JPRS ID: 8204 TRANSLATIONS ON USSR AND TECHNOLOGY BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

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s JANUARY i979 CFOUO i179~ - i OF i
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JPRS L/8204
5 January 1979
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TRANSLATIONS ON USSF SCIENCE AND TECNNOL~GY
BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
(FOUO 1/79)
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JPRS ~,/8204 ~
5 January ~9 79
TRANSLATIONS ON USSR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
BIOMEDICAL AND BENAVIORAL SCIENCES '
~ (FOUO 1/79)
CONTENTS PAGE
AEROSPACE M~DZCTN~
Effect of Arti~;lc~,a], Gxas�~ty Dur#,ng Space ~l~ht on N~tex-
Soluble Protein Content o~ Nerve T~asue Structurea
(A. Y. Corbunova, V. Y. Portugalov; B1tULL~TEN'
EKSPERIMENTAI.'NOX BxOLOGTT I MEDITST.NX', No 10, 1978).. 1
PHYSIOLOGY
Bekhtereva Discusses Artificial Infl,uencing of Human Mind
(N. Bekhtereva; NAU~HNO-TEKHNICHESKAYA
REVOLYUTSIYA T CEiELOVEK, 1977) 6
PUBLICATIONS�
Obtaining Nutrient Yeast Froa ~eat
(POLUCHENIYE KORMOVYKH D1~OZHZHEY IZ TORFA,1977) ].6
- a- [III - USSR - 22 S&T FOUO]
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ACItO5pAC~ MEU~CIN~
UDC: 612.8.015.348.014.477
~ EFFECx OF ARTIFICIAL GRAVITY DURING SPACE FLIGHT ON WATER-SOLUBLE PROTEIN
CONTENT OF NERV~ TISSUE STRUCTURES ~
Moacow BYULLETEN' EKSPERIMENTAL'NOY BIOLOGII I MEDITSINY in Ruesian ~ ~
No 10~ 1978 pp 421-423
�(Article by A. V. Goxbunova and V. V. Portugalov (correaponding member of
the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences), Instieute of Biomedical Problema,
USSR Ministry of Health, Moacow, submitted 27 Mar 78~
[Text] A etudy was made of water-soluble protein levels in g~ay ,
and white matter of the spinal cord, interverl�ebral ganglia, as ~
we],1 as senaorimotor region of the rat cerebral cortex after an ~
18.5-day space f11ghC. There was a reliable decrease in water-
soluble proteins 4.5-9.5 h after the flight in the gray and
white matter of the spinal cord and intervertebral ganglia of
rats expoaed to weightlessness. Rats exposed to artificial.
gravity in flight preaented a decline of water-soluble protein
levels in the spinal cord white matter. In animals previously
e~oaed to weightlesaness, there was reliable elevation of
water-soluble protein level in the gr~y matter of the spinal
~cord 25 days after the epace flight. No changes were demonstrable
(as compared to the vivarium control), either 4.5-9.5 h or 25 days
after the biosatellite landed, in the gray matter of the sensori-
. motor region of the cerebral cortex of rats exposed to weightless-
ness and artificial gravity (BYULL. EKSPER. BIOL., No 10, 1978~
p 421). �
~ Key words: water-soluble proteins; rat cerebral. cortex; spinai cord;
intervertebral ggnglia; space flighe; weightlessness.
Previously [lj, it was established that there is a decrease in water-soluble �
proteins of rat spinRl cord gray and white matter after a 29.5-day space
flight abo ard the Kasmos-782 biosatellite. However, it remained unclear
Whether these changes were the direct effect of weightlessness.
It was deemed important to analyze material (functionally and histologically
of various structures of the spinal c~rd at the level of the lumbar
intumescence--gray matter of anterior, posCerior and lateral cornua, whece
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rher~ i~ prednmin~nt grouping nf neurnns, ttnd white marti~r conetiCuting Che
u~cending dnd de~c~nding conduction paChwayg, interverrehral ganglia~ ae
we11 r~~ xr.neorimoeor r~gion of rh~ rnt ccrebral corCex) tnken ~fter the
lnnding of Koemng-936 b3neatellite, ubo~rd which the ani?n~ls were eubmieCed -
to urt~.ficial gravity produced by Yotaeion on a cenCrifuge~ in addition ro
~pnc~ f11ghC fgcCors~ A cant3,ttuous acceleration of 1.0 G was produced on
the centrifuge (34 cm radius). The ob~ecrive of this experimenG was Co
differentiare b~tween changes attributed to weightlesaneae and ef,fects of
oeher flight fgctors.
Methodg
We removed for examination ehe apinal cord at Che level of the lumbar in-
rumeecence, ad~acent interverCebral ganglia and apecimens of cray matter
tissu~ of the aens~rimotor r~egion of the cerebral cortex from flight rats ~
expoaed.to weightleasnesa and artificial gravity, 4.5-9.5 h and 25 days ;
after an 18.5-day orbital space flight. The spinal cord k~as separated
at 0-4�C into white and gray matter usir.g an MB5-2 microacope to moniCor
this procedure. ,Batchea of tiasue were placed into special polyethylene
cenCrifuge tubes for homogenization. Each batch of nerve Cissue was ,
homogenized in a 10-fold volume of diatilled wster at 0-4�C. Water-soluble ~
proteins were extracted for 2 h at 4�C. The extracta were centrifuged at ~
15,000 G(60 min, 0-4�C). Protein content of the supernatanC was assayed
by the method of Lowry [3]. The results were aubmitted to atatist.ical
processing according to Che nonparametric criterion of Van der Verden j2].
Rats kept in the vivarium and uaed in a ground-based model experiment ~
served as a control. In addition, we included two groups of animals in
ground-based control experiments. One group was rotated througho;?t the
experimental period on a centrifuge (34 ~w radius) at an~acceleration of
1.4 G, and the other group, on a centrifuge w~~n the least poasible radiua
("radius-free centrifuge"), which enabled us to assese the aignificance of
th~ rotation factor (1.1 G acceleration).
Re~ults
The resulta of our studies are lis*Qd in the Tab1e, which ahowa that there
was a reliable decrease in water-~oluble proteina (converted to 1 mg wet
tissue weight) 4.5-9.5 h after an 18.5-day space flight, as w~ll as 9-11 h
after a 19.5-day space flight (lJ, in the white and gray matter of the
spinal cord and intervertebral ganglia of rats exposed to weightlessnesa.
