JPRS ID: 8225 TRANSLATIONS ON USSR AGRICULTURE

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i6 JANUARY i979 CFOUO i179~ i~OF i

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ro~ oFr~~~w~ us~ ~N~Y
JPk5 L/6225
~ 16 January 1.979
r
TRANSLATIONS ON USSR AGRICULTURE ~
CFOUO 1/79)
~ U. S. JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE
~
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BIBLIOGRAPNIC DA7A 1~ Nepon No. 2~ Il~~ri~,irnt~s A~~c un N~~,
SNEET ,~I~ItS 1,/ 8225
~ u e rn .u tit e S. Hrpuri f)~~tr
'fkA~5LA'L'ION5 ON USSIt ACkICl1L'!'UItL ~(FOUO 1/79) 16 Janu~ry 1979 _
e,
7~ Auchor(s) ~ 8. pettnrming Orarnizutiun Rrp~,
Nn.
" ? 9. Pertamina Orgrolsetion N~me �nd Addeere 10, P~oject/Taii~/Worl~ Unit No,
.toint Publications Research Service
1000 North Glebe Rnad 11. Conrrsct/Gr~nt No.
' tlrlington, Virginia 22201
12 Sponeorins Organisuioa Nune and Addreis 13. Type of Repott Ec Period
Coveted
As above
t
1S~ 5upplemeneary Notes
16~ Ab~tt~cts
The repart contains information on trends and policy at the national and
republic levels, plans and plan fulfillment, production statistics,
technological achievements and shortcomings, and agricultural ~.nvestmants,
administration, and management. Information at lower levels is included
when it is indicative of trends or innovations.
17. Key Aord~ ~nd Daument Aa~lyii~. 17a De~ctiptors
USSR ~
Agriculture
� 176. Idemi(iera/Open-Eoded Terms
17c. COSAT( Field/Group ZD~ ZB
18. Avail~bility St~tement 19..Secucity Class (This 21. o. of P~gca
Reporc) 52
FOr nffiCi~?l USC Ot11y. T.~mited . ccur~tyCtass ( his 22. Price �
Number of Copies Available From JPRS pa6~
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FOpM HT{!~7/ (10~70)
USCOMM�oe ~o~~o�F11
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JPRS L/8225
- 16 January 1.9 79
TRANSLATIONS ON USSR AGRIC~JLTURE
. -
cFO~o ~/79)
CONTENTS PAGE
~ Statistical Analys~.s of Soil Tendency To Wind Erosion
' (A. L. Andreychuk, eC al.; DOKLADY VA5Ith NIL, Jun 78) 1
Capillary ';ethod of Leaching Saline Soils
(S. V. Sanoyan; DOKLADY VASKhY~1TIL~ Aug 78) 5
Book on Chernozem Soils in Volga and Pre-Urals Regions
(CHERNOZEMY SSSR (POVOLZH'YE I PREDURAL'YE), 1978) 10
Classification, Application of Complex Fertilizera Discussed
(A. V. Peterburgskiy; I2VESTIYA AKADEI~I NAUK SSSR
SERIYA BIOLOGICHESKAYA, Nov-Dec 78) 39
' a - [III - USSR - 7 FOUOJ
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Unc 631,4:55i.o53
~TATISTICAI, ANALYSIS OF ~OZL TENDENCIY TO WTND EROuZON
Moscow DOgLADY VASghNIL 3.n .Russ3.an r1o 6 Jun ~8 pp 22-23
,[~Articl~ by A. L. Andreycriuk, Candidate of Agricultural Sci~nces;
Y~.. L. Bronshteyn, Candidate of Technical ~aiences; and M. I.
~ubinsh~eyn, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences (Presented on
5 May by A. M. Maroytov, Correspondin.g Member of VASBhNIZ,,~
~ ex~ The development of soil conservation measures requlres
knowledge of both the physical-mechanical properties of the soil
. and the statistical data characterizing the roughness of the soil
surface and wind activity.
A full analpsis of the degree to which soils yield to the forces
of deflation must, in the general case, also take into account
other factors affecting the erosion process--the presence of
stubble, soil moisture, etc. Since the effect of most of them
is stochastic in nature, the soil's tendency to wind erosion
should be determined by means of a probability index ta lsing~ into
account thP ~tatistical parameters involved in the ~~nalysis of
thes~ factor$. W~ will limit ourselvas to ~ anal9;;is oY the
basic ones--the roughness of the soil surface, ~o~~u?~~pd on the�;.~
ba8is of data on the fractional composition of,' the soil, ~nd wind~
speed. Then occurs a random event, the movemQnt of a soil parti- ~ -
cle under the effect of the wind, with the presence in the soil
of~particles whose dimensiona do not exceed a certain critical`2Rm,~
and the effect of the wind of a c~ritical speed um. On the strength
of the independence of events (=R~) and ~u~ , the p~obabilit~ of this
, event is ec,ual to the proiluct of the probabilities of the two
random evQnts indicated: ~
P(D) aP(2Ro,i,- which
accord3.ng to the W-criterion , 3.nsures t~ie required level of
credibi.l3.ty. The wind speed pro ability densit~ takes the form
f (~d~) � 0~707~/2n exp
x ( _ (U,p - 3, l4)~l .
~ 2~0,707' ~
The theorFtic~1-experimental study which the authors made of the
ero3ion of the lightly-textured soils of the southern part of
Kazal:hstan made it possible to establish a relationship between
the radius R,oof particles sub~ect to deflation and a critical
wind speed at the moment deflat3.on begins:~
R,~ = o,oos2u~ = au~.
In the for~going expression, particZ;: sizes are presented in
the form a deterininate functional dependence on the raaldom
argument; therefore, the _radius ttm is also a random variable. '
The density of distributio~i of the sizes is found in the form
~
B~r~) - 0,08 2rc ~ exp ;C ~ 2~
X ~ _ (~,p - 0,1 i G5)~ ~ .
2�0,04a
2
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l~s fo~l.ows from ~nalysi~ of the 1.as~ exrre:~s~.on, ~~i~ distribu~ion
of tlie si:.es of p 28. 5outhern portion of zone
10� Centigrede 29. Saratov (experimental field)
11. Hydrothermal coefficient for Warm 30. Pugachev (Saratovskaya Oblast)
peri~d with temperature > 10� 31. Bol'ahaya Glushitsa (KuybyBhevakaya
Centigrade Oblast
32. Ilek (Orenburgakaya Oblast)
24
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Pi~f~ ~1~i'~,LV1f1L W~.)U ~1tLi
~hn hc~at r~gim~ in individu~i ngres of th~ t~rrLeory ch~ngag more or la~g
~~ngidarably d~p~ndin~ ~pan eh~a ard~ra~hi~ ~iru~eion, ~or nxampln.~ in tha
Prd-Ur~l ~one a noei~~gbl~ influanc~ i~ ex~art~d by th~ cooling ~ff~ct of thc~
Urel mountain gy~t~m; th~s eam~ influana~ on elimaCn i8 mantfc~~t~d in a W~ak
form in rayons of th~ Bugul'minsko-Bal~b~yev~l~~yg Elevation, tha ~ileirskoy~
Plat~gu end th~ north~rn adge of the Obehchly Syrt.
~
It can b~ statnd rhae the r~liof (iCs formg, ~ix~, ~xpoeura) is ehe moee
con~rant and indlu~neial factor of th~ local ehang~s in ~h~ thermal regim@
(and ~lso mc~i~tur~ ~nd orh~r ~lem~nt~ of the etimate) on Che r~maining
t~rritory of the Volga and Pr~-Ural r~gions.
Syg~ematic obeervationg of a network of mateorological etationg hav~ shown
that ~lavations (syrtg, waterehad platnaus), compared to adyoinin$ g,~~
r~latively low plaina ahd valleye~ ara char8ct~rized by lower (by 75-10U�
C~ntlgrad~) annu8l cotgl amounte o� ective air t~mp~raturee for e~ch 1d0
m~e~rs of ~levation; mor~over, ~levationa are di~tinguighed by a longer
fro~t-free period (by 1S-20 day~) and l~as amplltud~a in t~mpergtur~
fluctuetions, for both daily and annual cycles, and with th~ exception of
low araas in the vici~ity of larga wat~r areas of th~ Volga, Kama and ~Cher
large riv~rg, where the ~ffect of the water areas as accumulatora of summer
heat ia folt in the coastal zonas during Che au[umn period.
1~he differences in tha moiature conditions of territorigs~ which are caused by
atmospheric precipitation and which are dapendent upon the paculiaritiee of
- air circulation, generally coincida with the spatial changc~s in the thermal
conditiong. The northwestern and weetern rayons of the Vol~a region and the
northern reyons of the Zavolzh'ye and Pre-Ural regions receive relatively
raieed and more conatant (in a perennial cycle) amounts of precipitation on
the order of 4S0-480 mm annually (in places up to S00 mm); in the middle zone
of the territory, amounts on the order of 370-450 mm prevail and in the
southern zone 320-360 mm. Moreover~ in addition to a decrease in the
average annual amount of precipitation, the irregular occurrence of such
precipitation is increasing from y~ar to year and eeason to 8888011 and a
sha:p increase is also taking plaee in the repetition and duration of extremely
dry periods.
Based upon the moisture conditions and taking into account the degree of
aa rmth and precipitation during the period of most active plant growth, the
folloWing regio~a are isolated: region of adequate moisture, in which the
' GTK (gidrotermicheskiy koeffitsiyent; hydrothermal coefficienCJ is equal to
or someahat higher than 1(input and expenditure of molature are balanced);
region of lowered or weak moisture conditions (with a GTK of 1-0.8); region of
insufficient moisture conditions (GTK 0.8). The geographical location of
these regions and the configuration of their borders is more canpl:cated than
the overall plan for latitudinal zoning.
An important role in the formation of the geographic picture of acmospheric
moiature is played by such large orographic elements as the principal
~5
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l~~ ~~'~~~IAL U5~ ~NLY
wne~r~h~d~ aL thcs ~r~-Volgg ~l~vaeidn, whirh ~mbrace ehe tlnws of tha
prin~ipgt rnoigture-earrying Atlantic cuYr~neg, by Chd ~ugul'rnin~ko-
~~1e~ayuvsk~ya ~l~vaeian wieh its ad~oinin~ ~ic~m~nt~ of thu Nigh Zavolxh'ya
r~gion ~nd Uy th~ Ufa Plgt~au and the Pr~-i~el'skaya zon~ af eha Pr~-Ural
r~gio~, which accumulgt~ additional moi~rura owin~ to rais~d hypeom~tric
levels. ~
Lo~~l pe~uliaririae of reliaf~ th~ hydro~raphic n~towrk and tha v~g~tgtiv~
rov~r ~nd eh~ eondition of th~ ~oil's ~urfac~ aff~ct to a coneidarabl~ d~gr~~ '
the moiature condition~ in ~mall portione of th~ cc~rritory nnd ~v~n in s~na11
raginng having uniform qugntiti~s of atmosph~rie precipitation. ~'htg ~ff~ct
i~ n~anifusted through th~ r~dietrib~tion of moisture i'rom falling rain and
snou~ depending upon thn eurfaca ~lopes~ rhe wind conditions and th~ ~xpoeur~
of Lndividual nlnmante of ehe relief~ The varying amountg of aurfece run-off
and tho intanaity of moigture ~vaporation are associat~d with these sama
eonditione and~ as a rasult, a gmall apa~ial h~tarog~naity for ehe Water re~ime
nf eha eoil ig created. In pgrticular~ the local relief conditions and Che
condition of the surface exert g considerabl~ influence on th~ dietribution
of th~ gnoa cov~r, which i~ closely asaociated with the depth and duraCion of
the p~riod oF winter freezing of soil~ a factor which i~ nf coneiderabl~
importanre from tho gtandpoint of ecology end soil-formation.
