The time is approaching, writes N, Varvarov, when flights will be
made around Mars and Venus and artificial Venus and Mars satellites will
be a reality. A later step will be actual rocket landings on the surface
of those two planets. These rockets will carry research apparatus and
mobile automatic stations, These "wandering robots" will report back to
Earth by radio and television.
The author then discusses the character of space flights to Mars --
along a trajectory of 586 million kilometers in 259 days, and to Venus --
along a path of 401 million kilometers in 146-days.
The first stage in the flight will be the takeoff from Earth and
the attainment of the necessary acceleration-- a~.stage which can last
but a few dozen minutes. The motors will then be switched off and the
second stage of flight will begin. In-this section of the flight, more
than 99% of the entire route, movement will be by inertia, The third
stage begins when the spacecraft enters the field of attraction of the
body to which it is travelling. The motors will then be activated and
the braking ,process will begin. This final pre-landing stage may, last
from several dozen minutes to several hours.. None of this can be achieved
except by carrying rocket motors and rocket fuel. aboard for use in cor-
recting the trajectory in midflight.
Flight can be undertaken only, at the most rigidly predetermined
times. The slightest error in calculation can lead to tragic conse-
quences -- the ship may become lost in space forever. In the case
examinee, no return from Mars could be undertaken until 455 days had
elapsed on that planet (or 470 days, in the case of Venus). Thus, a
round trip to Venus would require about 2 years, and to Mars -- approxi-
mately 3 years.
Favorable conditions for a flight to Mars will occur in September
October of this year and November-December 1962. The next favorable
period for a flight to Venus will occur in the middle of January 1962,
and thereafter -- in August 1962.
One of the notable peculiarities of space flight is that even a
small increase in the velocity of flight leads to a considerable de-
crease in the duration of flight..
Hdwever, the power sources presently available do not make such
interplanetary flights possible. But the solution, in turn, is to create
intermediary fueling stations.
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After listing these difficulties, Varvarov concludes as follows:
"There Is no question t that difficulties can be overcome provided
the material and intellectual resources of the peoples of different
countries be joined together. Therefore, the sooner the arms race is
ended, ,the sooner the world replaces tae sword with the plowshare, the
sooner we will solve the many problems of vital importance for humanity,
including flights to the planets of our Sun and those of other stars."
("To Unknown Worlds," by N. Varvarov, Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, 9 October C PYRG HT
1960, p. 3)
" iroda " Article Fails to Shed Further Light on Spaceship Flight
A rather brief 300-word article in a recent issue of Priroda
describes the return to Earth of Belka and Strelka and the other living
organisms aboard the second Soviet spaceship. It fails to contribute
any detail of information not earlier reported. ("Automatic Instruments
of High Accuracy and Dependability," by M. S. Yarov-Yarovoy, State Astro-
nomical Institute im. P. K. Shternberg, Priroda, No. 9) 1960, p. 5)
Rocket-Carrier of the Second Spaceship Continues its Motion
On 19 August 1960, when the second Soviet spaceship was put into
orbit, many stations were engaged in its observation. The first reports
came from Novosibirsk and Saratov; the spaceship was then observed by
the Czech scientist Kersak and the German astronomers Nitschman and
Pentsel. In the days that followed the motion of the ship was followed
by many Soviet and Chinese stations, as well as by observers in Italy,
Finland, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia.
As is well known, the spaceship and the living creatures carried
aboard it, were returned to the Earth in response to a command trans-
mitted from the Earth. The rocket-carrier continued to travel around
the Earth. The results of observations have been sent to "Kosmos" and
the Astronomical Council of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. ("The
Rocket-Carrier Has Continued its Motion," unsigned article, Priroda,
No. 9, 1960, p. 9)
Isakov Predicts "Man in Space" in Near Future
P. K. Isakov, Chairman of the Committee on Space Medicine of the
Section on Astronautics of the Aviation Federation of the USSR, in the
September 1960 issue of Priroda, comments rather sketchily on the impli-
cations of the return of the passengers from the second Soviet spaceship.