' The levels of water-soluble proteina in the apinal cord gray matter and
intervertebral ganglia of .rats ex~oaed to artiffcial gravity during the
experiment did not differ from the control (control rats maintained under
vivarium conditions and in the ground-based model experiment), whereas
the levels were reliably lower in white matter, as compared to vivarium
rats, but did not differ from the concentration of water-soluble proteins
in the ~jpinal cord white matter of rats i~:,;~lved in the ground-based
experime~nt.
2
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'rw~nty-f~.ve d~ys ~fter eh~ gpace flight, anim~le previously exposed ro
weighCleeane~g pregenred a reliabYe incregse ici water-snluble protein~
of spin~l cord gray m~tter, as compared Co the controL. In th~ white
mnCCer aC the epin~l cord and intervereebral gr~nglid, tt~e waCer-soluble
protein levels ro9e Co Che conCrol'value. In raCs exposed to arCificial
gr~vity during Che flighe, ehere wras n^ difference after 25 days in 1evels
of water-soluble prot~ins of gray and whire matter o� the apinal cord and
intervertabral ganglia, as compared to Che c~ntxol. �
No char?ges (ae compared to the vivarium control) in levela of water-soluble
proCeins, both 4.5-9.5 h and 25 days aftQ;.� the eaCellite landed, were
d~monserated in the gray matter of the aenaorin?otor cortex of rats exposed
to weightlessness and artif3cial gravity (see Tab1e).
'I'he f~indings demo?istrated~ once more,~that long-term apace flighCs lead to
n d~cre~se in wuter-soluble proteina of gray and white matter of Che spinal
c:ord nnd intervertebral ganglig of raCv. Since a~ch changea were nor
observed itt animals exposed to artificial gravity, it can be concluded that
the nbserved decline of waCer-soluble protein levels in the sCrucCures
examined is apparently the result of the effects of weightles~:~ess. One of
the factors involved in these changes~ in the peripheral (afferent and ;
efferenC)'elements of the motor analyzer, is perhaps a decrease in '
informaeive flow of interoproprioceptive impulses from skeletal muscles and '
skeletal bonea, which is due to a functional underload and relaxation of
antigravity muacles. These change~ can be evaluated as an adaptation to
new living conditions in weightlessness, related to removal of the
etatic load on Che muaculoskeletal aystem. The lack of changes in water-
soluble proCein content of the gray matter of the sensorimotor corCex
warranta the belief that adapCation occurs primarily on the level of the
spinal reflex arc. This hypoChesis appeara plausible, since it is known
that antigravity muacles are linked with apinal reflex mechaniams pri-
marily via the myotatic bineuronal reflex arc ~4].
Readaptation to ground conditions in animals exposed to weightleseness was ,
manifesCed 25 days afCer the space flight by an increase in water-soluble ,
~ protein content of the spinal cord ~~ray substance. The level o~ water-
- soluble proteins in the spinal cord white substance and intervertebral ~
gang~ia reached control values. Probably, this hypercompensation was
functionally necessary, since it was a response to the increase tn the func-
tional load, relaCed to the change from WeiRhtleasness to earth's gravity.
The presence of artificial gravity on the biosatellite most probably did not
- require readapration of animals to grou~nd conditions. One would think
that this can explain the lack of chsnges in animals exposed ta srtificial
gravtty during the flight, with regard to levels of water-soluble proteins
in the gray matter of thQ spinal cord and intervertebral ganglia, both in ,
the early postflight hours and after 25 days. Perhaps, in our experiments,
the effect of artificial gravity on the animals was not totally equivalent
to the effect of earth's gravity, since we observed a decrease in water- ;
soluble protein content of spinal cord white substance in animats exposed
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to arrifici.al grgviey diiring the �lighe, Ie may be agsumed ehat there is
a change in met,aboliee Cr~nsporr, slowing thereof, in ehe system of neural
conduceors of Ch~ spinnl cnrd during ehe flighti. �
Thus, the results of~our arudiea revealed that the decrease in levels of
water-soluble proteina in gray gnd whire substance of the epinal cord gnd
intervertebral ganglia of rats ehat were weightleas during Che space flighe,
demonatrable a few hour~ gfter conclusion thereof, is apparently related to ,
removal of the statiC logd from the akeleComuscular system.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Gorbunova, A. V., and PorCugalov, V. V. BYULL. EKSPER. BIOL. [Bulletin
of ~Exp~rimental Biology and Medicine], Na 8, 1977, p 168.
2. Van der Verden, B. L. "Mathematical Statistics," Moscow, 1960, p 17.
3. Lowry~ 0. H.; Rosebrough, V. J.; and Farr, A. J. J. BIOL. CHEM., '
Vol 193, 1951, p 265.
4. Lloyd, D. P. J. NEUROPHYSIOL., Vo1 6, 1943, p 317.
COPYRIGHT: "Byulleten' eksperimental'noy bio~~gii i meditsiny", 1978
10,657
CSO: 1870
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~ ~ ruit ~~i~~a~rr,rni, IISI, ~~Ni,Y
' e
PHY5IOLOGY~
~ BEKHTERE1q1 DISCUSSES AR'rIFICIAL INFLtJENCING OF MJMAN MIND
Moe~oN NAUCHI~iO-TEI(I~1ICI~SKAYA REYOLYUTSIYA I CNELOVEK in Ruesian 1977
signed to press 8 Aug 7? pp 162-171
[Article by N.P. Bekhtereva f~om the book "Nauchno-tekhnioheskaya
Revolyutsiya i Chelovek" edited by V. G. Afanas'yev, Institute of ~
Sociological Research~ USSR Academ~y of Sciences~ Tzdatel'atvo "Nauka"~
"Possibilities ar~i Limits of Artificial Influence on the Human I~tind"]
[Text] Scientific and technical progress ia one of those re~lities Nhich
has acquired a vast influence on the oonditions of man's exiatence and
�the fate of humanity in our time.
The benefit'of progress i,s obvious~ hoxever history knoxs mar~y cases xhen
the direct consequences of scientific and teohnica,l advances t~e?d a direct
or indirect unfavorable effect on man. Of course~ not one of the darigers .
. of the progress of science is contained in the knawledge itself~ or is ~ ~
an inherent attribute of this pro~ess. The danger is alxays the result ~
of unskilltLl or hostile utilieation of knoxledge ar~d the potentials `
cYeated by science and technology. The potential and realized results
of the scientific and techn~cal revolution should al~ays be re~.ded t~om
these positions. The results and prospects of the study of ine~n's brain
should also be analyzed from these same positions.
