JPRS ID: 8194 TRANSLATIONS ON USSR INDUSTRIAL AFFAIRS

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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. : CFOUO ir79>

2 JANUARY i979 R - i OF i
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_ JPRS L/8194
2 Jenuary 1979
,
_ ~
TRAHSLATIONS ON USSR INDUSTRIAL AFFAIRS
, (FOUO U79)
u. s. ~oi~r ~~ic~TioNS ~~cH ~vic~ -
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N07'~
JPRS p~blicat!ons contain informaCion primarily from foreigrr
newspapers, periodicals and booka, but also from news agency `
- tranemisaions and broadcasts. Materials from forc~ign-langua~re -
_ sources are trxnslated; those from English-language sources
are tranacribed or reprinted~ with ehe original phrasing and
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Headlines, editorial reporta, and material enclosed in brackets
_ are supplied by JPRS. Procesaing indicators such as [';~xtJ
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processed. Where no processing indicator ~s given, Chc: infor-
- mation was aummarized or cxtracted.
_ Unfamiliar names rendered phoneti~ally or translitE~rated are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preCeded by a ques-
tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the
original but have been supplied asappro~riate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
_ item origtnate with the source. Times within i.tems are ae
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,
The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli-
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_ 018LIOGRA~HIC OATA 1. Repott No. 1rP~ L/ 8194 Z Reeipient'~ Acce~sion No.
SHEET -
. u cin u t u e eport ate
TRANSLATIOt1S ON USSR INDUSTRIAL AFFAIRS, (FOUO 1/79) . 2 Jaz~uary 1979
6.
y. Author(~) t� Ptttormins Or~~nitation Rept.
No.
9. Per(ormins Ocjaniz~cion Neme aad Addre~� 10. ProjeetlT~s{c/Mor~ Unic No. -
Joint Publicatione Research Seuvice -
1000 North Glebe Road ~ t 1. Cootnet/Gnnc No. ~
Arlington~ Virginia 22201
" 12. Sponsotin~ Or~~ni:~tion Name and Addtess 1~. Type of Rcport !c Period
Corered
As above ~
t~.
1S. Supplementuy Notei
16. A scrace~
- This seria~ report contains information on the development and productivity
of the auta~notive and tractor induatry; chemical induRtry and chemical ~
~ machinery output; electronic and precision equipment; metallurgy and
_ metalworking equipment; construction equipment and building materials.
7. Kcy ~ords .od D�umeoc Aoalr.i., 7~. De~cripcas
, USSR
_ Automotive Induatry Hetalvorking Equipment
_ Agricultural Machinery Economics -
Chemical Industry
Construction
Conatruction Materials _
Construction Equipment
Elecironics Industry
Netallurgy
17b. Weetifiers/Opeo-Eaded Terms
~ v4 COSATI Fie:d/Grou 2C SC 7A 11F 13C 13F 13H 13I 13M
p ~ ~ . . r ~ . .
A~~iiabilicr Statemcnt 1. Secrricr Cla~s (Thi~ 21. Ko. o( Pa=es
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY. Limited Number of R`P�"~ 36
~
Copies Available Prom JPRS ucur ass 2Z Pr:cc
P,~e
N A
sOw~ Nrif-ff ~w~v. ~�s~~
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~rnRS z/si9a .
2 Jatzuary 1979
= TRANSLATIONS ON USSR INAUSTRIAL AFFAIRS
- cFOV~ ~/~9)
COHT~NTS PAGE
- AUTOMOTIYE AND TRqCTOR T.ND~U3TRX
USSIt ReportP~ly Seeki~ng Western Atd ir~ Producing Ne~r Car
(K,enneth Gaodiag; 18E FINANCIAL 'F]MES, 4 Dec 78) ~ . . . . . . 1
CONSTRUCTION, CONSTRUCTION MACHINERy, AND RUTLDJpG MATERIALS ~
Siting ac~d Layout of Eieating-Svstrm Boilerhou~es Described
(KOTEL'NYYE UST'ANO'VKI, 1977) 3
- METALWORKI~IG EQUI~PTT
Reliability of Hachine Tools Hith Digital Prograa Control
in Operation
(A. S. T.api,d~us, et al. ; STANKI T INSTRUME~iT, NTo 10, -
- ~978)........~....~ 19
Methnd of Estimating the Process Iteliability of Machine
Tools With Digital Progrea Cc,ntrol -
(V. S. Starodubov, H. S. Ukoloa; STANKT I INSTRUMENT,
No 10, 1978) 24
Hungariaca-Soviet Cooperatipn in Hachine Tool Suilding
(T. Gaaori; STA.NKI I INSTRUI~iT, No 10, 1978).......... 33
- a - (III - USSR - 36 FOUO)
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AUTOMOTIVE ANA TRACTOR INDUSTRY
USSR REPORTEDLY SEEKING WESTERN AID IN PRODUCING NEW CAR
London Tl{E FINADiCIAL TIMES in Engli~h 4 Dec 78 p 1 LD
- [Dispatch by motor industry correspnndent Kenneth Gooding: "Ruesia in
_ Talks on New Car"]
[TexCj Moscow, 3 Dec--The Soviet Union wants to put a family saloon of
Cortina size on the road as quickly as possible, and has had initial
discussions with a handful of Western European manufac:turers about the
project.
