COMMUNIST SECURITY MEASURES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00457R004800360007-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 10
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 11, 2013
• Sequence Number: 7
• Publication Date: May 9, 1950
• Content Type: REPORT

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The basic means of Chinese Communist control is to have every party member
and official a secret agent and to penetrate all strata of society with
Communist personnel. The control system is a closely-knit network of official
organs and civic bodies working with the Public Security Bureaus of the local
administration. Although ostensibly only police organs, the Public Security
Bureaus and other units also direct various civic bodies at all levels and
local garrison headquarters in -controlling the populace and suppressing un-
rest or dissidence,"
2. Official control Organs of public security include the following, at various
levels
a. Public Security Boards for various military and administrative commissions
and for the Northeast People's Government (the only regional autonomous
government).
b, Public Security- Departments for the provinces.
c, Public Security officers for administrative bureaus under the military
districts and for administrative inspectors offices.
d, Public Security Bureaus for hsien.
e, Public Security Sections for ch'u (tilt ) (districts), operatives for ts/un
(41 ) (villages), and cells for places smaller than ts'un.
f. Public Security Bureaue for municipalities, with stations as sub-sections,
and sub-stations for local subdivisions,
8.
Public Security boards and detachments, under the Ministry of Railways,
attached to local railway administrations and operating in railway
terminals and on railway lines (a counterpart of the .Nationalist rail-
way police).
CLASSPWIDEN
STATE MAIN '
ARMY lp AIR
NSRI3
FBI
DIS
fIBUTION
This document is he:eby reg:aded to
CONFIDENTIAL in accordance w:th the
letter of 16 October 1978 from the
Director of Central Intelligence to the
Archivist of the United States.
Next 'Review Date: 2008
Dowureat No. __
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I, CENTRAL
c0124DTIAL
INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
/
1 h.
Public Security Column, with subordinate regiments, battalions, and cow.-
panies, attached to local public security organs at various levels.
1. Military security organs in military areas and districts, with sections
for military sub-districts.
3 These public security organs are directed by the Social Affairs Department
of the Chinese Communist Party and are the core of Communist secret police
activities. Most persons in charge of government security organs occupy
similar positions in the Commmirdst Party administration. In general, public
security organs keep the Communist administration constantly cleaned out
politically and infiltrate personnel into Nationalist government groups for
the purpose of collecting intelligence, promoting sabotage, and disseminating
propaganda and rumors. Specific functions of security organizations include
the following:
a. To investigate and arrest undesirable elements or suspects among Com-
munist officials and the general population.
b. To track down and destroy Nationalist underground cells and secret armed
groups and to keep track of and control all former members and officials
of the Kuomintang, the Democratic Socialist Party, the Youth Party or any
organs of the Nationalist government or service, who have remained in
Conmwmist territory.
c. To suppress anti-Communist organizations and uprisings promptly.
d. To keep strict check on the people through a census, registration, and
other formalities and regulations. .
e, To enforce traffic controls, street sanitation, air precautionary measures,
and other government ordinances, and to prevent or stop petty crime.
f. To ccnfine or remove undesirable elements,
4. In addition to the regular public security bodies, security measures receive
support from cooperating organizations sueh as garrison headquarters and
civic groups. Garrison units of the Communist armies or local forces, in-
cluding the Peiping-Tientsin Garrison Headquarters, are instructed to
aid security by protecting urban communities from the attacks of Nationalist
guerrillas and by quelling popular uprisings. Security cells have been
planted in civic organizations such as the associations of peasants, Workers,
women, youths, students, and intellectuals,
5. Communist controls through civic. groups function in the following ways:
a. Peasants? associations are formed with a core of poor peasants and tenant
farmers and a few well-to-do peasants. These groups are encouraged to
oppress landlords and rich peasants through "accusation meetings" and
"liquidation" or "anti-overlord" movements, The poorer farm groups are
induced to cultivate grudges against the richer elements and to keep a
constant watch on landlords, richer farmers, and "reactionary influences."