The prerequisites for the nex stage in understanding the mechaniams of
the human brain xere the clinical applications of the increasingly perfec-
. ted ph~rmacological means and especiall,y the method of implanted electrodes.
The method of implanted electrodes entered clinical practice at the end ~
~~f the 40's and determined its place among therapeutic-diagnostic methads
in the 60's, The prehistory of its clinical use Nas almost 100 years of ~
use of implanted electrod~s in experiments xith animals. This method is
being used now for diagnosis and treatment of patients with epilepsy~
Parkinson's disease~ certain mental anii other diseases in different
countri.es of the xor~d. It is used in a number of s~ientific institutions
in our cauntry for treatment of Parkinson's disease and epilepsy.
� ~
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Now data hase been ~,ooumulated of the tyge on which 1.t ia possible to
base a eci.entifically founded expansion of the treatment of different
types of neur~:logioal diseases~ and also emotional-mental disturbanaea.
V~ry much in need of this are espacially those patients for xhom pharma-
cological treatment af thely diaeaaes is ineffective or proves to be ~
a~;tainable with very 1~,rge doaes of the preparation'~ yielding often a
serious and difficult-to-remove side effeot,
Long-term studies of the structural-functional and neurophyaiological
organization of cerebral control of the emotions~ pez~formed in the Institute
of bcperimental Mediainc~ of the USSR Acade~qy of Medical Sciences~ have �
ma,de it possible ~co plot cha,rts of the cerebral organization of the
emotions. They showad wi~h what kind of pY~ysiological reorientations
in the brain the development of very varie'd emotional reactiona and atates
is connected. On the basis of these data it is possible when necessary '
to ca11 forth differnnt emotional states and reactiorB or~ on the contrary,
to suppress them.
The contemporary level of knoxledge about cerebral organization of the ~
emotions and uti'lization of the m~thod of implanted electrodes make it
possible very accurataly to turn on certain emotiogenic zones in the brain~
to stimulate them, tu coml~ine syd.tching off some emotiona,l zoryes xith
stimulation of ~thers and with direction form the development of the '
desired emotional reorganizations. The possibility of direct ob sexvations
of different pt~ysiologica,l indicators of the brain during the performance �
~ by a patient of a currer?'c activity and one assigned 'by the physician .
under orclinary condition~~ and on the background of the use of pharma- ~
cological Dreparations makes it poasible ~to specify the role of various
sections of the brain in the control of different fluictions. Specialists
working in this field ca'rs really talk about "love and hate" as if
"from within" the Workint; brain, they can say hox the nerve cells conduct
themselves xhen man is solving a problem~ talking ytith the pt~ysician~
is sad or happy~ is sleeping or axake.
~ Delving into the brain mechanisms of the emotions has revealed that the
. development of a negative emotion is connected not only with the activity
of the zones of the brain directly connected with providing them~ but also
with the in activation of other zones "r~rking" during positive emotions.
It is not ~ccluded that 'chese processes reflect a unique "complexity" of
the development of ne gatSve emotions and~ thu~~ the protective role of ~
the optimum level of positive emotions. On the other hand, atudies of
indicators of the vital activity of the~brain during the development of
strong positive emotions have shoxn that here too in individua,l cases
it is possible for the re to develop in the bra in a"residualeffect" in
_ the form of reorgani,zation of its pt~ysiologrlcal state~ contributing to ~
the emergence of a negative emotional sta,te.
The data obtained using the~method of implanted electrodes in a man have
decoded literally in aeconds what for a long time remained not more than
.an intaresting set of facts from an experiment~ arid the experiment~ �
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~Oft Ol~'~IC.IA1~ [151; UNLY
having craat~ed tho prerequioites for the clinical study~ in turn itself
receivecl now goals ~,nd s~timull,
The s ~u dy of ma,n' ~ mental processes has shown tha,t mental ~,ctivity is pro-
vided by a multi-link structural-funetionF~,l system with links of different
degraes of rigidity~ The rigid links take part in providing ~the mental
activity independent of those conditions under which man has to carry
out this activity. The flaxibi:le links of the system axe switched on
o.r not included in providir~g the mental a,ctivity in direct dependence
' also on the conditions of its realizatio~n. Combination of the apparatus
of the rigid and flexible links detsrml.nes the economical na,ture and the
large number of degrees of freedom of the operation of the brain under the
changing conditions of the environment. Tho reliability of ~he brain system
of providing mentsl activity is connected first of a11 with the presence
in this system of a very lar~e number of 11nks~ and including flexible
links~ and with the fact that the olements of the system are not solltary
nerve cells~ but a dynam.tc totality of fl.incticn~~,lly united groups of
nerve cells (neuron groups), and by a number of other, less significant
factors. Serving for optimization of inental activity is t,he br.ain
~pparatus for. detection of errors, unif`ying the structure of the brain~
"becoming silent" during the realization of inental activity in accordance
with a plr~n and "working" when there is lack of agreement between the
activity and the plan. This appara,tus~ apparently~ possesses the ability
to mobilize the energy resources of the brain~ which createa the bases
for correction of the current sta,ge o.f activity and improvement of the
conditions, of realization of its subsequent st~,tes.
At the present time on the basis of ~ study of the org~.niza,tion of
mecha,nisms of the brain done on pa,tients with implanted electrodes,
it has proven possible to raise a fl.indamenta.lly new question--about the
essence of thQ change in physiolo ical in3lcators of the brain during
mental activity~ about the brain ~neurophysio~ogi.cal~ code of inental
phenomena. Disclosure of this code can rnake mental proc~sses
controllable~ at least in that volume in whict, today ~motiona,l reactions
are basically controllable. ~
The t.~,sk of the study of the most delicate reorganizatians in the brain
during menta,l processes, the code of the mind and part~icularly the eode of
words was based on the idea tha,t there m~Lght be oontained in the impulse
_ activity of the nerve cells of the brain a specific correspondence of one
of the major bases of inental phenomena, to word signa,ls. Solution of
. this task required the creation ?f a special mathematical complex
and the utilization of mod.ern ana,log and computer equipment~ provi.ding
not only separation of fl.inctionally united groups of nerve cells ,
(ensembles) from their total number in the zone of pla.ce~nent of the
electrode (popu]ation)~ but also a rather detailed study of the dynamics
of organization of the ensembles in space and time~
~
In the process of the study of this problem it was shown that in popula,-
tions of nerve cells of the brain at the moment of presenta,tion of the
words it is possible to detect at least two basic types of reorganizatfons
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~
I~c11t ~tl~l~ ft:lAl, II~;I: 1)NI.Y
of thair nctivit
y thono conn~oted and tho~e iiot ~onn~cted xith acoustio
(~ound) uh~raoterigtics of the ??ord~.