Ford, General Motars--which makes Opel and Vauxhall cars in Europe--Renault
_ and Citroen have been involved in the talka. The Russians inatst that
though the pro~ect is in its very early stages, some Western car-makers
are seriously interested.
Negot~ations will be complex, but the Soviet Ministry of Automobile Trangport
~ hopes they will be completed in time for the start of the next fiYe-year
plan in 1981. -
The idea would be for one of the two plants near Moscow now making the
outdated Moskvich cars to switch production to the family saloon, which
would be identical with a model. ~z~+duced in the West. Up to 200,000 a~cear
would be produced.
At present the Soviet Union wants the Western manufacturers to pay for the -
reequipment programme and then take cars produced at the Moscow plant in
payment.
About 30 percent of the output would be exported and any of the companies
named could easily absorb the 60,OOU to 70,000 cars a year involved in
their European sales networks.
Produc:tion costs are much lower in Russi~ than in the West and the scheme
_ ~ould be highly profitable for the Western manufacturer concerned.
1
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EOit ()FFICIN. U5E ()NLY
:
BuC tremendous obstacles have co be cleared away for the project tu come tu
_r fruition, noe t}~e least of them Che poliCic~71 problems f.acin~ U.S.-owned
concerns like Ford and General Motorr3 in a deal of thts sort.
. COPYKIGHT: The Financia7.'I'imes Ltd., 1978 -
CSO: 1~i27 I
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CONSTRUCTION, COIVSTRUCTION MACHINERY, AND BUILDING MATERIALS
SITING AND LAYOUT OF HEATING-SYSi~( BQILERHOUSFS DESCRIBED
.
Moscow KOTII,~NYYE USTANOV?SI in Russi~n 1977 pp 39g-410
_ [Chapter 10 from the buok, "Kotel'nyye Ustanovki" [Boilertiouse Installa-
tions], by K. F. Roddatis, ~erg~v~; passages between slantlines printed
~ in fine type)
[Fxcerpt] 10-1. The Siting of Heat-Supply Sources
When siting a boilerhouse that will serve as the heat-supply source for an
� enterprise and a housing district, an effort is made to place it close to
the cent~r of the heating load, giving consideration to the direction of
the prevailing w3.nds (or wind rose), the location of the liousing tracts,
planted greenery, the local terrain, the ground-water level, water-supply
sources, the potent=.a1 for establishing cinder heaps, and a number of
other circumstancea that are govsrned by the approp^iate construction and
other norm s and regulations, as well as the potential for flu~ther expan-
sion durir~ the estimated period of development of the district in ques-
tion. In so doing, the possibility is created of canbining existing or
pl~~ned boilerhouses and heatir~g grids of other districts with the boiler- -
house being designed.
The 1:-nd on which the bo3lerhouse or heat-supply source is to be located -
shoul~.i have reliable ground that can serve as a natural frn.uidation for the -
build~ir~ and structures. Earthmoving and other leveling work should be
mini~nal.
The boilerhouse building, the facil.ity for receivir~g and dischargir~g solid
and. li~uid fuel,and the railroad tracks should, as a rule, be situated
parallel to f;he contour of the natural relief. TY~e terra3n should also be
considered when si~ing facil.ities for removing clinker and ash from the
builP.-nouse. Where the clinker and as~ cannot be used for constrsetion or
' other specific ~.nzrposes, the dumps for them should be placed on land sec-
- tion~~ ~hat are closest to the boilerhouse P:~i are unsuitable or less suit-
able for other purposes, ar outsi3e the boilerhouse grounds~ preferably in
guZlies or :t marshy pl~;,ces. Cinderiheap dimensions are chASen on the
hasis of a boilerhouse's operation for 10-25 years.
\
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2~OR OF~'ICT11L USf: O;VLY
The disch,~rge of water �rom the gro~inds and �rom the boil.erho;z,3~ ,~uildis~ _
should be executed and coordinated with the n~twork of u~idustrialf st~rm,
and household sewer systems for the whole ~~rea of the erterprise or� thc
- land that has been set asia~ for constructi~n of t,he boiler}iouse. I~.fflu-
ent from the chemical water-treatment, m~zut and lubricant activit,ies, -
from ~rasi~ing the external heating surfaces of boiler una.ts, and from acid-
flushing and other flushin~ of equipment should be ne~xtralizea and purified
of solid-particle, petroleum-product and other pollutants, and cooled ?.o s
temperature below 40 degrees Celsius, and onl.y after this released 3nto
the sewer system. I
In desi.gning boilerhouses for industrial enterprises, roads, structures
and btiildings for li::e purposes shouZd be amalgamated. The grounds of a
boiler house~ if it is located outsicie the industrial er.tergrise and has
an open area with the equipment, warc;housas, transport installations and
communications located on tr?em, should be furnished with all the convenieri-
ces~ a protective zone planted to ~;reenery, and surrounded by .3 2.~;-meter
chain-link fence. The distances (gaps) that corres~.~nd to the construc-
tion norms and regulations and roads that will enable transport and fire-
department operations to be performed should be stipulatcd between bu31d-
~ ings, structures an~ the fuel storage and other installations. The main
access route to the grounds and the ring road arounci t,he boilerhouse will
be built from the nonextensible end of ~he bo~lerhouse buildir,g. Joir.ing
the boilerhouse grounds to the common-carrier railroad i~ planned ir~ cooa-
dination with the appropriate railroad administration. Premises~ buildings
and structures that present fire hazards should be made of noncombustible
materials. The categories of the various parts of the boilerhouse build-
ing and auxiliary structures and premises and the characteristics of the
= materials that are required for trem are fixed. In choosing the materi3ls
and structure for str~ctural. members of boilerhouse buildings, the requtre-- _
ments of the Principles [L. [Bitiiography, not reproduced] 1, 2 and 18]
and other appropriate SNiP's [Construction Norms and Rsgulationsj and
Principles, including electrical-engineering specifications, should be
considered.