The brief review furniahed above on the principal climatic condiriona heat
and dampness r~veals thnt the territory of the Volga and Pre-Ural regiong
of tha chernozem xone is characterized by a climate regime thet is dryar,
more continental in nature and apatially more variable than the climate of
the adjoining central Rusaian province. Only the western edge of the Volga
region th~ central rayong of the Mordovian ASSR and the extreme western
rayons of Saratovakaya Oblast have conditiona similar to the latter.
The considerable range of variability in climatic conditions within the
borders of the Volga and Pre-Ural regiona ia conaidered to be one of the
principal factors underlying the 9pet/~t ,.h,~�~,.,. natural landacapes, the
geography of the soil cover and the genetic diversity of the soils. However,
it would be incorrect to aesume that the fortnation of the latter is
controlled entirely by climatic parameters: the facts indicate that soils of
different genetLc typea, for example leached chernozems and grey ferest soils,
can be found under identical climatic conditiona.
Landecape Zonea and Vegetative Cover .
The chernozem soils in the Volga and Pre-Ural regiona lie in two landscape
zones foreat ateppe and ateppe the geographic positions of which �
generally involve changes in the climatic ccnditions, cnainly in connection
with the degree of dampneas in the climate. The forest-steppe zone is bow-
shaped and embraces a large northern portion of the territory; it dropa
towards the south both in the west, in the Pre-Volga region, and in the east,
in the Pre-Ural region; it conforms to regions having adequate or a weak
deficit of moisture (GTK 1.2-1; 1-0.8). The steppe zone includea the
26
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o~~~ tc~nz cr~t; arr~~
~outharn, ~xer~mu sduthwa~t~rn ~nd ~o~?ttiua~~~rn regidn~ nt f.ngu~fi~iun~ gnd
un~tabl4 mdtyeur~ (CTK b~8-0,7 and l~gg)~
The ~tctual pirturn di th~ pl~ram~nt of Che tnrugt-g~~ppu and ~C~ppa ar~g~ i~
mora cdmplieae~d ~ti~n th~ gan~�rg1 plan, sine~ efie v~g~eaeivu eovar ehg
principal ~pokeBman Eor natural 1~ndgcgpe i~ dapendent t� it~ formatidn
, upon m~ny fdrtor~ ~f both a modarn ~cologi~:a1 and a1s~ a hi~torical-g~ngtie
~nd p~l~n~~ographic na~ure. Ag a reeult and with no conn~ction to th~
r.limaetc Gnnditinns~ a trend ig baing observed in som~ ar~ag wh~r~in forusee
. ar~ b~ing rrangformed frum an ad~oining foregt xdn~ noe only ic~to a for~gt-
gtdpp~ but glgo a gt~pp~ znnn and~ conv~r~~ly, vac?t puraly ~tapp~ r~gion$ ar~
, b~ing canverC~d into ~or~gt-eCepp~ zones~
As i~ well knnwn, the bord~rs b8twegn natural landacepe xon~o ar~ nor
~uffieiantly clenr i� th~y er~ not det~rmin~d by larg~ netural bound~rieg~
'Th~ Volga ltivor, from Kuyby~hdv to Vol'sk, ~~rve~ as just guch g boundary
saparaeing Ch~ forest st~pp~ rigt~C bank r~gion froni th~ Volgn 5tepp~ ragion.
Ttin valley of the Bol. Kinel' ltiver also ~erv~a as ~uch a boundary gaparating
tha for~gt-eteppe and steppe xones in th~ Vo1ga r~gion (L.I. Praeolov,
S~S. Neuatruyev, A.I. Beseonov, 1903-1916).
The middle Volga ~nd pra-Ural re~ions are terrirories of high farming
developmant, with many areas having been dev~loped many years ago. Economir
acCivity ha~ altered the natural environment subsCantially and~ in p~rticular~
it has digrupted the vegetative cover in terms of both th~ composition of the
vegetative types nf agaociations and the contourg of their spread.
'fhe Pre-Volga fo rest-steppa region (to tt~e weg~ of the Vol~a River)~ eapecially
itg northern portion, ia distinguished by a high leve~ of foregtation and this
is manifeated in the ~nodern natnrel aspect of this territory. Here there are
regions in which, beyond any doubt, foresta having large foreat tracts
predominate. Moreover, a portion of these tracts can be viewed either as
regional projections or as isolated islets of a neighboring forest zone. Their
assignment to the high levela of the Pre-Volga Elavation relief underscores
their origin from the ancient non-glacial eanctuariea of forest vegetation
during the glacial period of the [~ussian plain.
The basic cyp~s of forest vegetation in the Pre-Volga forest ateppg region
include the broad-leaf forests consisting of oak, maple and linden trees, with
ash and elm trees (complex oak groves) in some areas and mixed pine-broad-leaf
, forestg including birch trees. Pure pine forasts (mainly on sandy terraces)
have spread to a considerable degree.
. The oak grovea of the northern forest-steppe regions (Gor'kovskaya Oblast,
Chuvash ASSR) are distinguished by a closeness of the timber stands. Here one
encounters pine trees and the grass cover contains such taiga-forest plants
as maj~nthemum, pyrola, oxalis and wood reed (Stankov, 1951; Averkiyev, 1935,
1947). The oak groves in the central forest-steppe rayons of the Pre-Volga
region are thinned out; here there is well developed undergrowth which includes
27
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ha~~l nueg wiEh gpindl~ trc~a ~nd g~tron~ gragg ~ovQr edn~igtit~g mainly of
gouCwaud and hairy ~~dg~, aith Eh~ noti~uabla p~rticipation df mixc~d
grag~~~ nnion ~ra~~~ m~adow gra~~ and uthc~r~, In eh~ mor~ dry arags of
Y~li~f er in th~ sduth~cn third of th~ fora~t-~eapp~ t~gion, ih~ oak grov~~
ar~ a~v~r~ly ehinn~d out~ rh~ ~.rees ar~ not v~ry tall and quir~ oft~n a ela~~d
timb~r btand doe8 noe form. ~ath~r rh~re ar~ g~roup~ ~~uong uhich tuasdow- ,
scepp~ mixed herb~ rich in typ~e form to a~trong d~gree. ThaBa groupe ar~
border~d by ehrube hon~yauckl~, dog rog~ and spir~a. Quit~ often th~
~eadow-st~pp~ and �tappa gra~~ea in ~uch oAk g~oves p~n~trnt~ uhd~r g cov~r of ~
mor~ d~ng~ timber stande.
With a conaid~rably greater gpread of the foruete during the pr~-culture
pnriod compar~d ro Ch~ pr~e~nC tima~ mora or less tre~laee et~pps area~ hav~
remain~d bacwaen tham einca time i~mnemorial. There cen b~ no doubt but thae
guch areae w~r~ uriliz~d by the popularion primariiy ag axabl~ ~and,
G~obotanicel dara hge ~nabled us to define th~ virgin land v~get8tion of
exposed forast-eteppe areae ae being mainly etth~r meadow-8C8Qp8 or rich-gra~~-
mix~d herbe in naEure. However, it is quit~ probabl~ that an important ro1~
Was playad in the past by feather graee, mixed herba-sod-grage (with feather
grassas and eheep'e fascu~) "true" steppee. Th~ latrer suppogedly
predominated in th~ southern part of the Pre-Volga for~et-ateppe and ro tha
south of the Syzran' River.
The forest-ateppe lying to the east of the Volga Itiver and befor~ the
foothillg of the southern Urals, undergoes substantial chang~a throughout ita
extent~ ehanges which are noticeably associat~d both with ganeral geographic
changea in the climate (mainly with an increasg in contin~ntgl conditiong
toWards the east) and aleo with the regional peculiarities of the relief,
ground and soils and local climatic conditiona. First of all, one notices
that the overall degree of forestation in the territory is compar~tively lower
than that for the Pre-Volga forest steppe region; treeless steppe elementa of
the landacape predominete to a conaiderable degree over the foregt elements.
Mor~ often than not the forestg are acattered in the form of emall groves on
the surtmita and along the alopea of ravines and river valleys and quite often
tt~ey form large isolated tracta.
In the Zavolsh'ye fore~t-steppe and prior to the Bugul'minsko-Belebeyevskaya
Blevation, the foreats are repreaented by several impoverished oak grov~s
with lindens, maples and elms, but without ash which has not made the
transition aver to the left bank of the Volga River. Beyond the city of �
Belebey, oak is often replaced by linden, maple or elms and in some areas by
birch. In the Belebey region there is an area of light birch forest-steppe
which appears almost Siberian in nature and in which oak groves are coropletely �
abaent. This is obviously the result of the colder and more aevere local
climate and the peculiarities associated with the history of development of
the vegetation found in the Southern Urals end Pre-Ural region (Krasheninnikov,
1937, 1941; Mil'kov, 1950).
The steppes created a background of natural landscape in the Zavolzh'ye forest-
steppe region, forming vast tresless regions in somQ areas (Chistopol'skiy
26
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~Ii 0~'I~t11L U~~ dtVt~Y
It~yan ~1dng th~ lc~~e bAnk oF eh~ Kamn itivar, frdm nc~~ Vol~~ to th~ Shanhma
~ rivue~; P.h~rum~hand-Kondurchin~kiy ttaydn, which oc~upiae a gerip of eh~ lefe
bank of the Vn1gg en tha ~outh of Mayna kiver up to eha 1ow~r r~a~h~~ nE eh~
Bol. Ch~erpmsh~nA Rtver ~nd g ~erg~ portion af ~h~ intar~luvial ar~a for eh~
Ch~r~m~h~na and Kondurrhi riv~~~s).
' Ae~drdin~ ro ttia ~enboeanieal dgta, eh~ r~geor~d v~gQta~ion of th~ ~r~al~ae
~xpange~ of eh~ 2avolzh'y~ forast-BtQpp~ r~g~on during th~ pr~-agricultural
perlod w~g repre~~nted mainly by eg~ociationg of th~ maadoa ~tapp~ ~yp~,
' wh~eh in th~ nor~hern part of th~ son~ w~r~ trar~~form~d into 8C@~p~ i(t~gdAWB
and in th~ south into tru~ gtapp~~, Tha gre~s standn of m~adow s~epp8~
;
~on~istc~d of aod gragea~ ~he~p'e feecue, koal~ria, meadoa grese, c~rtain
eypu~ of fc~athar grasa~~ and hairy f~ath~r grae~ and partly rhixome grae~~e
(~at gre~~ ~t~pp~ brom~ gra~e and oth~rs). Thc~ abund~nt and rolorful roixtur~
oE h~rbs thet app~are in late gpring and during th~ first helf o~ the ~wnm~r
period atso playad e gr~at rold in th~ formation of eh~ gregg at8nd. 5uch
me~dow st~ppc~s in the Enreet-$t~ppg xc~e of rhe zavol~h'ye and Prn-Ural
re~ions ~xi~t~d up until the middle of the 19th Century and th~y can still be
found in ~omn ar~g~ ~t the pr~sent tim~~
'Th~ meadnw ~teppes of th~ fbY@8C-st~pp~ xon~ ~he zavolzh'ye end Pre-Ur~l
region~ ara characterized by associations havl.ng a predominance of st~ppQ
shrubs dwarf elmond, stepp~ cherries, spi~:ea, p~ashrub, broom ai~d go forch,
which shoW c~ preference for d~veloping along the irregular and erodgd sidea
of ravinea~ on ehe steap elopes of syrta or hills or in 1ow areas of water~hed
~lateaus; equally typical are the distinctive and thinn~d out broad-lhaf mix~d
hgrb essociation~ of the calcareous-rocky steppe, which are p~culiar to steep
and well exposed slopea, the summits of watershed areas, shikhans and other
prominent elements of the relief having outcroppings of crude native rock on
the surface.