'I'he reorgani~~tions uf the ~otivity of nerve ce11g of the first type
dis~ldsed a connoQtion u1,th the fLnction of the curr~nt frequettay and
rounciing amplitud~ of th~ rrord ~igna~lg. The~e reorgani~ations are re-
~ard~d by u~ as the primaryr (acoustia) code~ determining the po~~ibility
o~ ~~o~gs to the b~ais of the long-term memory acoumu]ated in the procegs
of individual axperlence after deooding (deaiphering) the senae of the uord. -
The r~~rr~ngemer.ts of the aoti.vity of nerve cells of the seeond type~
~ app~rently, also refl~ot the x~eaulta of this decoding naxly oonvertecl to
impulsa activity in the form of a nex "senae" code~ xhich tLrther can
t~~rvc~ as the baais of a more aomplex integrative aotivity of the b~ain.
~'ha development of reaeareh ha~s uneaered that the coding of xori sign~l~
in the populations of nerve ~e:lls of man can be oharaateri~ed as reor-
g~niz~tion of the frequency of ele~tric oh~rgee of the oells~ xith the
appearn~nce of discharges of a d,efinite p,zouping~ digcharges of a definite
form and with the change in the type of interaction of nee~rby nerve
cellg and populations of nerve ~;ells located in different sections of the
brain. Still more p~eeise decod.ing oi the brain code of xords has made
it posgible to single out a brain aode of individual letters of a
pronounced w~rd--phonemes. Thesc~ materials in turn have been used for
- control of the specificity of the code of words detected in the brain.
The dynamica of th~ acoustic and eenae code proved to bE: essential~jr
dQpendont on the richnesa of the li~clividual long-term rn~mor~r, the p~eaence
or absencQ in it of a basis for dea~oding of the presented xoYd. Thus~
the acouatic code proved to be les~3~atable during preoemtation of known ~
xnids and more atable for unknoxn (foreign) xords. It ii3 proposed that
the participation of it during presentation of knoxn xoro~s is the result
of the inhibiting influence of the lo~ng~term memory on the ahort-term
after decoding thc meaning of the sig~~al. The dependence of the stability
of the acoustic code on the degree of familiarity oY tye ~aignal is
ahoxn by an experiment With retrainingL~during mgmorizatio~n by a patient
of the maaning of unknoxn Kozds the d.y,namics of the aeouatia code took
on the character that is distinctive fur familiar words. In this case,
a3 well as duri.ng initial presentrtion ~~f knoxn Koxds, in the areas of
detection of the acoustic cod.e along x:~th facling of the initial~jr
appearing changes in the activity of thEe nerv,e cella the appearance xas
observed of neW rearrangementa and the ert?exgence of a code linked by ita
properties srith the acoustie characteMsi:ics o~ the xord--�the ansxer
pronouncErl by the patient. This code appeared taefore the patient's
ansaer, xhich made it possible to attribu�,te it to the controlling
process responaible for +,he patient's spok~en anawer.
Utilization of data about the code of different xozds made it possib].e to
proceed from investigation of the codin,g of xords in the brain to study
of the mechanisms of ascertainment by the brain of their sitnilarity of
meaning. Uaing the method.of recognitian of the code of different words~
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I~'t11t ul~ I~' I C i A1~ 11;~1~, UNI,Y
it was po~~ibl~ after pr~s~nting to the patient the No~d s"ohair~" "t~ble~"
"oupboard~" to deteat in the brain the aode of the word "f'urniture" e en
before it ~~e uttdred by the pa,tient~ and eo on. ~
The performed study of brain meahanisms of uord coding m~kes it posaible
te propos~ for today tho foll~xing eaheme of proo~eoing this information~
The initi~l oaling of korde is performea aaeordsng to the 1aNa o! eoding
aomplex ~our~ (aaouetio) eignals and ie independent o! the setusa oontent
of these words. The ~merging aaoustla aode ie ~?ddressed then to the
long-term memory ao numuYate~l as a reault of ~h~ pereon'e Sndividual ex-
perienoe~ aotivatee it or builds up in the abaence of ~ oorreeponding
basis~ On the level of aaoustic ccxi~ng depencling on a number of additional
factors (the emotional coloration of the situatior?~ other ~timulating
motives atul so on) it is poseible to have p~eliminary seleotion~ "filtration"
of the informe?tion,, Activation of the long-term memory leads to forme?tion
in the brain of a nex operative utit--the aense code~ capable ot serving
as the ba~io of other~ oo:~siderab~y more ~omplex mental processes. In
cage of necessity of ,xord reali~ation of the mental proceas in the brain
a controlling code ig formed, In the absence of a corresponding basis in
the long-term memory the fLnation of the contro111ng code aan alao be
asaumed by the primary acouatic oode~ Which xas formed in tha brain during
preaentation of the unk~~own word.
Is it xorth, hoxever~ striving for further decoding of the pt~ysiological
code of the mind? Kill not the aolution of this problem lead to such a
situation xhere the scientista rrill "let the genie oat of the bottle~" ~
xhich it xill then not be possible to "put back?"
There is no doubt that i t is worth trying, ~ust as it is xorth atriving
for progrese in all fields of knoxledge. It is hard to overestime~te '
- the significanae of this task for brain physiology. Sucoeas in the s t~iy
of the nerve code of inental procesaes ig exceptionally itrtportant aLso for
philosophy as knowledge of the most subtle material bases of concrete
mental phenomena. This is the more important because even nox certain
outstanding foreign pt~ysiologists consider the task of,studying cerebral
mechanisms of the mind to be unresolvable. Thus, in 1934-1937 ~herrington
urote that xe do noL have the right to combine an expe~riment of the mind
xith a pt~ysiological one~ and Eccles in.195? came to the conelusion
that "the brain rrith the aid of a special ability entera into a relation
xith the sp~rit, possessing the property of a'detector."'
E{oxever the significance of the question is not litnited by its theoretical
aspect. There is every reaso;~ to assume th3t natnely on the path of
study of the nerve code of inental phenomena it is possible to obtain very
important materials for an understanding. and then even treatment of the ~
most serious mental diseascs connected, appc~rently~ xith disturbances in
the code of inental processes.
Progress in the study of the cerebral organization of emotional-mental
activity rrill make it possible to return to the Soys of hua~an life tho~e
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~ ~~o~ n~~tcint, us~ ~rtLY
men~a~ patientg Nhoa~ lot noa r~n~,tns ~xisten~e in psychiatric
hogpitale.