Posses of peasants: known as "identification squads", are organized to
search for these perscins and liquidate them. .The poorer peasants form
CONFI
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-3,
the nucleus of the Communist Party and officialdom in the rural areas
and of public security cells. All peasants are urged into peasants'
associatiale? through which they are directed and controlled.
b. Trade union groups, since the workers are considered the most radical
revolutionary elements in the class struggle and the true proletariat,
and because they are better organized as collective bodies, are stressed
by the Communists, The unions are usually formed around a large core of
productive workers with a periphery of communications, handicraft workers,
shopmen and apprentices. They are enccuragato produce more for Com-
munisM.
c. Women's groups are formed by linking women of various professions and
social levels for Communist ends. The main organization, the Federation
of Democratic Women, is led by Communist wanen officials who are experi-
- silted in women's movement work and consists of large numbers of poor
' peasant and working womeniwith a smaller number of well-to-do peasant
women and intellectuals. Women also are encouraged to form comfort
detachments for the army and production cells for the Communists, to
participate in accusation and liquidation activities, and to assist
public security units through espionage, surveillance of suspects, and
eavesdropping,
d, Youth groups are formed of teen-age boys and girls for indoctrination
and for induction into the New Democratic Youth Federation. Some boys
are specially selected for minor services such as courier work, carrying
messages, standing watches, interrogating travelers, or eavesdropping,
e. In urban communities, federations of all sorts have been formed in the
various professions, and Communist agents have been worked into each
group. The federations sponsored by Communists include those of literary
and artistic workers, of journalists, of workers in natural and social
sciences, of youth, of students, and of teachers, and the Sino-Soviet
Friendship Association.
6. Specific control measures utilized by the Communists include both positive
and propaganda pressures, disarming the people and transfer of elements of
the population, When the Communists occupy an area, one of the first steps
is to make an intensive and comprchensive'census survey, registering all
arms. The reaistered weapons are then collectod from unfrienaiy elements
suoh'as landlords, headn of secret societies, qnd other influential onions,
avul from other sections of the population and ore turned ever to loss'
Battalions for Protecting Homesteads Against Bandits or to armed militia
patrol units, In areas known to have many anti-Communist elements, the
authorities usually dispatch a large number of officials and agents to search
for and confiscate hidden or unregistered arms.
7. Another pressure method is the repatriation from the larger cities such as
Shanghai, Nanking, and Tsingtao, of the Nationalist former officials and other
elements, the landlords and rich peasants, who fled from their homes to escape
the advance of Communism, Under the pretext of providing additional farm
labor, Communist authorities arrange repatriation for these persons to their
native places. The local Conference of All Circles sets up a repatriation
commission and the local military control commission and civil authorities
CONFIDENTIAL
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CONE ,JTIAL
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
set up a repatriation office and establish registration forms and procedures,
8. Battalions to Protect Homesteads from Bandits are formed in rural communities
as a means of getting the entire populace into counter-intelligence work.
The inducement to all citizens to participate is emphasis on the necessity
of rooting out all bandits, guerrillas, and Nationalist underground agents
in order to raise the standard of living and improve the political status
of the nation. In cities, similar propaganda induces citizens to join patrol
detachments, either armed or unarmed, Intensive propaganda is constantly
directed against Nationalist secret agents and guerrillas and any reaction-
ary elements, and their removal and destruction is encouraged as "uprooting
bandits."
9, A strict control is also exercised in factories. When the Communists took
over industrial establishments, they determined to prevent the strikes which
had formerly occurred under Nationalist domination. For this purpose, they
station police in all factories, ostensibly to prevent the commission of
sabotage by Nationalist agents, but actually to suppress labor unrest.
Additional control is maintained through trade unions, and through studies,
such as that made by the political department work units of Shanghai Garrison
Headquarters, for a better "understanding" of labor difficulties?
10. An outstanding lever for control in the hands of the Communist authorities
is the census. When the Communists first took over in most localities, they
permitted the continuation of previously valid forms of identification and
only restricted movements of the urban population to a distance within thirty
li of the city. Within a few months after they had control, however, new
census regulations were introduced and movement and residence restrictions
of all kinds wore put into effect, Local public security units (stations
and sub-stations) were required to train persons familiar with the locality
as census officers to make daily, ten-day, and seasonal, reports, and census
records were transferred, for closer control, to security sub-stations.
11, /n addition to the regular registrations for residents, transients, removals,
and vital statistics, new responsibilities rare enjoined upon local authorities.
Chiefs of pao-chia or the newly instituted 31-tsiun 44) system are re-
quired to guarantee that their areas have no undesirable elements in hiding
and are liable to punishment if any laxity towards undesirables is uncovered.
The public security officials are also required to make daily checks on the
district house by house and to keep careful records, comparing information
from neighbors with that submitted by house resident. Any suspicious action
such as incorrect information or contradiction is cause for immediate arrest
and interrogation,
12. Besides the daily house checks, armed patrols and public security cell mem-
bers make spot investigations of street traffic. Persons who cannot produce
residence permits or passage permits are subject to arrest, and any suspect
is arrested as soon as any information is reported concerning him. Census
records are intended to determine the difference in size and composition of
the population before and after the Communist occupation, to show the number
of employed persons and the number of individuals of school aFe; to keep
track of statistics of birth and death and, of movements into and out of the
city; and particularly to look for and keep track of straggling servicemen,
members of secret societies and Nationalist underground groups, armed gangs,
CONFIDEN,tIAL
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.or agent networks, and reactionary Kuomintang and Youth Coups elements and
secret service agents.