The steppe zone, which incl~;dea ttae eouthern portion of the chernozem
distribution in the Volga aad Pre-Ural regions in its natural (undisturbed by
raan) conditian~ ia characterized by almost a complete absence of forests in
thQ watershed areas and the prevalence of froat and draught resistant perennial
grass plant communities containing a predominance of sod grasses. In
conformity with definite apatial changee in the ecological conditiona,
sub-zonal strips and smaller regiong having a predominance of certain typea
and variants of ateppe vegetation are differentiated in the steppe zone.
' The landscape strip, which borders to the south end leads up to ihe foreat-
steppe zone, for the "true" or typical (according to Ye.M. Lavrenko) or
. exposQd (according to I.I. Sprygin) steppes in their northern locations end
for more damp relief position8, was represented by plant groupings reaembling
those for the meadoW ateppes of the forest-ateppe zone, where a rich mixture
of different herbs prevails. Such variants in the exposed stepp~s were
particularly widespread in the northern portion of the transitional ateppe
strip in the ~avolzh'ye region (according to L.I. Prasolov), in the
interfluvial areas for the Bol. Kinel' and Mal. Kinel' and the :fal. Kinel'
and Borovka rivers enc! along the headwaters of the Bol. Kinel' and Toka rivers.
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~~t O~ICIAL U5~ dNLY
Th~ principal araa oE th~ ~ub-~and ~f axp~sed etoppa~, whiCh Qmbrgbn~ th~
~oueh~rn ragion~ oE ehe Pra-Volg~ ar~~, a va~t ~erip of eh~ Zevolxh'y~ r~gion
lying be~.we~n eh~ Samarg ttiv~r on eha on~ h~~d gnd the Chagra, Chapayevekaya
and Buzuluk riv~r~ o~ ~tte o~h~r and ~1$o eh~ souehern portion of the
Or~nbur~ Pr8-Ur~1 region, i~ chara~t~riz~d by a pr~dominane~ of mix~d-h~rb,
~od-gra~~ pi~he gg~ociaeiona in which the principal ro1c~ ia play~d by eh~~p'd ~
f~ecu~~ narrow-lagf t'aaEher grase and oat grase and partly by ko~l~rig,
meadow gragg and gt~ppe timothy. Compar~d eo m~adow ~t~pp~ r~gions~ ~h~ra ar~
con~id~rably f~w~r typ~e and a l~sa~r gbundanc~ of dicotylc~donoug mix~d '
graeg~g. On brok~n r~li~f, one find~ ~esociation~ of st~pp~ ehrubs and
x~rochalkophyllit~ a~~ociaCions of "rocky st~pp~s", which ara eimiler to rhe
a~~ociation~ of foreet-8teppes.
As the elimate becom~s more dry, th~ mixed-~ra~~, ~h~~p'~ fug~u~, f~geh~r gra~e
erue ~t~pp~a ar@ transformed into f~ath~r grae~ sC~pp~e (according to V.V.
Al~khin), thus forming a~ub-zon~ of dry st~ppea. In th~ grags foundation for
such aC~pp~g~ L~~ging fearhgr graem tog~th~r with broad-lea# cat-tail and
ghe~p's fegcue g~rve as an indicator; bulboug m~Adow grag~ parCicipat~a ta g
considerable degre~ in the formation of 1at~ gpring grasg gtandg. The mixed
grasa~~ ar~ small in number and they often includ~ ~emi-~hrubs sagabrueh,
pyrethrum, pgrennial plantg having a short growing seagon and bulboug
eph~m~arans which develop in the gpring when the soil ia ~aturated with thaW
waters. During the'middle of summer, a sharp period of semi-dormancy occurg
in the development of the vegatation of the dry steppae. An important feature
of the plant :over ie the overall thinning out of the plant atand and the
predominenc~ of incomplete and semi-closed aeaociations: among the spor~ matg
of grasges and the bushea of g�mi-shrubs and mixed graeses, op~n plota of eoil
remain in xhich, following rainfall, loa plants develop.
The steppe zone of the Volga and Pre-Ural regions is an area of high farming
development. HoWever the exteneive development of thia area began rather
recently 2-3 centuries ago. Moreover, during the first half of this period
the farming was extremely extenaive, nomadic and scattered. Thus the steppe
plant cover deatroyed by plowing und the grazing of livestock could
periodically be restored naturally by raising it more or ~.p88 to the initial
virgin land condition.
5ome Questions Concerned with Paleogeography, Paleopedology and the Evolution
of Soils.
The Volga and Pre-Ural regions, being mainly an extra-glaciation territory,
appear as an ancient denudation-accumulative a~ain within Which surfaces of
different ages and related to definite heights stand out. The oldest surface '
datea back to the end of the Meaozoic era. Throughout the quaternary period,
the territory under revieW developed mainly in the absence of a hydromorphic
regime, aith the exception of the ancient valleys of large rivers.
The evolution of a majority of the soils in the territory studied can be
presented in association vith the evolution of the vegetation and the migration
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r~c~~~ ~rx~~~nr, v;~~~ ort~~
aE Chc~ veget~ttive ~onag as ~ r~~ult dE fluctuations in Cllm~tu cfuring thu
p~ried of dnv~ldpmant nf ehu goi~ covar, nc~~pieu Cha f~~e ~hae eha Volt;n
and Pre-Ur~l r~~ions ran~eit~ea mainly an extra-glaciation ar~a, ~laeiaeions
nf the Rus~i~n plsin ehroughout Ch~ COUi'~A of eh~ quatc~rnary p~riod
undoubeedly ~xart~d a sub~tgntigl influ~nea on thc~ aetivity of th~ d~nudAtion-
~ ae~umulativ~ proc~~~c~ end on the d~vnlopm~nt of the hydrographie n~ework.
It ean b~ statc~d th~t eh~ ~rrang~m~nt of thE surfae~ gnd th~ ov~rall
fdrmatian of che landseape~ whiCh elds~ly r~~ombl~~ th~ modarn landseap~, eook
� pl~c~ gt th~ b~ginni~lg of Ehe ![c~lnr~nu apoctt, It wg9 dbviouely at thie mame -
~imu that thc~ Eormgtinn of the goil covar b~gan, eh~ f~aturae of uhich can
geill be traced in ~he structur~ and prop~rri~e of mod~rn soile.
~he ~por~-pollen gnalytic d~e~ obCain~d and ~ummarix~d by M~I. Neynhtadt,
V.P. Grieh~k and N.I. P'yavch~nko shad~ som~ li~ht on the gan~ral f~atur~~
of the paleog~ography gnd evolutinn of v~gatation in eha Vo1ga and Pra-Ura1
ragions during the p~riud of time commgncing with tha ~arly Holacene ~poch~
AeCOrding to their materiel~, th~ elimatir changes during ehis pariod in th~
southern end mauthgagt~rn ~uropean part of ch~ USS~ ~to the south of
Kaluxh~kaya and Goti'kovakaya obla~ts) had a rQlati~�~ly low nmpliCude of
fluetuations and did not bring ~baut sub~tanti~l ~hgngQS in thg phy~ical-
~ g~ogrgphic ~onditions or in th~ landsrape as a whole and the natural-18ndgcap~
zones Were dieCinguishad by definita stabiliry. This appli~d in parLicular to
the zone of ateppe~, th~ bordera of which were establighed on the given
territory during thg early Holocena epoch (Neyshtadt, 1957). In tha opinion
of V.~. Crichuk (1950) and N.I. P'yavchenko (1958), it cctn ~nly be atated
with r~gard to tha st~ppes that a certain chang~ took plare in th~ir vegetatian
struct~re, which Wag more xerophilous during the early Holacene epoch.
On the territory of tho modern forest-steppe zone, during the early Holocene
epoch, .I. Neyshcadt (1953, 1957) assumed the existence of thinned out pine-
birch forests having a small mixture of broad-leaf varieties (oak, elm and
lind~n trees)~ which gpread extenaively during the middle Holocene epoch
(climatic optimum), moving southWard into the area of northern steppea.
During che late Holocene epoch, the borders for the apread of the broad-leaf
variecies ahowed practically no change and yet the pollen spectrumg reveal
the presence of birch and at times pine trees. K.K. Markov end others (1950)
tend to associate this circumstance aith the economic activity of mgn, that
ie, with the cutting down of foreetg and the appearance of secondary foreata.
~ Interesting materials on the paleogeography of the foregt steppe in the Middle
Volga region have been presented in the Works by N.1. P'yavchenko (1950, 1958).
Here, che author~ based upon th~ data obtained �ram stratigraphic and pollen
� studies of peat bogs in U1'yanovskaya and Kuybyshevskaya oblasts and in the
_ Mordovian and Tetar ASSR's, draws the conclusion Lhat during the past 6,000-
7,000 years (absolute age of the peat bogs) no significant climatic
fluctuations, movements of the veg~tative zones associated with such
fluctuations or aharp changes in the degree of afforestation took place in
the mentioned territo:y. N.I. P'yavchenko's view of the dynamics of
, vegetation in the foresc-steppe zone is similar to that held by M.I. Neyshtadt.
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xY1f~ OF'F'IC~1L US~ ON~,Y
During th~ ~~rly Holocen~ epoch, with r~laCivc~ly dry ~nd warm cllmaeic
cnndition~ pr~v~iling in eh~ middl~ Vo1ga ragion, a~ pin~-birch Eor~~t-~t~ppe
~xigt~cl whi~h, G,000~5,000 yegr~ a~o (everage Holoc~n~), wa~ r~plac~d by a
damp brogd-l~af for~~e-~e~pp~, airh th~ broad-l~af varic~tips r~aehih$ ~hi~
area from rhe aoueha~st and the cen~rgl eh~rnozem oblase~, N.I. P'y~vch~nko
gaeumad thp pr~~~nc~a of a maximum emouat of for~et land at tha b~aginnin~ of
eh~ laee Holoc~ne ~poch; ehie land has be~n r~duc~d eharply at th~ prae~nt ~
tim~.
Thua, ~harp changa~ did not eake p1ac~ in ehe climat~ ~nd ve~~tativ~ cov~ar of ,
the middle Volga and Pra-Ura1 regiona during th~ posr-glacial period. Tha
vegaeativp cover, et 1~ast gince tha middle No1oc@ne epoch (7,000 y~gre a~o),
haa app~arad as g complieat~d asaociation oE for~~t-st~pp~ and ~tappa, the
bardar bctw~en whieh has not chan~~d ~ubstgnti~lly sine~ thar eirn~. The
ev~lution of th~a vegetaeion ~nd~d with certain ehangas in tha floral
structure of ehe vegetgtiv~ zonea and obviougly in a c@r~ain movem~nt of the
bordar~ of the forest tracts within th~ fores t-at~ppe.
rhese concluaione and ~1so the geobotanical mat~rials of Y.I. Sprygin (1931)
on pr~-agricultural v~g~tatioc~ in Eh~ middle Volga region r~veal rath~r
convin~ingly that the overwhelming majority of thg cherno~~m soils in the
steppe and southar~n forest-etepp~ regiona develop~d under grasgy ~tepp~ and
meadow-at~ppe v8gatation. Moreover, the history of the forntiation and the
arrangement of th~ surface of thase tei:i~aries tegtify to the fact that the
hydromorphic atages did not play a eubstantial role in their forniation.