10-2. Boilerhouse Buildir~gs
It is customary to classify be;.lerhouses as enclosed, se;~ior~n and open:
at enclosed boilerhouses all ~he equi~ment is placed ~nside th~ huiidir~;
~n semiopen boiler}~ous:s, aaxiliary equipment-deaerators~ t; n;cs, ash
traps, flue-gas pumps and fans- i~ :;natalled oLtside ~he building; and at
open boilerhouses shelter is provided for regular servicing of the basic
~ equipment-the boiler units-but only the co~troJ. ranels and pur~r.s ~nd
filters for the chemical water purifiers are pla~ad ins;de buildir~ s.
The basic equipment for aten-type boiler houses shoul.d 'oe specially adap:�-
ed to operation at below-freezing ambient temperatures. -
IIoilerhouses situated at inhabited places should, a~ a r~~le, be c: the en-
closed type, but on the grounds of industrial enterprises t~~e;,~ c:~ be -
ar~y t;~pe, if climatic conditions and the equipr~~er.t pe ,~~it.
4
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Boilerhouse buildings can be built to be freestanding or cont3guous to .
ather buildings--interlocked.
Bo~.l.erhouee premises are interlocked with production departmEnta at aome -
ent~rprises, at munic3.pa1 and domdstic-amen3.tias build3riga (except for the
ba~hhouse) and at the eervices build:ings of therapeutic 3nstitutiona. The
boilerhouse-i's separated from other premiaes by a apecial substantial -
fireproof wa11; no prem3ses of any kind are placed above the boiler units.
S~metjmea bo3lerhousea are placed inaide production, social or houaing ~
buildir~ga~ part. of the premiaes being allocated for them~ such boilerrooms
are said to be built-in.
The installation of hoiler unita oy' all types and ahapes in~ide production
- premisea i~ accomplished by the forming of a bo3lerroom premise with a
height of at least 2 meters~ with noncombustible partitions, flaor and
ceiling.
Wast~heat recovery boilers and power-engineering units can be isolated -
from the operating premise together with the tecrxnologi;;sl units. Free~-
standing buildings are most v;idely used for '?,oilerhouses.
Modern boilerhouse buildings ar~ erected, as a rule, with one-~tory frame- -
works with aingle-alignment apans of equal Width and height. When the
equipment, must be placed in several stories, pavil;orr-type buildings with '
built-in etageres are used. The d3mensions of the s~ans of buildings are
to be 1?, 18, 24 and 30 meters; for small boilerhouae3, spans of 6 and 9
_ meters are peimitted. Aside from columna, outer walls with pilasters can
be load-bearing building members where the spans are ;mall (6, 9 and 12
, meters), the hei.~ht is small (up to 7.2 meters) and no load-lifting mech-
_ aniams re~t on the walls. Where the sgan is 12 meters or more, only col-
wnns with spaci.-~g of 6 or 12 meters are used. For thF. multistory portion
of a boilerhouse building, it is proper, for example~ to use colwnn grids
of 6x7 or 6x9 meters at the nonext~nsible end. The 1?eight of boilerhause
buildings dependa upon the size of the span and is established in size
multiplea of 0.6 to 1.6 meters.
If part of the building is to be multistory, then the grade levels of the
storiea should be~ 3.6, k.2 and 6 meters~ except for the first floor, which
can have a height of 7.2 meters. Where the building~s height is less than -
?�2 metera, its l.oaci-bearing outer walls can be made of brick or of other
masonry units. A. b~ilerhouae building can have an s~sh story with the
tloor level at tFae grade level of the grounds only where a special scheme
for clinker and e~sh removal is used or where there ia a high grounci-water
level: an ash st~ory should not be specially separated.
_ If equipment that imparts dynamic loadings on footings--crushers, mills,
flue-gas pumps, fans, and so on-is installsd in a boilerhouse, the foot-
ings erected for it are not ~oined to the floor and walls of the buildir~g.