Ar~ there in thn phy~io].ogy of the brain problems~ questSons~and $speots
r+here pre-eminenoe tl.md~mentally and for alxQyg Nill belong to the
~xperiment? Ther~ ~re, and this pertains firat of all namely to a number
df e~spect$ of studie~ of the neurophygiology of man's higher nervous
aativity and the physiology of beh~vSoral reaotions.
It ig ~c~ro~ly p~rmiesible according to very ~triot ethioal coneiderations
to rai~e tho problem of atudy of the intimate neurophy~iologioal mechaniams
nf the int~raotlon of people in human soaiety. By no mediaal tasks~ even
1f you assume as ~uatified the expansion of the sphere of applioation of
imp]~,nted eleotrodea under clinioal conditions~ is it posaible f~rom ethical
~,ogitions to ~uati~r the raising of suah a task and the more so ite
realization. But the "natural experlment"--the diseasea of the brain
themaelvee--do not present the possibility of lnveatigating this problem,
at least in an adequ~t~ly p~sre form. In the solution of ~he broad cirale
of questions of pt~ysiolopr of the huma~n brain the reasonabl,y defined place
of ~ p~rimente on animals will never be oc~upied by the atudy of n~n him-
. self. But sti11~ xeighing both the limitations at~d the new poesibilitiea ,
of acting on man'a brain~ the "fermentation" of foreign public opinion in
connection aith these new pos~ibilitlee~ it is ad v~sable to bring
lucidity at least to a number of aspects of the proble~?.
I am convinced~ not guch an isolated problem ia the power of man over me~n
Kith the use of implanted electrodea. I knox~ all that xe have succeeded
and are succeeding in doing in the field of the study of the me~hanieme of
m~n's brain will be utilis:ed in our soaiety on~}r for hu~ne purpoaes.
This very society has fostered in us that very attitude towaYd the study
of the brain about xhich I am xriting as the only or.s acceptable. ~
HoKever~ unfortunately~ there is the problem of a social system~ lL11 of
social contradictions, xhich encourages Q~~ion~ meJces it real and, i!
~ this coercion is real~ it is possible to use very different means for this.
And still even in this extrea~e case it is neaessary to recogni~e the?t the
method of electrode ieiplantation cannot be "reeommended" for reali~ation
of this coercion.
Let us imagine that, as in~a irightening science-fiction novel~ electrodea
~re implanted in people~ they are given telemetric co~rxis of "atart" ard
"stop," they are plunged into despondenay or forced to experience
non-existent ~oys~ they are "forbidden" to think about someting~ they are
"forced" to think about something else... This~ of course~ is fMghte:iing.
But certainly emotional t~eedom can be taken ax$y by other meana. For
instance, by forcibly introducing "tranquilisers"--apecial ph~r~scological
agents or operating in still nare "simpl~" x~ys. Unfortunate],y~ huasnity
for a long time has not been ape~ring in the invention of ever nex ~eana of
gubmission and destruction oi thoae like itself. ~
' 11 ' �
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~~k r~rr~rcni, uti~, uNt.Y .
Uning impln,nt~d elnatrod~a not only ig it ha?Yd~j? posei~ble to oreete a~?
a?rny ef p~e~ive p~eudorobota~ but it r~qtriree initially an obedient
~rn~r ot ecientiete ready to be in the po~ition of exeautioner~ flxlfilling
ordere and tranemittSng comnu~ndg. This ie aimp]y ahocking; We are not
the on~y ones xho think ao. Outstanding soientiets~ epeaialieiein the
fid~d of the br~in~ regard ~hia queat~on ~n praotical]y the gams wa~y.
"~oientista nill not begin to fabrioate rob.ot-people~ fLl~y aubordinate
to ~o~eone'e wiil.~~ 9uoh an idea ie simply abeurd~" writes the 3psnieh
soientist Del~do. , ~
Atxl neverthelesg the danger can not be e~caluded. It is itnpoagible to
forget~the ehoaking anti-hunnn atrocS~lea of fagoism. First of all hum~?nity
ehould see to it tt~?t the utili~~?tion of inean~ of coercion xill not be
the narm.of the behavior of aociety xith respeat to ita membere~ or of
one state Kith reapect to Qnother.
Along with this the ohief task ia ati11 more speoific~ The salentis~ in
the modern Norld has aaquired real influenoe on the fate of ine?a. Mediated
through the goal of the suaiety~ thia inf].uenoe potential],y may be
dangerous, St may lead to the creation namely ~f that bomb xhich will
fall on his brothera in the species. Prompted by a personal eocaesaive
"service to aoience~" the eclentist msy potentially diaregard the interests
of the people entrusting their fate to him in the naroe of "higher"
goals--of t~rpothetical benefit to hutmnity... ~
Therefore in today's xorld the moral make-up of the acientiat is very ia~-
portant. The even.inoreasing role of science makes the education of the
sciAn'~ist a very important not only state task but a],so ar? international ~
one. Not on~jr does gooiety determine the utili~ation o! the flcuits of ~
the saient~$t's work~ but it also should not be a matter of indifference
to the scientist how the soci~,ty in which he is xorking util~$es the
t~tits of his ],abors. The scientist~ whose missions are pttre~,y hun~t~~
aiedico-biological problems, should alx~ys ~emember the birdina precept of
serving the high goals of science on~y through the good of a apecific `
person. A pstient~ entrusting the pt~rsician xith hia health~ and oi'ten
his life, should be absolutely suz~ that all the studiss perforaed~
although at all dabatable regazding their possible influeace~ are mde
on~y arrl eocclusi~w~jr in his oxn interests, and not for the good o! "the
ne.Yt patient." The pt~ysician should alxays put in the place o!' the
p~tient not onl,y himself~ but even the one who~ p~rhaps~ is dearer to
him than hin~self... Attd at the very same tiae na~nely in the intereets ot'
the given p~tient evesything should alxays be done for him that is
possible for restoration of health and preservation of life.
Power over p~tients is aoquired onl,y by an active struggle ~rith the~.
3uch a set up of the question Kith xise organisation ot the stuc~y xill
in no xay hold back the progress of science. An illust~tion of ~his are
the huges successes attained in the past txo decades in the science of the ~
aechanisias of ~n's brain.