Leached ch~rnozem ~oilg, as a eub-~onal sub-typ~, aere formed in the
relatively damp foreat-steppe under the influence of ineadoa-ateppe vegetation
Withouc being affected by che forests. The paleosoil studies carried out by
P.V. Madanov and others (1967) provide a very good argument in support of this
theory. Nere a comparison Was made of modern soilg againgt goils buried und~r
buriel mounds in the Bronze Age (3,000-3,S00 years ago). The authors
convincingly revealed that the modern and buried leached chernozem aoils ar~
characterixed by a very close similarity in the d~pth of their humug lay@ra
and algo by practically identical properties humus content, ite qualitativ~
composition and so forth.
Podzolixed chernozem soils, the area9 of which�are located in the peripheral
portions of exigting (or existed in the past) forest tracts, in the direct
vicinity of them or in areas of settled foresta are genetically as$ociated ~
both with forest and meadow-steppe vegetation. T~?o basic methods can be
presented for cheir forron~tion: they could have been formed along the forest
edges and bot�ders of steppe tracta or under a canopy of foreats of the park �
type~ Where aood vegetation is combined With an abundant amount of grass covcr.
The other method consists of thQir having experienced an alternating effect
from meador+-steppe and forest vegetetion owing to a certain amount of movement
of their borders.
A comparison of chernozem soils Which develop on looscs depogitg of gurfaces
of different ages reveals that the diff~rences in their structure and
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Ok~IC~AL U~~ ~1~Y
prdpnrtiud ~rp mi~timat, ~i.n~~ the dnnudgttan-gErwnul~tiv~ p~dcua~e~ wt~i~h
eodk plar~ durin~ eti~ glaei~r ~po~h ~moorh~d nue th~ fdrmer dif~~r~nen~
a~~ori,~t~d with th~ age and ~avolueion of ehd r~li~f.
Th~ eompl~e~ analogy beEwe~n the m~d~rn rhernoxamg and eh~rno~~~ ~oil~ buriad
~ 3,500 y~arg ~go, d~v~loped on d~po~ite of th~ ~am~ age, r~liably Cpstifi~~ ro
tMe ~aet Chat during rh~ ~~eond half of eh~ middl~ Noloc~n~ ~{~oeh tha
eherho~c~m~ in eh~ Middl~ Volga r@gion aequirud a eompl~te~y form~d profil~ a~cl
, hav~ be~n in g"climax" gitu~~ion for an extr~~n~ly long p~riod of tim~.
Bri~f R~view of th~ Soil Covgr
The ar~e of th~ Volga�Pr~-Ura1 e~ctor of the ch~rno~~m x~n~ should not be
vi~w8d a~ a rdgion in which charnozem typ~ ~oi1~ predomin~te in a11 areas;
, owing to a con~id~rabla d~gr~~ of h~C~rogen~ity in natural faccorg, eh~ goil
covar in a numb~r of portionu of th~ tarrieory undar r~vi~w contain~ soils of
othar ~~n~eic typ~e in addition to charnozem soils. This applie~ for th~ moet
part to the northw~stern~ westnrn and northaa~t~rn partg nf the for~gt-atepp~
belt (Pre-Vo1ga~ PreUral foregt-atepp~~), whar~ during the pre-cultivation
period vest ~r~as were occupi~d by broad-l~af forests, which ad~oin~d ehd
for~ge zon~ in th~ north. Thug grey foreet soils predominat~ in th~ soil
cover Eound Ln regions of Gor'kovskaya Obla~t and the Chuvash ASStt on ehe
. Pra-Volga Elevation. The chernoz~m soils form only isnleted islands and their
erea8 nre genarally amaller. The samn holds tru~ for chernozemg found in the
~otl cover of th~ Ufa Foregt-Steppe Plateau (to the norChaadt of th@ Baghkir
ASS~) and thn Kungursko-Krasnoufimskaya Forest 5t~ppe in th~ Pre-Ural region
(to th~ south of Permskaya Oblaet).
To the south of the northern border of their distribution in the middle
portion of tha forest-et~ppe belt, the chernoz~m goila predominate in the soil
cover and in a number of regiong they cover vaat territories almost entirely.
Still in nthnr territories they alternate aith more or lesg large tracta of
grey forest goila (and partially aith other eoil types), thus r~flacting the
dual nature of che landacapa in the forest-eteppe belt. Thue the ratio for
areaa between the chernozero aoils and the grey forest soile of tha right benk
of the foreet-steppe portion of U1'yanovekaya Oblast is roughly 2:1 and in
the goutharn for~a~t-ateppe of the Kigh zavolzh'ye ragion (U1'yanovskaya and
Kuybyehevaksya obiasts) 4-5:1 and awre.
. The etepp~ b~lt of the Volga and Pre-Urel region~ is characterized on the
ahole by a complete predominanca of chernoaem goila in the soil cover,
eccounting for 90-95 percent of the area. The remaining portion is occupiad
. by flooded lands, meadow-chernozem soils, forest soils in eom~ areas, ~olonetz
canplexes and others. But toaards its southern ~dge the dist~ibution of the
chernozea~ soils once again becomes lesg intact; initially they are
i~terrupted by the appearance of dark cheetnut soils on the steep lower
portions of ~yrt slopes and thereafter chey diminish to detached contouts
associeted with the stuncaits of watersheda and, finally, they yield their
" importance to soils of the cheatnut type.
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.C V~ VC ii.6C,Lt11J N~G !!!'1JJi
Thug, ba~~d u~on elie ab~v~~ it would ~ppp~r thae eh~rnnzdm sdilg in th~ Vo1g~
end Pre-Ural r~gion~ ~r~ found in ewo n~tural-g~ographic xon~s forast~
~tapp~ and ~r~pp~, gnd this eraae~~ th~ First vic~w conc~rning the diyparity
b~twe~n rh~ bioetimaric and soil xonality. Now~v~r, ie disapp~ars when
geudying th~ gaagraphy ~f eh~ ooil ~ub-zona~ tgolatad on th~ baeia of a
pr~damin~ncn ~f particular chernoz~m soil ~ub-eyp~e. ,
The ~~i.l-eartographic mat~rial~ accumulat~d ov~r th~ coura~ of ~~veral d~cades
by many r~~eereherg and ~o~l sci~nei~t~ havp ustabli~h~d a piceure of ~
unqu~seionabl~ t~rritorial conc~~~ration of podxdtiz~d, l~aehgd and typi.r.al
(mainly ~~rti1~) ch~rnozem ~oil~ in eh~ for~at-gt~pp~ xon~: typical nnd
eommon chernoz~m soi18 in the eub-xon~ of tha trug stcppas; southarn chernoxem
~oil$ in the eouCh@rn and mora dry steppe eub-zond. Sub-zonal articulation
o~ eN~ chernoz~m aon~ ie manifs~ted very clearly and g~ographically
~aquentially (from north to south) in the middl~ portion of thu Volga r~gion,
roughly b~ewa~a 50 end 54� ~agt longitud~. To the weet of th~ Vo1ga River on
the pre-Volga Bl~vation, the forest-st~ppe zona, as mantion~d earliar, is
quitg aell adv~nc~d towarde th~ south and doee not have a clear narural
bnrder; to ch~ east of the 54th meridian th~ latiCudinal placemant of Che
ch~rnozam ~ub-zon~g ia digtorted noticeably by the m~ridional orientetion of
th~ princip8l orographic and hydrographic elementa of the territory.
In accordance with "Soil-Geographic ~egionalization of th~ USSit" (1962), the
Volga and Western Pre-Ural regiona of th~ forest-atapps and steppe natural
zon~s belong to two provinc~s the middle Rusaian (partially) and the
'Lavolxh'ye (fully) for eech zone. Within these provinces, soil districte and
"groups of districte" hav~ been not~d and partially i$olated. These
dietrictg are aubeequently broken up into aoil rayon8 having relatively the
aame relief, soil cover etructure, plant cover and microclimate peculiaritiea.
Commencing with the firat remarkable experiment in complex landscape-soil
_ regionalization in the former Samarskaya Province, publiahed by Neustruyev,
L.I. Pragolov and A.I. Bessonov in 1910, various programs have been developed
by many individuals end collectives for o~verall natural-geographic and goil-
$eomorphological~ aoil-reclamative and agro-soil regionalizations, carried out
m~inly in individual oblaets and republics.
Theee aorka more or less ~upportecf a zonal-sub-zonal landscape-geographic basis
and its accompanying g~omorphological-genetic and quantitative (with regard to
arees) principle of isolation of soil regions. Ho~rever, the degree of �
divisibility and the taxonomic level of the latter cannot bo the same: in
gome instancos, a vast territory Was isolated having an extremely heterogeneous
r~li~f, parent rock and soil cover; in oth~r regiona, they aere reduced to very �
gmall territorial segments~ roughly corresponding to individual geo-
morphological elements. por a monographic swnrnarization, systeroatization and
deacripcion of the chernozem aoils in the Volga and Pre-Ural regions, it is
conaidered more advisable to ~mploy as the basis a network of consolidated
natural-geogrnphic re~ions Which~ in terms of thgir content, conform to the
dietrict groups of the mentioned all-union regionalization in 1962 (see
Pigure 1).
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N'qlt n~l~'1.CIAL U5~; ONLY
~ive n~eurAt-geogr~phiC r~gioc~s aro ~ingled our an ehe ~~rrirory nf ChQ Vc~lba
nnd pr~-Urnl area etudi~d: 1- rire-Volga Fnregt-stoppn; 2- fora~e-sreppe
nE the 'Lavolzli'yo nnd Pre-Ur~l re~ions; 3- Pru-Volga sreppe; 4- Zavolzh'yu
and Pra-Ural sCnpp~ end 4a - Low (tQrrace) Zavolzh'ye gtepp~.
, Conclusion
Th~ Ctiernozem goilg in rhe Volga and Pre-Ural regions ar~ Che farehest easCarn
, r~presnntarives of soils of this eype on the territory of rh~ ~urop~an part
of the USS~. Dietinctive naCural cnndi~ions, a conCingntal climat~ in all of
its agpects, x considerable lithological hQrerogeneity in rhe soil-forming
rack wiCh an extansive distribution of calcareous clay deposiCs and, finally,
a predominance of aurfaces having raised and vury broken relief all of these
factors sorved to bring about the ~ubatantial differencea i.n the soils and
soil cnver b~tween the given region and r~gions furCher to rhe west.
On the whole the chernoz~m soils in the Volga and Pre-Ural regions are
characterized by u contrasting water-thermal rQgime. ThQy are charactierized
by more intense winCer freezing condiCions (rou~hly Chre~ times ~reatar than
that for soi,ls in thQ cantral province), a very brief snow-Ch~wing period and
a severe and prolonged period of heat during the gummer period. The
menCioned peculiarities are intensified by rhe wind transfer of snow, by a
reduced amount of precipitation and, in this regard, by and increase in solar
radiation and a reduction in the consumption of heat for moisture evaporaCion
purposes. Moreover, the features of a continental climate are expressed to a
greater dogree in southern chernozem soils.
