CAMPAIGN FOR SUPPRESSION OF COUNTERREVOLUTIONARIES, SHANGHAI

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00457R009700410004-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 5
• Document Creation Date: December 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 22, 2003
• Sequence Number: 4
• Publication Date: January 19, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

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MIFORMATION REPORT CD NO
eampaigc. for Suppression of
Couaterrevolutionaries, Shanghai
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NO. OF PAGES 5
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THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
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On 27 April 1951 a campaign for the "suppression of counterrevolutionaries"
was IsratIched in Shanghai with a wave of arrests.
10,000 persons were arrested; unofficial estimates ixt the figure
as high as 30,000. Since that date arrests have continued. without inter-
ruption, but it is difficult to estimate numbers correctly because of the
size of the municipality and. the fact that not all arrests are reported
25X1 in the press. I the number of counterrevolutionaries
arresr;ed from 27 April to 31 August as 40,000. The arrests show no sign of
slackening, though in most cases only a few people are involved.
2. The Commutate crrest people without warrant or search permit. Arrests
are executed in complete secrecy at night by detectives in plain clothes.
These detectivee enter by forcing the door or by climbing through win-
dow' when the person wanted is asleep. The ran in the street seldom 'mars
of an arrest at once unless it takes place in the b.ottse he lives in.
A man living in an upper story of a house in the old. French Town was
arreste. one night recently, and the people living downstairs were awakened
only when the detectives asked them to open the house door and let them
out with their prisoner.
3. No one knows whore arrested. persons are detained. The family of the arrest-,
ed Person is allowed to carry food twice a week to the Police Headquarters
on Toochow Road for forwarding to the prisoner. His relatives are not
allowed. to see him while he is in Jail. The accused himself seldom knows
what he is charged with and cannot have the services of a lav7ar. He is
completely at the mercy of Ms captors.
When a ten is arrested. he may be tried by any one of the following courts;
a. The Commission of Military Control of Shanghai Municipality.
b. The People's law Court of Shanghai Municipality ( ( PL )
. The People' i Local Court of Shanghai Municipality ( k
d. The Headquarters of the Oarrison Commander of Shanghai and Wusung
(it t )'
CLASSIFICATION complarrIAL
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CONTIDNTal
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
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e. The Public Safety Bureau of Shanghai Municipality.
f, Public Trial,
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There ie no staniard rule as to which court shettid try which case. Most
cases are handled by the Petblic Safety Bureau or the Peoples Law Court.
For public trials, the practice was formerly to summon representatives
from all quarters of the city, and the proceedings were broadcaet for
radio listeners later participation was limited to those who lived in
the vicinity of the accused"s home, and still later to the residents of
his street.. The reason for limited. Participation was that when the =I.*
ber of people was too great, the rajority of those present did not know
the accnsed. at all, and. hie public trial failed. to achieve the desired.
effect.
5. Trials ere also conducted by the Gormittee for the Examination of
Counterrevolutionary Cases j-Z it ) and. the Plenary
Conference of the Municipal Council C i 14 i 4,0 t
Theee were organized. after a resolution had been paesed by the "Plenary
Oceeereene et People's Representatives of All Circles in the Municipality
of Shanghai" These two organizations held the preliminary examination
of counterrevolutionary cases before they are transferred. to the Public
Safety Bureau or Peoplet s Law Court for trial,: The findings of all
courts i 71 Shanghai are subject to confirmation by the Committee of
Milatary Control,
awe governing the puniohnent of counterrevolutionaries an. confiscation
of their property were promuleated by the Administrative Yuan on 23
Juno 1951.. Actue.11,y the property of counterrevolutionaries sentenced. to
death or life imprisonment. or with suspended. death seneences, had. near-
ly all been confiscated, with the exception of a part set aside for the
support of the family, long before this promulgation, which simply
regularized an exiting state of affairs. The regulations provide& for
the orgaaization or "committees for the total suppression of counter-
revolutlinaries at basic lava..;" and fixed the procedure for bringing
counterrevolutionaries to trial and the punishment to which they were
liable?
There ar 3 three types of punishment - death. imprisonment and. parole.