He appears to feel that there is no impediment to such a flight from the
viewpoint of space medicine. As a specialist in that field his comments
may be quite significant, but this article was probably written in August,
before the biological specimens and animals had been fully studied.
("Man Will Fly into Space," by P. K. Isakov, Priroda, No. 9, 1960, pp. 4-
5)
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Academician Fesertkov Reviows the Significance of Spaceships in tho Study
of the Atmosphere
V. 0. Fedfmkov, writing in a recent issue of Pr:Lrodr, considers
that an observatory in apace will be a reality within a reasonably short
period of time. Initially, such an observatory will be maintained rela
lively close to the Earth. The manned vehicle will describe ark ellipti-
cal or circular orbit around our planet at altitudes of 500 to 600 km
and be controlled from the Earth. These flights, near the Earth, but
beyond the limits of the atmosphere, will make it possible to undertake
much research which is impossible or extremely difficult from the Earth s
surface due to the interference of the atmosphere.
The author then describes the possibilities offered by a space-
ship circling the Earth at an altitude of 500 km, in an approximately
circular orbit, and inclined 65? to the plane of the equator.
For example, the author suggests that by photographing the sunset
from such a height with an ordinary camera with a telescopic lens and a
focal length of about one meter and through, various filters, it would be
possible to easily determine the vertical distribution of ozone over a'
wide range of latitudes.
Likewise, highly fruitful research could be conducted in the field
of 'twilight phenomena. Photometric observations of the twilight could
provide valuable data on the structure of the Earthts atmosphere up 'to
altitudes of 150 km or more.
It would be interesting, states the author, to use a small spectro-
graph to record the emission spectrum of the ionosphere on the unillumi
nated side of the Earth and constantly record how the various emission
lines change in dependence on the time various layers of the ionosphere
are reached by the direct rays of the Sun.
Among the other phenomena which Fesenkov advocates be included
in the observatory's research program is that of Zodiacal light; we have
had only a limited view of this phenomenon and in several respects it
remains virtually unstudied.
By ingenious adaptations to the spaceship and its equipment,
Fesenkov suggests that the complex structure of the Sums corona can be
photographed in a manner to reveal information hitherto inaccessible.
Finally, telescopic observations of the Sun, planets and stars
from aboard the spaceship will reveal mach detail previously unseen due
to the optical barrier imposed by the Earth's atmosphere. ("Spaceships
and Astrophysics," by Academician V. G. Fesenkov, Priroda, No. 9, 1960,
pp. 6-9)
Infa:^mation on the Soviet Satellite Observation Stations
N. P. Slovokhotova, of the Astronomical Council of the Academy of
Sciences of the USSR, reports that there are now about 90 optical sta-
tions and observatories in the USSR engaged in the observation of arti-
ficial earth satellites. These stations have special apparatus. Visual
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observations are made with the AT-1 astronomical telescope with an objec-
tive having a diarnoter of about 5 cm and with a field of vision of about
110. So?e stations photograph the satellites with "Kiyev"and "Zorkiy"
camerar. Precise photographic observations are made with the special
NAFA-3c/25 camera whoop objective has a diameter of 10 em and whose lens
ope-ling is 1/2.5. Such cameras are already in use at 29 stations.
I Stations situated in the countries of people's democracy, and in
a number of countries in Asia and Africa have received various kinds of
apparatus for use in making satellite observations as a gift from the
Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
In the case of the third Soviet satellite, over 25,000 observa-
tions have been received from Soviet stations and more than 14,000 from
foreign sources. Up to 1 June 1960 a total of 4,000 observations of the
fourth Soviet satellite have been received from Soviet stations, and
2,000 from abroad. In the latter case, the greatest number of observa-
tions have come from Finland and France. ("The Fourth Artificial Satel-
lite in Flight," by N. P. Slovokhotova,Priroda, No. 9, 1960, p. 14)
Determination of the Coordinates of An Artificial Comet -- A Full Trans
The sodium cloud (artificial cornet) formed by the second Soviet
cosmic rocket was observed at the Mountain Observatory of the Astrophysi-
cal Institute on 12 September. Preliminary results of these observations
have already been published (1). The present article gives the results
of the determination of the position of the comet from photographs.