The outer Nalls, socle, and inner walls of buildings with load-bearir~g
columns are made of hunig pnnels made of lightweight concre+.e or keramzit
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concrete~ or of masonry pi~ces; partitions are made of gyp~um-conci~~te
_ panels or other panels. Apertures for doors and windows and h~les .for the -
passage of gas and a3r lines and pipel3nes and for the 3.nstallation of
modularized equipment are made in walls and part.itions. Structure for the `
wAll at the extensible end of a boilerhouse buildirig should all~w for _
the exe~ution of construction and installing operations. Interst~ory ceil-, -
ing floors are made af concrete slabs, which are laid on crossbars that
rest on calumn pzu~ections. The roofs of boilerhouse bu3ldings consist of
reinforced-concrete plates~ with a thermal insulating layer made of foam
or aerated cc,ncrete, which are protected by bituminous ~r rollad material, -
glued to the smoo~hed surfuce by a cement coupling. Reinforced foam- ~
- concrete slabs of 1.5x6 meters that ccxnbine planking and insulatic+n are -
- being u9ed more widely. A waterproof carpet with a protective layer of
mastic and gravel applied to it is placed on top of the roof; the use of
s}~yli~hts is 13mited. Floors should be strong, resistant to heat and `
moisture, noncombustible, and not stxsceptible to destruction by the tem-
porary effects of oil~ acids and alkalies. Conduits are laid in boile~
house floors for the removal of clinker and ash, for feed lines for air to
firebox installations, for electri.cal and other cable, and for pipelines _
for wat~r and sewage; openings are sometimes left in the floor f.or the
footings under the equipment. The floor can be one-piece of several la,y-
ers or made of slabs. The windows more often than not are made in the
form of separate openings or long str3ps; large apertures are divided '
- into parts by posts and beams; the window c3sements are attached ~o the
posts and beams, which t�ransmit the casement load and the wind Zoad to ths ~
lor.d-bearing parts of the building. The window si113 are made at an angle
of 50 degrees, and the height of the aperture is in multiples of O.G to ~
4�g meters. Doors are to be 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0 meters wid~ and 2.~. mt~ers
high; they are marrufactured from steel or metal framework or are made of ~
wood with felt lini.ng impregnated w~th clay and with steel-sheet lining.
E~Cit doors from the boilerroom premises should open outward and not have
locks; other doors open inward and are loc?c~d. There shc~uld be at~
loast two exits from the bo3lerhouse with fire esca e on opposite sides
- (if outside, in a storm porch or stairwgy enclosure~. Gates ;rom the -
boiler-unit premises are c~ade of two halves that ~pen wide outward for the ti
passage o� tr~:isF,ort, have a hei.ght of 2-4 meters and a width of 2.4 4� ~
me~ers and incorporates a wi.cket gate for pedestrians. -
If clinker and ash a�re removed and fuel is brought in through the gates, .
then in are~s where the av~rage sir temperature for the year's coldest �
5-day pPriod is below -5 degrees Celsius, a stonn porch or a heated ~creen
is installed. Conveyors anci the bunker for solid fu~l shauld be separated
from the boilerroan premises by noncanbustible partitions. If the bunkear
and the charging em:~ponents are installed in a comnnon premises the con-
veyor mechanism shoul.d not contaminate the premise with f~el and f~Zel ~
dust. The solid-f~el bunker is made of r~inforced conc:rete or of steel
with a volume that will enable at least 1.5-3 t~curs cf operation of the
boiler unit at full load and f~ll des^,ent of fuel by gravity feed.
The steel bi:nkers are covered on the outside by thennal insulatiaz t.Q i~~- _
vent condensation of steam on their walls. ~el bunkers rest on coll~~:~
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or c;rossbars or are Ynxng from them. The span between the eolumn ~ces of
the bnnker galler~,~ or the columna that are built into the premises are to
- be 3.0 and 6.0 mflters. Above the bunker, the width of the gaLleries for
fuel feed depends upon the number and sizes af the f~el-t,ransport mechan-
isms: they ac~~oin the boilerhouse at the non,sxtensible end of the build-
ing, not resting u~,on the load-bearing walls o~~ the building~s framework.
An example uf execu~~ir.g such a boilerhouse building, for 35 MW (30 Gcal~hr)
and made of prefabricated reinforced concrete, 3s shown in figure 10-1.
_ The load-bear3.r~ structure has heen ~~xecuted in the form c~f a framework
w3.th col~unns, concr, te-slab ceil3.n~i floors, reinforced-concrete g:trders -
. and 8. plate roof with thermoi~.nsula~~3.ng layer and water insulation and a
cove.~~ng uf rolled material.
f
- g~~~. ~rno . . ,
' ~ T ~?_~r;r iJ7U0 I
- f1,V00 ~ , ~
6,600 ~ e p --1 ~
y 3600 ~
i
- 0, ISO
~
'i
14000 � 6J00 600U ~ 6D00 6/.+CC 6000~ SD00 b000 .
~ 4100 ~ +
~
Figure 10-1. Dimensions TpONCQ1CDN0~~ NC
r and Scheme of a 3oilerhouse % n~dcmztiuuA ~ 1~ , -
Bui1d Based on 35 MW (30
Gc sl~~ with Boiler Unit s �g ~ oao- Ilacoce~ . -
That Burn ~olid Fhel in a ovucmKY ~ � �
; Bed (Design by Latgiproprom o 0
[Latvian 3tate Regional In- � b ~ _
stitute for the Des' n of � � � ~
� -
Industrial Equipment �o I H~xpnUVr,CKO. 1~ ~ `
`O A~ nQtmoptrRA~~-F R
Key! 6000 bUOG ; 6000 , oi100 6000 F000 6~JC
1. TransformPr station. -'~~"~`a1ooo
2. Chemical water purifier. ~
3. Pumps. -
4� Machine shop.
Solici fuel is fed by belt corrveyors that are located in an inclined gal-
lery ~nd over the bunkers. Clinker and ash removal has been mechanized.
All the basic and auxiliary equipcnent has been pl�^ed in one pavilion-type
_ premise, which is separated from the machine shap, s~rvices and amenities -
premises by partitions; the transfonner substation h~s been placed outside
~ the building.