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~dR U~~ICIAL U5~ nNi~Y
~a~h folloKi,ng gtage Sn th~ atudy of cer~br~1 ~upport of m~ntal actSvity~
undoubtedly~ i~ important in itself ag a,~tage in the development of
natur~l ~ci~nces~ c~g a atage in development of a la rge theory. Even a
v~ry gmall atep forward in the saienee of man's br~in is ~x~eptionally
import~nt for clinical practic~ ~a a very neo~~~~ry prer~quisit~ for
improvement of tha treatment of neural and mental dise~sea~ for expatusion
` af the sgectrum of curable dise~see.
~ut it ghould be oonsidered also that each ~uccesg in the given field of
g~iance of the br~~n i~ exceptionally important also for philosopt~y~ and
for sociology. Modern soolology Sg Qoncerned about hox the brain of our
planAt is aoping Nith the abundance of information~ xith the rising and
groxing demanda addreased to the brain. The prerequisites for the
~cientifiu and teohnicul revolution Nhich Nere oreated by the brain of
~eniuses and 'giftedSpersons~ and the saientific and technical revolution
tt~elf, backed by the talent and labor of millione~ have in turn pre-
g~nted huge demands on tha brain. Through the eyes and earg~ man xant~
this or does not want it~ ~ huge volume of information comes to the~brain.
His brain~ xhether he wanta this or not~ reaQts to this huge flox of
information. Is there real~y a threat that m~n may not cope rrith this
complexity?
Theorists in experimental physiology have shoxn the hypothetical baeic
principles according to xhich in interaction xith the environment~ under
~ the influence of this environment, the brain has developed~ has adapted
to ~his environment. Neuropt~ysiologiats should attempt to ansxer these
questions~ in what way does it prove possible for there to be not only
cnloseal individual improvement, exposure of the potentials of the brain~
but also an urgent transition to nex stages of interaetion xith the environa?ent
by huge masses of people. How has the brain of n~n in less than txo
generations proven capable of adapting in a practical~y completely nex
uorld? What xill happen rrith the brain if in the 2lxture too xith a
vast acceleration there is an ineresse in the load on i+.? Atd xhy up
to our days has there been no "catastrophe" (and xe can say that no
catastrophes have occurred) on the level of the potentials of the brain?
Is there in the brain a mechanism of selt-preservation~ of aelf-defense ?
What systems of the brain are more wlnerable--the phylogenetic, the later~
or the earlier'~ Will the emotional system aurrender and entail a"failure"
of the possibilities of the system conneeted xith it in the closest xay~
the one providing intellectual activity~ or~ on the contrary~ going out
of order temporarily~ preserve the int~lleet? Is it necessary to
"rendor harmless" the emotional system and thereby open up apace for the
intellect or is it necessary to preserve this "safety valve?"
There are mar~y very trtiportant questions. Their address is the pt~ysiology
of man's brain. The answer to the ma~ority of them requires investi~ations
and meditation, and to certain queat~.ons the ansxer is possible, apparently~
even now.
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F~o~ ~~~~'tCIAL US~ dNLY
It i3 knoWn that in the brain ~there i~ a meohaniem prov~.ding surplue
possibilities upon me.eting with eaah novel~Ey. The one for wh~m it has
been possible to "~py" on Nhat ooours in the brain ~t the moment xhen
� the aituation proveg to be a neK one~ Khen ~ tranai+,ion is made unexpeo-
todly to an old aitu~tion~ when there is even any bagis at all to be
''surprised~ " xill be able to eay that the brain in these oases as if
"plays through" the n~se of readine~ses for thlss nex eituation. AotSvated
~t the same time is a huge number of nerve elements~ a mass of communica-
tionn ie gxitohed on betxeen the dl,fferent aeationa and e1e~?ente of the
br~in. It ig not exoluded that thia same mechaniam~ even i� partiall,y~
xas at the basis of pregervation of the potentialg of the brain~ the pc~-
tentials of the species. It is very probable that this reaation to a
nex thing is also somethittg in the Hay of natural~ ~:aining of the braSn~
aomething like a mecharitsm xhioh Snsures surplus readinees for eaah
concrete~ even small novelty of a given minute~ and for long centuries
has prsserved endless~,jr the great potentials of the brain.
The greater the number of nex things~ the greater the number of .times
during short ae~menta of time the brain is "surprised," the more informa-
tion that gasses through the ears~ ey3s and other sensory inputs~ the
more rapidly doea the brain of a child devAlop and thereby the more tlil~jr
is the potential of the brain of the planet revealed~ and the more
opportunities appee?r for humanity. Perhaps~ it Ki.ll not be a great
exaggeration to say tt~t the scientific and technical revolution ia a
result of interaction ncc~:~rding to the principle of positive leedbaok
bet?reen the brain of humanity and the environment~ changed by this ~
brain. Scientific and technical progresa~ in this ~+ay~ on the one hand
i ~ the d~:aisions of personality made by humanity~ and on the other a ma~s
upaxing of the potentials of humanity~ a mass generation of ideas~ a
clash of ideas~ a mutual enrichment of ideas. Somerrhere~ not having
noticed it ourselves~ rre passed the stage after xhich there began the
general activation of the Brain of humanity~ after xhich there occurred
an "explosion" in the form of the scientific and technical revolution.
But the scientific and technical revolution--this is also the ht~ge increase
in the possibilities of study of the brain itself~ of problem solving--
18 the same as our bza in. And here again Ke come up againat the social
aspect of the problem. And this is xt~y. The successes in the study of
pt~ysiological bases of inental activity can and shoul,d give the key to
control of the potentials of the brain.
It is not excluded that~ having united the efforts of very different
approaches to the study of the brain, rre xill gain in the very near tliture
tru~jr real power over the brain. This poxer should be used on~y for
the g~od of the healttLy or th~ sick man.
We believe that the more deep~jr xe panetrate into the secrets of the
brain~ the s~~ller xill be the danger of using this knarledge against
14
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H'dk UI~N'LC1AL US~ dNLY
the brain~ ~g~inat humanity~ Knowlege can never be dangerous h~,; itself,
KnoNledge aill beoome or ttill not become dangerous degendin~ on in xh~ee .
handa it fallg. 3Qiontiats of the xhole xorld~ solving the problemg of
n~n's brain~ contrlbutSng their labor and talent to these gtudiea~ must
be sonseiot:s of ~he burd~n of re~pon~~.bi~ity to hun~nity lying on them~
they m+:st gtrive in every uay so ~thQt what th~ir brain oreatea xi11 be
utili~ed always only for the most humane purpogea.
COpYRICHTi I~dat~1'stvo "Nauka", i97?
10y08
cso, 1870 ~
is
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, O8~`AINING NIITRI~NT YEAST F'ROM PEA?'