One photograph of the comet was made on the D. D. Maksutov meniscus
astrograph (D.= 500 mm; F = 1200 mm) on Ilford plates HP3+, OS-11 filter,
observers -- D. A. Rozhkovskiy, M. G. Karimov, and A. V. Kurchakov.
Three negatives of the comet were made by K. G..Dzhakusheva, V. S. Maty-
agin and M. A. Svechnikov with a "Comet-A" camera (D = 100 mm; F = 500 mm
a DN movie film and a weak orange filter were used.
To determine the precise coordinates of the subject we used two
photographs from the Comet-A camera and a photograph from the meniscus
astrograph; the comet appeared as a rather compact formation, convenient
for measurements. We did not use the third negative of the Comet-A camera
on which the subject has the form of a ring with a low density and with
an inside opening with a diameter of "'6 mm.
Table 1 gives the coordinates of the instruments.
Table 1
Instrument
IF
Comet-A 5h07m49s,76?Os,04 +43?11117"
8+0")7 1450 m
Meniscus astrograph 5 07 49,76?0,04 443 11 16,9?O,6 1450
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Table 2 gives 'three positions of the comet. The first and third
were determined from the negatives from the Cornet-A, the second --- from
the negative of the meniscus astrograph.
Measurements of the film wore made by Ye. Ya. Bugoslavskaya at
the State Incrtitute of Astronomy im. P. K. Shternberg (GAISh) on a
KIM-3 instrument. The locations of the cornet were determined from three
reference stars (BD -8?5421, -9?5512, -9?5537). Table 2, in the column
showing the accuracy of measurements, gives the mean square error in the
positions of the comet from 10 pointings, and for the stars -- fromL4
pointings. The locations of two of the reference stars agreed with the
positions in the catalog within the limits of 1"- 3". The moment and
exposure of the first photograph were corrected by V. 0. Kurt (GAISh)
in accordance with the beginning of the flash of the sodium cloud arising
after the beginning of the exposure.
The negative from the meniscus telescope was measured by V. S.
Matyagin on a universal measuring telescope UIM-21. The position of the
comet was determined by the A. N. Deych method by using the three refer-
ence stars (BD -9?5528,-9?5532, -9?5534). The AG catalog was used.
Errors in measurements were derived by making three pointings on stars
and on the subject.
It should be noted that in the future a distinct effort should,
be made to get photographs of a comet with the briefest exposure possi-
ble. This is because the principal inaccuracy in the detern''ination of
the coordinates arises due to some uncertainty in the moment to which
the image pertains when there is a rapid change in the brightness of
the subject and when its forward motion is quite rapid.
The reproductions of the negatives of, the artificial comet shown
in Figures 1-3 were made by using a Comet-A camera. They show the pro-
gressive development of this interesting phenomenon.
In the future the authors propose to proceos the photographs
photometrically in which standardization and calibration will be applied.
Bibliography
(1) Kurchakov, A. V., Vestnik AN Kaz SSR. 1959, 10, 97.
CPYRGHT
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Table 2
No. of .Instrument Time of Expo- q' Accuracy of measurements
photograph photograph sure 1950,0 1950,0 stars comet
x v x
1 Comet _A 184 5a-'us 1m 21s 20h36ID00s~24 _. -9907~~ ~! 2 +0", 8 +0", 5 +2", 2 +ltt, 7
No. of
photograph
Meniscus
Astrograph 18 50 54 2 24 20 35 59,03 _ -9 07 13,7 ?0,3 +0,3 +1,2 +0,6
Comet A 18 52 07 2 00 20 35 58,35 -9 07 49,6 +0,6 +0,3 +7,0 +6,0
1 Images of stars elongated, image of comet -- intense, with dense nucleus in center.
Stars- round, comet-- diffuse object, but denser in center.