13. Census checks, involving house checks of the number of registered residents,
the number present in the house at the time of the check, the professions of
the residents, and the appropriate certificates and removal permits, are made
by the Public Security Bureau as an over-all plan for an entire city, carried
out through the local stations and sub-stations with special adaptation for
each section. Public Security Stations call meetings of ward chiefs, ordinary
citizens, storekeepers, merchants, labor representatives, and hotel managers,
and give each meeting extensive propaganda concerning the necessity of the
census.. Schools and literacy classes are also propagandized, and a system of
rewards and penalties for census assistance or evasion is announced. Each
Public Security Station sets up a census check committee to look after details,
as well as a supervisory corps for work among government organs, schools, fac-
tories; and army units; this group usually contains a number of Communist
agents. Comparison is made of census data from all sourcee, and any dis-
crepancy is investigated. Each citizen is charged with the necessity of
denouncing any suspicious element.
14.
In rural areas, the census system is somewhat differently organized becauee
of the rural administrative districts: hsien (ft ) (counties), ch'u (10 )
(districts), tpcug (boroughs), and hsiao-tsu 61% MD (wards). Each haiao-
tsu includes ten to twenty residences, and several hsiao-tsu form a ts'un.
Slight local divergences exist, as for example in Manchuria, where the lowest
unit is the tsu (*), with ten to fifteen residents, but Anatt,he Antung sec-
tion, the units are the lin 0:41; ),-five residences, or 111 (rei ), twenty-
five residences; the tntT4 ), ten the ch0U several tun; and the
hsien, several chvii. ;There i`s no standard uniform system for all China,
since the pao-ehia system has been abolished.
15. As in the cities, the census check includes registration of visitors. with
the chiefs of ts'un or tsu, and the issuing of passage or removal permits for
departing visitors. In the rural areas, however, the Communist authorities
do not rely on the people for control but concentrate on Communist-dominated
groups such as the peasants' associations, the women's federations, and the
youth federations. Each village, moreover, has a Public Security Cell, with
a core of poor peasants and tenant farmers who, through eavesdropping units,
watch and investigate the activities of all residents,
1.6, Foreign residents are even more rigidly checked than natives, with the double
excuse that there may be spies among them and that their lives and property
must be protected. Regulations concerning foreign residents may be briefly
summarized as follows:
a, Movements can be made only with the permission of the foreign residents
section of the civil affairs departrent of the Public Security Bureau,
issued either by the local security station or by the main city office.
b. Within seven days after a birth, the child's parents or the person in
charge of the residence must submit birth forms and residence records
to the foreign residents' section through the local security station,
and obtain a birth certificate.
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c. Within twenty-four hours after a death, the deceased person's dependents
or, lacking these, the person in charge of the residence, must submit
a death form and residence records and a coroner's certificate through
the local security station to the foreign residents? section. After
this section has canceled the foreign resident certificate of the de-
ceased, a burial permit can be secured.
d. To move, foreign residents must apply for a permit through the local
security station, submitting their residence record and foreign resident
certificate three days before moving. The removal permit must be submit-
ted to the Public Security Station at the new residence.
e. To move out of the city, an exit permit must be secured from the foreign
residents? section of the Public Security Bureau and resident status
must be canceled. Movement from the city is allowed only after the exit
permit has been received and examined by the local Public Security
Station.
Foreigners entering a city must present their identification papers to
the nearest Public Security Station within eight hours of their .arrival.
If approved by the station, they can register as temporary residents,
but if not approved, they are not allowed to stay in any foreign or
Chinese residence or public building.
g. Three days before a marriage or divorce, the participating parties must
register the intent with the foreign residents' section of the Public
Security Bureau and present their resident record, to the local Public
Security Station for adjustment.
h. Foreigners who have more than one residence must establish one place as
a permanent residence and register the others with the Public Security
Bureau with full explanations?
17. Because of the size of their recently conquered territory, the Communist
authorities have not succeeded as yet in establishing complete control in
all districts nor in penetrating to the ultimate depths of all levels of
the population. The shortage of experienced and competent perconnel in
many instances renders Communist control less effective than its intent.