Minek POLUCHENiYE K~RMOVYKH DROZN2HEY i2 TORFA (Obtaining Nutrient Yeest
From Peat) 1977 in Russian eigned to presa 14 Oct 77 pp 2-26, 230-23i
(Annotation,Table of Contenes, Introduction, and Chapter 1 from boQk
edited by eelorussian SSR Academy of Sciences Correspondinq Member V. Ye.
Rakovskiy, i~ddtel'gtvo "Nauka i tekhnika", 1000 copies, 323 paqea~
(Textj~ This book presents data on the availabilitiy and cheracteristics of
peat recommended as a raw material for hydrolytic processinq. The inclus-
trial procedures for hydrolyzinq peat with concentrated aulfuric acid are
described. Data from reseArch on the chemical composition end biological -
activity of the hydrolysis products of peat and on utilizstion of the
cflmponents of nutrient media prepared from hydrolyeates by protein, ca~ro-
~ene, and lipid-forming yeasr a~e generalized. Dat~ are presented on the
use of peat hydrolysig~residue to obtain fertilizer~~, subatrates for
microbial synthesis, and actfve charcr~al.
The book is intended for scientists, enqineers, and technicieu~s in hydro~
lytic industry, and it may be useful to scientiats working on peat chemistry.
Eighty-two tables, 38 figures, 423 biblioqraphic references.
~ Conten~s Paqe ~ ~
IntroduCtion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Chapter I. Availability and Charaeteristics of Hydrolytic Peat
Fraw Material
(V. S. Shimanskiy, A. V. Bystxaya, L. P. Galenchik, Z. V.
Tatarinskaya) . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Chapter II. Hydxolytic Processinq~of Peat . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Methods For Hydrolyzinq Plant Material Polysaccharides (V. S.
Shimanskfy, R. F. Bratist~ko, R. V. Kosobokova, M. N. Loyko,
~L. P. Lato, T. D. Belyavskaya, 2. A. Ivanovich). 27
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Inve~tigation of inv~reion of Hydrolysate Mass With the Goal of ~
Maxlmum Ex~raction of Reduced Peati Substancee (V. S. Shimanskiy, L
it. F. Bratishko, L. P. Ldto, R. V. Kosobokova, M. N. Loyko, T. D.
gelyavskaya) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Chapt~er iZi. Charncteristics of Upland Peat Hydrolygates 62
Dastructiion of Organic Substiances in Surface Peat by Hydxo-
lytic Processing (V. S. Shimanakiy, G. A. Yevdokimova, G. 2.
Raytsin~, I. G. Fridlyan~, L. I.Kastiyukevich, V. V. Lyakh,
N. Voytovich, L. P.. Galenchik, Z. V.Tatarinskaya, Z. A.
Ivanovich, V. i. M~dved' ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Detiermination of Nydrolysate lZeducinq ~gentia end Mono-
saccharidea (G. Z. Raytsina, G. A. Yeyd~kimova, I.,G. ~
~ridlyand) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Hydrolysate Urnnic Acids (G. I. R~ytsina, G. A. Yevdo- -
kimova~ i. G. Fricilyand, V. V. Lyakh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Analy~is of Furan Aldehydes (G. Raytsina, G. A. Yevdo-
kimova, I. G. Fridlyand, V. V. Lyakh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . A1
Properties of Hydrolysate Humus Cumpounds and Their Action on
Yeasc (G. A. Yevdokimova, 2. N. Voytc,vich, G. I. Raytsina,
L. I. Kostykevich) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Investigation of Peat Hydrolysate Organic Acids by the Gas-
Liquid Chromatography Method (G. A. Yevdokimova, L. V.
Kosonogova) ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . 1~3
Investiqation of Destruction of Nitrogen-Containinq Compounds
in Upland Peat 3ubjected to Hydrolysis by Concentrat~~~
Sulfuric Acid ( G. A. Yevdokimova, G. I. Raytsina, Z. N.
Vaytovich, I. G. Fridlyand, L. I. Kostyukevich, V. V. Lyakh) 107
Use of Peat Hydrolysates to Obtain Microbial Synthesis
Products (G. I. Raytsina, G. A. Yevdokimova) . . . . . . . . . . 113
Utilization of Organic Components of Peat Hydrolysates in
the Process of Yeast Cultivation (V. S. Shimanskiy, G. A.
Yevdokimova, G. I. Raytsfna, I. G. Fridlyand, L. I. Kos-
tiyukevich, V. V. Lyakh, Z. N. Voytovich, Z. A. Ivanovich,
2h. N. Boydanovskaya, N. V. Obraztsova) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 �
Chapter IV. Characteristics of the Residue From Peat Hydrolysis, '
and the Ways of Its Utilization . . . . . . . . . 137 ~
Chemical Compositfon of Residue from Peat Hydrolyzed by ~ ~
Concentrated Sulfuric Acid (N. F. Sorokina, Ya. K.
Yanchevskaya) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 .
, PhysiAlogical Activity of Residue From Upland Peat Hydrolys~.s
and of the Products of fts Oxidative Destruction (G. A. ~
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Yevdokimova, N. A.Senaylove, L. Z.Koetyulcevioh, L. V.
1Go~onogove) . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . 160
Utili~stion of Rs$idue From Peet Hydroly~ed by Concentratad
H2SOy to Obtain Fartilizere (Q. A. Xevdok;lmovd, L; Z.
1Goatiyukevich, N. A. Sanaylovs, L. V. 1Gosonoqova, Z. A.
ivenovioh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Hiochemicel P_oceasing of Residue From Peat Hydrol~?sie
~L. V. Koeonogova, G. Yevdokimova~) . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Nydrocdrbon Adeorbents From Opland Peat Hydrolyaia Residuaa
(Z. K. Luk'yanove, O. Y. Ma~ina) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 '
Conclueion ~ . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
introduction ' ~
~ ~ Creation of a hiqhly productive livestock and poultry raisinq iadustry
would be possible only if sensible balanced nutrition is provided. The
composition of animal and bird feed must include sufficient quantities of
essenti,al amino acids~ vitamins, hormones, and microeletaents. Nutrient
ysast, which contains up to 50 percent valuable protein, group B vitamins
�1� 82~ B6~ 812~~ ergosterol (vitamin.D), microelementa, enzymes, and
other subetances, is a source of these compounds.
The demand for nutrient yeast is beinq satisfied far fraa fully today. ~This
is why a siqnfficant increase in the output of microbiological industry has
been foreseen by directives of the 25th CPSU Cor,qreas concet:ninq the lOth
' Five-Year Plan. Pro~ects having the purpase of seekinq new raw material
sources are becoming important in this connection.