Stars -- round, comet -- in the form of a .faint ring of varying intensity.
("Determination of the Coordinates of an Artificial Comet," by Ye. Ya. Bugosla,skaya,
K. G. Dzhalnusheva, M. G. Karimov, A. V. Kurchakov, V. S. Matyagin, D.. A..Rozhkovskiy
and M. A. Svechni.kov, Akademii Nauk Kazakhskoy SSR, Izvestiya Astrofizicheskogo
Instituta, Vol..X, 1960, PP. 35-38)
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CPYRGHT
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Space Goals :Listed by Hungarian
A brief summary of a recent article by Erno Nagy, Secretary of
the Hungarian Space Travel Society, is given below.
The first experiments with humans in the atmosphere are expected
within a few months. Actual recovery of a man from space is expected
within a year or two.
The development of the new Soviet propulsion rockets having a
thrust capable of launching a three-ton lunik will make possible the
establishment of space stations manned by a sizeable research staff,
provided the proper procedures for assembling and transport are de-
veloped. However, this program still requires many years of work.
Experiments are in progress using atomic reactors as a source
of heat energy. The goal is to develop a rocket propelled by atomic
energy, but this is an unusually difficult problem and will require a
very precise solution.
In the field of ion rockets, electrical propulsion units, which
are experimental and unsuitable for space flight, are already being
'tested. As a result of the tests, propulsion units of this type may
actually be tested and introduced for space flight in 10 or 15 years.
Photon rockets belong in the realm of science fiction for the
time being.
The most immediate goals of space travel are: first, a safe re-
turn to Earth; second, a landing on the Moon after it has been thoroughly
investigated by probes, and after rockets of the right dimensions have
been constructed; third, the exploration of Mars and Venus, which are
within the range of our present-day rockets. A trip to other planets
would require an atomically propelled rocket. ("Three Triumphant Years,"
by Erno Nagy; Budapest, Technika, Vol. IV, No. 10, October 1960, p. 1,
10)
Artificial Earth Satellite Observations in Poland
An 8-page article describes the observations of artificial earth
satellites conducted at IGY Station No. 157, Zegrze. The article con-
tains many tables, charts, diagrams, and photos made in connection with
these observations. ("Observations of Artificial Earth Satellites -
SSZ, "" by Mgr Engr Janusz Molski; Przeglad Geodezy,jriy, Warsaw, August
1960, pp. 273-280)
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II. UPPER ATMOSPHERE
Soviet IGY Publication Reviewed
A recently received 39-page publication of the Soviet Academy of
Sciences contains three significant articles on solar observations.
The book, entitled "Solar Observations" ("Nablyudeniya Solntsa") carries
the imprint of the International Geophysical Year. A total of 1,000
copies were printed. There are three articles, as follows:
(1) The first article, the longest, is entitled "Solar Observa-
tions." Its author is R. S. Gnevysheva. It covers pages 3-24. The
author provides the following abstract:
"In the Soviet Union the Solar Service was organized in 1932
under the auspices of the Solar Commission of the Astronomical Council
of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Detailed directions are given
by: the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory (observations of the chromo-
sphere on the solar disk, measurements of the magnetic fields of sun-
spots)) the Kislovodsk Station of the Pulkovo Observatory (observations
of the photosphere, prominences and corona) and the Gorkiy Scientific
Radio-Physical Institute (solar radio emission).
"In connection with the IGY the observatories taking part in the
Solar Service received additional equipment. This made it possible to
attain more uniform observations and reductions.
"The article contains a description of the standard equipment
for observations of the photosphere, chromosphere and corona used at
the Soviet observatories and the fa_no.; of publication. Besides, a
brief description of the nonstandaru equipment used for solar observa-
tions is given."