The water regime of Volga and Pre-Ural region chernozem soils, particularly
steppe chernozems, is extremely tense. Distinct from the soils found in the
western provincea, the chernozem soils in the region under review are
characterized by a good moiature supply in the autumn and spring (following
the thawing of the aoils, with winter precipitation playing a considerably
smaller role, and also by a reduction in the quantitative indices for ,
moisture and e subatantigl decrease in the amount of active moisture
circulation. During dry years, the probability of which is quite high in the
Volga region, there may be an extended absence of accessible (for Che plants)
moisture in the upper one half ineter layer of chernozem soil, particularly
common and s~uthern chernozems. Such moisture may noC even appear until the
aecond half of the summer period, a trait that is not typical of regions
. having a modified continental climate.
The peculiarities of the water-thermal regime are determined to a considerable
. degree by the biological status of the soils and by the direction and
intensity of the biochemical processes. The contrasts in the thermal regime
oE the chernozem soils, the reduced water supply and lowered thickness of the
layer of active moisture circulation and the extended pauses in the activity
of the microorganisms represent one of the principal causes of the formation
of chernozem soils having more shallow humus layers and profiles on the whole
then other regions in the ~uropean part of the USSR and with a considerably
35
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higher accumulaCion of humus in th~: upper portion nf rhe proftle. WinCer
cooling anct summer overheating, combined wiCh Che litllologic-menerglogical
peculiariCie~ of Che soil-forming rock (clay mechanical co?nposiCion and high
contQnt o� clay minerals of the montmorillonite group) cauae cracking,
particularly in eCeppe chernnzam soils, and they promote sCructural
differentiaCion of the pro�ile. The activo mi~ration of solutions, ao ,
ct~aracterigtin af typical and common chernozem soils, is considerably weaker
here. In the ma~oriCy of insCances, leachad and podzolized chernozem soils
have ~ clearly gl~zed profile. The naCure of the soil-forming rock and the ~
large humus conCent in Che region's chernozem soils resulC in a high
absorpCion capaciCy (on the order of 45-55 milliequivalents), almost co~nplete
saturation of the abeorbent complex by the bases, among which calcium
predominates and a cloae Co neutral reaction of the medium.
From Che standpoint of agricultiural production, the chernozem soils in the
Vol~a and Pre-Ural regions represent on the whole a valuable arable land fund.
The favorable water-physical properties, the large supplies of humus, nierogen,
phoaphorus and potassium and also Cheir compound forms provide a high
poCential fertility for these soils. For example, easily hydrolized nitrogen
constitutes a considerable porCion of the gross supplies of nitrogen; it is an
importanC reserve for plant nutriCion. Phosphorus-organic compounds, which
serve as an imporCanC source for plant-accessible phosphorus, predominate among
the phosphaCes. The hydrolysis of these compounds is carried out mainly using
the biochemical method and iC is dependent upon the acCivity of the appropriate
ferments.
Thus the task of supplying the plants wiCh nutrients must be carried out not
only by applying mineral (primarily phosphorus) and organic fertilizers but
also by activating the biochemical processes. In parCicular, this is promoted
by applications of certain forms of nitrogen fertilizers and micro-elements.
Assuming a high potenrial fertility in the Volga and Pre-Ural region chernozea
soils, the chief factor limiting the development of high yields is that of
unstable moisture conditions for the agricultural crops. A review of the ~
water regime for chernozem soils in the region has revexled that measures '
aimed ar accumulating and retaining moisture must be carried out i,n two
directions. First of all and compared to other regions, greater importance is
attached to carrying out snow retention measures in the Volga and Pre-Ural
region. The retention of snow out on the fields is extremely important in the
case of broken relief and strong winds, it promotes slower rhawing of the ,
snow, it thus reduces the unproductive flow of thaw waters over frozen
surfaces and it ensures a supply of moisture for the soil during the early
spring period. ,
Another complex of ineasures for improving the supply of moisture for the
plants must be directed towards reducing the unproductive consumption of
moisture for physical evaporation, which is considerable in the spring prior
to the closing of a grass stand and in the autumn during the post-harvesting
period. It was pointed out above that the total amount of this consumption
36
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� rok ~t~~~~tcr.ni, usN: drr~v
ran~;~~ Erdm 1/3 tci 1/2 half oL thg tdt~l amoune a;t at~nugl pYQCipl.~gtidn,
Gr~at impnr~nnce ~g attaChdd in thi~ rogard td devuldping d~~ucf.~l a~ratc:chni~~t
methodg ~nd e epuCi~l gnd q~aiirarively dt~ff~rant crop rat~rinn plan ntruceur~.
Tha lithological h~~~rog~n~ity of th~ goil-Forming rock ~nd th~ proximiCy to
the gur~ace oF native d~po~i~d, particularly in rdg~,~n~ having a raiuad and
~ broken r~l.iaf, hgv~ produc~d ~ con~id~rabl~ vari~ty in th~ eh~rn~zam forms ~nd,
es a rnsult, a numb~r nf gp~cial kinde and typa~ of ch~rnox~m soi1~ hav~ b~en
, ainglgd oue. Among the kinds c~ncounternd, gpncial att~nCion ~ho~ld bQ gi,ven
to the weakly-differ~ntiatnd, compacC, rusidual-calcareoug an ealin~ ch~rno~~m
soilg. 'I'haa~ differ from Cheir u~u~l analog~ in tnrmg of a numb~r of
propertiea nnd rh~~s a gpgcial approgch ie raquir~d for ehdir utilizaCion ir.
ngriculture. ~or examplr, weakly-differentiatnd cherno~~me hnvin~ a light
m~chanical compo~ition are charactarixed by relarively low supplies ~f
nurrients, e lack of structure and a 1ow water capacity and thu~ thny requir~
incrcae~d dnsages of organic and min~ral f~rtilizers, th~ u~e nf gr~un manure
crdps ~nd thQ culeivation on these aoi1~ of euch cropa ag potato~s, paag,
buckwheat and millet~
The compact chernoznm aoils require first of all improvement~ in their phygical
properties, since thoy differ in termg of low water permeability, low poroaity
of aeration, high water retention capabiliry and accordingly a 1ow range of
active moigtur~; as a reault of all this~ the agricultural plants are eub~ected
to ~oaking during damp years and during normal and dry yeare they euFfer from
a shortage of moiature.
Residual-calcarQOUS chernozem soils having a fully developed profile in terms
of n ma~ority of their properties and their uae in production op~rations,
closely resemble their uaual ana logg. However, among the soils of this type,
residual-calcareous chernozem soils having a shallow profile warrant ~pecial
attention; owing to the proximity Co the eurface of compact naCive rock
stratifications, they should ideally not be included in the arable land fund
but rather used for haying and paeture purpoaes.
Still another approach ia required for aeline chernozem soils, tha reclamation
of which variea and ia dependent upon the causes and degree of alkalinity.
The need for employing a 8pecial approach for uCilizing eroded chernozem
soils also merits special attention. The ob,~ective causes of the wideapread
, appearance of such eroded land include: the preaence of vast areas having
raised and broken relief and a shallow cover of loose deposits; the
considerable participation in Che soil cover of especially eroaion-prone
. components weakly-differentiated and calcaieous chernozem soils; specific
nature of water-the.rmal regime. Some influence has been felt in this regard
by the ancient and extensive agricultural development of the tQrritory and by
disruption of the natural ecological balance (reduction in the area of
watershed forests, unlimited plowing of slopes and so forth).
The natural conditions of the region are such that the enumeratad generic and
erosion forms of chernozem soils rarely form areas that are considerable in
37
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~~c~k c~r~trt~r~ uy~ dtvi,Y
gix~~ Typical f~atur~g of the s~i1 eovar aeruetura ;n~lude ~ cornplieatad
ngture~ ~ma11 dim~nsian~ and ~ t~igh contrase among eomponants whieh, ag n
rasult of di~faranc~~ in eh~ rhnmical a~d phyaical prop~rtiu~~ oft~n poseeae
diff~r~nr, productive qualiCi~s.
" Thu~~ ba~~d upon the abov~, iC wo~1d appear that a sci@ntl,fically sound and
di�f~r~neiaee~ apprae~h i~ r~quired for ueilizing ehe land resourc~e of rh~ ~
Volga and Pru-Ura1 regions, while taking tnrn account th~ 1oca1 peculiariCi~e
of che aoils, rock, r~li~f and other natural facCore as~ociat~d with
agricultural production~ ~
COPY~ICNT: izdatel'stvo "Ko1o8", 1978
7026
CS~: 8144/d50A
3g
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trnc 63i . ~
~CLASSI~'ICATION, AppLICATION OF COI~4'LEX FERTILI2~f2S DZBCUSSED
Moacow IZVESTIYA AKADEMII NAUK 3SSR SERIYA BIOLOQICFi~SKAYA in Ruesian No 6,
Nov-Dec 78 rpceived by editora 12 Aug 77 pp 805-8i3
LArticle by A. V. Peterburgekiy, Moacorr Agricultural Academy imeni K. A.
mimiryazev: "Complex Fertilizera and Their Smportence and Application in
the ussRJ
~T~xJ An efficient classi,.fication of modern typea of
complex fertilizers is set forth. Their composition,
properties and conditions of ~pplication in Y~ydroponfca,
in hothouse facilites and under field c~nditions are
preaented. Their usually higher effect on the harvest
and quslity of crops, as ~ompared with equivalent doaes
of N, P205 and K20 in simple mineral fertilizera, is ahown
by numerous experiments. ~
Compound fertilizers conte~in two or three nutrient elementa (P, PK, K or
NPK). Depending on production techniques and agrochemical properties they
can be subdivided into compound, combined and mixed.
Compound fertilizers represent one salt, whose anion and cation axe abeo-
lute].y necessary for plants (for exemple, NH4H2P04, IIN03, MgNH4P04 and po-
tassium and ammonium polyphoaphates).
Combined fertilizers consist of a number of ealts including all the ions
necessary for plants. Owing to the interaction and careful mixing of ini-
tial components and granulation in the process of production, these fertil-
. izers are also characterized by a sufPiciently uniform composition (nitro-
phoskas, nitroaamnophoska, urea phosphates, caxboemmophoskas and so forth).
(Nitrophoskas are obtained by the decomposition of nitric acid apatite in a
mixture with sulfuric or phosphoric acid with a subsequent addition of po-
tassium chloride and granulatiott.)
*From the report to the 8th International Congress on Mineral Fertilizers
with A. N. Kulyukin's participation.
39
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M~xec~ fertii~izers ar~ the pro~uc~ of m~ch~n3c~,~ m3xin~ of ~wo or thr~e
s1mp1~ f~rtil3zer~. Their capaeity for c~lcin~ flurin~ gtor~ge anfl tr~,ng-
portat3on and f~r ~ayer separation during ~pp13ea~3on (~~pe~ial~,y, if the
1~tter is earr3ed out by spinner broad~astere) muat be considered a s3g-
n3ficant shorbcoming of such mixtures. Sueh a segregation leada to a more
or leea markEd separation of fer~ilizer mixtures into 3nitia~ components, ~
ahirh 3s extremely undeeirable.
Our experiments (Peterburgskiy and Debretgeni, Z961a) d3s~losed tha~ even ~
under conditione ~of vegetat3ve experimenta corn aesimilated lesa 32F, N and
K and developed the~root ~ystem more weakly~ dur3ng an uneven distribution
of fertilizers and thie 3nev3tabl.y led to a conaiderab~~ reduct~.on in the
hgrvest, Of couree, th3s also oecure with mineral fertilixers.