Our country possesses tremendous reserves of peat (almost half the world's
resources), includinq peat suitable for hydrolysis, which affords a possi-
bility for organizing production of protein and other products of microbial
. synthesis (amino acids, vitamins, and so on) in sufficient,quantities for
a lonq period of time.
Over a nwab~r of years the Belorussian SSR Academy of Sciences~Peat Insti-
tute has been workinq jofntly with the Latvian SSR Academy of Sciences
Institute of Wood Chemistry, the Planning-and-Desiqn Office of the
Lithuanian SSR Administration of Peat Industry, the Al1-Union Scientific
Reseerch Institute of Plant Material Hydrolysis, the Irkutsk Scientific
Research and Planning Institute of Chemical Machine Buildinq, and the
Belorussian Acadeaiy of Sciences Institute of Microbioloqy to acquire nutrient
~ yeast fran upland peat that has underqone mild decomposition. In terms of
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c:arbohydratQ content this peati hardly differs at all from w~od and other
rxw planti matierials used in hydrolytic indus~ry.
PQxt hydrolysate$ are a good medium for cultiivatibn of yeasts producinq
~ ~mino acids (lysine), carotene, dnd lipids, and tihey can be used to
synthesize organic compounds.
Analysis of different meth~ds and conditiions for hydrolysis of peat by
mineral acids ~howed that one of the promising and a~cceptable mpthods is
hydrolysis with concentrated sulfuric.acid. In this case not only the
readily hydrolyzable but also the poorly hydrolyzable peat polysaccharides ~
are broken downWith a maximum yield of reduci~g agents and with satisfactory
separation of the nonhydrolyzed residue from the hydrolysate. The residue
contains about 25 percent polysaccharides and SO,percent humug compounds,
to include 30 percent humic acida,~ and it is a valuable organic material.
Different methods have been developed for its use in the national economy--
preloaration of granulated organomineral fertilizers, activated charcoal, ~
and plastic'filler~,acqud.sition of total organic acids by means of oxidation
with atmospheric oxyqen in an alkaline environment, use as a binding aqent
in pellets, and so on. The postfermentation mash contai.ns nitrogen, pro-
tein compounds, orqanic aeids, reducinq aqents to include some quantity of '
sugars, and so on. After evaporative concentration, it can be used to '
acquire feed concentrate. Waste utilization will increas~ the economy of
obtaininq yeast from peat.
The industrial procedures were tested out fully in the experimental shop of
the Ezherelis Peat Enterprise (Lithuanian SSR), where experimental lots of
nutrient yeast were obtained. Research conducted by the USSR.Academy of
Medical Sciences Institute of Nutrition demonstrated that yeast obtained ~
from peat is distinquished by hiqh nutritional and stimulatory properties,
and that it does not have carcinoqenic activity.
A worm hydrolyzer mated with a peat-acid mixer underwent tests and improve- .
ments at an experimental industrial facility for neutralysate-producing
hydrolytic peat processing, erected at the Bobruysk Hydrolytic Plant. The
planned productivity of the apparatus has been achieved, and the degree of
destruction of peat polysaccharides is qood. A way of processing hydroly- ~
sate to acquire neutralysate has also been tested in experimental industrial
conditions, and the neutralysate has been tested as a yeast qrowinq mediwn. ;
This monograph summarizes results obtained by the collective of the Belo- ~
russiar? SS R Academy of Sciences Peat Inatitute's Hydrolytic Process Research ;
Laboratory. Research on yeast cultivation was conducted by colleagues of ~
the Belorussian Academy of Sciences Institute of Microbioloqy (Doctor of
Biological Sc~ences M: V. Zalashko and candidates of biological sciences ~
Ye. S: Gurinovich, Zh. N. IDgdanovskaya, I. F. Koroleva, and N. V. Obraztsova). ~
This book provides a chemical assessment of upland peat used as hydrolytic ~
raw material, substantiates the procedures for evaluatinq hydrolytic peat, ~
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and cites datia from scientific research performed by~the laboratory with
thQ qoal of creating tho industrial hydrolytic procedures and increaeing
the de~~th of destructiion of ~olysaccharidQa.
There is little published informatian on the composition of hydrolyseties
and residues fnrmed from peat hydrolysis. Peat hydrolysates obtained
from the action o� concentrated sulfuric acid contain the destruction pro-
ducts of humus compnunds, nitrogen-containing compuunds, orqanic acids,
and so on. Procedures have been developed for removing impurities from
hydrolysates by means of ion-exchange resins, extraction with organic
solvents, a~:d so on. Nbdern analysis methods are used to establish the
chemical characteristics of the components of peat, hydrolysates, and
resfdue from peat hydrolysis--paper and gas-1lquid chromt~toqraphy, ultra-
violet spectroscopy, gel chromatography, electrophoresis, and others.
Research on the influence the organic components of hydrolysates have on
yeast, performed ~ointly with the Belorussian SSR Academy of Sciences
Institute of Microbinlogy, revealed that peat hydrolysates are of high
quality, demonstrated that 40-70 percent of the organic acids contained in
media are consumed, and established the biological action of hydrolysate
humic acids on yeast.
This book presents data on the use of peat hydrolysates for microbial syn-
thesis, as well as the results of research on the possibility for utilizing
peat hydrolysis residue to prepare fertilizers and activated charcoal, and
the process of oxidative.destruction af peat hydrolysis residue with the
goal of obtaining substrates for microbial synthesis is studied.
The obtained information will broaden our ideas aboutapeat hydrolysis and
about the products formed, and it will be a necessary link i.n development
of the ways of utilizing these products.
The botanicbl descriptions of different types of peat were written by
colleagues of the laboratory of peat and sapropel deposits and the genesis
of peat and sapropel under the guidance of Doctor of Biological Sciences
A. P. Pidoplichko.
Chapter I. Availability and Characteristics of Hydrolytic Peat Raw
Material
The significant increase in production of nutrient yeast in our country
foreseen by a~25th CPSU Conqress decision requires that we find and
aasimilate new types of nondietary hydrocarbon and plant raw materials. At
present we acquiie nutrient yeast with the use of the wastes of food and
cellulose-and-paper industry, mainly the products from hydrolyzinq wood and
agricultural plant remains. These raw materials will not be able to '
satisfy the planned yeast demand within the very near future.
Mildly decomposed upland peat is a promisinq hydrolysis raw material in cer-
. tain regioris of L�he Soviet Union. Work done by the Rpstorfr