A still simpler boilerhouse building at which gas and mazut are burned xs `
shawn in figure 10-2, where the built-in etagere and services and ameniti,es
_ ~
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premi~es that are aituated the nonextensiblc end of the buildin~; are
seen in ~;levation.
~-n ~
~1:--~C~i~ ~f~,~zog - - - -
I~~
s,9Fnn ~~I ~ =
~ I � coun _
: o, .v~_ - - . ~ -
I ~ ~ J
a �
_ n y l! U00
6D0(1 I ;PBUC 9000 60017 ~ F
, __-__y~ _ _ ,
- 1 / NOB
~ , - -
, II ~
r- , . - , ~ -
~ ~ -
~ e
, i o XBO ~rn
1E (1) ~2) ~
o i
, J
~ ~
~I b
. . __~n ~T ~ 0~~ � f � ~ ~ t
. ~ I .I ~,J~
b I ~ ~ ~ ~ � - - ~ .
I ~ . ' I '
S9GC C,?00 6UC1 (000 c~: c'.' f,,,,. ~"~10~ 6000 60C(' ~
;---.t---~--1----~-~-- - , -
_ I 5100~
F~------- - - _
Figure 10~-2. Dimensions and Scheme for Boilerho~zse Building Basec~ on i05 ~
MW (9~? Gcal~hr) with Steel Hot-Water Boilers for Gas and Mazut (Design by
Latgiproprom [Latvian State Regional Institute for the Design of Industri
~ al Equipment]).
K~y: -
1. KhVO [management]. _
2. KTP [technical monitoring point].
The choice of dimensions for the building is determined by the factory-
stated clearances.of the equipment and by the size of the passages between
the equipment and curtain-wall structure, which is governed by the Prin-
ciples and by construction norms. _
In order to provide for mechaniaation of the installation and repais of
equipment in the boilerhouse premises, beams and adapters for attaching
load-lifting devices should be stipul3ted, if the weight of the parts x~-
- moved is more than lOC1 kg. For the heaviest parts, provisions shoula be
;r~ade for br3ngizg up a truck crane or other similar mechanisms.
8
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~ ~'Ok UI~F'ICIAL U5~ ONLY
10-3. ~quipment Layout.
Inside the t~+~ildi.ng the boilerhouee equipment ahould be placed 1.n a,ccord-
ance with the layout developed by the plant that manufactures the boiler
ur~its or in accordance with a mtandard design. Other layouts are allowed
- only ,~iuring rebuild~rig. The bo~ler units are plac~d with:n the premise
in ~ne row with t}~e aervicing front facing ~indow c~penjr.gs~ end it 1s de-
airable that the heat-recovery surfaces-the water economi~er arad water
nreheater--~nd the auxil3.ary ~quipm~nt ~mills, forced-draft fans~ arranf,e- ~
- metits for ~crubbing flue gases and flue-gas pumps) be pla^ed before and after
each separate boiler tulit indivtdu~lly. The only exception to this are
cast-iron boilers th~t are modularized in ~wo units, their side walls
~oining.
The general b~ilerhouse equipment that serves to prepare *.he water, and
a:.so the heat exchangers and pumps~ ere located in the boilerhouse at the
- nonextensible end of the buildjng. Ab~ve the w~teripreparation equipment,
where the layout is enclosed, ~vhe deaerAtor i.~ insta'lled in auch fashion
that the distance therefrom to the pumps that feed the ~:ater i~;~o the
boiler unit ~rill be anall. The place for water preparatSon usuel.ly is -
isolated by a wall, and in it ~re placed ~!ntegra~ted trr~nafortrier sub~ta-
tions, workahops t'or the repair of boilerreom equipment ~ monitor~r~g and
measurSr~ instruments, and other service9 and premises for the amenities. `
F3gure 10-3 shows an enclosed layc~ut for a boilerhouse with faur cast-iror, ~
~er iya-6 hot-water boilers that op~rate on soli.d fuel (AS [anthracite
- seed~, PZh [boiler and forge coal] and brown coal), ~rith a total thermal -
productivity of 2.3-3�5 MW (2-3 Cca~~hr).
" ~The boilerhouse is deaigned ~or heat supply under an enclosed aystem and
" for supplyi,r~g hot water in accord.ance r~ith a circulating system with accu-
mulator tanks. -
A four-pipe system has been adopted for districts where the lowest a~atside
_ air temperature tout.air is -!{0 degrees C. A fuel warehause of the en-
closed type is selected and it is place~ at the part of the boilerhouse
. where tr.e expansion thei�eof is anticipated, in a boilerhouse ~compartment
_ of bx12 meters; fuel is fed fran the warehause ta the boilerhause by
means of electric~l ta~ist Rnd narrow-gage car, and into the wr,rehaise by -
- automotive transport. Cl~nker and ash are retnoved by means ~f a scraper
3nto a bunker in the boilerhouse liuilding. The clinker and ash are
brought out from the bunker by automotive transport.
Geses move along undergrcrund h~~rizontal flues to the steel fiue from the
NIIOGAZ [State Scientific-fte~eRrch Institute for Industri~l and Sanitar^~
Gas Scrubbing~ cyclone~ by flue-gas pumps.
Hater is prepared under a scheme for sir~{le-stage treatment ~,~ith a sodium
cationite with wet storagP of salt and with vacuum deaeration; the water
9
.