Civic bodies still have many loopholes for anti-Communist activity, and in
large citiesl-such as Shanghai and Nanking, even the strictest enforcement
of the census suffers from the complexity of the area and the large number
of persons involved. The repatriation program has been only partly suc-
cessful, for the same reason.
18. Enforcement of Communist control measures suffers from several difficulties:
from inconsistency and lack of thoroughness, from great shortage of trained
personnel, from lack of organization in many areas, and from independent ac-
tion by some officials without coordination with the main effort. Not only
are many of the new officiali untrained, but in the security cell and census
group particularly, many are poor peasants or small tradesmen who are trying
to make a living at their own businesses in addition to performing their
official duties. Their low economic level also lays them open to bribery
and squeeze. Travel permits and other papers, even for foreign residents,
can be obtained through small payments or even through personal acquaintance
with officialsr.
conFIDENZ
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19s Another control factor not to be neglected is the fact that an actual op-
position to Communism does exist, particularly in the more recently con-
quered areas. .In the cities, many policemen are former Nationalist police
who still retain some loyalty to the Nationalists but accept jobs in order
to make a living. With such officials, many evasions of regulations are
possible. In Nanking, where the census 'was checked. by three-man units
composed of a Connunist soldier, a workers. and a policeman, usually a former
Nationalist, the police made considerable effort to protect political
refugees and Nationalists who were being scught by the other two members
of the unit. With such discrepancies of enforcement as these, Communist
controls ccntinue to be less effective than the authorities wish.
Ahtachmonte: A. Organization of a EUnioipal Public Security Bureau in
a Large City (2 pages).
B. Beien Public SocUrity Bureau (1 page)a
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ATTACIEZNT A
ORGANIZATION OF A MUNICIPAL PUBLIC SECURITY BUREAU ID A LARGE CITY
Public Security Bureau
Commissioner and deputy commissioner
Political commissar
Secretariat with chief and deputy chief
Secretaries, four or five
Documentary Section
Document Transmission Section
Tele-communications Section
Personnel Department with chief and deputy dheif
Organization Section
Rear Service Section
Cadre Section
Education Section
Criminal Affairs Department with chief and deputy chief
Legal Affairs Section
Detective Section
Research and Translation Section
Political Section
Investigation Section
Civil Affairs Department with chief and deputy chief
Census Section
Business and Economics Section
Stallholders Sub-Section
Economics Sub-Section
Business Sub-SeCtion ?
Traffic Section
Peace Preservation Section
Foreign Residents? Section
Social Affairs Department with chief and deputy chief
Supply Department with chief and deputy chief
Auditing Section
Supply Section
Administrative Section
Accounting Section
Fire Control Department with director and deputy director
Fire Brigades
Factories for Public Security Bureau Only with director anideputy director
Public Security Cells
Public Security Regiment
CONFI ENTIAL
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CENTRAL I iLLIGENCE AGENCY
ATTACRIENT A
Air Precaution Committee
Guards
Rescue Corps
Fire Brigades
Salvage Corps
Propaganda Corps
Public Security Station with director and deputy director
Civil Affairs Division, with sections
Criminal Affairs Division, with sections
Personnel Division, with sections
Social Affairs Division, with sections
Supply Division, with sections
Fire Control Division, with sections
Public Security Battalion, with subordinate units
Public Security Sub-Station
Public Security Cells
.. Cell members
This diagram shows the form of Public Security Bureaus in the larger cities
which are directly under the regional Peoplecs government. A similar but
somewhat simpler form is used by municipalities under provincial jurisdiction.
Sub-stations have fourteen or fifteen employees, with a chief and deputy chief
who are either members of the Communist Party or trained in one of the
Communist military or political schools. Security activities are supervised
by Soviet advisers.
The Air Precaution Committee is made up of elements from the Civil Affairs
Bureau of the municipal government and from garrison headquarters and is a
temporary unit, present only in cities under Nationalist air attack,
CONFIDE AIAL
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CONFIZElicAL
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
ATTACTLENT B
HSIEN PUBLIC SECURITY BUREAU
Public Security Bureau
Director and deputy director
Secretary
Civil Affairs Division
Law-and-Order Division
Social Affairs Division
Legal Affairs Division
General Affairs Division
Guard Platoon
.Platoon leader and deputy leader
Political officer
Public Security Battalion
Public Security Cells
Secret service men for individual activities
Plain-clothes agents
Ch2il Public Security Section
Tsoun Public Security Operatives
Public Security Cells
Town Public Security Station
:Chief and deputy chief
Station members
Guards
.Public Security Cells
Secret Service men
CONFIDENTIAL
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