Death sentences may be susnended for two years, dueang which the con-
vict dove forced. labor and.. shows evidence of reform. Parole may last
from one to five years. Criminals who do not deserve imprisonment are
handed over to the police, who are responsible for their control and.
reform. The police may.in rcarilling this responsibility,call on the
assistaree of the general public. The prisoner on parole is deprived
of his political rights and of the right to certain special services,
defined in the official document "Temporary Methods or Controlling
Counterrevolutionary Elements in Shanghai" as follows 4-
a. The orivilege of casting a vote in an election and the right to
stand for election.
b. The right to hold. an official post in the government service or
any mblic organization.
c.. The right to receive decorations and honorary titles from the
Government
The right to recclve bontlees frcan the Government,
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CONFIDENTIAL
CESTRAL IITTELLICESCE AGENCY'
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e. All freedom of speech, pf writing or publication. of forming an
organization or calling a meeting, of travel or change of residenco.
t. me right to own certain specified businesses and engage in certain
specified occupations.
8, The PUW.ic Safety Ilureau sometimes, but not always, dictates to persons
on pare0,e what work they are to do. The method adopted for watching a
person on parole is for thelpolice to enlist the help of the paroled
man os neighbors through the "Committee for the Total Suppression el'
Counterrevolutionaries at Basic Levelei This committee
a. Bolas meetings before which the 'Person on parole is required to
voice his repentance.
Notes down his words and actions.
c, Imposes regulations, such as an 8 P.M,: curfew.
The numl,ero tried for counterrevolution in all courts at Shanghai be-
seem 27 April and 31 August 1951 are shown in Aependix A. The table is
confirmtd by a recent announcement putting the number tried in this
period tt 8,000 Those sentenced to death (including suepended death
sentences) are usually renorted by name. Life imprisonment Is rarely
imposed, but names are sometimes given. Paroled and acquitted prisoners
are never named.
IO. Defendants on trial are normally accused in the following categoriesn.
a, Traitors (4. 01- )
b. Nationalist agents ( )
o, Local gang leaders )
de, Educational spies ( it' )
e, Vagrants ( 15e )
Traitors form a class of spies which includes those who worked for the
Japanese as well as those who worked for the foreign settlements in
China. Yost of these persons are also accused as local gang leaders.
Until now the Communists have seen fit to use their services in local
government offices. Lawbreakers had often served as spies
25X1 many- such being released from jail. and set to work. Follow
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25X1 ing Cele line of thought, when the Communists caught men who had been
released ty the Nationaliste after being convicted and sentenced to die,
they put them to death at ?nee.
n2, the LC Ching-shih faction
( ,t )t the CHIANG Ch ngekno faction, the Military Bureau of
25X1 Iavestipation and Statistics', the Sino-Anerican Alliance ( 11
tie MAO Sen ( It 10 group, the Youth Corps, etc. DU Chingeshihls group
if! the largest. It is in reality a labor underground gronp. Next in size
is the CHIANG Chin-Uno faction. The Military Bureau of investigation and
Statistics had 3,000 men in Shanghai, but when disloyalty develoned in
the ranks, men like LUX Iungechao (it 14 16 ) surrendered to the
Comnunists and confessed. Connection between this Shanghat group and
Tatt)41 Vas then-completelylsevered. LiA0 was with the Central Military
tlrattu ,,:: Investigation and Statistics for a considerable time, but left
it in 1945 to become Snperintendent of Police in Nongkev. Re was later
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COVIDEUTTAL,
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transferred to police headqnarters as chief of theadminletretive
departmeat, After his surreeder to the Communists he vas allowed a
pension equal to 80 percent, of his original pv, but was required to
eeport to the police once a:week.
13, Another group of persons now indicted as spies are the
Hung Pang, which was hearted. by YANG ea, garrison camrsinder of Shanghai
25X1 and Shienag in 19,), when many Communists were butchered on his orders.
How he has gene oeer to the,Communists. Also indicted were members of
the Ch'iag Pang,which vas uader the joint leadershAp HUNG Chin-Jung
(i 4: CHANG Hsiao-iin and TU YUth-sheng, HUANG retired from
public affairs many years ago. His followers had no political cennections.