The output of N, P205 and K 0 3n the form of complex fert3lizers re~ched
15~ in the Sov3et Union in ~1975� By 1980 3t will greatl,y increase (29~).
In the future 3t is desirable to have at least 50~ of the total amount of
mineral fertilizers applied in f~rm3ng.
Among compound fertilizers ammonium phosphates have become widespread in de-
veloped countries, especially in the United States. They have good pl~ys_
icomechanical properties and a high total concentration of N and P2OS (up
to 60-70~). In hundreda of comparative tests, as the sources of phospho-
rus and nitrogen (With leveled doses of NPK in a11 the s~udied variants)
of ammophoa and diammophoa for all basic crops and on the most important
types of soil in our country, it turned out that not in a single case Were
theae compound fertilizers inPerior to an equivalent mixture of aimple
fertilizers.
Converael.y, in most experiments the effectiveneas of ammonium phosphates
was much higher. This can be seen fraa? the aummaries of experimental re-
~ sults (Kondrat'yev and MamkinQ, 1968, 19?3).
At the aeme time, it should be noted that, owing to a too wide nitrogen-
phosphorus ratio, ammonium phosphates, without supplementing them ~rith ni-
trogen and potaesium, can be applied mainly as a local (souing) fertilizer
(to rows and holes). However, during basic application (with plowing under
soil) emmonium phosphates must be combined with other nitrogen and potas-
sium fertilizers and even mixed with the latter, and ~his, inevitably, in-
creases farm expenditures on mixture preparation. Apparent~y, in such sit~ ~
uations plant preparation of combined fertilizers on the basis of ammonium
phosphates is more rational.
. .
For example, a combined fertilizer containing 19~ of N, P205 and K20 and
consisting of caxbamide, ammonium phosphates and potassium chlorides is be-
ing studied in the United States (Araten, 1966). Carboammophoska was also
obtained in the USSR (by mixing ammophos and carbamide and potassium chlo-
ride solutions; they contain 19.8~ of N, P205 and K20). If KC1 is r,ot in-
troduced, carboammophos can contain a total of up to 60~6 of N and P20 (both
. 40
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in equal partg). '~ha ~ranul.~~ of bh~ n~w ~erti~~.zer~ ar~ threa to t'ive
tim~a ntrong~r than thos~ of ur~~ ~nd ~mrnon~.um nitre~~~. Carbocu~nopho~ku
testa produced good re~u~te~ We (P~terburgekiy and 9hafran, ~.g7i) a],~o
obtiained euch resu~t~ for ur~a ammophos (CO(NH2)2~NH4H2P04) containing
~ 30~ of N and P205~
, M~gneaium ammonium phosphat~ (MgNH4P04~H2O) 3s only sligh~].y solubl~ in
, we~~r, but, its constituent ions are we].l a~simila~ed by pl~nte. Z~ con-
tains 15-16~ of msgnesium, 10-ii~ of nitrogen anfl 39-40~ of phoephorua--
a total. of 54-67~. Its production i~ mueh ~he~p~r than ~h~t df ~n e~uiv-
al,ent amount of the same nutrient elements in ~he for~u of 0imple fertil.-
ixere.
According to thA reaulte oF our invegtigat3ons (Peterburgekiy et a1.., ig72),
it 3s adviae~ble to uae this fertil.izer in hydroponics when growing veget~-
ble cropg on keramzit (t~ble 1). Megnesium emmonium phoaphete 3n e floae of
2-3 g of PZOS per plant ia introduced into ema11 pots for growin~ seedl3ngs.
This flose of phoaphorus (and of the magneaiwn aceompar~yin~ it) is also auf-
ficient for the formation of a rich harvest after the transplantation oi'
vegetable crops into the ground. However, ammonium nitrate is sufficient
only for the initial per~iod of growth, Therefore, during the firat period
the nutrient solution supplied to the trays with pl~nts shou].d cont~in po-
tassium and calcium cationa, sulfate anion and trace elements and, subse-
quently,nitrate in the form of potasaium nitrate ie also introduced into it~
When MgNHyP04�Ii20 is introduced into ama11 seedling pots, calcium ~s added
to the solution before bloom and then the need of plants for Ca is met by
the Ca of tap water with which salt solutions are prepared. Such a method
greatly aimplifies and lowera the cost of cultivation in Y~ydroponics, be-
cause the prepa.ration of a superphosphate extract and of a magnesium aul-
fate solution becomea unnecessary. Correction of the composition of the
nutrient solution (during its repeated introduction) ia also simplified.
This has been confirmed by long-term teats of the recommended method. Table
2 present the results of one of the experiments, which showa that granulated
and powdery magnesium ammonium phosphate provides the same effect. The same
� can be said with respect to its introduction into a small seedling pot, or
an even distribution in the substrate. The same result as with the use of
the water soluble salt of phosphoric acid was obtained in both casea. How-
ever, the quality of fruits had the tendency toward improvement in case of
application of magnesium ammonium phosphate, although a little less phos-
. phorus from it was assimilated. This means that it is better utilized by
the plant from this source. Usually, the quality of fruits is a1.so better
than on a nutrient salt mixture.
~ We also obtained satisfactory results when growing cucumbers for seeda on .
magnesium ammonium phosphate and in an ordinary ground hothouse (table 2)
on a leveled background of NK, especially with local application. It is
well known that the quite rapid salinization of the substrate, in particular
of soil, is the scourge of ground hothouses. This soil must be replaced
periodically, which requires large expenditures. There is no doubt that,
41
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bY ~PP~Ying eon~~ntir~~~d eompound f~rti3~,i~~r~, iti 3~ p~~~ib~.~ ~o gr~~?tly
prolong th~ use of soi1. in ho~house~ without r~nov~t3on. Z~ ie ~o be hop~fl
th~t W3th th~ ~evel.opm~nt of induetri,~1. produe~ion of magneg3um emmoniwn
phosphat~ it u311 ~1so fl,nd appli~ation under field cond3tione, especially
on subacid soil poor in mobile magneeium~ ,
Combin~d ferti,lizers~ The following comb~n~d fert~lizer~ ~ow p~dduced
in our country on an industiria], acale: n~trophoskas and nitroammophoska~. ,
Th~ production t~ehniques of the former were discussed above. Nitroemmo-
phoskae are obta3ned by the ammoniabion of a mixture of nitric and phnaphor-
3c ~cid, ~dd~t3on ~after concentration by ~vaporation) of potassium chlor3de
and granu].ation. The content of N, P205 and K20 at a ratio of l:l:l com-
prises 17.5~ of e~ch. Phosphorus is repreaented by smmonlum phoaphates, n3-
trogen, by ammonium nitrate and partially by NH4CI and potaaeium, by ite
chloride and nitrate. The proportion of water soluble phoaphates 3a very
high (up to 90~), Wh3~h is approx3mately 1.5 timea higher than in nStrophos-
kas (55~). On the one hand, thia lowpra the cost of t,ransportation, storage
~nd app]icatinn of nitroammophoskn to soil and, on the other, requirea much
greater energy expenditurea on the decompos3tion of phoaphate raw materials
~nd the production of extractive ortophoaphoric ac3d. As numerous tests
showed, in their effect on the harvest nitrophoskas and nitroemmophoskas flo
not differ conaiderab].y. The superiority o� both combined fertilizera over
equivalent mixtures of aimple mineral fertilizers was noted ma~r times both
in the USSR (Peterburgskiy, 1975; 8tefanov, 1969; aryzlov et al., 1971) and
abroad (Bqychi, 1964; Yenikov and Atanasov, 19?1; Kovach, 1972; Latkovich,
1g71).
In tables 3 to 5 we cite only three examples of a comp~rigon of the effec-
tiveneas of combined fertilizers and mineral ferti'lizer mixtures in the cul-
tivation of oat and barley potatoea on nonchernozem soil.
Ia another seriea of our experimenta on soddy-podzolfc soil it aas estab-
lished that the availability of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassfum from ni-
trophoskas to plants is slightly higher than from superphosphate in a mix-
ture with ammonium nitrate and potesaium chloride. Probab~y, this is due to
the more even distribution of combined fertilizer granulea in soil. We
would also like to note that in soil phosphates from nitrophoskas are less
, sub~ected to retrogradation than from auperphosphate (Peterburgskiy and Ve-
reykina, 1960; Belima, 1964). A better development of the root syatem of
ainter Wheat and an increase in its adsorption surface xith nitrophoska, ahich '
contributed to aa increase in the yield of crop fertilizers, aas also noted
(Ustimenko et al., 1g75; Khomenko and Moldovin, ~964).
In our vegetative experiments on soddy-podzolic soil conducted xith Debre- �
tseni (1971b) We thoroughly investigated the importance of solubility of .
phosphates and of the granulometric composition in simple and combined fer-
tilizers. The results shoWed the following: 1) the different granulamet-
ric composition of the studied fertil3zers (poxdery and granulated) had no
great effect on the oat harvest and on the availability of phosphorus from
42
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~ert~llZ~rB to plant~ ~f ~h~ content of water so~uble P 0b 3n ~th~m eanprined
abc~ue 50~ of nitratp solubl.~ ~205; th~ phosphoru~ o~ the fertil3zer ~on-
t~inin~ on]y vra~~r solubl~ ~205 was ~se3milated b~tter from granulee, and -
th~ phoaphorus of fertilizere cont~ining only ci~rate solub~e P205, when
tihey Were ~ppl,ied in a powdery etate; 3) the availability of phoaphorus,
' nitrog~n ~nd potass3um from n3trophoskas Se slightily higher than from the
corregpondin~ mixtur~s of eimple fertillzers. This can be due to ~he mdr~
~v~n di~tribution of nutrients in the partiic~es of the caa?plex fertil3zer
' than during the appiication of a m3xture of simpl,e mineral fertilizers, which,
moreov~r, can be separated 3nto layera during sow~.ng; 4) the ealcium of ~u-
p~rphogphate and other phoephoric fertilizere in the d~~cribed exp~rimente
did not pl~y a~yr ~ignific~nt role in the calc3um nutrit3on of oat~.
dn sodQyr-podzolic soil in Moscow Oblaet ae aet up an experiment vith an evel-
uation of the availabillty to oats of varioua compounds of phosphorua from
nitrophoskas ("frozen" end carbonate) ana a mixture of aimple mineral fertil-
izers wi~h the participation of auperphoaphate. The doses of N, p205 and
K20 were 40 kg per hecte~re 3n a11 variants, but phoaphorue was calculated ei-
ther according to the total conten~ of P205 3n the fertilizer, or according
to the P205 occurr3ng in an asaimilated state. The exper3mental reaults are
preeented in table 6.
As can be seen from the figures presented in table 6, when calculating the
dose of P205 in '~frozen~~ nitrophoska and superphosphate according to its as-
similated form, the grain hsrvest was absolutely the srime and the removal
of phosphorua was almost 6x lofrer than in nitrophoska. Hoarever, in case of
carbonate nitrophoska, the grain harvest also proved to be 8~ lower and the
;
removal of phoaphorus aas lOZ lrn+er. But frozen nitrophoaka contains only
about 55x of water aoluble PZOS (oP the assimilated) and superphosphate, no
leas than 75~� Carbonate nitrophoaka does not have this form of phoaphates
st all. Therefore, as a source of phosphorus the first nitrophoaka ie not
inferior to superphoaphate and the second (as was to be expected) acts dur-
ing the first year alightly more weak~y than the popular phosphoric Fer-
tilizer.