FOR ~rFZCI~. i.'S~ 0~:.:'
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I
1~OR O~~iC1AI. U5i: (INLY
id supplied from wetor m~i.nsi prvduction and anen~,ties sewr~e ay3i:em3 huve
bdc~n medo separute. ~
- -
Figvire 10-3. Dncl~sed Lay-
out of Cquipment for ~ Boi.~ - _
erhouse with C~strIron Hot-
r y �
W~?ter Boilera, DeveloFed by ; ~ !
w~w y
~ Santgkhproyekt [State De-
sign Iriat.itute for Industri.- "'�-~~I � �
- al Sani.tary-r'~~gineeri.~ ~Je~- ( ~ ~ + I , i
s of USSR Gosstroy]. ~~roo ~~;Y ~ -.-1~ __:r~�- - ~1=~
~ x , ~ ~f ` , ~
~~s`~ i{ ,:~~~"1'-~~-,-�:~-~-~
~ ,
Key~ ~ ~ ~ ( I~ It~.1~,-- M, - - , ,
_ 1. Fherg~ya-6 type boiler. ~ F~~ ~ I i FI i- ,
' I h I L:. i_'_~ ~_i~~~;_1.+.
I' "
1) ~ A r..'a ,1., � _ .~:r
2. Pua~ps for netwark w~~e: ; ~ ~ _ ~_u:~ .
(winter and sumner).
3. Rnw-material r~ater pvmp� - . ~ .
q. Raw-material watFr - _
~ preheater. I , ~ ~ , ~ ~
5. Preheg~e: for chemical?.y ~ - - 1 i - , ~ :
purified water. ~ t % ~A~
.
ti. Purt~p for deaerated ' ~ r _I ' _
I
' water. r~ .f ~s F ; ~ i ~ ,r ~ ~9 ; .
- 7. Deaerator. _ ` -�--'-~'~l._~_ ~~,~,'i~.__. =
- . 3-
8. Intermedi.ate tank. ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~!J' ~
q. Pump for feeding water ,z~ ~ r=_' ~ ~ � !
fmm the deaerator to r_~ ~ ~rj ,~i ~ ~ ; ;
the suct3.on-pump ~ _ r`_ ~ !
~ iJ~f;~.-.i~--r, I'- i 1i,
B~PCtOI'8. A~' a"J~~~~----1 ~f"~~3 - . L.._. .
10. Accumul~tor tanks. 'i L. ~ , ~ ~ I . . , ~
11. Sodium cationite filter. 1 ~..---:..~r~.'_ - . ~ `
~~~-.r - ;
rr�r i a~~..
12. Tank for atoring salt~ _ _ - - ~ -
'
- 13. MeP suring tank. ~ e- ~ `
14� Water.-level ~ank.
15. E~ector or pump for ! F-~-F
i S`j
s~~~-solution feed.
J r ~ �
16. E;j~ctor Por feed'Ing j 1 S/~.7 c-~ _
water into the int~r- i. : i: ' N ~'s
mediate tank. I � - _ _ ~ ~ ~ ~~j' ~ Z ~
, ~
17� Forced-draft fari. ~ - I ~~o
~ _ - ~ _zl L._ro_. ~ \
g . I I , ~i~~ 1~ ` .
_ 18� Fl.lle-`$8 pl1(Dj) r 1 I ~ ~ ~I'1 ~_I~.t~ ~ 9
19. A eh tra~. . ,R .4;~~ ~ .~n-. r---~
2p. Slag and ash remover. ~ i n ,.-yr~''~ ~ ~
21. Electrical hoist. ra ..`~o
A. I~el atorage.
Flectricity is aup~lied f:-am a 3~- or 220-volt grid to a panel for in-
house needs. Accumulat.or tanke are inst~lled behind the boilerhou3e
buildfng, r+hich is maation; m is
khe total number of failures (including mistakes) of the N m~chine tuols
: (only the independene failures are taken i.nto account, and the opzrating
failures and tool failures are not considered).
2. The average repa:Lr time (the repairability index) T~ 7, ~~i .
= 1=-~ -
where tB~ is riie ~�:ime spent on detF~ction, finding the cause and eliminating
the consequences of the ,j-th maehine tool �ailure, hours (the waiting time ~
- Eor repairs is not included).
3. The specific repair time is the time spent on detection, finding the _
cau:~~s of failures and elimination ~~f the consequences of the failures
- per unit time of fail-safe operation (the complex reliability index) -
. m M1' ' ~
I3 = ~u1' ~ ~i ' T ~ T
~ ~ t_ 1
~ The value of B is conveniently expressed in hours of the repair time lthe
idle time of the machine tool and the unplanned repair) per 100 hour~ of
_ operation of the machine tool with respect to the control programs.
' The specific repair time is related ~unctionally to the availability factor
Kr the pxobability that the mac'ni.ne tool will turn o~tt to be set at an
arbitrary point in ti,me (except the planned peziods, during which the use -
- of the machine tool for ~ts purpose is not provided for., and the idle time
with respect to organizational causes)i B=(1-Kr)/KP'
The fail.-sa�eness indexes T and the xepairabil~,t~ indexes Tg are determined
only in cases where the observation conditions ~;uarantee consideratian of
all of the failures without exception, including the mistakes. The complex
reliability index B is defined under the conditi~~ns guaranteeing considera- ~
tion of all the failures and in cases where some part of the failures .