25X1 being most rofessional bezers, jugglers, etc. Although placed under
25X1 arrest, he rease1 a ter he had signed a rePentance vole
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25X1 T leeheeheng was meet active n poll tical circles
an it entC xist wo of his disciples, L Ching-shih4 and 10U
25X1 Kuelehslen were vell-kmwa labor leaders with high posts In the National-
25X1 ist Goveeement. Ter himself had a seecial following among most of the
Ispiess
elders eed street. headmen.. The majority ofl
hrrested belong ev theft CG Heiao-lin and TJ Yaehesheng groups; few
are members of the Military Eureau of Investigation and Statistics
The only other iefluential leader was FE1G CiPiets'eng ( 44 SL it ),
who utied to be a guerrilla under the Military Nureau of Investigation
25X1 and .Statistics, Le had a Large following
He is now with the Communists,
15, Yost of the locah gang lenders depended on the Red and Green Secret
Socletiee for their influence, They are eepecialle numerous among labor
leaders. NecaUse of their copnection with the Secret Service they are
no longer trusted, and are being removed without mercy by the Communists
ie creer to impreve coatrol of the workers.
Ildeeeteoeal spiee are feu in number and include personi
thQhasbii..atenced to lire tulorisonment.
25X1 Re was a skilled propaganda writer. At one time he wished to go over to
25X1 the Copenunist sieo. but did eat succeed. He then planned to go to Hong
Kong, but was arrested at the Shanghai Railway Station as he attempted
to board a train? It is thought that he would not have leen arrested if
he had not attemeted to esoape.. His crimes were alleged to be swing,
prepaganda-spreaeing, helping others to flee to Taiwan and planning to
do tee same hinself. Mane eueh propaganda writers were tried, but none
of then received such severe punishment. There is no proof that he help"
ed anyone to go to Taiwan. His crime was his attempt to leave China.
It is believed that the heavy punishment was am example to frighten
othere who were planning to go to Taiwan.
17. The puniohment for being a vagrant seems to be over-hash.. CHMG Tenn-
fan was an insigLificant vagrant who was sentenced to death. It is
believed that this is a case of punishment for an examnIsh
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18. Other crimes inelude the following:
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e. Seperstitious beliefs; These mast be suppressed, according to the
Communists, because people with faith in gods and spirits are not
sufficeentle submissive to political orders; their total suppression
is therefore necessary to establish supremacy of power,
t. Reactionary political affiliations 17.1 Ju-sheng was one of the
Parlianentary representatives of Shanghai under the Nationalist
Government. He visited Taiwan and Chouehan after the fall of Shanghai.
According to the normal rules, he would hare been shot for being a
reactionary vho shows no sign of repentance, but he was given life
imprisonment. There mey have been a nereonal reason for such leniency.
c. Labor espioaage: This is charged against recalcitrant factory work-
era vho are unsubmissive to trade union eolicy. Recently a certain
CHEU Siao-eco and his whole tartly were put to death beeanee CHEN
vas foend to be a "spy" in his factory. Workers, however, have a
habet of matntaining friendly feeling and relations with their lead-
er, even thtegh he be a "labor 'my". For this reason, it is very-
difficult to conduct a "struggle meetings in apy factory, because
the workers do not wish to accuse each other. Such rueders as that
of CREN do rot produce the desired intimidating effect,
Tee Comnunists lave no fixed method of determining penalties. A good
ezemele is the C1188 of WU Chengewei and Pr Chiechang, who were the
claws and teeth of the Japanese gendarmes. Six Commentate had been
slaughtered by the Jaoanese through their agency; therefore PT and WU
were arrested. but WU was sentenced to only fifteen years and Pl to only
six years imnrieonment.
e0. Merchants or persons connected in a prominent capacity with local organ-
izations are often released on bail. Tor instance, one RO Ping-hang was
a sub-menager of the Agriculture and Industry Bank, Re joined a party
eemnathetic to the regime aud paid a fee of JMP 2.000,000,000 whereby
he became a member of the Shanghai Municipal Council. Because he confess-
ed this after hie arrest ant supnorted his confession with evidence; he
was allowed to go free.
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Tueh-shengi
renorte related to the recent death of TU
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