It would be a serious error not to exploit this article, one o
the most informative articles on IGY solar res3arch to be published.
It describes the Soviet solar program and provides abundant data on
CPYRGHT
organization, equipment, observatories and personalities. It lists the
principal Soviet observatories engaged in this research; Figure 1 is
a map showing the distribution of these stations. Still more important
is a thorough listing of the instruments used, with their principal
characteristics. There are high-quality photographs of many of these
instruments. There are descriptions of the stations in the Soviet Sun
Service, with data probably unavailable elsewhere, at least not in such
concise form. An appendix lists 14 observatories and indicates the
standard equipment used at each.
This invaluable document merits translation in full. It is by
far the most authoritative and definitive paper on the subject matter
covered.
(2) E. A. Gurtovenko, in an article extending from pages 25
through 35, writes on the subject: "Some Results of Observations with
the AFR-2 Telescope." The article is summarized by the author as fol-
lows:
_g
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"This article gives the rooults of the study of certain charac-
toristics of the chromosphoric 'telescope AF11-2 -- a new apparatus u.sc'1
in accordance with the IGr program at a number of observatories in the
USSR.
"'rho study of diffuse light in the apparatus is described. The
changes of the reading of the thermometer with an interferential-
polarization filter during changes in external temperature is described.
A brief account of the method of spectrophotometry of chromospheric do-
tails when using an lnterferential-polarization filter with the AFR-2
telescope follows. The article describes certain practical aspects of
this kind of spectrophotomctry.n
(3) The final article, by M. N. Gnevyshev, on pages 36-39, is
entitled "Technioues and Methods of Coronal Observations." The author
supplies the following abstract:
"This paper points out that all coronal stations observe the
Sun's corona by different methods. It is therefore :Impossible to ob-
tain a continuous common series of coronal data,
"The method now used at the Kislovodsk station of Pulkovo
Observatory is used as a basis for a discussion of the procedures used
for observations and measurements of coronal lines and subsequent re-
ductia_ie _ it
("Solar Observations," edited by E. R. Mustel', Publishing House of the
Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow, 1959, 39 pages)
Abstracts of Articles from the "Izvestiya" of the Astrophysical Insti
tute of the Kazakh Academy of Sciences
The most recently received issue of the "Izvestiya" of the Astro-
physical Institute of the Kazakh Academy of Sciences contains five arti-
cles of intere,:.t to scientists engaged in the study of the physics of
the upper atmosphere.
(1) "Investigation of the0Spectrum of the Night Sky in the
Region of Wave Lengths 6200-6600 A," by R. Kh. Gaynul.lina and Z. V.
Karyagina, pp. 52-63.
This article gives some results of observations o 'airglow emis-
sions in the red region of the spectrum ( A l'. 6200-66OC AA' at Alms-Ate.
It was found that most of the emissions in this region of the
spectrum are due to (9-3) and (6-1) bands of OH.
The intensities of the emrissionlines of 01, Ha and those of
the vibrational-rotational bands of OH are obtained in absolute units
(quantum cm-2 * sec-1 ? sterad-1) for 6 observational days, and for two
other days in relative units only.
The temperature of the excitation of OH molecules is determined
according to the distribution of intensities within the rotational con..
ponents of the OH spectrum.
The average temperature obtained within the eight days of obser-
vations is equal to:
T = 258? ? 4? K.
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(2) "Some Relationships in the Phenomenon of Polarization of
the Sky," by Ye. V. Pyaskovskaya-Fesenkova, pp. 64-70.
The brightness and polarization of the day sky were observed by
the author during August 1956 along the almucantar of the Sun at the
Mountain Astrophysical Observatory near Alma-Ata on the slopes of the
Ala.-Tau Mountains. It is to be noted that the polarization degree as
determined on the same angular distance from the Sun above the moun-
tains and above the plain is substantially the same for the period of
observations.