22
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NOit U}~H'ICIN. U5'r. UNLY
(in particul~r, the roistakes) not cau~~.np, xigni.ficttnt idle tJ.n~e coul.d nut '
be recorded~ 'The recovezy ti,me ~pent on unrecorded ~al.lures must be (and -
- u~ually tuzns out to be) ~ma11 by comparixon wt''1 the repeit' ti,me for
. actually coneidered failures.
_ A~ the use index of the ma~hine to~ol with di~ital program control, the use
r_ocfficient of the stock of operatl.ng time with respect to [he operating _
time of the machine tool by t~~e control pr~y,r~ms ie used, which is in the ~
~ form of the ratio of Che run time o~ the marhine tools to the rated gtock
of oper.~ting time: h.~ ~t ~r ~ ~ where tpi is t~~e
~~-i , r i
rated stock of operatin~; eime of the i.-r_h machine tool witt~ dip,ital progrnm
~ cQntrol~ hours.
The use index of the mdchine tools with digital program ~ontrol complexly ~
ch~racCerizes tlie level of organization of production at thp uaer plants,
the reliabil.ity of ttiese mc~chine tools and toolg und also the nature of the
operationg performed on the machine tools.
The operational studies performed by the discugsed proc~dure by the tiNIM5 -
Institute and the manufacturing plnnts of the machine tool.a with the ~
participation of t};e manufacturers of the c~.igital program control unit have
made it posaible to obtain initi~l daLa on tl~e actual level of tl~e reliabil-
ity and use indexes ~~f the machine tools with digital program control.
Li particular, it has been established that the values of BtU.v^5 ':0 0.10
- are acceptnble (tha~ :a~ 5 to 10 hours of idle time of the machine tool in
unplanned repair per 100 t~ours of operation with reapect to the control
programs).
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Maehinostroyeniye", "Szanki I Instrument", 1918
~
10845
~~0: 1821
~
23
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=r
~
:
~
NOK ON~'IC1N. USI: UNLY
'r
w
_
-
a
METALWORKIN~ EQUIi'M~NT
i
0
I
~ UDr 62).9,06-529-192
~ ~4ETNOD ~F ~STIMATING TH~ PKOC~S5 RELIABILITY OF MACHINi. TOOLS WI7'N
DIGITAL PROGKAM CONTROL
` Moecow STAPJKI ~ INSTRUMENT in Russian No 10, 197A pp 9-11
w -
. [Article by V. S. Starodubov, M. S. UkolovJ
(Text] By the technological process reliability we mean th~ nropert,y of
� machine tools to perform the technological proce~s operations arisin~ from
ire purpos~ while maintaining machinin~ pxec:ision i.n time and achievinF
; qunlity of the machined surfaces within the given ltmit.~
The precision and r.eliabilitv of the machine tools with digital program
control depend on the operacing quality of the entire set of electronic,
mechanical and hydraulic componenks, the mechanisms and modules of the
digital ~rogram control unite (the tnformation readout and input unit; the
mpdules for atoring information, reproducin~ and conversion of it; ti~e
. elements of the automated contt'ol system for the feed dt~ive), the drive
motors of the servoelements o~ lhe machine tool, the mechanisms for automatic
tool changing, the feedback aensc~r anci so o~..
In the machine too1F with digital program control, many pr~ce~ses (for
exampi~, wear awnd thermal deformations) are occurring more intensely tt~an
in ordin.ary machine tools. This is explained by Che high energy capacity
(they have an increased numb~r of control coordinates with independent
drive and, as a rule~ they are converted to hydraulic one:ations), and
also the more intense operation (two or three shifts); the pro~orcion of
the machi~e time as a xesult of the high degree o� autottiation is 80 to 85X.
The machining on the machine too1R with digital program control is realized
b~ the previously written program, and eherefore the operator ha, limited -
poASibi~ities for active intervention in th~~ pror_QgA in order to decr~.~S~
or eliminate the e~fect o� the thermal. deformations on the mac.hining Pre~iston.
1
A. S. Pronikov~ editor~ TF.KNNOLOGZCHESKAYA tJADEZHNOST' STA,tiKnt' ~
[TechnoloRical Process Reliability of ti.3chine Too1sJ, *toscow.
Mashinostroyeniye~ 1971.
24
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NOit 0~'~ICIAI. U5~ ONLY
~or ~eterminnti.on of the .ictu~il level uf t~Chnologir..~l reliability it iH
nc~ce~eary to deCerm3.ne ita indexeA by teRt~.ng th~ machine too1H with digitnl ~
program control. W}~en te~ting it is nece~sary to take into account tlie
specific nature~of the intezacCi.on ~f the machine iools and the digit~l
progracn controi syatem con~isting in the followin~: the mnchine Cool~ ~nd
control syatems (frequently in the form of the small computer) are considered
as a single or~anically interrelated complex technological syatem; tl~e
degree or effect of the machine tvol errora and the control system errore
on the technotogical reliability ie deter~nined separately and in combinaCion;
a variety of operating conditione are taken into account ~the frequent
changir~g of Che tool and the large nomenclature o� machined parte) nlong
with the complexity of the machinin~ cycles (the multico~rdinate control
uith multitool machining of the part); the incre~sed inten~ity of occurrence
of various procesa~s in the machine tool and the control system is taken into
- account; there a.re devices which compensate for the effect ot the individual
_ errors in the machine tool, att~chment, tool. and part system and accelerating
, the search Eor Che causes of a change in mact~ining precieion~ and so on.