Economic Effect From the Application of Mineral Fertilizera and Nitrophoskas
Hrnrever, the economic effectiveness of combined fertilizers under production
conditions, which can exceed the mixtures of simple fertilizers by 51~ to 76x
, in this reapect, is their main positive aspect (Peterburgskiy and Smirnov,
1968; Postnikov, 1964; Smirnov and Peterburgskiy, 1g69; Torin, 1962; Peter-
burgskiy and Shafran, 1971; Peterburgskiy and Kolelishvili, 1g73; Sorochinskiy,
, 1970; Arutyur~yan, 1971; Iseyeva, 1971 and 1972; Kalinichenko, 1968; Vinogra-
dova, 197o and mar~y others).
The economic efPect of nitrophoskas is the highest When they are applied lo-
cally (to roas, furrows and holes) during the so~ring of grain crops and sugar
beets and during the planting of potatoes. We shall cite on~y several ex-
emples.
~3
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n ~
~ ~ ~ ~ o" R ti ti ~
~O ,d ~ W1 N ~ l11 tl~ ~ ~O
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A ~ N v,.~. ~1 N ~ N ~ ~
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~ i~ ~ r-1 e-1 r-I i-1 e-1 N
~ ~ ~ ~
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N
~ d R'~., ~ O~ O N ~C O~ ~p
d1 ~ ~ ~ N ti ~ ~ M
~ N ~ N N N N N ~
O i~ r'
N~ q ~~d 10. O M fv1 M N q
V H~ N N N N N ~
~ o
w
v
~ ~
o v m
ag! ~ a~i q q~ 1! M u~i .~7 ..U1Y .,~7
H M~ ~ M~ U1 U~ t11 ll~ ln ~
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0 ~ ~
~ m A p
~ 4-~ ~ rl cV ti ~ ~ ~ ~
o ~ a ~n ~n M M
~ 0 W~ N N N N N O
N
rd ~ W P4
~ u m ' ~ a~+~++~ d d o
i~d~a~nba ~Mw~v,a'~i+~+ a~i ~
ma a, ~.aa,a, dm v, m '
~wa ~0 ~ a~'i �c~~~ a ~ ~ o
~ ~ v~a~vm �d
C1 FI R7 M 'i R7 'i
W O ~ C~7 ~ d~~ i~,"~ W 00 C~1 Pr 4~! M E-1 ~
~ ~ � a, . a � a
~ ~ o~ n p,o as �~-~ia� o aa
~
t~~,a,m om ~ x cs ~ ~ �
H ~ o a~ww~�~~ w~�~ ~ ayi ~ ai~~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~s a
44
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~OR OI~'~~CIAL USE t~NLY
Tabl~ }i~rve~t of Cueumb~r Frui~t~ ~nd 9e~~~ (TBKHA LTimiry~~~v Agrlnu~,-
bur~1, Acad~ V~riety) D~penfl3n~ on ~h~ M~tho~s of App1.3n~~ion
of Double SuperphosphQt~ and M~gnesium Ammonium I'hospha~~ in Q
around Hothouse ~Peterburgskiy and Kulyukin, i976)
~ ~~xperim~ntal var~anb Frui~E h~rvest, 8eed weight,
2 g of P205 per piant) k~/squ~r~ m~~~r g/equare m~t~~
~ K background 3. ~ 3. c~
K+PeU local,ly 8.8 ' 82,
K+P~ io~~?i~,v 9. 90. 5
K+PBU acattered 8.0 79�5
K+p p acattered ?,6 63.8
HCP~S o.96 6.44
In our experiments conducted With D. M. Kolellshvili (1973) in Oriovekaya
Ob1a~t the net ineome per heetare of potatoes totaled 158.7 ruble~ from a
mixtur~ of gimple mineral fertilizers and 237~6 ruble~ from nitrophoeka.
On the average, on a number of farms in 3verfllovak~ya Obl~et produetion
tests oti areas sown vrith epring Wheat and potatoes shoued that, if the n~t
income from a mixture of simple mineral fertilizera is taken as 100, the
following wer~ obtained from nitrophoskas: with baeic (preaowing) a plica-
tiion to s) wheat, 176 and b) otatoes, 151 end with rrnr application ~during
eoWing)to a) Wheat, 155 and b~ potatoes, 1~+7 (3mirnov and Peterburgekiy,
1968).
Importance of Joint and 3eparate Application of N, P and K to Soil
It Wag noted above that an even distribution of a uniform mertilizer mix-
ture in the soil ls~yer, to ahich nutrients are applied, ia of great import-
snce for plants. To illustrate this point, ae wi11 discuss our vegetgtive
experiments With corn (Peterburgskiy and Debretseni, 1961a). In the first
experimental variant a~aonium nitrate, superphosphste (tagged 32P) and po-
tassium chloride were carefully mixed with the entire mass of aoil before
vessels Were packed with it. In the second variant each of these fertil-
izers W~s mixed aith one-third of the soil batch and then by means of tem-
porary partitions the vesael was divided into three sectors, placing one-
third of the batch of soil fertilized with only one nutrient in each sector.
Corn sprouts Were transplanted into the center of the vessel (the partitiona
Were removed first) With the distribution of the root system of corn into
~ three parta (each atrand in one sector).
In the first experimental variatrt each strand of roots found all the three
' nutrienta in ar~y sector from the very beginning. In the second variant, hoa-
ever, the appropriate strand at Pirst could absorb only one nutrient (nitro-
gen, phosphorus or potassium), which Was introduced into a given sector. OP
course, irith the development of roots they could also penetrate into other
sectors, utilizing tWO or three food elements from fertilizers, not one.
45
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N
~
N ~ u ~ ,1,~,' ~ r~1
~ ~ ~~o i a~ ~ , o ~a~ o
~ ~
a o ~ ~ ~ ~ d? ~ eo a ~ ,q ~
~wtna
~a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~i ~ ~p ~ ~ ~
~ `C ~ ~ 41 ~ ~D ~ i-1 ~ ~
~ ~tl ~ td f~ 41 M ~ N N ~ ~ ~ .0 ~a
~ ,~-~1~~ ,
t? N ~ ~ t~n t3 ~ o~i e-1 N~~f
~ 50 'r`~ ^ 40 rl ~W
p4 q ~ k~i ~i r~i ~ ~W~
~ ~ ~~.~a ~,~p~~~ O O
a1 O "41 ~ 4~ M
a a~i ~ tn ~r~iin ~ ,i ^~v o u
~a. ~ ~ i 'i ~ a~~ ~ a ~
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~ ~ roq ~ro~~~.�a,n~~ v ~
~ H ~ t~ u1,y~ ~ ~ p 4~ ~W ~ 'm p
O v ~ ~ i~il~Q~ M Na~'h~.~ey ~.~30 0~
0~?~ "0~ ~d~NN '7 af R! ~~~~M ~r~i ~~t!"
~ v O a~ ~ ~ Ki q R COi b ai � W_ v
~
e~ w~, v~~~d cs a~ n~~
~dw p~ ~ ~~roa~i~~aa~i~P
o�~o ~dw
~v�~ a�'~uao.~ ~ ~aa�~a~~~'~ a~~
~v ~~v~~~ 1 ~ a~lO~~~~>~~
ao ~ as o,, ~,o .a o, ,a a v~ N
o Paao a o ~ ~ ~ .7 ,~c ~e ~u ,-~i ~ r~i
g' w ~ a H~ .c ~ o,~ a oo ~
u ~
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t~ o ~ n,
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o~ ~ ~ ~"7"~ M o �~~M o ~ ao
u ~ v fr iy i~l M If~ P~ ~-1
4~~i q g ~ ~ ~ ~ CS ~ cd yN ~ ~+i~i ~ ~
WM q~~
v ~ rai ~ ~ ~ ~ a~i .af a~i v ~ ~ ~
o ~ m ~ o~ ti p a~',~~a ~ ~
G!C) �~i ~ ~ ~C~.1r1 ~ ~ O ~~d~M ~�1~ .
~ ~ ~ 1 r-i p .c3 .ci ~ ~ ~-f ,c~
Tf~O ~ i~i~~ ~.~.~i a~~}~~.~ ~aai alOhM- 3.r~i
~ 1~ C~ tA ~ v~ d t~ O t~ 41 r-1 O~ t- O~ e-i
c~ a r-+ ~ m,-~ d.a ,a o.cs ao o~ ~ m m
~ ~+.~s oa ~w~ aa~~..-,~..
M
~ ~ ~ ,~c ~ �1 � .�cs ~
~ o'~ p' o~ ae a ~
~ � .�a ~ a~i ~ a, a~, �
H ~ s ~ au.a a ~ ~ ~
46
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~a~ n~'~IG~AI, U5~ tlNI,~
T~bl~ 4~ Comp~.r~?~iv~ Ef~~c~~v~ne~~ o~ Ure~ Pho~ph~t~ o~ ~qu~v~~at
Mix~ur~a of 9imp1~ Min~r~~ F~rtil~r~r~ in Pot~to~e Und~r Candi-
tion~ of 9o8~yr-Pod~olie 9oi2. (Av~rage in 4 Years) (u,xperim~nte
by A~ Peterburgskiy ~n~ 9. 9hafr~n, 1971)
' H~rves~L, quin- Tuber 8tarah in ~ubere
~~~ili~~r~ (60 kg per ta18 ~er h~c~~re :bop qu3ntsla
he~tar~) N, PZOb anc~ K2A ~ubere ~op ratio ~ per hee~Eere
.
Conbrol ~~fthou~ f~r=
~ilizerg) 115�9 55.2 ~�09 12.7 15.~
Urp~ pho~phate ~i:~)+xc~ i56.2 70.4 2.~2 ~~.6 ~9.0
Ammoniwn nitr~te+sup~r-
phoaph~te+KCl 162.4 76.1 2.00 1~.8 20.5
Ur~g+euperphoephate+KCl 161.4 70.6 2.29 12.b 21.8
The ~oi1 taken for the experiment (dee~ rhernozem of T~nbovskeya Obla~t)
Was diluted in half with barren sand in order to make the plant r~aetion to
fertilizere cleerer.
The doe~g of nutrienta were 0.6 g of N, P205 and K20 per ve~s~1 aith 8 mg
oP ~ mixture of soil and sand. Corn developed from 23 Ju~y through 20 Sep-
tember. It clear~y lagged in growth in th~ second variant. By harveat time
the plante of the first variaat had eare that began to form, While by the?t
date the planta of the aecond variant on~y blossomed (t~ble 7).
The chemical composition oP leavea in dynemics (in x of the dryr subatence)
i s sho`m belotir ( table 8).
These figures indicate that the greatest differences between the first and
second v~uciants aere in the content of phoaphorus. The deviations in the
amount of nitrogen and potassium in leavea aere negligible. This does not
mean that the absolute diPferencea in their removal vere also sma11. 3ince
the harvest Was conaiderab~}r higher in the first experimental variaat arid
loWer in the second, the removal of nitrogen, P205 and K20 by the plants
of the second variaat xas uadoubtedly lover.
The second v~get~tive experiment was set up by aimilar methods With the dif-
ference that one plant Was transplanted into each sector oF the vessel. Ob-
. servationa shoxed that corn developcd best in the nitrogen aector. Corn
located in the sectors of phosphorus or potassium grea worse than S+ith an
even distribution of NPK. The assimilation of phosphorus (in mg per vessel
With three plants) Was much loWer in case of a separate application of fer-
~ tilizers both at the expense of soil and from tagged superphosphate (table 9).