It was discovered that in some cases, but not in all, that the
influence of aerosols on the polarization curve produces for all angles
of scattering the same depression of the well-known Rayleigh values
calculated without consideration of the effect of molecular anisotropy,
This proportionality was also observed in one case of a very turbid
atmosphere with a coefficient of transparency equal to 0.37.
The scattered luminous flux 4($ ), as determined from the
brightness of the day sky, was divided into two parts: one in natural
light,'( t~) and another in polarized light p"(4 ) ,
The two can be represented linearly for ti9 900 in function of
the coefficient of transparency p.
Approximately we have:
if p > 0.79 then
p = 0.79 etc' _ ~~
p < 0.79 'c'
(3) "Measurement of the Indicatrices of Scattering of Light in
the Near-Surface Layer in Two Parts of the Spectrum," by T. P. Toropova,
pp. 71-77.
The results of measurements of the indicatrices of scattering in
the bottom layer of the atmosphere are described for two wave lengths.
The observations were made at the Mountain Observatory of the
Astrophysical Institute near Alma-Ata (the height above sea level =
1)450 m).
The results of measurements of the indicatrices show that their
asymmetry increases with the increase in wave length for some days.
This result corresponds to Pyaskovskaya-Fesenkova's result for the
indicatrices characterizing the clear day sky.
The measurements of the absolute indicatrices of scattering made
it possible to estimate the role of atmospheric aerosols in scattering
of light in the bottom layer of the atmosphere for two wave lengths.
(4) "Spectral Measurements of Polarization of the Day Sky in
the Almucantar of the Sun," by P. N. Boyko, pp. 83-93
During April-October 1959 the author made measurements of polari-`
zation of the day sky. The investigation of polarization was carried
out with a spectroelectrophotometer which automatically recorded. the
spectrum for the angular distance of 900 from the sun and on he sun's
almucantar. Polarization proved to be very stable if the coefficients
of the transparency of the Earth's atmosphere were stable too.
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Orientation or the plane or polarization nearly coincided with
that calculated theoretically for scattering of the first order and wavy
very stable all over the spectrum,
(5) "Observations of the Spectral Brightnoca of the Sky by the
Photographic Method," by P. N. Boyko and V. M. Kazachovskiy, pp. 94-
100.
The authors made measurements of the distribution of energy in
the spectrum of the day sky. The measurements were made by the photo-
graphic method. The observations showed a minimum of energy near
AN 430-440 mr
ouch Article Describes Now Equipment for Solar Observations
A 5-page article describes the now prisms for the toloscopo of
a theodolite for aiming at the center of the sun. It contains more than
20 diagrams and sketches of the new prism device and the sightings and
gives the results of experiments conducted. ("New Prisms for the Tele-
scope of a Theodolite for Aiming at the Center of the Sun," by Dr. Waclaw
Cradzki; Warsaw, Przetclad Geodezv.inv. August 1960, pp. 281-286)
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111. METEOROLOGY
?Shuvatov Develops Familyof Radio Analyzers Ba,,ased_on the Conoont of the
Automatic Weather Station
A recent issue of onomioheskava Gazeta carrion a doooription of
the work of L. P. Shuvatov, an outstanding Soviet inventor. His techni-
cal achievements are of interest to meteorologists, but they are also
applicable to a wide range of other fields.
He developed an automatic radiometeorologieal station which is
airdropped in inacceasiblo areas and is able to transmit data on air
temperature and humidity, wind velocity, soil temperature, etc. The
collected data is radioed to a receiving device where the information
is recorded on graph paper.
Shuvatov has now applied for a patent for a multichannel system
operating on a single subearrier frequency. It is simpler and more de-
pendable than his earlier instru,aents. All resulting data can now be
processed automatically. The receiving unit now has an analog electronic
unit which can easily be connected to an electronic computer.