In addiCion, a lar~er number of teats are req~ired than for ordinary ~
machine tvols, inc)uding new typea (for example, testing the positioning
_ precision, the precision of Che automatic tool changing, tlie operating
quality of the drivea and the control system) and also a large volume of te~cs
~ considering a set o� factors influencing the precision.
The stat�stical methods of observation immediately of a large n~nber of
machine tools with digital program contral are expediently used as a reault
of increaF~d complexity and cost. It is more expedient ro test a apecific
machine toul and draw general conclusions on the basis of the information
obtained during the ana.lytical calculations and experimental studies (ordinary
and accelerated tests) and also for the staristical observations of the
reliability of individual comp::~ents and elements of the machine tools with
di~ital program control. Accordingly, it ie possible to pet�form the teats
in two areas: testing the machine tool combined with the control system;
testing the components and mechanisms of the machine tool separately and
alsu the feed drives, the digital program control unit, the feedback sensors,
. and so on.
It is possible to represent the estimation of the technological process
reliability o f the machine touls with digital program control in the Renernl
case in the form of successive steps: l) anal.ysis of the specific nature
of the machine tool and the control sy~tem selected for investigation;
2) selection of the indexes for estimating tt~e technologica; process
reltability; 3) develc~pment ~f the atructural di.agram for analysis of the
_ technological process reliability and selection of the parameters for
inveatigation; 4) development of the model of the variation of the machining
and precision; 5) Peneration o~ the analytical functions which relate the
indexes of technological process reliability to the precision parameters
of the machine tool and the machined parts; 6) theoretical and expertmental
investigation of the componen[ errors and factors influencing the machining
25
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~ok c~~~r~rcrn~. usf: urr~.v
a
prer_ision; 7) calculatton the indexes and s~r~timation of. thE lev~~] c~~
technotogir_al proce~~ reliabi.lity of the machine tool,
The fourth etep is rhe moAt important for the calculaN.on3 and mar.hc~rnntiral -
expectation of Che pror.esseR of ]oHS of precision hy thc~ m~chine~ tool, In .
order to create a model of the variation in machining prNCieion i.t is
necessary eo investigate the f.ormation of the errors ln t:im~~ by the
sel.ecCed p~rart,etera considering the specific nature of. the machine tools
with digital progr~~m control.
~
. The ~nalysis of the proceas of maChini.n~ parts on machin~ tool:s wirh digit~~l ~
program control will. permi~ isolation of the followin~ baxic types of err~~r~~ ~
l~wering the precision an~ reflecting their spPCific n:~ture of machine tu~14
with digital progr~m control: the prugrammtng error A~r (ic arises in the
phase of preparin~ the proFrams to control the m2chine tool with digi;nl
pro~ram control); the error in ad~uetinv, the machine tool with digita~
program control ~H; the positioning errur ~~~,~g (the error whcn t.he c~~ntrolleci
servo~~lement exits to the ~iven coordinate); the error in automat.rd to~:
changing ~C~ (characteristic of the multitool. machininY on machinr. tnc1~ ~
, with digital progr~m control); the error ~g [p,eor.~etric i rror f.:om r.u�-
rectilinearity, nonparallelness and nonperpendicularity of ttie movement ~f
the servoelements of the machine tool ~khen machining it can appe.~r as an
error in s{.ze and shape of the part)j; the err~r ^,ripid fro:.^. elastl.c
deformaCions (as a result of the indufficient rigidity uf the 5I'ID [macnine
tool, attachment, tool, partj system); C}ie Eiror Ah from lhe fzst-o~,currin~
proceases (it arises as a:es~ilt of vibrations of redistr.ibution of tt~e
frictional rorces, change in ~~rocesseR, and so on); the error G~ from the -
processes occurring with a m~an rate (from thermal deforma~ions of the
machine tool, tool, part, wear of the tool, and so on); the error I~M from
the slnwly uccurring processes (from wear ~f the tool, warping, and so ~n).
_ It is nec~ssary to consider that the Indic.ated errors czn be by their n~~ture
random variables (or randrm processes), vary in time and t~ave vector proper-
~
~ ties. ~
The most characteristic for machine cools with diEit.il pro~;ram cuc:trol is
the positioning error which noticeably reduces r_he control nro~;ran oPera[in~
precision. This error is caused by the error in the intcrpol~tion connfrcte~l
. with nonuniformity of the pulse repetition, the error in t;~~~ driv~, mctors,
_ the kinematic errors in the feed d��ive and feedback system, the d~�~amic -
drive errors, the geometric errors in che na:.�hi.ne tool.. the elastic deform~:--
tions of the feed drives and othPr factors.
Thus. the total error Q~t of the machining on machine tool.; w:[h dil;ital
program contrel is a funcr_ion of many variables; c1~~=f ~~~5;
_ ~c.c.~ ~g; Cr; db; 11c; 4~~.
The analysis of the process of [he error formation and cf~e u~e ~f the r~~i~~i
uf vari~tion of the machining precision on the machinc t~~~i ~ropos~�i in
general form in the mentioned paper made it possihle to drv~~l~r ~ r,nd,~l ~~f
the variation in machining precision on machin~ [ools :,rith diy;ir.~ :c.,~,
26
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~l
i
~ ~OIt U~~ICIAt, U5~ ONLY
- ~2) t, , flr) ?-r~~l
_ f~.::l...,