The data of our experiments on a better utilization of phosphorus, when
applied ~oint~jr With nitrogen and potassium, by a plant Were confirmed in
the investigations by A. D. Khomenko and N. I. Moldovina (1964). They noted
~+7
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~h~t ~h~ pr~eena~ of ni~ra~~n ~d po~~e~~~ ealt~ ~n th~ ~r~nu1~ of
Ce(NZP04)Z~HZO er of nitropho~k~ incr~~se~ th~ emourit og pho~phorus dif- .
fu~ing in soi~, ~nd prolonga th~ dietan~e ov~r Which it spr~ad~ ~nd,ther~-
~ore, reduoee ~he emounti of pho~phorue e~t~lir~ nesr ~h~ granule in the
~orm o~ d~ealeiwn phoaphQ~e. Ae a resul~, p~anta ~beorb more phoaphorus. ~
Th~ produation ~nd applie~tion of ammonium ~d potaeeium po~hoaphatee
ob~ain~d on ~he baeia of polyphosphorie ~Q~de, the ~on~enb o~' ~WO compo- ,
nen~a in Whieh re~eh~e 80Z (and in eaee of poba~0ium me~ephosphate ~v+en
100~), ~re moat promiaing ~n ~Ehe #'uture.
Tabie 5. Co~mpara~ive Effe~t of Urea Phosphete, Sulfate Ni~raphoska and
9imple Mineral Fer~ili~ere on Barley (Moakovskiy-121), on the
Average, in 3 YeQrs (F+xp~riment by Peterburg~kiy ond 9hafrar?,
~971) on 9o8~y-Pod~oli~ Soii on the Kolkhoz imeni M. (~or'kiy
in Moeeoa Obias~
Fer~ili~er8 (60 kg Harveg~, Crud~ Removal by harvegt
per hectare) N, quin. 3~raW: protein (in total With gr~in
P205 and K20 par hec. :grain in rain and s~rew), kg/h~c.
grain eLrsw retio ~ kg hec. nitrogen P205 2
_ Without fertili~ers 13.8 22.2 1. 2 . 129�0 32.7 1.1 ~
mM (~:l)+Kx 20.8 27.7 1.33 9.6 224.6 5g,8 22.5 36.3
3ulfate nitrophoska 21.4 25.0 1.17 8.9 223�4 46.3 21.5 33.6
NaaPcKx 22.6 31.g 1.41 9�7 243.5 52.0 2~02 k2�5 '
~c~ 20.3 28. k 1.1~0 g.8 232.2 1~6. 8 20.7 37.8
Remark. mM--ttre~ phosphsLe, Nm--urea, Naa--NN4N03, Pc--euperphosphate and
Kx--KC1.
Table 6. Dependence of Oat (3rain Harvest on the Form of Phosphates in
Fertilizere (Peterburgekiy aud Kalinin, 1959)
"Frozen" Nitrophoska NPK Carbonate Nitrophoske NPK
e~cc. to ace. to , acc. to acc. to acc. to acc. to
total asaimilatea asaimilated total assimilated assim.
Vsriants P205 P205 pZps p2ps p2ps p2ps
Harvest, ~
quin./hec. 19�5 21.1 21.3 20.1 21.6 23.3
Removal of
PzOs, '
kg/hec. 19.5 20.5 21.7 17.9 20.1 22.5
4$
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T~ble 7. Effe~t of Joint and 3epar~te App~i~~t3on o~ NPK on Corn
Weight of Weight of Phoeporu~ Ass3milated
- Variants ~rY maee dry roote Total from so3~ from fertilizer
~ Mixture of -
x~K 36.2 ioo 7.i ioo 239.4 ioo ii7.4 ioo i22,o ioo
9~par~tely
' N-P-x 28.3 77�9 3.7 52.1 124.g g2.1 49.5 ~+2.~ 75�~+ 61.8 '
~ Table 8. Con~ent of NPK in Corn During Their Joint and Sep~,ration App1i-
eation
2 VII 22 VIII 7 IX 20 IX
Variants N P205 KZO N P205 K20 N F'205 K20 N P205 K20
NPK mixtwre 3.0 0.68 2.9 2.9 0.g 2.9 2.3 0.96 2.86 1.28 0.56 2.30
N-P-K sepa-
rately 3.0 0.63 2~9 3.07 0,69 2.95 2.44 0.47 2.86 1.38 0.37 2.43
Table 9. Harvest of Corn and its Asaimilation of Phosphorus During Separate
and Joint Application of Fertilizers
Coefficient of Utiliza-
Variants Average weight of Content of P2 0~, tion of P205 from fer-
lant vessel tilizers
NPK 15.0 2 2.5 17.
N-P-K aepa-
rately 21.3-14.?-13.5 211.1 i4.9
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Arutyur~rat~, A. A. , 1Q71, "Udobreniye Kartofelya Kombinirov~anr~rmi Kaliy-
r~ymi Udobreniyami" LFertilization of Potatoes With Combined Potassium
Fertilizer~, Yerevan.
2. Baychi, P., 1964, "Sb. S.-IQi. Shkoly v Nitre" LCollection of the Agricul-
tural 3chool in Nitr~, IX, Nol.
~ 3. Belima, N. I., 1g64, ~,n the collection "Fiziologiya Pitaniya Rasteniy" .
LPt~yaiology of Plant ~lutritio~, Kiev.
~ 4. Vinogradova, R. I., 1970, BYUL. VIUA, No 7.
5. Vol'fkovich, S. I., 1970, I4iIMIYA V S. HIi., No 4. ~
6. Cladkova, K. F., and Cherepanova, A. S., 1974, AGROHIiIMIYA, No 1.
;
~+9
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7. Ciryzlov, V. P., Kartsevs Yu, G., and Sindyashkina, R. K., 1971., "Kom-
pleksnyye Udobreniya" ,~Complex Fert313zer~, Moscow, Kolos.
8. Yen3kov, K., and Atanasov, S., 1971, "Tez. Dok1. Nauchn.-Metod. Kon-
feren~sii Stran-Chlenov SEV" ,~Abstracts of Reporta at the Scientific
and Methodological. Conference of CEMA Member~, Moscow. '
, 9. Is~yeva, L. G., i97i, IQiIMIYA V S. KH., No 3, 1972. Ibid, No 9.
10. Kalinichenko, V. G., 1g68, AGROKHIMIYA, No 4. ~
11. Knvach. Kaxoy, 1971, ~~Tez. Dokl. Nauchn.-Metad. Konf. Stran-Ch].enov
SEV," Moacow.
12. Kartseva, L. N., 1970, AGROKHIMIYA, No 9.
13. Kondrat'yev, I. G., and Mamkina, A. M., 1968, AGROHIiIMIYA, No 9, 1973.
AGROI4~IMTYA, No 12.
14. La~kovich, I., 1971, in the collection "Ispol'zovaniye Form Mineral'nykh
Udobreniy" LUtilization of Forms of Mineral Fertilizer~, Moscow. "No-
. vyye V3dy Kompleksnykh Udobreniy" LNew Types of Complex Fertilizer~, ~
1972, collection edited by Avdonin, N. S., and Vol'fkovich, S. I., Izd.
MGU.
15. Peterburgskiy, A. V., 1959, "Slozhnyye Udobreniya" LCompound Fertilizer~,
Moscow, Znaniye. 1971, "Novyye i Perspektivnyye Kompleksr~yye Udobreniya"
LNew and Promising Complex Fertilizer~, Moscow, Znaniye. 1975, "Agro_
khimiya Kompleksr~ykh Udobreniy" LAgrochemistry of Complex Fertilizer~,
Moscow; Nauka.
16. Peterburgskiy, A. V., and Vereykina, Yu. I., 1960, "Doklac~y TSKHA" LRe-
ports of the Timiryazev Agricultural Acade.~yf, Issue 57.
17. Peterburgskiy, A. V., and Debretseni, B., 1961a, "Doklac~y TSKHA," Issue
70. 1961b, IZV. TSHIiA, rJo 1, 5.
18. Peterburgskiy, A. V., and Kalinin, K. V., 1959, "Doklady TSKHA," Issue 41.
19. Peterburgskiy, A. V., and Kolelishvili, D. M., 1973, AGROKHIMIYA, No 2. ,
20. Peterburgskiy, A. V., Kulyukin, A. N., a.nd Makaxenko, L. N., 1972, IZV:
TSKHA, Issue 3.
21. Peterburgskiy, A. V., and Kulyukin, A. N., 1976, "Kompleksnyye Udobreniya
v Zakrytom Grunte. VIII Mezhd. Kongress po Mineral'nym Udobreniyam"
LComplex Fertilizers in Closed Ground. The 8th International Congress on
Mineral Fertilizer~, Moscow.
50
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t~Olt n~l~'ICIl1L U5~ dNI~Y
22, Peterburgekiy, A, V~, and Po~tnikov, A. V., i968, "Kontsentrirovc~nnyya
Miner~l'nyy~ Udobreniya" LCon~~ntrsted Ml.n~ral ~ertiillxerJ, Moscow,Ros-
ael'khozizdat.
23. Pet~rburgekiy, A. V., and 3mirnov, A. P~, ig68, AQROKHIMIYA, No 7.
24. F'eterburgskiy, A. V., and Shafrsn, S. A., i97i, "Dokl. VA8KH~IIL" LRe-
por~s of the A11-Un3on Ord~r of Lenin Acade~y of Agr3cultural 3ciences
~ imeni V. I. LeniJ , Igsue 1.
z5� Poetnikov, A. V., 1g64, "Iepytaniye Noveyshikh Komplekenykh UBobreniy"
LTestin~ of the L~teat Complex Fer~ilizer~, Moecow, Izd-vo TBKHA,
26. Slizhis, V. A., Rimkevichenp, M. P., and Dombriuakas, K. A., 1970,
KHIMIYA V S. KH., No 4.
27. 3mirnov, A. b., and Pe~erburgekiy, A. V., i96g, VESTN. 5.-KH. NAUKI,
Isaue 3.
28. Sorochinskiy, V. V., 1970, "Vliyafiiye Komplekenykh Udobreniy na Uro-
zhay i Kachestvo Sakharnoy Svekly" LEffect of Complex Fertflizers on
the H~rvest and Quality of Sugar Beet~, Izd-vo L'vovsk, Agricuttural
Institute.
29. Stefanov, (3. M., 1961, "Tr. Kirovskogo SKHI" LProceedings of the Kirov
Agricultural Institut~, Igaue 44.
30. Torin, V. S., i962, "Doklac~y TS1Q3A," Issue 79.
31. FQzovanov, V. G., 1972, IaiIMIYA V S.IQi., No 11.
32. Khomenko, A. D., and Moldovin, N. I., 1964, in the collection "Fizio-
; logiya Pitaniya Rasteniy," Kiev.
- 33. Yanishevskiy, F. V., 1967, AGROI4iIMIYA, No 2.
34. Yanishevskiy, F. V., Prokosheva, M. A., and Novikova, G. V., 1970,
AGROKHIMIYA, No 2.
35� Araten, J., 1968, "New Fertilizer Materials,~' London.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'atvo "Nauka", "Izvestiya AN SSSR, seriya biologiches-
kaya", 1978
11,439 �
CsO: 1824 END
- . 5~
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