The new general-purpose Shuvatov system is designed to record at
a distance (1) physical data, (2) biological data, and (3) purely techni-
cal data. These data are subsequently processed by an automatic elec-
tronic analyzer. ("Shuvatov Radio Analyzers," by Vi. Pospelov, Ekonomi-
cheskaya Gazeta, 30 October 1960, p. 3)
Storm Forecasting in Hungary
Work on thunderstorm forecasting being conducted in Hungary is
described in an article by Dr. Laszlo Aujeszky, Candidate of Physical
Sciences, Director of the Department of Weather Forecasting, National
Meteorological Institute. Under this program the National Meteorologi-
cal Institute is required to submit a daily report giving the following
information on thunderstorms: probability of occurrence within the next
24 hours, area of occurrence, extent of storm, intensity, time of occur-
rence, expected amount of lightning, and the path of the storm.
Dr. Aujeszky writes that it is now possible to predict thunder-
storms with an accuracy of about 90 percent but that this percentage
should increase as more knowledge is gained about the atmosphere.
("Prediction of Thunderstorms," by Dr. Laszlo Aujeszky; Budapest,
Villamossag, Vol. 8, No. 8-9, August-September 1960, pp. 261-264)
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IV. SEISMOLOGY
Hungarian Instruments Register Earthquake
On 22 October 1960, at 2018 hours, the instruments of tho Soio-
mological institute (Foldrengesvizsgalo Intozet) of Budapest registered
an earthquake at a distance of 400 kilometers. Minor tremors must have
been perceptible to the population of some neighboring country.
(Budapest, Nepszabad?aa, 25 October 1960, p. 10)
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V. ARCTIC AND ANTARCTIC
Soviet Trok to South Pole Described by Expedition Leader
The Soviet slodgo-tractor trek to the South Polo in December
1959 has been roportod briefly on previous occasions, but it hao now
been described in great detail in the journal Priroda by the expedition
loader, A.,0. Dralkin. Part I appears.in issue No. 9, 1960, and Part
II will appear in No. 10. The latter issue has not yet bean received.
A paragraph-by-paragraph check of this article reveals no sig-
nificant data not already available in Information on International
Geophysical Cooperation during the past year. "To the South Pole,"
by A. G. Dralkin, Priroda, No. 9, 1960, pp. 48-55)
June in Antarctica
It is severe winter in Antarctica. In June the uir temperature
at Mirnyy varied from -6? to -32.6?; at Vostok station -- from -48.3?
to -81.10; at Lazarev station -_ from -10.3? to -40.86. The polar night
prevails at the stations of Lazarev and Vostok.
On 29 June Mirnyy experienced the severest winds of hurricane
force ever observed by the Soviet expeditions in the region of the Pravda
coast. Wind velocity at the surface attained 52 m/sec. This violent
wind was caused by a cyclone caused by the intrusion of tropical air far
to the south. When the low pressure area approached the continent the
warm tropical air interacted with Antarctic air. At this time the air
temperature rose sharply at all stations. Thus, at Vostok station in
the interior the temperature rose by more than 300 between 28 and 29
June. At the portable station Pobeda, situated on an ice island to the
north of the Shackleton Glacier, a temperature of +10 was recorded on
30 June. This is unprecedented for this season.
Regular scientific research is continuing at all Soviet Antarctic
stations. Meteorological and aerological observations are made under
all weather conditions. Radiosondes are released at wind velocities
greater than 30 m/sec. The geological-geographical detachment of the
expedition is engaged in the office processing of data collected during
the summer in Queen Maud Land.
Despite the unfavorable weather, marine ice was reconnoitered
from the air on three occasions. A giant iceberg 53 km long and 2 to
4 km wide was discovered to the north of Drigaltskiy Island.
At. the beginning of June, in the heart of winter, the Emperor
penguins in the colonies near Mirnyy completed the laying of their eggs.
These colonies number about 9,700 birds. ("News from the South Polar
Continent," by N. A. Lepilova,- Priroda, No. 9, 1960)
US COMM-DC
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